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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_and_modern_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recognition and modern references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_and_modern_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">David Brewster</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ديفيد بروستر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد بروستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Br%C3%BCster" title="David Brüster – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="David Brüster" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="دیوید بروستر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیوید بروستر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ডেভিড ব্রুস্টার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেভিড ব্রুস্টার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Дейвид Брюстер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дейвид Брюстер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="دیوید بروستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوید بروستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="데이비드 브루스터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 브루스터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Դեյվիդ Բրյուսթեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեյվիդ Բրյուսթեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="דייוויד ברוסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דייוויד ברוסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="დეივიდ ბრიუსტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეივიდ ბრიუსტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="დევიდ ბრიუსტერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დევიდ ბრიუსტერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ديفيد بروستر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديفيد بروستر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ディヴィッド・ブリュースター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディヴィッド・ブリュースター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryuster_Deyvid" title="Bryuster Deyvid – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bryuster Deyvid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Брюстер, Дейвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брюстер, Дейвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejvid_Bruster" title="Dejvid Bruster – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dejvid Bruster" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="டேவிட் புரூஸ்டர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டேவிட் புரூஸ்டர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Дейвид Брюстер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дейвид Брюстер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Девід Брюстер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Девід Брюстер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="David Brewster" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%84%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="大衛·布儒斯特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish astronomer and mathematician (1781–1868)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named David Brewster, see <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="David Brewster (disambiguation)">David Brewster (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sir David Brewster</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Royal_Guelphic_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order">KH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Scottish_Society_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts">FRSSA</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers">MICE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Brewster_1618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/David_Brewster_1618.jpg/220px-David_Brewster_1618.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/David_Brewster_1618.jpg/330px-David_Brewster_1618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/David_Brewster_1618.jpg/440px-David_Brewster_1618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="626" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Brewster, c. 1824</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Principals_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Principals of the University of Edinburgh">Principal of the University of Edinburgh</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1859–1868</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_(university_principal)" title="John Lee (university principal)">John Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Grant,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir Alexander Grant, 10th Baronet">Sir Alexander Grant</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Principal_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Principal of the University of St Andrews">Principal of the University of St Andrews</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1837–1859</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Tulloch" title="John Tulloch">Reverend John Tulloch</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1781<br />Canongate, <a href="/wiki/Jedburgh" title="Jedburgh">Jedburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxburghshire" title="Roxburghshire">Roxburghshire</a>, Kingdom of Great Britain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1868<span style="display:none">(1868-02-10)</span> (aged 86)<br />Allerly House, <a href="/wiki/Gattonside" title="Gattonside">Gattonside</a>, Roxburghshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brewster%27s_angle" title="Brewster's angle">Brewster's angle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Brewsterite" title="Brewsterite">Brewsterite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edge_tessellation" title="Edge tessellation">Edge tessellation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kaleidoscope" title="Kaleidoscope">Kaleidoscope</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Optical_mineralogy" title="Optical mineralogy">Optical mineralogy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Photoelasticity" title="Photoelasticity">Photoelasticity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Physical_optics" title="Physical optics">Physical optics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polarized_light_microscopy" title="Polarized light microscopy">Polarized light microscopy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Purple_fringing" title="Purple fringing">Purple fringing</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">Stereoscope</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Juliet Macpherson</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1810; died 1850)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Jane Kirk Purnell</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1857)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1815)<br /><a href="/wiki/Keith_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Prize">Keith Prize</a> (1827–29, 1829–31)<br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1830)<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_for_Sciences_and_Arts" title="List of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts">Pour le Mérite</a> (1847)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: left;">Founding Director of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Society_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Society of Arts">Scottish Society of Arts</a> (1821)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir David Brewster</b> <small><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Royal_Guelphic_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order">KH</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">PRSE</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of London">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland">FSA Scot</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Scottish_Society_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Scottish Society of Arts">FSSA</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers">MICE</a></small> (11 December 1781 – 10 February 1868) was a Scottish scientist, inventor, author, and academic administrator. In science he is principally remembered for his experimental work in <a href="/wiki/Physical_optics" title="Physical optics">physical optics</a>, mostly concerned with the study of the <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a> of light and including the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Brewster%27s_angle" title="Brewster's angle">Brewster's angle</a>. He studied the <a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">birefringence</a> of crystals under compression and discovered <a href="/wiki/Photoelasticity" title="Photoelasticity">photoelasticity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby creating the field of <a href="/wiki/Optical_mineralogy" title="Optical mineralogy">optical mineralogy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this work, <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a> dubbed him the "father of modern experimental optics" and "the <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> of optics."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brewster was a pioneer in photography. He invented an improved <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereoscope</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he called "lenticular stereoscope" and which became the first portable 3D-viewing device.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also invented the <a href="/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">stereoscopic camera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two types of <a href="/wiki/Polarimeter" title="Polarimeter">polarimeters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the polyzonal lens, the lighthouse illuminator,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Kaleidoscope" title="Kaleidoscope">kaleidoscope</a>. </p><p>Brewster was a devout <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> and marched arm-in-arm with his brother during the events of the <a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Disruption of 1843</a>, which led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a historian of science, Brewster focused on the life and work of his hero, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. Brewster published a detailed biography of Newton in 1831 and later became the first scientific historian to examine many of the papers in Newton's <i><a href="/wiki/Nachlass" title="Nachlass">Nachlass</a></i>. Brewster also wrote numerous works of <a href="/wiki/Popularization_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Popularization of science">popular science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/British_Science_Association" title="British Science Association">British Science Association</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which he was elected president in 1849. He became the public face of higher education in Scotland, serving as <a href="/wiki/Principal_(academia)" title="Principal (academia)">Principal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> (1837–1859) and later of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> (1859–1868). Brewster also edited the 18-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="Edinburgh Encyclopædia">Edinburgh Encyclopædia</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David Brewster was born in the Canongate in <a href="/wiki/Jedburgh" title="Jedburgh">Jedburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxburghshire" title="Roxburghshire">Roxburghshire</a>, to Margaret Key (1753–1790) and James Brewster (c. 1735–1815), the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rector (education)">rector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jedburgh_Grammar_School" title="Jedburgh Grammar School">Jedburgh Grammar School</a> and a teacher of high reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David was the third of six children, two daughters and four sons: James (1777–1847), minister at Craig, Ferryden; David; George (1784–1855), minister at Scoonie, Fife; and Patrick (1788–1859), minister at the abbey church, Paisley.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of 12, David Brewster matriculated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> with the intention of becoming a clergyman. He received his <a href="/wiki/MA_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="MA (Scotland)">MA</a> in 1800, was licensed as a <a href="/wiki/Ministers_and_elders_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Ministers and elders of the Church of Scotland">minister of the Church of Scotland</a>, and then preached around Edinburgh on several occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, Brewster had already shown a strong inclination for the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> and had established a close association with <a href="/wiki/James_Veitch_(minister)" title="James Veitch (minister)">James Veitch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jedburgh" title="Jedburgh">Inchbonny</a>. Veitch, who enjoyed a local reputation as a man of science and was particularly skilled in making <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>, was characterized by Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> as a "<a href="/wiki/Self-taught" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-taught">self-taught</a> philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brewster is buried in the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Melrose_Abbey" title="Melrose Abbey">Melrose Abbey</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Roxburghshire" title="Roxburghshire">Roxburghshire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_on_optics">Work on optics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work on optics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Brewster duly finished his <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> studies and was licensed to preach, his other interests distracted him from the duties of his profession. In 1799 fellow-student <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Henry Brougham</a> persuaded him to study the <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> of light. The results of his investigations were communicated from time to time in papers to the <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions">Philosophical Transactions</a></i> of London and other scientific journals. The fact that other scientists – notably <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Louis_Malus" title="Étienne-Louis Malus">Étienne-Louis Malus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Fresnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin Fresnel">Augustin Fresnel</a> – were pursuing the same investigations contemporaneously in France does not invalidate Brewster's claim to independent discovery, even though in one or two cases the priority must be assigned to others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lesser-known classmate of his, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dick_(scientist)" title="Thomas Dick (scientist)">Thomas Dick</a>, also went on to become a popular astronomical writer. </p><p>The most important subjects of his inquiries can be enumerated under the following five headings: </p> <ol><li>The laws of <a href="/wiki/Light_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Light polarization">light polarization</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>, and other quantitative laws of phenomena;</li> <li>The discovery of the polarising structure induced by heat and <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>;</li> <li>The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena, including the connection between optical structure and crystalline forms;</li> <li>The laws of metallic reflection;</li> <li>Experiments on the absorption of light.</li></ol> <p>In this line of investigation, the prime importance belongs to the discovery of </p> <ol><li>the connection between the refractive index and the polarizing angle;</li> <li>biaxial crystals, and</li> <li>the production of double refraction by irregular heating.</li></ol> <p>These discoveries were promptly recognised. As early as 1807 the degree of <a href="/wiki/Legum_Doctor" title="Legum Doctor">LL.D.</a> was conferred upon Brewster by <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen, Scotland">Aberdeen</a>; in 1815 he was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society of London</a>, and received the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a>; and in 1816 the <a href="/wiki/French_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="French Institute">French Institute</a> awarded him one-half of the prize of three thousand francs for the two most important discoveries in physical science made in Europe during the two preceding years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1821, he was made a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>, and in 1822 a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brewster_cigar_box.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brewster_cigar_box.jpg/220px-Brewster_cigar_box.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brewster_cigar_box.jpg/330px-Brewster_cigar_box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brewster_cigar_box.jpg/440px-Brewster_cigar_box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Inner picture of a cigar box from the early 1900s with a portrait of Brewster.</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the non-scientific public, his fame spread more effectually by his invention in about 1815 of the <a href="/wiki/Kaleidoscope" title="Kaleidoscope">kaleidoscope</a>, for which there was a great demand in both the United Kingdom, France, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a reflection of this fame, Brewster's portrait was later printed in some cigar boxes. Brewster chose renowned <a href="/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens">achromatic lens</a> developer <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_and_Westley" title="Carpenter and Westley">Philip Carpenter</a> as the sole manufacturer of the kaleidoscope in 1817. Although Brewster patented the kaleidoscope in 1817 (GB 4136),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a copy of the prototype was shown to London opticians and copied before the patent was granted. As a consequence, the kaleidoscope became produced in large numbers, but yielded no direct financial benefits to Brewster.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It proved to be a massive success with two hundred thousand kaleidoscopes sold in London and Paris in just three months.<sup id="cite_ref-vms_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vms-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V21_D055_The_brewster_stereoscope_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PSM_V21_D055_The_brewster_stereoscope_1849.jpg/220px-PSM_V21_D055_The_brewster_stereoscope_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PSM_V21_D055_The_brewster_stereoscope_1849.jpg/330px-PSM_V21_D055_The_brewster_stereoscope_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PSM_V21_D055_The_brewster_stereoscope_1849.jpg/440px-PSM_V21_D055_The_brewster_stereoscope_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption>The Brewster stereoscope, 1849.</figcaption></figure> <p>An instrument of more significance, the <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereoscope</a>, which – though of much later date (1849) – along with the kaleidoscope did more than anything else to popularise his name, was not as has often been asserted the invention of Brewster. Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> discovered its principle and applied it as early as 1838 to the construction of a cumbersome but effective instrument, in which the binocular pictures were made to combine by means of <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dogged rival of Wheatstone's, Brewster was unwilling to credit him with the invention, however, and proposed that the true author of the stereoscope was a Mr. Elliot, a "Teacher of Mathematics" from Edinburgh, who, according to Brewster, had conceived of the principles as early as 1823 and had constructed a lensless and mirrorless prototype in 1839, through which one could view drawn landscape transparencies, since photography had yet to be invented.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brewster's personal contribution was the suggestion to use <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prisms</a> for uniting the dissimilar pictures; and accordingly the lenticular stereoscope may fairly be said to be his invention. </p><p>A much more valuable and practical result of Brewster's optical researches was the improvement of the British <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> system. Although Fresnel, who had also the satisfaction of being the first to put it into operation, perfected the <a href="/wiki/Dioptrics" title="Dioptrics">dioptric</a> apparatus independently, Brewster was active earlier in the field than Fresnel, describing the dioptric apparatus in 1812. Brewster pressed its adoption on those in authority at least as early as 1820, two years before Fresnel suggested it, and it was finally introduced into lighthouses mainly through Brewster's persistent efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_work">Other work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brewster,_David_%E2%80%93_Treatise_on_new_philosophical_instruments_for_various_purposes_in_the_arts_and_sciences,_1813_%E2%80%93_BEIC_756678.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Brewster%2C_David_%E2%80%93_Treatise_on_new_philosophical_instruments_for_various_purposes_in_the_arts_and_sciences%2C_1813_%E2%80%93_BEIC_756678.jpg/220px-Brewster%2C_David_%E2%80%93_Treatise_on_new_philosophical_instruments_for_various_purposes_in_the_arts_and_sciences%2C_1813_%E2%80%93_BEIC_756678.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Brewster%2C_David_%E2%80%93_Treatise_on_new_philosophical_instruments_for_various_purposes_in_the_arts_and_sciences%2C_1813_%E2%80%93_BEIC_756678.jpg/330px-Brewster%2C_David_%E2%80%93_Treatise_on_new_philosophical_instruments_for_various_purposes_in_the_arts_and_sciences%2C_1813_%E2%80%93_BEIC_756678.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Brewster%2C_David_%E2%80%93_Treatise_on_new_philosophical_instruments_for_various_purposes_in_the_arts_and_sciences%2C_1813_%E2%80%93_BEIC_756678.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><i>Treatise on new philosophical instruments for various purposes in the arts and sciences</i>, 1813</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Brewster's own discoveries were important, they were not his only service to science. He began writing in 1799 as a regular contributor to the <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Magazine_and_Literary_Miscellany" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany">Edinburgh Magazine</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Maria)1870_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maria)1870-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which he acted as editor 1802–1803 at the age of twenty.<sup id="cite_ref-MorganHohlfeld1959_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorganHohlfeld1959-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1807, he undertook the editorship of the newly projected <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="Edinburgh Encyclopædia">Edinburgh Encyclopædia</a></i>, of which the first part appeared in 1808, and the last not until 1830. The work was strongest in the scientific department, and many of its most valuable articles were from the pen of the editor. At a later period he was one of the leading contributors to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (seventh and eighth editions) writing, among others, the articles on electricity, <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamics">hydrodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereoscope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltaic electricity">voltaic electricity</a>. He was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a> in 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1819 Brewster undertook further editorial work by establishing, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jameson" title="Robert Jameson">Robert Jameson</a> (1774–1854), the <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Philosophical_Journal" title="Edinburgh Philosophical Journal">Edinburgh Philosophical Journal</a></i>, which took the place of the <i>Edinburgh Magazine</i>. The first ten volumes (1819–1824) were published under the joint editorship of Brewster and Jameson, the remaining four volumes (1825–1826) being edited by Jameson alone. After parting company with Jameson, Brewster started the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh_Journal_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edinburgh Journal of Science (page does not exist)">Edinburgh Journal of Science</a></i> in 1824, 16 volumes of which appeared under his editorship during the years 1824–1832, with very many articles from his own pen. </p><p>He contributed around three hundred papers<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the transactions of various learned societies, and few of his contemporaries wrote as much for the various reviews. In the <i><a href="/wiki/North_British_Review" title="North British Review">North British Review</a></i> alone, seventy-five articles of his appeared. A list of his larger separate works will be found below. Special mention, however, must be made of the most important of them all: his biography of Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. In 1831 he published the <i>Life of Sir Isaac Newton</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a short popular account of the philosopher's life, in <i><a href="/wiki/Murray%27s_Family_Library" title="Murray's Family Library">Murray's Family Library</a></i>, followed by an 1832 American edition in Harper's Family Library;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was not until 1855 that he was able to issue the much fuller <i>Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton</i>, a work which embodied the results of more than 20 years' investigation of original manuscripts and other available sources.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brewster's position as editor brought him into frequent contact with the most eminent scientific men, and he was naturally among the first to recognise the benefit that would accrue from regular communication among those in the field of science. In a review of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>'s book <i>Decline of Science in England</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Review" title="Quarterly Review">John Murray's Quarterly Review</a></i>, he suggested the creation of "an association of our nobility, clergy, gentry and philosophers".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was taken up by various <i>Declinarians</i> and found speedy realisation in the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. Its first meeting was held at <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> in 1831; and Brewster, along with Babbage and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>, had the chief part in shaping its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year in which the British Association held its first meeting, Brewster received the honour of knighthood and the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Royal Guelphic Order</a>. In 1838, he was appointed Principal of the united colleges of St Salvator and St Leonard, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>. In 1849, he acted as president of the British Association and was elected one of the eight foreign associates of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of France">Institute of France</a> in succession to <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">J. J. Berzelius</a>; and ten years later, he accepted the office of principal of the University of Edinburgh, the duties of which he discharged until within a few months of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855, the government of France made him an <a href="/wiki/Officier_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Officier de la Légion d'honneur">Officier de la Légion d'honneur</a>. </p><p>He was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fox_Talbot" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Fox Talbot">William Henry Fox Talbot</a>, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">calotype</a> process, who sent Brewster early examples of his work. It was Brewster who suggested Talbot only patent his process in England, initiating the development of early photography in Scotland and eventually allowing for the formation of the first photographic society in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Calotype_Club" title="Edinburgh Calotype Club">Edinburgh Calotype Club</a>, in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brewster was a prominent member of the club until its dissolution sometime in the mid-1850s; however, his interest in photography continued, and he was elected the first President of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_Society_of_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photographic Society of Scotland (page does not exist)">Photographic Society of Scotland</a> when it was founded in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of a high-strung and nervous temperament, Brewster was somewhat irritable in matters of controversy; but he was repeatedly subjected to serious provocation. He was a man of highly honourable and fervently religious character. In estimating his place among scientific discoverers, the chief thing to be borne in mind is that his genius was not characteristically mathematical. His method was empirical, and the laws that he established were generally the result of repeated experiment. To the ultimate explanation of the phenomena with which he dealt he contributed nothing, and it is noteworthy although he did not maintain to the end of his life the corpuscular theory he never explicitly adopted the wave theory of light. Few would dispute the verdict of <a href="/wiki/James_David_Forbes" title="James David Forbes">James David Forbes</a>, an editor of the eighth edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>: "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Young</a> and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization of biaxial crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." In addition to the various works of Brewster already mentioned, the following may be added: <i>Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry</i> (1824); <i>Treatise on Optics</i> (1831); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/general.29167.1"><i> Letters on Natural Magic</i>, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1832)</a> <i>The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler</i> (1841); <i>More Worlds than One</i> (1854).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i>Treatise</i> he demonstrated that vegetal colors were related with the <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption spectra">absorption spectra</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he described for the first time the red fluorescence of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Scottish_Freemasonry">History of Scottish Freemasonry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of Scottish Freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as his many scientific works and biographies of notable scientists, Brewster also wrote <i>The History of Free Masonry, Drawn from Authentic Sources of Information; with an Account of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, from Its Institution in 1736, to the Present Time</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published in 1804, when he was only 23. The work was commissioned by Alexander Lawrie, publisher to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland" title="Grand Lodge of Scotland">Grand Lodge of Scotland</a>, to whom the work has been, frequently, mis-attributed. Given that the book bears Lawrie's name and not Brewster's this is understandable. The book became one of the standard works on early Scottish freemasonry although it has been largely superseded by later works. There is no evidence that Brewster was a Freemason at the time he wrote the book, nor any that he became one later.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_evolution">Opposition to evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposition to evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brewster's Christian beliefs stirred him to respond against the idea of the transmutation of species and the theory of evolution. His opinion was that "science and religion must be one since each dealt with Truth, which had only one and the same Author."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1845 he wrote a highly critical review of the evolutionist work <i><a href="/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural_History_of_Creation" title="Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation">Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</a></i>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/North_British_Review" title="North British Review">North British Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he considered to be an insult to Christian revelation and a dangerous example of materialism. </p><p>In 1862, he responded to Darwin's <i>On the Origin of Species</i> and published the article <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Facts_and_Fancies_of_Mr._Darwin" class="extiw" title="s:The Facts and Fancies of Mr. Darwin">The Facts and Fancies of Mr Darwin</a></i> in <i>Good Words</i>. He stated that Darwin's book combined both "interesting facts and idle fancies" which made up a "dangerous and degrading speculation". He accepted adaptive changes, but he strongly opposed Darwin's statement about the <i>primordial form</i>, which he considered an offensive idea to "both the naturalist and the Christian."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_brewster_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/David_brewster_group.jpg/300px-David_brewster_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/David_brewster_group.jpg/450px-David_brewster_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/David_brewster_group.jpg/600px-David_brewster_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Jones" title="Calvert Jones">Calvert Jones</a>, Lady Brewster (Jane Kirk Purnell), Mrs. Jones, David Brewster and Miss Parnell (seated)</figcaption></figure> <p>Brewster married twice. His first wife, Juliet Macpherson (c. 1776–1850), was a daughter of James Macpherson (1736–1796), a probable translator of <a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a> poems. They married on 31 July 1810 in Edinburgh and had four sons and a daughter:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>James (1812–)</li> <li>Charles Macpherson (1813–1828), drowned.<sup id="cite_ref-g244_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g244-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>David Edward Brewster (17 August 1815 –) became a military officer (Lieutenant Colonel) serving in India.<sup id="cite_ref-g244_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g244-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Henry Craigie (1816–1905) became a military officer and photographer.<sup id="cite_ref-g244_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g244-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Margaret Maria Gordon (1823–1907) wrote a book on Brewster,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is considered the most comprehensive description of his life.</li></ul> <p>Brewster married a second time in Nice, on 26 (or 27) March 1857, to Jane Kirk Purnell (b. 1827), the second daughter of Thomas Purnell of Scarborough.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lady Brewster famously fainted at the <a href="/wiki/1860_Oxford_evolution_debate" title="1860 Oxford evolution debate">Oxford evolution debate</a> of 30 June 1860. Brewster died in 1868, and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Melrose_Abbey" title="Melrose Abbey">Melrose Abbey</a>, next to his first wife and second son.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physics building at <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a> is named in his honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_and_modern_references">Recognition and modern references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recognition and modern references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_sign_in_Kings_Buildings,_Edinburgh_to_the_memory_of_David_Brewster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Street_sign_in_Kings_Buildings%2C_Edinburgh_to_the_memory_of_David_Brewster.jpg/300px-Street_sign_in_Kings_Buildings%2C_Edinburgh_to_the_memory_of_David_Brewster.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Street_sign_in_Kings_Buildings%2C_Edinburgh_to_the_memory_of_David_Brewster.jpg/450px-Street_sign_in_Kings_Buildings%2C_Edinburgh_to_the_memory_of_David_Brewster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Street_sign_in_Kings_Buildings%2C_Edinburgh_to_the_memory_of_David_Brewster.jpg/600px-Street_sign_in_Kings_Buildings%2C_Edinburgh_to_the_memory_of_David_Brewster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Street sign in Kings Buildings, Edinburgh to the memory of David Brewster</figcaption></figure> <p>A bust of Brewster is in the Hall of Heroes of the <a href="/wiki/National_Wallace_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="National Wallace Monument">National Wallace Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>. </p><p>Brewster's views on the possibility of evolution of intelligence on other planets, contrasted with the opinion of <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a>, are cited in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Barchester_Towers" title="Barchester Towers">Barchester Towers</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He appears as a minor antagonist in the 2015 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Syndicate" title="Assassin's Creed Syndicate">Assassin's Creed Syndicate</a></i> as a scientist working for the game's opposing faction.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is assassinated by one of the protagonists, <a href="/wiki/Evie_Frye" class="mw-redirect" title="Evie Frye">Evie Frye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A street within the <a href="/wiki/Kings_Buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings Buildings">Kings Buildings</a> complex (science buildings linked to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh University">Edinburgh University</a>) was named in his memory in 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewster%27s_angle" title="Brewster's angle">Brewster's angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddington_magnifier" title="Coddington magnifier">Coddington magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster crater">Brewster crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewsterite" title="Brewsterite">Brewsterite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas J. Bress (2009), "The Influence of Processing and Fluid Parameters on Injection Molding Flow". University of Michigan. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-109-11089-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-109-11089-8">1-109-11089-8</a>. p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. D. Morrison-Low (2004) "Brewster, Sir David (1781–1868)" in <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3371">10.1093/ref:odnb/3371</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Whewell (1859) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyinductiv02whewgoog"><i>History of the Inductive Sciences</i></a>. D. Appleton. p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Werge (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38866/38866-h/38866-h.htm"><i>The Evolution of Photography</i></a>. Piper and Carter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Stereoscopic Union (2006) "Stereoscopy", Numbers 65–72, p. 18. "In 1849 Scottish scientist Sir David Brewster invents the lenticular stereoscope, the first practical, portable, 3D viewing device. This stereoscope used refractive lenses and began the protocol of having the stereo pairs mounted side by side."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/librarium2/pm.cgi?action=app_display&app=datasheet&app_id=1703&">Sir David Brewster</a>. historiccamera.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas L. Hankins, Robert J. Silverman (1995) <i>Instruments and the Imagination</i>. Prinston University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60645-3">978-0-691-60645-3</a>. p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter G. Egan, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (1992), "Polarization and remote sensing: 22–23 July 1992", p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brewstersociety.com/kaleidoscope-university/sir-david-brewster/">"Sir David Brewster – Brewster Kaleidoscope Society"</a>. <i>Brewster Kaleidoscope Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brewster+Kaleidoscope+Society&rft.atitle=Sir+David+Brewster+%E2%80%93+Brewster+Kaleidoscope+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrewstersociety.com%2Fkaleidoscope-university%2Fsir-david-brewster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie1881" class="citation book cs1">Wylie, James Aitken (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/disruptionworthi00wyli#page/n201"><i>Disruption worthies : a memorial of 1843, with an historical sketch of the free church of Scotland from 1843 down to the present time</i></a>. Edinburgh: T. C. Jack. pp. 59–64<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disruption+worthies+%3A+a+memorial+of+1843%2C+with+an+historical+sketch+of+the+free+church+of+Scotland+from+1843+down+to+the+present+time&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=59-64&rft.pub=T.+C.+Jack&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=James+Aitken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdisruptionworthi00wyli%23page%2Fn201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the words of the <i>Round Table</i> Journal (1868): "Sir David Brewster...did more, probably, than has been done by any other one man for the popularization of science." H. E. and C. H. Sweeter, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212134252/http://baas.research.glam.ac.uk/baas-history.php">"The BAAS: Origins and Beginnings"</a>. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+BAAS%3A+Origins+and+Beginnings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaas.research.glam.ac.uk%2Fbaas-history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>. baas.research.glam.ac.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/brewster.html">Science, Optics & You, Pioneers in Optics: "Sir David Brewster"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1881" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Margaret Maria (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/homelifeofsirdav00gord#page/n5"><i>The home life of Sir David Brewster</i></a> (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: D. Douglas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+home+life+of+Sir+David+Brewster&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=D.+Douglas&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhomelifeofsirdav00gord%23page%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie1881" class="citation book cs1">Wylie, James Aitken (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/disruptionworthi00wyli#page/n201"><i>Disruption worthies : a memorial of 1843, with an historical sketch of the free church of Scotland from 1843 down to the present time</i></a>. Edinburgh: T. C. Jack. pp. 59–64<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disruption+worthies+%3A+a+memorial+of+1843%2C+with+an+historical+sketch+of+the+free+church+of+Scotland+from+1843+down+to+the+present+time&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=59-64&rft.pub=T.+C.+Jack&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=James+Aitken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdisruptionworthi00wyli%23page%2Fn201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618085806/http://amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+B&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssplprints.com/image/100297/brewsters-patent-kaleidoscope-c-1817">Brewster's patent kaleidoscope, c 1817.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030185833/https://www.ssplprints.com/image/100297/brewsters-patent-kaleidoscope-c-1817">Archived</a> 30 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ssplprints.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brewstersociety.com/brewster_patent.pdf">PDF copy of the Brewster Patent GB 4136</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721020838/http://www.brewstersociety.com/brewster_patent.pdf">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyles_W._Jackson2000" class="citation book cs1">Myles W. Jackson (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ6SE3sbxDsC&pg=PA119"><i>Spectrum of belief: Joseph von Fraunhofer and the craft of precision optics</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-10084-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-10084-7"><bdi>978-0-262-10084-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spectrum+of+belief%3A+Joseph+von+Fraunhofer+and+the+craft+of+precision+optics&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-262-10084-7&rft.au=Myles+W.+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJ6SE3sbxDsC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MpYEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA202"><i>The Polar star, being a continuation of 'The Extractor', of entertainment and popular science</i></a>. 1831. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polar+star%2C+being+a+continuation+of+%27The+Extractor%27%2C+of+entertainment+and+popular+science&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMpYEAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vms-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vms_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianmicroscopeslides.com/pdf/pcarpenter.pdf">The Perfectionist Projectionist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007153815/http://www.victorianmicroscopeslides.com/pdf/pcarpenter.pdf">Archived</a> 7 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Victorian Microscope Slides. Accessed 1 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZone2007" class="citation book cs1">Zone, Ray (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stereoscopiccine0000zone"><i>Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838–1952</i></a></span>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stereoscopiccine0000zone/page/9">9</a>–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2461-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2461-2"><bdi>978-0-8131-2461-2</bdi></a>. <q>mr. elliot stereoscope brewster.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stereoscopic+Cinema+and+the+Origins+of+3-D+Film%2C+1838%E2%80%931952&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2461-2&rft.aulast=Zone&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstereoscopiccine0000zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maria)1870-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maria)1870_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFafterwards_GORDON_BREWSTER_(Margaret_Maria)1870" class="citation book cs1">afterwards GORDON BREWSTER (Margaret Maria) (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZadcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA46"><i>The Home Life of Sir David Brewster. By his daughter. With a portrait</i></a>. Edmonston & Douglas. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Home+Life+of+Sir+David+Brewster.+By+his+daughter.+With+a+portrait&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Edmonston+%26+Douglas&rft.date=1870&rft.au=afterwards+GORDON+BREWSTER+%28Margaret+Maria%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZadcAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MorganHohlfeld1959-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MorganHohlfeld1959_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayard_Quincy_MorganAlexander_Rudolf_Hohlfeld1959" class="citation book cs1">Bayard Quincy Morgan; Alexander Rudolf Hohlfeld (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVUP8ozExswC"><i>German Literature in British Magazines, 1750–1860</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. <q>Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany ... 1785. ... Merged with Scots Magazine in 1804. Ed. by James Sibbald till 1792; by Robert Anderson till 1802; by Sir David Brewster till 1803.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Literature+in+British+Magazines%2C+1750%E2%80%931860&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Bayard+Quincy+Morgan&rft.au=Alexander+Rudolf+Hohlfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVUP8ozExswC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistb">"American Antiquarian Society Members Directory"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Antiquarian+Society+Members+Directory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fmemberlistb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir David Brewster, <i>Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5IfAQAAMAAJ">Vol. 1</a>, Preface</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifesirisaacnew01brewgoog">The Life of Sir Isaac Newton</a></i> (1832) Harper's Family Library, New York, No. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brewster,_Sir_David" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brewster, Sir David">Brewster, Sir David</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 513–514.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brewster%2C+Sir+David&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=513-514&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Discovery of gravitation, A.D. 1666" by Sir David Brewster, in <i>The Great Events by Famous Historians</i>, Rossiter Johnson, LL.D. Editor-in-Chief, Volume XII, pp. 51–65, <i>The National Alumni</i>, 1905.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlUAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA341">Reflexions on the Decline of Science in England, and on some of its Causes</a>, <i>Quarterly Review</i>, Vol. 43, Nr. 86 (October 1830)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._T._Taylor" class="citation book cs1">J. T. Taylor; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/britishjournalp01socigoog#page/n395/mode/2up"><i>The British Journal of Photography</i></a>. Vol. XXI. London: Henry Greenwood. p. 385<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Journal+of+Photography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Henry+Greenwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbritishjournalp01socigoog%23page%2Fn395%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Robert_Cross_(1848–1921,_ed)William_Ripley_NicholsJohn_Trowbridge_(1843–1923,_ed)Samuel_Kneeland1854" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Cross_(physicist)" title="Charles R. Cross (physicist)">Charles Robert Cross</a> (1848–1921, ed); William Ripley Nichols; John Trowbridge (1843–1923, ed); Samuel Kneeland; George Bliss; David Ames Wells (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07cWAQAAIAAJ"><i>Year-book of Facts in Science and Art</i></a>. <q>Sir David Brewster had several years before discovered a remarkable phenomenon in an alcoholic solution of the green coloring matter of leaves, or, as it is called by chemists, chlorophyll</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year-book+of+Facts+in+Science+and+Art&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Charles+Robert+Cross+%281848%E2%80%931921%2C+ed%29&rft.au=William+Ripley+Nichols&rft.au=John+Trowbridge+%281843%E2%80%931923%2C+ed%29&rft.au=Samuel+Kneeland&rft.au=George+Bliss&rft.au=David+Ames+Wells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07cWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster1804" class="citation book cs1">Brewster, David (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009710912"><i>The history of freemasonry, drawn from authentic sources of information; with an account of the Grand lodge of Scotland, from its institution in 1736, to the present time, compiled from the records; and an appendix of original papers</i></a>. Edinburgh: A. Lawrie and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+freemasonry%2C+drawn+from+authentic+sources+of+information%3B+with+an+account+of+the+Grand+lodge+of+Scotland%2C+from+its+institution+in+1736%2C+to+the+present+time%2C+compiled+from+the+records%3B+and+an+appendix+of+original+papers.&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=A.+Lawrie+and+Co.&rft.date=1804&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F009710912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2006" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Robert (2006). <i>Cracking The Freemason's Code</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin (publisher)">Penguin</a>. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84604-049-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84604-049-8"><bdi>978-1-84604-049-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracking+The+Freemason%27s+Code&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84604-049-8&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrathan1881" class="citation book cs1">Strathan, Alexander (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/librarymagazine13unkngoog#page/n426/search/Darwin"><i>The Day of Rest in The Library Magazine of American and Foreign Thought</i></a> (Vol 8 ed.). New York: American Book Exchange. p. 426<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+of+Rest+in+The+Library+Magazine+of+American+and+Foreign+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=426&rft.edition=Vol+8&rft.pub=American+Book+Exchange&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Strathan&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flibrarymagazine13unkngoog%23page%2Fn426%2Fsearch%2FDarwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._Lynch2000" class="citation book cs1">John M. Lynch (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr6ZiGHAqHcC&pg=PA471"><i>"Vestiges" and the Debate Before Darwin</i></a>. Vol. 1. A&C Black. p. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85506-862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85506-862-9"><bdi>978-1-85506-862-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Vestiges%22+and+the+Debate+Before+Darwin&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85506-862-9&rft.au=John+M.+Lynch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGr6ZiGHAqHcC%26pg%3DPA471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span>. First published in <i><a href="/wiki/North_British_Review" title="North British Review">North British Review</a></i>. vol 3 (August 1845, pp. 470–515)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Good Words (1862), Vol. 3; by Norman Macleod D. D. J.; Donald Macleod & Hartley Aspden. Alexander Strahan and Company. pp. 3–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g244-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g244_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g244_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g244_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120200323/http://www.stanford.edu/group/auden/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I14167&ged=auden-bicknell.ged">"Lieut.-Col. David Edward Brewster Macpherson of Balavil (I14167)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/auden/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I14167&ged=auden-bicknell.ged">the original</a> on 20 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lieut.-Col.+David+Edward+Brewster+Macpherson+of+Balavil+%28I14167%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fauden%2Fcgi-bin%2Fauden%2Findividual.php%3Fpid%3DI14167%26ged%3Dauden-bicknell.ged&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/Henry_Craigie__Brewster/">"Biography of Henry Craigie Brewster from Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Henry+Craigie+Brewster+from+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luminous-lint.com%2Fapp%2Fphotographer%2FHenry_Craigie__Brewster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, p. xiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2014" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, John, ed. (2014). "Explanatory notes". <i>Barchester Towers</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966586-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966586-0"><bdi>978-0-19-966586-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Explanatory+notes&rft.btitle=Barchester+Towers&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966586-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orcz.com/Assassin%27s_Creed_Syndicate:_Locate_David_Brewster_-_A_Simple_Plan">"Assassin's Creed Syndicate: Locate David Brewster - A Simple Plan"</a>. <i>ORCZ</i>. 26 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ORCZ&rft.atitle=Assassin%27s+Creed+Syndicate%3A+Locate+David+Brewster+-+A+Simple+Plan&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forcz.com%2FAssassin%2527s_Creed_Syndicate%3A_Locate_David_Brewster_-_A_Simple_Plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/wikis/assassins-creed-syndicate/A_Simple_Plan">"A Simple Plan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a></i>. 29 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=A+Simple+Plan&rft.date=2015-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Fwikis%2Fassassins-creed-syndicate%2FA_Simple_Plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orcz.com/Assassin%27s_Creed_Syndicate:_Air_Assassinate_Brewster_-_A_Simple_Plan">"Assassin's Creed Syndicate: Air Assassinate Brewster – A Simple Plan"</a>. <i>ORCZ</i>. 26 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ORCZ&rft.atitle=Assassin%27s+Creed+Syndicate%3A+Air+Assassinate+Brewster+%E2%80%93+A+Simple+Plan&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forcz.com%2FAssassin%2527s_Creed_Syndicate%3A_Air_Assassinate_Brewster_-_A_Simple_Plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousin1910" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Cousin" title="John William Cousin">Cousin, John William</a> (1910). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature" title="A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature">A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature</a></i>. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Biographical+Dictionary+of+English+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26amp%3B+Sons&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Cousin&rft.aufirst=John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_Margaret_Maria1881" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Margaret Maria (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_sG4BAAAAQAAJ"><i>The home life of sir David Brewster</i></a>. D. Douglas. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_sG4BAAAAQAAJ/page/n238">221</a>–236<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+home+life+of+sir+David+Brewster&rft.pages=221-236&rft.pub=D.+Douglas&rft.date=1881&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Margaret+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_sG4BAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/homelifeofsirdav00gord/#page/n5/mode/2up">Downloadable archive copy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brewster, David (1854). <i>The Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian</i>. Murray (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00416-9">978-1-108-00416-9</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_David_Brewster1858" class="citation book cs1">Sir David Brewster (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kaleidoscopeits00unkngoog"><i>The kaleidoscope, its history, theory and construction with its application to the fine and useful arts</i></a>. J. Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+kaleidoscope%2C+its+history%2C+theory+and+construction+with+its+application+to+the+fine+and+useful+arts&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Sir+David+Brewster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkaleidoscopeits00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Brewster" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaleidoscopecollector.com/brewster_thekaleidoscope.pdf">PDF copy</a></li> <li><i>"The Home Life of Sir David Brewster"</i> (1869). Written by his daughter Margaret Maria Gordon.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>David Brewster</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" class="extiw" title="c:David Brewster">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/David_Brewster" class="extiw" title="q:David Brewster">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:David_Brewster" class="extiw" title="s:Author:David Brewster">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brewstersociety.com/">The Brewster Kaleidoscope Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/31721">Works by David Brewster</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Brewster%2C%20David%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22David%20Brewster%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Brewster%2C%20David%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22David%20Brewster%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Brewster%2C%20D%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22David%20Brewster%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Brewster%2C%20David%22%20OR%20description%3A%22David%20Brewster%22%29%20OR%20%28%221781-1868%22%20AND%20Brewster%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about David Brewster</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9894">Works by David Brewster</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li>Brewster's (1831) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/5540">"On a new analysis of solar light, indicating three primary colours, forming coincident spectra of equal length,"</a> <i>Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 12,</i> p. 123–136. – digital facsimile from the <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li> <li>Brewster's (1834) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/5524">"On the colours of natural bodies,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029100820/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/5524">Archived</a> 29 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 12,</i> p. 538–545. – Linda Hall Library</li> <li>Brewster's (1835) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/8396"><i>A treatise on optics</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021162949/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/8396">Archived</a> 21 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Linda Hall Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/general.29167.1">Letters on Natural magic Addressed to Sir Walter Scott</a> From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grandlodgescotland.com/">The Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland.</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Principal_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Principal of the University of St Andrews">Principal of the University of St Andrews</a> </b><br />1837–1859 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Tulloch" title="John Tulloch">John Tulloch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_(University_Principal)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lee (University Principal)">John Lee</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Principals" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh University Principals">Edinburgh University Principals</a> </b><br />1859–1868 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grant_(University_Principal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Grant (University Principal)">Sir Alexander Grant</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Principals_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Template:Principals of the University of St Andrews"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Principals_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Principals of the University of St Andrews (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Principals_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Principals of the University of St Andrews"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principals_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Principal_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Principal of the University of St Andrews"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Principals of the University of St Andrews</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #010963; color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">University of St Andrews</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir David Brewster</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tulloch" title="John Tulloch">Reverend John Tulloch</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Donaldson_(classical_scholar)" title="James Donaldson (classical scholar)">Sir James Donaldson</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herkless" title="John Herkless">Sir John Herkless</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Irvine_(chemist)" title="James Irvine (chemist)">Sir James Irvine</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Knox">Sir Thomas Malcolm Knox</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Steven_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Steven Watson">John Steven Watson</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struther_Arnott" title="Struther Arnott">Struther Arnott</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lang" title="Brian Lang">Brian Lang</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Richardson" title="Louise Richardson">Dame Louise Richardson</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Mapstone" title="Sally Mapstone">Dame Sally Mapstone</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg/60px-University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg/90px-University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#041E42; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Principals_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Template:Principals of the University of Edinburgh"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Principals_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Template talk:Principals of the University of Edinburgh"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Principals_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Principals of the University of Edinburgh"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principals_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Principals_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Principals of the University of Edinburgh"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Principals of the University of Edinburgh</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#041E42; color: white;;width:1%;background:#D50032; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">University of Edinburgh</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1586 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rollock" title="Robert Rollock">Robert Rollock</a> (previously Regent)</li> <li>1599 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Charteris" title="Henry Charteris">Henry Charteris</a></li> <li>1620 <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sands" title="Patrick Sands">Patrick Sands</a></li> <li>1622 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(University_Principal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Boyd (University Principal)">Robert Boyd</a></li> <li>1623 <a href="/wiki/John_Adamson_(university_principal)" title="John Adamson (university principal)">John Adamson</a></li> <li>1653 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Leighton_(prelate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Leighton (prelate)">Robert Leighton</a></li> <li>1662 <a href="/wiki/William_Colvill" title="William Colvill">William Colvill</a></li> <li>1675 <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cant_(educator)" title="Andrew Cant (educator)">Andrew Cant</a></li> <li>1685 <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Monro_(educator)" title="Alexander Monro (educator)">Alexander Monro</a></li> <li>1690 <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Rule" title="Gilbert Rule">Gilbert Rule</a></li> <li>1703 <a href="/wiki/William_Carstares" title="William Carstares">William Carstares</a></li> <li>1716 <a href="/wiki/William_Wishart_(primus)" title="William Wishart (primus)">William Wishart (primus)</a></li> <li>1730 <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hamilton (educator)">William Hamilton</a></li> <li>1732 <a href="/wiki/James_Smith_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Smith (educator)">James Smith</a></li> <li>1736 <a href="/wiki/William_Wishart_(secundus)" title="William Wishart (secundus)">William Wishart (secundus)</a></li> <li>1754 <a href="/wiki/John_Gowdie" title="John Gowdie">John Gowdie</a></li> <li>1762 <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_(historian)" title="William Robertson (historian)">William Robertson</a></li> <li>1793 <a href="/wiki/George_Husband_Baird" class="mw-redirect" title="George Husband Baird">George Husband Baird</a></li> <li>1840 <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_(University_Principal)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lee (University Principal)">John Lee</a></li> <li>1859 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Brewster</a></li> <li>1868 <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grant_(University_Principal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Grant (University Principal)">Alexander Grant</a></li> <li>1885 <a href="/wiki/William_Muir" title="William Muir">William Muir</a></li> <li>1903 <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(University_Principal)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Turner (University Principal)">William Turner</a></li> <li>1916 <a href="/wiki/James_Alfred_Ewing" class="mw-redirect" title="James Alfred Ewing">Alfred Ewing</a></li> <li>1929 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Holland" title="Thomas Henry Holland">Thomas Henry Holland</a></li> <li>1944 <a href="/wiki/John_Fraser_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fraser (educator)">John Fraser</a></li> <li>1948 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Michael_Swann" title="Michael Swann">Michael Swann</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Robson_(educator)" title="Hugh Robson (educator)">Hugh Robson</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison_Burnett" title="John Harrison Burnett">John Harrison Burnett</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Smith (educator)">David Smith</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Sutherland,_Baron_Sutherland_of_Houndwood" title="Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood">Stewart Sutherland</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Timothy_O%27Shea" title="Timothy O'Shea">Timothy O'Shea</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mathieson_(nephrologist)" title="Peter Mathieson (nephrologist)">Peter Mathieson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1801–1850)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1801–1850"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1801–1850"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1801–1850"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1801–1850)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1801–1850)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astley_Cooper" title="Astley Cooper">Astley Cooper</a> (1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1802)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chenevix_(chemist)" title="Richard Chenevix (chemist)">Richard Chenevix</a> (1803)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> (1804)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1805)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Knight" title="Thomas Andrew Knight">Thomas Andrew Knight</a> (1806)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Everard_Home" title="Everard Home">Everard Home</a> (1807)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_(chemist)" title="William Henry (chemist)">William Henry</a> (1808)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Troughton" title="Edward Troughton">Edward Troughton</a> (1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1811)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Brande" title="William Thomas Brande">William Thomas Brande</a> (1813)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ivory_(mathematician)" title="James Ivory (mathematician)">James Ivory</a> (1814)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Brewster</a> (1815)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kater" title="Henry Kater">Henry Kater</a> (1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seppings" title="Robert Seppings">Robert Seppings</a> (1818)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a> (1822)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pond" title="John Pond">John Pond</a> (1823)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Brinkley_(astronomer)" title="John Brinkley (astronomer)">John Brinkley</a> (1824)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Barlow_(mathematician)" title="Peter Barlow (mathematician)">Peter Barlow</a> (1825)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_South" title="James South">James South</a> (1826)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Prout" title="William Prout">William Prout</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Foster_(scientist)" title="Henry Foster (scientist)">Henry Foster</a> (1827)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1831)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Siméon Denis Poisson</a> (1832)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amedeo_Plana" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana">Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Snow_Harris" title="William Snow Harris">William Snow Harris</a> (1835)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Francis_Kiernan" title="Francis Kiernan">Francis Kiernan</a> (1836)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_C%C3%A9sar_Becquerel" title="Antoine César Becquerel">Antoine César Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell" title="John Frederic Daniell">John Frederic Daniell</a> (1837)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist,_born_1773)" title="Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)">Robert Brown</a> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sturm" title="Jacques Charles François Sturm">Jacques Charles François Sturm</a> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (1841)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_MacCullagh" title="James MacCullagh">James MacCullagh</a> (1842)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a> (1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Matteucci" title="Carlo Matteucci">Carlo Matteucci</a> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a> (1846)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a> (1850)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168468#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168468#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168468#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108636431">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2774127">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1797635/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk3HrKMq9kYb3wvt8cT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119440660">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84239125">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15502781z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15502781z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35021762">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2011661632&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1644301">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p075113236">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=217540">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvxrc015t5p9v">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810552432705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/98740">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259050905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14572281">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Brewster">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:brewster.david">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/322177">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500043545">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/380610">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/24140">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/280283">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/795903">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119440660.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119440660">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029378605">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bp06mc">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&oldid=1249163511">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Brewster&oldid=1249163511</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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