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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>State senator and gubernatorial candidate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_senator_and_gubernatorial_candidate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Governor of New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Out_of_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Out_of_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Out of office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Out_of_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>U.S. Senator</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Senator-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle U.S. Senator subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Second term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Election of 1860</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_of_1860-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election of 1860 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Candidate_for_the_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candidate_for_the_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Candidate for the nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candidate_for_the_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigning_for_Lincoln" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigning_for_Lincoln"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Campaigning for Lincoln</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigning_for_Lincoln-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secession_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secession_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Secession crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secession_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Secretary of State</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of State subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lincoln_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lincoln_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Lincoln administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lincoln_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_breaks_out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_breaks_out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>War breaks out</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_breaks_out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_wartime_detentions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_wartime_detentions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Involvement in wartime detentions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_wartime_detentions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Lincoln" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Lincoln"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Relationship with Lincoln</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Lincoln-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1864_election;_Hampton_Roads_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1864_election;_Hampton_Roads_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.5</span> <span>1864 election; Hampton Roads Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1864_election;_Hampton_Roads_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.6</span> <span>Assassination attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johnson_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johnson_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Johnson administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johnson_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_and_impeachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_and_impeachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Reconstruction and impeachment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_and_impeachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_expansion_and_Alaska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_expansion_and_Alaska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Territorial expansion and Alaska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_expansion_and_Alaska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1868_election,_retirement_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1868_election,_retirement_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>1868 election, retirement and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1868_election,_retirement_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_historical_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_historical_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy and historical view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_historical_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William H. Seward</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ويليام سيوارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام سيوارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilyam_Sivard" title="Vilyam Sivard – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilyam Sivard" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%DA%86._%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ویلیام اچ. سیوارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام اچ. سیوارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Уільям Генры Сьюард – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Генры Сьюард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%DA%86._%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ویلیام اچ. سیوارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام اچ. سیوارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Seward" title="William Henry Seward – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Henry Seward" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_H._%EC%88%98%EC%96%B4%EB%93%9C" title="윌리엄 H. 수어드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 H. 수어드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%8D%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Ուիլյամ Սյուարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Սյուարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Henry_Seward" title="Willem Henry Seward – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Willem Henry Seward" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ויליאם סיוארד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם סיוארד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ სიუარდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ სიუარდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Henricus_Seward" title="Gulielmus Henricus Seward – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Henricus Seward" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_Sj%C5%ABards" title="Viljams Sjūards – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Sjūards" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Seward" title="William Henry Seward – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Henry Seward" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="വില്ല്യം എച്ച്. സിവാർഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വില്ല്യം എച്ച്. സിവാർഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="विल्यम हेन्री सुअर्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विल्यम हेन्री सुअर्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ويليام سيوارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام سيوارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Seward" title="William Seward – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Seward" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ウィリアム・スワード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・スワード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਹੈਨਰੀ ਸੇਵਰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਹੈਨਰੀ ਸੇਵਰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%90%DA%86._%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89" title="وېلیم اېچ. سيوارډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وېلیم اېچ. سيوارډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сьюард, Уильям Генри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сьюард, Уильям Генри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5._%D0%A1%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вилијам Х. Сјуард – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Х. Сјуард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вильям Сьюард – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вильям Сьюард" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A._%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="วิลเลียม เอช. ซูเวิร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิลเลียม เอช. ซูเวิร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вільям Генрі Сьюард – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Генрі Сьюард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="William H. Seward" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E5%8E%84%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·H·苏厄德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉·H·苏厄德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%98%87%E5%8E%84%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·亨利·蘇厄德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威廉·亨利·蘇厄德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E5%8E%84%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·H·苏厄德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·H·苏厄德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q297308#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1801–1872)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named William Seward, see <a href="/wiki/William_Seward_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="William Seward (disambiguation)">William Seward (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William H. Seward</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_H._Seward_portrait_-_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/William_H._Seward_portrait_-_restoration.jpg/220px-William_H._Seward_portrait_-_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/William_H._Seward_portrait_-_restoration.jpg/330px-William_H._Seward_portrait_-_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/William_H._Seward_portrait_-_restoration.jpg/440px-William_H._Seward_portrait_-_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="4797" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Seward in 1859</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">24th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 5, 1861 – March 4, 1869</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Elihu B. Washburne</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John Adams Dix</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ira_Harris" title="Ira Harris">Ira Harris</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1839 – December 31, 1842</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bradish" title="Luther Bradish">Luther Bradish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Bouck" title="William C. Bouck">William C. Bouck</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William Henry Seward</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1801-05-16</span>)</span>May 16, 1801<br /><a href="/wiki/Florida,_Orange_County,_New_York" title="Florida, Orange County, New York">Florida, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 10, 1872<span style="display:none">(1872-10-10)</span> (aged 71)<br /><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_New_York" title="Auburn, New York">Auburn, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a> (before 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (1834–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (after 1855)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Adeline_Seward" title="Frances Adeline Seward">Frances Miller</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="October 20, 1824">1824</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="June 21, 1865">1865</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Henry_Seward" title="Augustus Henry Seward">Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Seward" title="Frederick W. Seward">Frederick</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward_Jr." title="William H. Seward Jr.">William</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Seward" title="Fanny Seward">Fanny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olive_Risley_Seward" title="Olive Risley Seward">Olive</a> (adopted)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Henry_Seward_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William H. Seward's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/William_Henry_Seward_Signature.svg/128px-William_Henry_Seward_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/William_Henry_Seward_Signature.svg/192px-William_Henry_Seward_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/William_Henry_Seward_Signature.svg/256px-William_Henry_Seward_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">The Sage of Auburn<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Henry Seward</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> May 16, 1801 – October 10, 1872) was an American politician who served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">governor of New York</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States senator">United States senator</a>. A determined opponent of the spread of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> in the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, he was a prominent figure in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party in its formative years</a>, and was praised for his work on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> as Secretary of State during the Civil War. He also negotiated the treaty for the United States to purchase the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska Territory</a>. </p><p>Seward was born in 1801 in the <a href="/wiki/Florida,_Orange_County,_New_York" title="Florida, Orange County, New York">village of Florida, in Orange County</a>, New York, where his father was a farmer and owned slaves. He was educated as a lawyer and moved to the <a href="/wiki/Central_New_York" title="Central New York">Central New York</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_New_York" title="Auburn, New York">Auburn</a>. Seward was elected to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a> in 1830 as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Mason">Anti-Mason</a>. Four years later, he became the gubernatorial nominee of the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>. Though he was not successful in <a href="/wiki/1834_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1834 New York gubernatorial election">that race</a>, Seward was elected governor in <a href="/wiki/1838_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1838 New York gubernatorial election">1838</a> and won a second two-year term in <a href="/wiki/1840_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1840 New York gubernatorial election">1840</a>. During this period, he signed several laws that advanced the rights of and opportunities for black residents, as well as guaranteeing <a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">jury trials</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slaves">fugitive slaves</a> in the state. The legislation protected <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a>, and he used his position to intervene in cases of freed black people who were enslaved in <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Antebellum_years" title="Southern United States">the South</a>. </p><p>After many years of practicing law in Auburn, he was elected by the <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislature</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> in <a href="/wiki/1849_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1849 United States Senate election in New York">1849</a>. Seward's strong stances and provocative words against slavery brought him hatred in the South. He was re-elected to the Senate in <a href="/wiki/1855_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1855 United States Senate election in New York">1855</a>, and soon joined the nascent <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, becoming one of its leading figures. As the <a href="/wiki/1860_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 presidential election">1860 presidential election</a> approached, he was regarded as the leading candidate for the Republican nomination. Several factors, including attitudes to his vocal opposition to slavery, his support for <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration#United_States" title="Opposition to immigration">immigrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">Catholics</a>, and his association with editor and <a href="/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss">political boss</a> <a href="/wiki/Thurlow_Weed" title="Thurlow Weed">Thurlow Weed</a>, worked against him, and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">secured the presidential nomination</a>. Although devastated by his loss, he campaigned for Lincoln, who appointed him Secretary of State after winning the election. </p><p>Seward did his best to stop the southern states from <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">seceding</a>; once that failed, he devoted himself wholeheartedly to the Union cause. His <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">firm stance against foreign intervention in the Civil War</a> helped deter the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="United Kingdom and the American Civil War">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="France and the American Civil War">France</a> from recognizing the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate States</a>. He was one of the targets of the 1865 <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination plot</a> that killed Lincoln and was seriously wounded by conspirator <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Powell_(conspirator)" title="Lewis Powell (conspirator)">Lewis Powell</a>. Seward remained in his post through the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">presidency of Andrew Johnson</a>, during which he negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a> in 1867 and supported Johnson during <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">his impeachment</a>. His contemporary <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> described Seward as "one of those spirits who sometimes will go ahead of public opinion instead of tamely following its footprints".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin14_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin14-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seward was born on May 16, 1801, in the small community of <a href="/wiki/Florida,_Orange_County,_New_York" title="Florida, Orange County, New York">Florida, New York</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York" title="Orange County, New York">Orange County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the fourth son of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sweezy_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Sweezy Seward">Samuel Sweezy Seward</a> and his wife Mary (Jennings) Seward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale9,_13_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale9,_13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel Seward was a wealthy landowner and slaveholder in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York State</a>; slavery was not fully <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New York">abolished in the state</a> until 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor12–14_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor12–14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florida, located some 60 miles (100 km) north of New York City and west of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, was a small rural village of perhaps a dozen homes. Young Seward attended school there, and also in the nearby <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Goshen,_New_York" title="Goshen, New York">Goshen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a bright student who enjoyed his studies. In later years, one of the former family slaves would relate that instead of running away from school to go home, Seward would run away from home to go to school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of 15, Henry—he was known by his middle name as a boy—was sent to <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>. Admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Sophomore_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophomore year">sophomore</a> class, Seward was an outstanding student and was elected to <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>. Seward's fellow students included <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Blatchford_(attorney)" title="Richard M. Blatchford (attorney)">Richard M. Blatchford</a>, who became a lifelong legal and political associate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Connecticut_Biographical_Dictionary''125–125_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Connecticut_Biographical_Dictionary''125–125-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel Seward kept his son short on cash, and in December 1818—during the middle of Henry's final year at Union—the two quarreled about money. The younger Seward returned to Schenectady but soon left school in company with a fellow student, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvah_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvah Wilson (page does not exist)">Alvah Wilson</a>. The two took a ship from New York to <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, where Wilson had been offered a job as rector, or principal, of a new academy in rural <a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Georgia" title="Putnam County, Georgia">Putnam County</a>. En route, Wilson took a job at another school, leaving Seward to continue on to <a href="/wiki/Eatonton,_Georgia" title="Eatonton, Georgia">Eatonton</a> in Putnam County. The trustees interviewed the 17-year-old Seward and found his qualifications acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr12–13_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr12–13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward enjoyed his time in Georgia, where he was accepted as an adult for the first time. He was treated hospitably but also witnessed the ill-treatment of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor14_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward was persuaded to return to New York by his family and did so in June 1819. As it was too late for him to graduate with his class, he studied law at an attorney's office in Goshen before returning to Union College, securing his degree with highest honors in June 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor14_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lawyer_and_state_senator">Lawyer and state senator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lawyer and state senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career_and_involvement_in_politics">Early career and involvement in politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career and involvement in politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Inman_-_Frances_Adeline_Miller_Seward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Henry_Inman_-_Frances_Adeline_Miller_Seward.jpg/170px-Henry_Inman_-_Frances_Adeline_Miller_Seward.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Henry_Inman_-_Frances_Adeline_Miller_Seward.jpg/255px-Henry_Inman_-_Frances_Adeline_Miller_Seward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Henry_Inman_-_Frances_Adeline_Miller_Seward.jpg/340px-Henry_Inman_-_Frances_Adeline_Miller_Seward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>Seward's wife <a href="/wiki/Frances_Adeline_Seward" title="Frances Adeline Seward">Frances Adeline Seward</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After graduation, Seward spent much of the following two years studying law in Goshen and New York City with attorneys <a href="/wiki/John_Duer" title="John Duer">John Duer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Anthon" title="John Anthon">John Anthon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Hoffman" title="Ogden Hoffman">Ogden Hoffman</a>. He passed the <a href="/wiki/Bar_examination" title="Bar examination">bar examination</a> in late 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He could have practiced in Goshen, but he disliked the town and sought a practice in growing <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a>. Seward decided upon <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_New_York" title="Auburn, New York">Auburn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_County,_New_York" title="Cayuga County, New York">Cayuga County</a>, which was about 150 miles (200 km) west of Albany and 200 miles (300 km) northwest of Goshen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr16–19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr16–19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the practice of retired judge <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Miller" title="Elijah Miller">Elijah Miller</a>, whose daughter <a href="/wiki/Frances_Adeline_Seward" title="Frances Adeline Seward">Frances Adeline Miller</a> was a classmate of his sister Cornelia at <a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard_School" title="Emma Willard School">Troy Female Seminary</a>. Seward married Frances Miller on October 20, 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor18_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1824, Seward was journeying with his wife to <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a> when one of the wheels on his carriage was damaged while they passed through <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a>. Among those who came to their aid was local newspaper publisher <a href="/wiki/Thurlow_Weed" title="Thurlow Weed">Thurlow Weed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor23–24_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor23–24-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward and Weed would become closer in the years ahead as they found they shared a belief that government policies should promote infrastructure improvements, such as roads and canals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin70_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin70-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weed, deemed by some to be one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss">political bosses</a>, would become a major ally of Seward. Despite the benefits to Seward's career from Weed's support, perceptions that Seward was too much controlled by Weed became a factor in the former's defeat for the Republican nomination for president in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost from the time he settled in Auburn, Seward involved himself in politics. At that time, the political system was in flux as new parties evolved. In New York State, there were generally two factions, which went by varying names, but were characterized by the fact that <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> led one element, and the other opposed him. Van Buren, over a quarter century, held a series of senior posts, generally in the federal government. His allies were dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Regency" title="Albany Regency">Albany Regency</a>, as they governed for Van Buren while he was away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr20–21_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr20–21-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward originally supported the Regency, but by 1824 had broken from it, concluding that it was corrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr22_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr22-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became part of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonic Party</a>, which became widespread in 1826 after the disappearance and death of <a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(anti-Mason)" title="William Morgan (anti-Mason)">William Morgan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Free_mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Free mason">Mason</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a>; he was most likely killed by fellow Masons for publishing a book revealing the order's secret rites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor20–21_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20–21-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the leading candidate in opposition to President <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> was General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, a Mason who mocked opponents of the order, Anti-Masonry became closely associated with opposition to Jackson, and to <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonian Democracy">his policies</a> once he was <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">elected president in 1828</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodie38–39_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodie38–39-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governor <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> had nominated Seward as Cayuga County <a href="/wiki/New_York_Surrogate%27s_Court" title="New York Surrogate's Court">Surrogate</a> in late 1827 or early 1828, but as Seward was unwilling to support Jackson, he was not confirmed by the state Senate. During the 1828 campaign, Seward made speeches in support of President Adams's re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr24–26_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr24–26-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward was nominated for the federal House of Representatives by the Anti-Masons, but withdrew, deeming the fight hopeless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor23_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1829, Seward was offered the local nomination for <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a>, but again felt there was no prospect of winning. In 1830, with Weed's aid, he gained the Anti-Masonic nomination for state senator for the local district. Seward had appeared in court throughout the district, and had spoken in favor of government support for infrastructure improvements, a position popular there. Weed had moved his operations to Albany, where his newspaper, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albany_Evening_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Evening Journal (page does not exist)">Albany Evening Journal</a></i>, advocated for Seward, who was elected by about 2,000 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr28–30_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr28–30-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_senator_and_gubernatorial_candidate">State senator and gubernatorial candidate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: State senator and gubernatorial candidate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seward was sworn in as state senator in January 1831. He left Frances and their children in Auburn and wrote to her of his experiences. These included meeting former vice president <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>, who had returned to practicing law in New York following a self-imposed exile in Europe after his duel with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and treason trial. The Regency (or the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, as the national party led by Jackson and supported by Van Buren, was becoming known) controlled the Senate. Seward and his party allied with dissident Democrats and others to pass some legislation, including penal reform measures, for which Seward would become known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor26_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor26-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr32–33_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr32–33-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his term as state senator, Seward traveled extensively, visiting other anti-Jackson leaders, including former president Adams. He also accompanied his father Samuel Seward on a trip to Europe, where they met the political men of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor33–34_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor33–34-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward hoped that the Anti-Masons would nominate Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a> for president against Jackson's re-election bid <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">in 1832</a>, but the nomination fell to former <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a>. Kentucky Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, an opponent of Jackson, was a Mason, and thus unacceptable as party standard-bearer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale99–101_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale99–101-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of Jackson's easy victory, many of those who opposed him believed that a united front was necessary to defeat the Democrats, and the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> gradually came into being. The Whigs believed in legislative action to develop the country and opposed Jackson's unilateral actions as president, which they deemed imperial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor33–34_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor33–34-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Anti-Masons, including Seward and Weed, readily joined the new party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr41_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr41-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In preparation for the 1834 election, New York's Whigs met in <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a> to determine a gubernatorial candidate. Democratic Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Marcy" class="mw-redirect" title="William Marcy">William Marcy</a> was heavily favored to be re-elected, and few prominent Whigs were anxious to run a campaign that would most likely be lost. Seward's wife and father wanted him to retire from politics to increase the income from his law practice, and Weed urged him to seek re-election to the state Senate. Nevertheless, the reluctance of others to run caused Seward to emerge as a major candidate. Weed procured Seward's triumph at the Utica convention. The election turned on national issues, most importantly President Jackson's policies. These were then popular, and in a strong year for Democrats, Seward was defeated by some 11,000 votes—Weed wrote that the Whigs were overwhelmed by illegally cast ballots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor34–35_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor34–35-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defeated for governor and with his term in the state Senate having expired, Seward returned to Auburn and the practice of law at the start of 1835. That year, Seward and his wife undertook a lengthy trip, going as far south as Virginia. Although they were hospitably received by southerners, the Sewards saw scenes of slavery which confirmed them as its opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin77–78_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin77–78-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Seward accepted a position as agent for the new owners of the <a href="/wiki/Holland_Land_Company" title="Holland Land Company">Holland Land Company</a>, which owned large tracts of land in Western New York, upon which many settlers were purchasing real estate on installment. The new owners were viewed as less forgiving landlords than the old, and when there was unrest, they hired Seward, popular in Western New York, in hopes of adjusting the matter. He was successful, and when the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a> began, persuaded the owners to avoid foreclosures where possible. He also, in 1838, arranged the purchase of the company's holdings by a consortium that included himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor39–40_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor39–40-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren had been elected president in 1836; even with his other activities, Seward had found time to campaign against him. The economic crisis came soon after the inauguration and threatened the Regency's control of New York politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr49–50_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr49–50-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward had not run for governor in 1836, but with the Democrats unpopular, saw a path to victory in 1838 (the term was then two years). Other prominent Whigs also sought the nomination. Weed persuaded delegates to the convention that Seward had run ahead of other Whig candidates in 1834; Seward was nominated on the fourth ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin80–81_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin80–81-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward's opponent was again Marcy, and the economy the principal issue. The Whigs argued that the Democrats were responsible for the recession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr54–57_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr54–57-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it was thought improper for candidates for major office to campaign in person, Seward left most of that to Weed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin81_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin81-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward was elected by a margin of about 10,000 votes out of 400,000 cast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr57_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr57-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victory was the most significant for the Whig Party to that point,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor42_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor42-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eliminated the Regency from power in New York, permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale137–138_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale137–138-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_New_York">Governor of New York</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governor of New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WSeward.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/WSeward.png/170px-WSeward.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/WSeward.png/255px-WSeward.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/WSeward.png/340px-WSeward.png 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Gubernatorial portrait of William H. Seward</figcaption></figure> <p>William Seward was sworn in as governor of New York on January 1, 1839, and inaugurated in front of a crowd of jubilant Whigs. In that era, the annual message by the New York governor was published and discussed to the extent of that of a president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor44–45_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor44–45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward biographer Walter Stahr wrote that his address "brimmed with his youth, energy, ambition, and optimism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr60_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr60-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward took note of America's great unexploited resources and stated that immigration should be encouraged in order to take advantage of them. He urged that citizenship and religious liberty be granted to those who came to New York's shores.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor44–45_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor44–45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, New York City's public schools were run by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, and used Protestant texts, including the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a>. Seward believed the current system was a barrier to literacy for the children of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> immigrants and proposed legislation to change it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr68–70_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr68–70-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education, he stated, "banishes the distinctions, old as time, of rich and poor, master and slave. It banishes ignorance and lays axe to the root of crime".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr60_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr60-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward's stance was popular among Catholic immigrants, but was disliked by <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#United_States" title="Nativism (politics)">nativists</a>; their opposition would eventually help defeat his bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin83_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin83-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Assembly had a Whig majority at the start of Seward's first term as governor, the party had only 13 legislators out of 32 in the state Senate. The Democrats refused to cooperate with Governor Seward except on the most urgent matters, and he initially found himself unable to advance much of his agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale141_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale141-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the 1839 legislative elections were crucial to Seward's legislative hopes, and to advancing the nominations of many Whigs to state office whose posts required Senate confirmation. Both Seward and President Van Buren gave several speeches across New York State that summer. Henry Clay, one of the hopefuls for the Whig nomination for president, spent part of the summer in Upstate New York, and the two men met by chance on a ferry. Seward refused to formally visit Clay at his vacation home in <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_New_York" title="Saratoga Springs, New York">Saratoga Springs</a> in the interests of neutrality, beginning a difficult relationship between the two men. After the 1839 election, the Whigs had 19 seats, allowing the party full control of state government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr64–65_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr64–65-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the election, there was unrest near Albany among tenant farmers on <a href="/wiki/Manor_of_Rensselaerswyck" class="mw-redirect" title="Manor of Rensselaerswyck">the land owned by</a> Dutch-descended <a href="/wiki/Patroon" title="Patroon">patroons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Van_Rensselaer_family" title="Van Rensselaer family">van Rensselaer family</a>. These tenancies allowed the landlords privileges such as enlisting the unpaid labor of tenants, and any breach could result in termination of tenure without compensation for improvements. When sheriff's deputies in <a href="/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York" title="Albany County, New York">Albany County</a> were obstructed from serving eviction writs, Seward was asked to call out the militia. After an all-night cabinet meeting, he did so, though quietly assuring the tenants that he would intervene with the legislature. This mollified the settlers, though Seward proved unable to get the legislature to pass reforming laws. This question of tenants' rights was not settled until after Seward had left office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr65–66_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr65–66-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1839, a ship sailing from <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, to New York City was discovered to have an escaped slave on board. The slave was returned to his owner pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave Clause</a> of the Constitution, but Virginia also demanded that three free black sailors, said to have concealed the fugitive aboard ship, be surrendered to its custody. This Seward would not do, and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a> passed legislation inhibiting trade with New York. With Seward's encouragement, the New York legislature passed acts in 1840 protecting the rights of blacks against Southern slave-catchers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin83–84_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin83–84-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One guaranteed alleged fugitive slaves the right of a jury trial in New York to establish whether they were slaves, and another pledged the aid of the state to recover free blacks kidnapped into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelman212–213_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelman212–213-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward and Van Buren were both up for re-election in 1840. Seward did not attend the December <a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 Whig National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a>, but Weed did on his behalf. They were determined to support General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> for president, but when Weed concluded Scott could not win, he threw New York's support behind the eventual winner, General <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>. This action outraged supporters of Senator Clay. These grievances would not be quickly forgotten—one supporter of the Kentuckian wrote in 1847 that he was intent on seeing the "punishment of Seward & Co. for defrauding the country of Mr. Clay in 1840".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr66–67_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr66–67-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward was renominated for a second term by the Whig convention against Democrat <a href="/wiki/William_C._Bouck" title="William C. Bouck">William C. Bouck</a>, a former state legislator. Seward did not campaign in person, but ran affairs behind the scenes with Weed and made his views known to voters through a Fourth of July speech and lengthy letters, declining invitations to speak, printed in the papers. In one, Seward expounded upon the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Log cabin campaign">log cabin</a>—a structure evoking the common man and a theme that the Whigs used heavily in <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_presidential_campaign,_1840" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840">Harrison's campaign</a>—where Seward had always found a far warmer welcome than in the marble palaces of the well-to-do (evoking Van Buren). Both Harrison and Seward were elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr49–51_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr49–51-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Seward would serve for nearly thirty more years in public life, his name would never again pass before the voters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor49–51_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor49–51-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his second term, Seward was involved with the trial of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McLeod" title="Alexander McLeod">Alexander McLeod</a>, who had boasted of involvement in the 1837 <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Affair"><i>Caroline</i> Affair</a>, in which Canadians came across the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> and sank the <i>Caroline</i>, a steamboat being used to supply <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">William Lyon Mackenzie</a>'s fighters during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a>. McLeod was arrested, but the British Foreign Minister, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, demanded his release. McLeod, who was part of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">Canadian colonial militia</a>, could not be held responsible for actions taken under orders. Although the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren administration</a> had agreed with Seward that McLeod should be tried under state law, its successor did not and urged that charges against McLeod be dropped. A series of testy letters were exchanged between Governor Seward and Harrison's Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, and also between the governor and the new president <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, who succeeded on Harrison's death after a month in office. McLeod was tried and acquitted in late 1841. Stahr pointed out that Seward got his way in having McLeod tried in a state court, and the diplomatic experience served him well as Secretary of State.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr76–80_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr76–80-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward continued his support of blacks, signing legislation in 1841 to repeal a "nine-month law" that allowed slaveholders to bring their slaves into the state for a period of nine months before they were considered free. After this, slaves brought to the state were immediately considered freed. Seward also signed legislation to establish public education for all children, leaving it up to local jurisdictions as to how that would be supplied (some had segregated schools).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelman212–213_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelman212–213-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Out_of_office">Out of office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Out of office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Inman_-_William_H._Seward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Henry_Inman_-_William_H._Seward.jpg/170px-Henry_Inman_-_William_H._Seward.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Henry_Inman_-_William_H._Seward.jpg/255px-Henry_Inman_-_William_H._Seward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Henry_Inman_-_William_H._Seward.jpg/340px-Henry_Inman_-_William_H._Seward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Seward around 1844. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Inman_(painter)" title="Henry Inman (painter)">Henry Inman</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As governor, Seward incurred considerable personal debt not only because he had to live beyond his salary to maintain the lifestyle expected of the office, but also because he could not pay down his obligation from the land company purchase. At the time he left office, he owed $200,000. Returning to Auburn, he absorbed himself in a profitable law practice. He did not abandon politics and received former president Adams at the Seward family home in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen87–90_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen87–90-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to his biographer, John M. Taylor, Seward picked a good time to absent himself from electoral politics, as the Whig Party was in turmoil. President Tyler, a former Democrat, and Senator Clay each claimed leadership of the Whig Party and, as the two men differed over such issues as whether to re-establish the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Bank of the United States</a>, party support was divided. The <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a> movement attracted those who did not want to be part of a party led by slavery-supporting Southerners. In <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>, Seward was asked to run for president by members of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a>; he declined and reluctantly supported the Whig nominee, Clay. The Kentuckian was defeated by Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>. The major event of Polk's administration was the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>; Seward did not support this, feeling that the price in blood was not worth the increase in territory, especially as southerners were promoting this acquisition to expand territory for slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor55–62,_70–72_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor55–62,_70–72-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1846, Seward became the center of controversy in Auburn when he defended, in separate cases, two felons accused of murder. Henry Wyatt, a white man, was charged with fatally stabbing a fellow inmate in prison; William Freeman, a black man, was accused of breaking into a house after his release and stabbing four people to death. In both cases, the defendants were likely mentally ill and had been severely abused while in prison. Seward, having long been an advocate of prison reform and better treatment for the insane, sought to prevent each man from being executed by using the relatively new defense of insanity. Seward gained a <a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">hung jury</a> in Wyatt's first trial, though he was subsequently convicted in a retrial and executed despite Seward's efforts to secure clemency. Freeman was convicted, though Seward gained a reversal on appeal. There was no second Freeman trial, as officials were convinced of his insanity. Freeman died in prison in late 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr99–104_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr99–104-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Freeman case, invoking mental illness and racial issues, Seward argued, "he is still your brother, and mine, in form and color accepted and approved by his Father, and yours, and mine, and bears equally with us the proudest inheritance of our race—the image of our Maker. Hold him then to be a Man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor67_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor67-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although they were locally contentious, the trials boosted Seward's image across the North. He gained further publicity in association with Ohioan <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> when handling the unsuccessful appeal in the United States Supreme Court of <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Zandt" title="John Van Zandt">John Van Zandt</a>, an anti-slavery advocate sued by a slaveowner for assisting blacks in escaping on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>. Chase was impressed with Seward, writing that the former New York governor "was one of the very first public men in our country. Who but himself would have done what he did for the poor wretch Freeman?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor70_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor70-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main Whig contenders in 1848 were Clay again, and two war hero generals with little political experience, Winfield Scott and <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>. Seward supported General Taylor. The former governor was less enthusiastic about the vice-presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Comptroller" title="New York State Comptroller">New York State Comptroller</a> <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, a rival of his from Buffalo. Nevertheless, he campaigned widely for the Whigs against the Democratic presidential candidate, former Michigan senator <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a>. The two major parties did not make slavery an issue in the campaign. The <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>, mostly Liberty Party members and some Northern Democrats, nominated former president Van Buren. The Taylor/Fillmore ticket was elected, and the split in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Democratic Party">New York Democratic Party</a> allowed the Whigs to capture the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen107–111_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen107–111-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State legislatures elected U.S. senators until the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment</a> in 1913. One of New York's seats was up for election in 1849, and a Whig would likely be elected to replace <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John Adams Dix</a>. Seward, with Weed's counsel, decided to seek the seat. When legislators convened in January 1849, he was spoken of as the favorite. Some opposed him as too extreme on slavery issues and intimated that he would not support the slaveholding <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">President-elect</a> Taylor, a Louisianan. Weed and Seward worked to dispel these concerns, and when the vote for the Senate seat took place, the former governor received five times the vote of the nearest other candidate, gaining <a href="/wiki/1849_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1849 United States Senate election in New York">election on the first ballot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen107–111_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen107–111-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senator">U.S. Senator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: U.S. Senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Seward was sworn in as senator from New York on March 5, 1849, during the brief special session called to confirm President Taylor's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> nominees. Seward was seen as having influence over Taylor. Taking advantage of an acquaintance with Taylor's brother, Seward met with the former general several times before Inauguration Day (March 4) and was friendly with Cabinet officers. Taylor hoped to gain the admission of California to the Union, and Seward worked to advance his agenda in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen114–116_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen114–116-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regular session of Congress that began in December 1849 was dominated by the issue of slavery. Senator Clay advanced a series of resolutions, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, giving victories to both North and South. Seward opposed the pro-slavery elements of the Compromise, and in a speech on the Senate floor on March 11, 1850, invoked a "higher law than the Constitution". The speech was widely reprinted and made Seward the leading anti-slavery advocate in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor83–86_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor83–86-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Taylor took a stance sympathetic to the North, but his death in July 1850 caused the accession of the pro-Compromise Fillmore and ended Seward's influence over patronage. The Compromise passed, and many Seward adherents in federal office in New York were replaced by Fillmore appointees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr127–132_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr127–132-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Seward_1851.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/William_Seward_1851.png/170px-William_Seward_1851.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/William_Seward_1851.png/255px-William_Seward_1851.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/William_Seward_1851.png/340px-William_Seward_1851.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Seward in 1851</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Clay had hoped the Compromise would be a final settlement on the matter of slavery that could unite the nation, it divided his Whig Party, especially when the <a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852 Whig National Convention</a> endorsed it to the anger of liberal northerners like Seward. The major candidates for the presidential nomination were President Fillmore, Senator Daniel Webster, and General Scott. Seward supported Scott, who he hoped would, like Harrison, unite enough voters behind a military hero to win the election. Scott gained the nomination, and Seward campaigned for him. The Whigs were unable to reconcile over slavery, whereas the Democrats could unite behind the Compromise; the Whigs won only four states, and former New Hampshire senator <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">was elected president</a>. Other events, such as the 1852 publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> and Northern anger over the enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a> (an element of the Compromise), widened the divide between North and South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor91–93_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor91–93-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward's wife Frances was deeply committed to the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> movement. In the 1850s, the Seward family opened their Auburn home as a safehouse to fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad. Seward's frequent travel and political work suggest that it was Frances who played the more active role in Auburn abolitionist activities. In the excitement following the rescue and safe transport of fugitive slave William "Jerry" Henry in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a> on October 1, 1851, Frances wrote to her husband, "two fugitives have gone to Canada—one of them our acquaintance John".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another time she wrote, "A man by the name of William Johnson will apply to you for assistance to purchase the freedom of his daughter. You will see that I have given him something by his book. I told him I thought you would give him more."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1854, Democratic Illinois Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> introduced his <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Bill</a>. This would permit <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a> to choose whether to join the Union as free or slave states, and effectively repeal the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> forbidding slavery in new states north of 36° 30′ North latitude. Seward was determined to defeat what he called "this infamous Nebraska Bill," and worked to ensure the final version of the bill would be unpalatable to enough senators, North and South, to defeat it. Seward spoke against the bill both on initial consideration in the Senate and when the bill returned after reconciliation with the House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr141–143_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr141–143-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill passed into law, but northerners had found a standard around which they could rally. Those in the South defended the new law, arguing that they should have an equal stake through slavery in the territories their blood and money had helped secure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin160–163_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin160–163-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seward_full_face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Seward_full_face.jpg/170px-Seward_full_face.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Seward_full_face.jpg/255px-Seward_full_face.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Seward_full_face.jpg/340px-Seward_full_face.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4418" /></a><figcaption>Seward in 1859</figcaption></figure> <p>The political turmoil engendered by the North–South divide split both major parties and led to the founding of new ones. The American Party (known as the <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know Nothing Party">Know Nothings</a>) contained many nativists and pursued an anti-immigrant agenda. The Know Nothings did not publicly discuss party deliberations (thus, they knew nothing). They disliked Seward, and an uncertain number of Know Nothings sought the Whig nomination to legislative seats. Some made clear their stance by pledging to vote against Seward's re-election, but others did not. Although the Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature, the extent of their support for Seward as a US senator was unclear. When <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York,_1855" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in New York, 1855">the election</a> was held by the legislature in February 1855, Seward won a narrow majority in each house. The opposition was scattered, and a Know Nothing party organ denounced two dozen legislators as "traitors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr149–152_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr149–152-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> had been founded in 1854, in reaction to the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Its anti-slavery stance was attractive to Seward, but he needed the Whig structure in New York to get re-elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor98–99_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor98–99-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1855, the New York Whig and Republican parties held simultaneous conventions that quickly merged into one. Seward was the most prominent figure to join the new party and was spoken of as a possible presidential candidate in 1856. Weed, however, did not feel that the new party was strong enough on a national level to secure the presidency, and advised Seward to wait until 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin182–183,_187_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin182–183,_187-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Seward's name was mentioned at the <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican National Convention</a>, a huge ovation broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton53_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton53-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">the 1856 presidential election</a>, the Democratic candidate, former Pennsylvania senator <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, defeated the Republican, former California senator <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>, and the Know Nothing candidate, former president Fillmore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin188_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin188-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1856 campaign played out against the backdrop of "<a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>", the violent efforts of pro- and anti-slavery forces to control the government in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a> and determine whether it would be admitted as a slave or free state. This violence spilled over into the Senate chamber itself after Republican Massachusetts Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> delivered an incendiary speech against slavery, making personal comments against South Carolina Senator <a href="/wiki/Andrew_P._Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew P. Butler">Andrew P. Butler</a>. Sumner had read a draft of the speech to Seward, who had advised him to omit the personal references. Two days after the speech, Butler's nephew, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Preston_Brooks" title="Preston Brooks">Preston Brooks</a> entered the chamber and beat Sumner with a cane, injuring him severely. Although some southerners feared the propaganda value of the incident in the North, most lionized Brooks as a hero. Many northerners were outraged, though some, including Seward, felt that Sumner's words against Butler had unnecessarily provoked the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton52_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton52-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor100–103_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor100–103-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Southern newspapers felt that the Sumner precedent might usefully be applied to Seward; the <i>Petersburg Intelligencer</i>, a Virginia periodical, suggested that "it will be very well to give Seward a double dose at least every other day".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr162_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr162-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a message to Congress in December 1857, President Buchanan advocated the admission of Kansas as a slave state under the <a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a>, passed under dubious circumstances. This split the Democrats: the administration wanted Kansas admitted; Senator Douglas demanded a fair ratification vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier198_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier198-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate debated the matter through much of early 1858, though few Republicans spoke at first, content to watch the Democrats tear their party to shreds over the issue of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier199_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier199-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue was complicated by the Supreme Court's ruling the previous year in <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> that neither Congress nor a local government could ban slavery in the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier200_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier200-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a speech on March 3 in the Senate, Seward "delighted Republican ears and utterly appalled administration Democrats, especially the Southerners".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier203_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier203-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussing <i>Dred Scott</i>, Seward accused Buchanan and Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> of conspiring to gain the result and threatened to reform the courts to eliminate Southern power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier203_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier203-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taney later told a friend that if Seward had been elected in 1860, he would have refused to administer the oath of office. Buchanan reportedly denied the senator access to the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr172_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr172-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward predicted slavery was doomed: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The interest of the white races demands the ultimate emancipation of all men. Whether that consummation shall be allowed to take effect, with needful and wise precautions against sudden change and disaster, or be hurried on by violence, is all that remains for you to decide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier204–205_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier204–205-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Southerners saw this as a threat, by the man deemed the likely Republican nominee in 1860, to force change on the South whether it liked it or not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier205–206_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier205–206-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statehood for Kansas failed for the time being,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier217–218_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier217–218-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Seward's words were repeatedly cited by Southern senators as the secession crisis grew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier220_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier220-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Seward remained on excellent personal terms with individual southerners such as Mississippi's <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>. His dinner parties, where those from both sides of the sectional divide mingled, were a Washington legend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin193_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin193-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With an eye to a presidential bid in 1860, Seward tried to appear a statesman who could be trusted by both North and South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen188_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen188-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward did not believe the federal government could mandate emancipation but that it would develop by action of the slave states as the nation urbanized and slavery became uneconomical, as it had in New York. Southerners still believed that he was threatening the forcible ending of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin192_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin192-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While campaigning for Republicans in the 1858 midterm elections, Seward gave a speech at Rochester that proved divisive and quotable, alleging that the U.S. had two "antagonistic systems [that] are continually coming into closer contact, and collision results ... It is an irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces, and it means that the United States must and will, sooner or later, become entirely either a slave-holding nation, or entirely a free-labor nation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr174_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr174-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White southerners saw the "irrepressible conflict" speech as a declaration of war, and Seward's vehemence ultimately damaged his chances of gaining the presidential nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier218–219_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier218–219-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1860">Election of 1860</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Election of 1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candidate_for_the_nomination">Candidate for the nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Candidate for the nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Senatorial_Tapster,_H._L._Stephens,_Vanity_Fair_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Senatorial_Tapster%2C_H._L._Stephens%2C_Vanity_Fair_1860.jpg/170px-The_Senatorial_Tapster%2C_H._L._Stephens%2C_Vanity_Fair_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Senatorial_Tapster%2C_H._L._Stephens%2C_Vanity_Fair_1860.jpg/255px-The_Senatorial_Tapster%2C_H._L._Stephens%2C_Vanity_Fair_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Senatorial_Tapster%2C_H._L._Stephens%2C_Vanity_Fair_1860.jpg/340px-The_Senatorial_Tapster%2C_H._L._Stephens%2C_Vanity_Fair_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>In this March 1860 cartoon, Seward serves "mild beer" in his February 29, 1860, address to position himself as a moderate after the "irrepressible conflict" speech.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1859, Seward was advised by his political supporters that he would be better off avoiding additional controversial statements, and left the country for an eight-month tour of Europe and the Middle East. Seward spent two months in London, meeting with the Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, and was presented at Court to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr177–181_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr177–181-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward returned to Washington in January 1860 to find controversy: that some southerners blamed him for his rhetoric, which they believed had inspired <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> to try to start a slave insurrection. Brown was captured and executed; nevertheless, Mississippi representatives <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Davis_(representative)" title="Reuben Davis (representative)">Reuben Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otho_Singleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Otho Singleton">Otho Singleton</a> each stated that if Seward or another <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republican</a> was elected, he would meet with the resistance of a united South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr182_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr182-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To rebut such allegations, and to set forth his views in the hope of receiving the nomination, Seward made a major speech in the Senate on February 29, 1860, which most praised, though white southerners were offended, and some abolitionists also objected because the senator, in his speech, said that Brown was justly punished. The <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> ordered 250,000 copies in pamphlet form, and eventually twice that many were printed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen216–220_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen216–220-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weed sometimes expressed certainty that Seward would be nominated; at other times he expressed gloom at the thought of the convention fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen216_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen216-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had some reason for doubt, as word from Weed's agents across the country was mixed. Many in the Midwest did not want the issue of slavery to dominate the campaign, and with Seward as the nominee, it inevitably would. The Know Nothing Party was still alive in the Northeast, and was hostile to Seward for his pro-immigrant stance, creating doubts as to whether Seward could win Pennsylvania and New Jersey, where there were many nativists, in the general election. These states were crucial to a Republican nominee faced with a <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>. Conservative factions in the evolving Republican Party opposed Seward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen220–221_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen220–221-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convention">Convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican National Convention</a></div> <p>There were no <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primaries</a> in 1860, no way to be certain how many delegates a candidate might receive. Nevertheless, going into the <a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican National Convention</a> in May in Chicago, Seward was seen as the overwhelming favorite. Others spoken of for the nomination included Ohio Governor Salmon P. Chase, former Missouri congressman <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a>, and former Illinois congressman <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr184_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr184-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward stayed in Auburn during the convention;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin250_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin250-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weed was present on his behalf and worked to shore up Seward's support. He was amply supplied with money: business owners had eagerly given, expecting Seward to be the next president. Weed's reputation was not entirely positive; he was believed corrupt by some, and his association both helped and hurt Seward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-26_by_Hesler,_1860_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Abraham_Lincoln_O-26_by_Hesler%2C_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-26_by_Hesler%2C_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Abraham_Lincoln_O-26_by_Hesler%2C_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-26_by_Hesler%2C_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Abraham_Lincoln_O-26_by_Hesler%2C_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-26_by_Hesler%2C_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="3148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>Enemies such as publisher and former Seward ally <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> cast doubts as to Seward's electability in the battleground states of Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Lincoln had worked hard to gain a reputation as a moderate in the party and hoped to be seen as a consensus second choice, who might be successful in those critical states, of which the Republicans had to win three to secure the election. Lincoln's men, led by his friend <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a>, were active on his behalf. As Lincoln had not been seen as a major candidate, his supporters had been able to influence the decision to hold the convention in his home state,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton13–19_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton13–19-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surrounded the New York delegation, pro-Seward, with Lincoln loyalists. They were eventually successful in gaining the support of the delegations from the other battleground states, boosting delegates' perceptions of Lincoln's electability. Although Lincoln and Seward shared many views, Lincoln, out of office since 1849, had not excited opposition as Seward had in the South and among Know Nothings. Lincoln's views on nativism, which he opposed, were not public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr190–192_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr190–192-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the first ballot, Seward had 173½ votes to Lincoln's 102, with 233 needed to nominate. Pennsylvania shifted its vote to Lincoln on the second ballot, and Seward's lead was cut to 184½ to 181. On the third, Lincoln had 231½ to Seward's 180 after the roll call, but Ohio changed four votes from Chase to Lincoln, giving the Illinoian the nomination and starting a small stampede; the nomination was eventually made unanimous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor8–9_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor8–9-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the accounts of witnesses, when word reached Seward by telegraph he calmly remarked that Lincoln had some of the attributes needed to be president, and would certainly be elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor8–9_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor8–9-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigning_for_Lincoln">Campaigning for Lincoln</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Campaigning for Lincoln"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite his public nonchalance, Seward was devastated by his convention loss, as were many of his supporters. The New Yorker was the best-known and most popular Republican, and his defeat shocked many in the North, who felt that Lincoln had been nominated through chicanery. Although Seward sent a letter stating Weed was not to blame, Seward's political manager took the defeat hard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton18–20_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton18–20-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward was initially inclined to retire from public life but received many letters from supporters: distrustful of Lincoln, they urged Seward to remain involved in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor119–120_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor119–120-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his way to Washington to return to Senate duties, he stopped in Albany to confer with Weed, who had gone to Lincoln's home in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, to meet with the candidate, and had been very impressed at Lincoln's political understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr195_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr195-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Capitol, Seward received sympathy even from sectional foes such as Jefferson Davis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor119–120_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor119–120-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln faced three major opponents. A split in the Democratic Party had led northerners to nominate Senator Douglas, while southerners chose Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a>, a new party consisting mostly of former Southern Whigs, selected former Tennessee senator <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a>. As Lincoln would not even be on the ballot in ten southern states, he needed to win almost every northern state to take the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor120_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor120-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas was said to be strong in Illinois and Indiana, and if he took those, the election might be thrown into the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr201_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr201-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward was urged to undertake a campaign tour of the Midwest in support of Lincoln and did so for five weeks in September and October, attracting huge crowds. He journeyed by rail and boat as far north as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>, into the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border state</a> of Missouri at St. Louis, and even to Kansas Territory, though it had no electoral votes to cast in the election. When the train passed through Springfield, Seward and Lincoln were introduced, with Lincoln appearing "embarrassed" and Seward "constrained".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr201–205_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr201–205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his oratory, Seward spoke of the U.S. as a "tower of freedom", a Union that might even come to include Canada, Latin America, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr203–204_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr203–204-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New York was key to the election; a Lincoln loss there would deadlock the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>. Soon after his return from his Midwest tour, Seward embarked on another, speaking to large crowds across the state of New York. At Weed's urging, he went to New York City and gave a patriotic speech before a large crowd on November 3, only three days before the election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen234–235_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen234–235-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Election Day, Lincoln carried most Northern states, while Breckinridge took the Deep South, Bell three border states, and Douglas won Missouri—the only state Seward campaigned in that Lincoln did not win. Lincoln was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr208–209_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr208–209-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secession_crisis">Secession crisis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secession crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seward_by_Brady.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Seward_by_Brady.tif/lossless-page1-170px-Seward_by_Brady.tif.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Seward_by_Brady.tif/lossless-page1-255px-Seward_by_Brady.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Seward_by_Brady.tif/lossless-page1-340px-Seward_by_Brady.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="3131" data-file-height="4179" /></a><figcaption>Seward photographed by the studio of <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lincoln's election had been anticipated in Southern states, and South Carolina and other <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> states began to call conventions for the purpose of secession. In the North, there was dissent over whether to offer concessions to the South to preserve the Union, and if conciliation failed, whether to allow the South to depart in peace. Seward favored compromise. He had hoped to remain at home until the New Year, but with the deepening crisis left for Washington in time for the new session of Congress in early December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr210–212_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr210–212-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usual tradition was for the leading figure of the winning party to be offered the position of Secretary of State, the most senior Cabinet post. Seward was that person, and around December 12, the vice president-elect, Maine Senator <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a>, offered Seward the position on Lincoln's behalf. At Weed's advice, Seward was slow to formally accept, doing so on December 28, 1860, though well before Inauguration Day, March 4, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr213–215,_220_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr213–215,_220-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln remained in Illinois until mid-February, and he and Seward communicated by letter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald148–149_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald148–149-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin306_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin306-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As states in the Deep South prepared to secede in late 1860, Seward met with important figures from both sides of the sectional divide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton63_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton63-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward introduced a proposed constitutional amendment preventing federal interference with slavery. This was done at Lincoln's private request; the president-elect hoped that the amendment, and a change to the Fugitive Slave Act to allow those captured a jury trial, would satisfy both sides. Congressmen introduced many such proposals, and Seward was appointed to a committee of 13 senators to consider them. Lincoln was willing to guarantee the security of slavery in the states that currently had it, but he rejected any proposal that would allow slavery to expand. It was increasingly clear that the deep South was committed to secession; the Republican hope was to provide compromises to keep the border slave states in the Union. Seward voted against the <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a> on December 28, but quietly continued to seek a compromise that would keep the border states in the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor128–129_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor128–129-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward gave a major speech on January 12, 1861. By then, he was known to be Lincoln's choice as Secretary of State, and with Lincoln staying silent, it was widely expected that he would propound the new administration's plan to save the Union. Accordingly, he spoke to a crowded Senate, where even Jefferson Davis attended despite Mississippi's secession, and to packed galleries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton63,_97_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton63,_97-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He urged the preservation of the Union, and supported an amendment such as the one he had introduced, or a constitutional convention, once passions had cooled. He hinted that <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a> might be a slave state, and urged the construction of two transcontinental railroads, one northern, one southern. He suggested the passage of legislation to bar interstate invasions such as that by John Brown. Although Seward's speech was widely applauded, it gained a mixed reaction in the border states to which he had tried to appeal. Radical Republicans were not willing to make concessions to the South, and were angered by the speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr224–227_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr224–227-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvania Congressman <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>, a radical, warned that if Lincoln, like Seward, ignored the Republican platform and tried to purchase peace through concessions, he would retire, as too old<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to bear the years of warfare in the Republican Party that would result.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin302_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin302-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Lincoln applauded Seward's speech, which he read in Springfield, but refused to approve any compromise that could lead to a further expansion of slavery. Once Lincoln left Springfield on February 11, he gave speeches, stating in Indianapolis that it would not be coercing a state if the federal government insisted on retaining or retaking property that belonged to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin304–308_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin304–308-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This came as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> still held <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>; the president-elect's words upset moderate southerners. Virginia Congressman <a href="/wiki/Sherrard_Clemens" title="Sherrard Clemens">Sherrard Clemens</a> wrote, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mr. Lincoln, by his speech in the North, has done vast harm. If he will not be guided by Mr. Seward but puts himself in the hands of Mr. Chase and the ultra [that is, Radical] Republicans, nothing can save the cause of the Union in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton93_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton93-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lincoln arrived in Washington, unannounced and incognito, early on the morning of February 23, 1861. Seward had been advised by General Winfield Scott that there was <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Plot" title="Baltimore Plot">a plot to assassinate Lincoln in Baltimore</a> when he passed through the city. Senator Seward sent his son <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Seward" title="Frederick W. Seward">Frederick</a> to warn Lincoln in Philadelphia, and the president-elect decided to travel alone but for well-armed bodyguards. Lincoln travelled without incident and came to regret his decision as he was widely mocked for it. Later that morning, Seward accompanied Lincoln to the White House, where he introduced the Illinoisan to President Buchanan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr237–238_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr237–238-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward and Lincoln differed over two issues in the days before the inauguration: the composition of Lincoln's cabinet, and his inaugural address. Given a draft of the address, Seward softened it to make it less confrontational toward the South; Lincoln accepted many of the changes, though he gave it, according to Seward biographer Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "a simplicity and a poetic quality lacking in Seward's draft".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen250–251_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen250–251-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differences regarding the Cabinet revolved around the inclusion of Salmon Chase, a radical. Lincoln wanted all elements of the party, as well as representation from outside it; Seward opposed Chase, as well as former Democrats such as <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" title="Montgomery Blair">Montgomery Blair</a>. Seward did not get his way, and gave Lincoln a letter declining the post of Secretary of State.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen251,_253_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen251,_253-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln felt, as he told his <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Secretary to the President of the United States">private secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Nicolay" class="mw-redirect" title="John Nicolay">John Nicolay</a>, that he could not "afford to let Seward take the first trick".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald249_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald249-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No reply or acknowledgment was made by Lincoln until after the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">inaugural ceremonies</a> were over on March 4, when he asked Seward to remain. Seward did<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald249–250_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald249–250-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was both nominated and confirmed by the Senate, with minimal debate, on March 5, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr248_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr248-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Secretary of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lincoln_administration">Lincoln administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lincoln administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_breaks_out">War breaks out</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: War breaks out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lincoln faced the question of what to do about Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, held by the Army against the will of South Carolinians, who had blockaded it. The fort's commander, Major <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Robert Anderson</a>, had sent word that he would run out of supplies. Seward, backed by most of the Cabinet, recommended to Lincoln that an attempt to resupply Sumter would be provocative to the border states, that Lincoln hoped to keep from seceding. Seward hinted to the commissioners who had come to Washington on behalf of the Confederacy that Sumter would be surrendered. Lincoln was loath to give up Sumter, feeling it would only encourage the South in its insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr259–264_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr259–264-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Sumter issue unresolved, Seward sent Lincoln a memorandum on April 1, proposing various courses of action, including possibly declaring war on France and Spain if certain conditions were not met, and reinforcing the forts along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. In any event, vigorous policies were needed and the president must either establish them himself or allow a Cabinet member to do so, with Seward making it clear he was willing to do it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen282–283_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen282–283-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln drafted a reply indicating that whatever policy was adopted, "I must do it", though he never sent it, but met with Seward instead, and what passed between them is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor151_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor151-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward's biographers make the point that the note was sent to a Lincoln who had not yet proved himself in office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen283_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen283-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor151–152_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor151–152-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln decided on expeditions to try to relieve Sumter and Florida's <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pickens" title="Fort Pickens">Fort Pickens</a>. Meanwhile, Seward was assuring Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">John Archibald Campbell</a>, the intermediary with the Confederate commissioners who had come to Washington in an attempt to secure recognition, that no hostile action would be taken. Lincoln sent a notification to South Carolina's governor of the expedition, and on April 12, Charleston's batteries began firing on Sumter, beginning the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor157–158_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor157–158-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 165px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -145px; left: -95px; width: 460px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomats_at_the_foot_of_an_unidentified_waterfall,_New_York_State,_08-1863_-_NARA_-_518056.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seward (sitting, bareheaded) hosting representatives of the world's major powers in New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Diplomats_at_the_foot_of_an_unidentified_waterfall%2C_New_York_State%2C_08-1863_-_NARA_-_518056.jpg/460px-Diplomats_at_the_foot_of_an_unidentified_waterfall%2C_New_York_State%2C_08-1863_-_NARA_-_518056.jpg" decoding="async" width="460" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Diplomats_at_the_foot_of_an_unidentified_waterfall%2C_New_York_State%2C_08-1863_-_NARA_-_518056.jpg/690px-Diplomats_at_the_foot_of_an_unidentified_waterfall%2C_New_York_State%2C_08-1863_-_NARA_-_518056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Diplomats_at_the_foot_of_an_unidentified_waterfall%2C_New_York_State%2C_08-1863_-_NARA_-_518056.jpg/920px-Diplomats_at_the_foot_of_an_unidentified_waterfall%2C_New_York_State%2C_08-1863_-_NARA_-_518056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2216" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomats_at_the_foot_of_an_unidentified_waterfall,_New_York_State,_08-1863_-_NARA_-_518056.jpg" title="File:Diplomats at the foot of an unidentified waterfall, New York State, 08-1863 - NARA - 518056.jpg"> </a></div>Seward (sitting, bareheaded) hosting representatives of the world's major powers in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </div> </div> </div> <p>When the war started, Seward turned his attention to making sure that foreign powers did not interfere in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor161_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor161-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Confederacy announced in April 1861 that it would authorize <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>, Seward sent word to the American representatives abroad that the U.S. would become party to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a> of 1856. This would outlaw such vessels, but Britain required that, if the U.S. were to become a party, the ratification would not require action to be taken against Confederate vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr289_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr289-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Palmerston government considered recognizing the Confederacy as an independent nation. Seward was willing to wage war against Britain if it did and drafted a strong letter for the American Minister in London, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Francis Adams, Sr.">Charles Francis Adams</a>, to read to the Foreign Secretary, <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord Russell</a>. Seward submitted it to Lincoln, who, realizing that the Union was in no position to battle both the South and Britain, toned it down considerably, and made it merely a memorandum for Adams's guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin363–364_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin363–364-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1861, Britain and France declared the South to be <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerents</a> by international law, and their ships were entitled to the same rights as U.S.-flagged vessels, including the right to remain 24 hours in neutral ports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr293_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr293-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Seward was pleased that both nations would not meet with Confederate commissioners or recognize the South as a nation. Britain did not challenge the Union blockade of Confederate ports, and Seward wrote that if Britain continued to avoid interfering in the war, he would not be overly sensitive to what wording they used to describe their policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr294–295_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr294–295-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1861, the <a href="/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(1850)" title="USS San Jacinto (1850)">USS <i>San Jacinto</i></a>, commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Charles Wilkes</a>, intercepted the British mail ship <a href="/wiki/RMS_Trent" title="RMS Trent">RMS <i>Trent</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Trent_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trent affair">removed two Confederate diplomats</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="James Murray Mason">James Mason</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a>. They were held in Boston amid jubilation in the North and outrage in Britain. The British minister in Washington, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyons,_1st_Viscount_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons">Lord Lyons</a>, demanded their release, as the U.S. had no right to stop a British-flagged ship traveling between neutral ports. The British drew up war plans to attack New York and sent reinforcements to Canada. Seward worked to defuse the situation. He persuaded Lyons to postpone delivering an ultimatum and told Lincoln that the prisoners would have to be released. Lincoln did let them go, reluctantly, on technical grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr307–323_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr307–323-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between the U.S. and Britain soon improved; in April 1862, Seward and Lyons signed a treaty they had negotiated allowing each nation to inspect the other's ships for contraband slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr336–337_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr336–337-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1862, with America's image in Britain improved by the issuance of the preliminary <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, the British cabinet decided against recognition of the Confederacy as a nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Britain's neutrality, Confederate agents in Britain had arranged for the purchases of arms to be <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">delivered to Confederate ports through blockade runners</a> as well as the construction of Confederate warships, most notably the <a href="/wiki/CSS_Alabama" title="CSS Alabama">CSS <i>Alabama</i></a>, which ravaged Union shipping after her construction in 1862. With <a href="/wiki/Scorpion-class_ironclad" title="Scorpion-class ironclad">two more such vessels</a> under construction the following year, supposedly for French interests, Seward pressed Palmerston not to allow the warships to leave port, and, nearly complete, they were seized by British officials in October 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor217–219_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor217–219-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Britain's complicity in allowing its <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade runners</a> loaded with weapons to Confederate ports lengthened the Civil War by two years and killed 400,000 more Americans. This caused strained relations between the UK and the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Involvement_in_wartime_detentions">Involvement in wartime detentions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Involvement in wartime detentions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seward_little_bell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Seward_little_bell.jpg/170px-Seward_little_bell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Seward_little_bell.jpg/255px-Seward_little_bell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Seward_little_bell.jpg/340px-Seward_little_bell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Seward's little bell, as depicted in a hostile postwar cartoon</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Merryman" title="Ex parte Merryman">Ex parte Merryman</a></div> <p>From the start of the war until early 1862, when responsibility was passed to the War Department, Seward was in charge of determining who should be detained without charges or trial. Approximately 800 men and a few women, believed to be Southern sympathizers or spies, were detained, usually at the initiation of local officials. Once Seward was informed, he would often order that the prisoner be transferred to federal authorities. Seward was reported to have boasted to Lord Lyons that "I can touch a bell on my right hand, and order the arrest of a citizen ... and no power on earth, except that of the President, can release them. Can the Queen of England do so much?"<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr285_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr285-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1861, Maryland legislators planned to vote to leave the Union. Seward took action against them: his son Frederick, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Assistant Secretary of State">United States Assistant Secretary of State</a>, reported to his father that the disloyal legislators were in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr287_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr287-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evidence provided by detective <a href="/wiki/Allen_Pinkerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Pinkerton">Allen Pinkerton</a>, Seward in 1862 ordered the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Rose_Greenhow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Greenhow">Rose Greenhow</a>, a Washington socialite with Confederate sympathies. Greenhow had sent a stream of reports south, which continued even after she was placed under house arrest. From Washington's <a href="/wiki/Old_Capitol_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Capitol Prison">Old Capitol Prison</a>, the "Rebel Rose" provided newspaper interviews until she was allowed to cross into Confederate territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor169–170_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor169–170-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Seward received allegations that former president Pierce was involved in a plot against the Union, he asked Pierce for an explanation. Pierce indignantly denied it. The matter proved to be a hoax, and the administration was embarrassed. On February 14, 1862, Lincoln ordered that responsibility for detentions be transferred to the War Department, ending Seward's part in them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor170–171_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor170–171-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_Lincoln">Relationship with Lincoln</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Relationship with Lincoln"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seward had mixed feelings about the man who had blocked him from the presidency. One story is that when Seward was told that to deny <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> an office would disappoint him, Seward angrily stated, "Disappointment! You speak to me of disappointment! To me, who was justly entitled to the Republican nomination for the presidency, and who had to stand aside and see it given to a little Illinois lawyer!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen336_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen336-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his initial reservations about Lincoln's abilities, he came to admire Lincoln as the president grew more confident in his job. Seward wrote to his wife in June 1861, "Executive skill and vigor are rare qualities. The President is the best of us, but he needs constant and assiduous cooperation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin364_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin364-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Goodwin, "Seward would become his most faithful ally in the cabinet ... Seward's mortification at not having received his party's nomination never fully abated, but he no longer felt compelled to belittle Lincoln to ease his pain."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin364–365_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin364–365-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln, a one-term congressman, was inexperienced in Washington ways and relied on Seward's advice on protocol and social etiquette.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen336–337_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen336–337-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two men built a close personal and professional relationship. Lincoln fell into the habit of entrusting Seward with tasks not within the remit of the State Department, for example asking him to examine a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware Indians">Delaware Indians</a>. Lincoln would come to Seward's house and the two lawyers would relax before the fire, chatting. Seward began to feature in the president's humorous stories. For example, Lincoln would tell of Seward remonstrating with the president, whom he found polishing his boots, "In Washington, we do not blacken our own boots," with Lincoln's response, "Indeed, then whose boots <i>do</i> you blacken, Mr. Secretary?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor188–189_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor188–189-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/220px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/330px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/440px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="915" usemap="#ImageMap_6729046fb3815f5b" resource="/wiki/File:Emancipation_proclamation.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_6729046fb3815f5b"><area href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" shape="poly" coords="39,131,37,114,28,108,19,106,6,90,3,70,7,66,11,64,9,55,17,50,19,53,21,62,31,78,45,96,52,99,60,128" alt="Edwin Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton" /><area href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" shape="poly" coords="25,41,25,36,36,29,36,22,39,17,43,18,45,24,45,30,47,34,52,43,55,51,50,58,50,69" alt="Salmon Chase" title="Salmon Chase" /><area href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" shape="poly" coords="83,131,78,104,63,90,52,82,55,67,58,59,69,51,66,46,69,38,76,38,80,41,78,50,77,55,82,59,87,63,94,72,105,79,101,81,102,85,99,80,91,81,87,90,102,92,100,125" alt="Abraham Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln" /><area href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" shape="poly" coords="101,75,108,65,116,60,113,51,117,44,122,44,126,48,127,56,127,60,134,63,134,69,124,78,120,78,104,78" alt="Gideon Welles" title="Gideon Welles" /><area href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" shape="poly" coords="103,115,110,113,121,92,133,91,136,83,133,79,130,83,122,83,128,74,136,66,153,60,153,57,152,56,153,53,155,49,154,49,154,47,158,47,165,50,166,55,164,60,166,68,168,75,164,86,159,93,159,103" alt="William Seward" title="William Seward" /><area href="/wiki/Caleb_Blood_Smith" shape="poly" coords="133,61,138,48,145,43,146,42,144,36,145,30,152,30,153,36,153,42,156,46,157,46,154,48,153,52,151,56,151,60,135,66" alt="Caleb Smith" title="Caleb Smith" /><area href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" shape="poly" coords="158,45,162,37,161,32,160,27,163,24,168,23,171,28,169,33,169,36,176,39,180,45,182,55,181,65,179,71,165,66,164,60,167,55,165,50" alt="Montgomery Blair" title="Montgomery Blair" /><area href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" shape="poly" coords="179,70,190,61,191,56,190,48,194,45,199,47,201,53,201,56,201,58,207,62,208,73,211,83,198,81,181,76" alt="Edward Bates" title="Edward Bates" /><area href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" shape="poly" coords="92,81,87,91,102,92,107,81" alt="Emancipation Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation" /><area href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" shape="poly" coords="18,12,18,44,0,44,0,12" alt="Portrait of Simon Cameron" title="Portrait of Simon Cameron" /><area href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" shape="poly" coords="110,29,141,28,139,1,108,1" alt="Portrait of Andrew Jackson" title="Portrait of Andrew Jackson" /></map><figcaption>Lincoln meeting with his Cabinet for the first reading of the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> draft on July 22, 1862. Seward is seated at mid-right. <a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">Painting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bicknell_Carpenter" title="Francis Bicknell Carpenter">Francis Carpenter</a>.<small><i>(Clickable image—use cursor to identify.)</i></small></figcaption></figure> <p>Other cabinet members became resentful of Seward, who seemed to be always present when they discussed their departments' concerns with Lincoln, yet they were never allowed to be there when the two men discussed foreign affairs. Seward announced when cabinet meetings would be; his colleagues eventually persuaded Lincoln to set a regular date and time for those sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor192_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor192-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward's position on the Emancipation Proclamation when Lincoln read it to his cabinet in July 1862 is uncertain; Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> wrote at the time that Seward opposed it in principle, feeling the slaves should simply be freed as Union armies advanced. Two later accounts indicate that Seward felt that it was not yet time to issue it, and Lincoln did wait until after the bloody stalemate at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a> that ended Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s incursion into the North to issue it. In the interim, Seward cautiously investigated how foreign powers might react to such a proclamation, and learned it would make them less likely to interfere in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr341–347_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr341–347-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward was not close to Lincoln's wife <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary</a>, who by some accounts had opposed his appointment as Secretary of State. Mary Lincoln developed such a dislike for Seward that she instructed her coachman to avoid passing by the Seward residence. The Secretary of State enjoyed the company of the younger Lincoln boys, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Willie Lincoln">Willie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tad_Lincoln" title="Tad Lincoln">Tad</a>, presenting them with two cats from his assortment of pets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor187–188_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor187–188-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward accompanied Lincoln to <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg, Pennsylvania</a>, in November 1863, where Lincoln was to deliver a short speech, that would become famous as the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>. The night before the speech, Lincoln met with Seward. There is no surviving evidence that Seward contributed any changes: he stated after the address, when asked if had had any hand in it, that only Lincoln could have made that speech. Seward also proposed to Lincoln that he proclaim a day of national thanksgiving, and drafted a proclamation to that effect. Although post-harvest thanksgiving celebrations had long been held, this first formalized <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanksgiving Day">Thanksgiving Day</a> as a national observance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor223–224_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor223–224-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1864_election;_Hampton_Roads_Conference"><span id="1864_election.3B_Hampton_Roads_Conference"></span>1864 election; Hampton Roads Conference</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1864 election; Hampton Roads Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was far from certain that Lincoln would even be nominated in 1864, let alone re-elected, as the tide of war, though generally favoring the North, washed back and forth. Lincoln sought nomination by the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a>, composed of Republicans and <a href="/wiki/War_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="War Democrats">War Democrats</a>. No one proved willing to oppose Lincoln, who was nominated. Seward was by then unpopular among many Republicans and opponents sought to prompt his replacement by making Lincoln's running mate former New York Democratic senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a>; under the political customs of the time, one state could not hold two positions as prestigious as vice president and Secretary of State. Administration forces turned back Dickinson's bid, nominating instead Military Governor of Tennessee <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, with whom Seward had served in the Senate. Lincoln was re-elected in November; Seward sat with Lincoln and the assistant presidential secretary, <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a>, as the returns came in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor231–234_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor231–234-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg/220px-RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg/330px-RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg/440px-RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption><i>Running The "Machine"</i><br />An 1864 cartoon mocking Lincoln's cabinet depicts Seward, <a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">William Fessenden</a>, Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a> and other members</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1865, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis Preston Blair</a>, father of former Lincoln <a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmaster General of the United States">Postmaster General</a> Montgomery Blair, went, with Lincoln's knowledge, to the Confederate capital of Richmond to propose to Davis that North and South unite to expel the French from their domination of Mexico. Davis appointed commissioners (Vice President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stephens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stephens">Alexander Stephens</a>, former U.S. Supreme Court justice Campbell, and former Confederate Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a>) to negotiate. They met with Lincoln and Seward at the <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a> the following month. Lincoln would settle for nothing short of a cessation of resistance to the federal government and an end to slavery; the Confederates would not even concede that they and the Union were one nation. There was much friendly talk, as most of them had served together in Washington, but no agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen381–386_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen381–386-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conference broke up, Seward sent a bucket of champagne to the Confederates, conveyed by a black oarsman in a rowboat, and called to the southerners, "keep the champagne, but return the Negro."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor236_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor236-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assassination_attempt">Assassination attempt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Assassination attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln#Powell_attacks_Seward" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln § Powell attacks Seward</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FSewardLPaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FSewardLPaine.jpg/220px-FSewardLPaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FSewardLPaine.jpg/330px-FSewardLPaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FSewardLPaine.jpg/440px-FSewardLPaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Lewis Powell attacking Frederick Seward after attempting to shoot him</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> had originally planned to kidnap Lincoln, and recruited conspirators, including <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Powell_(conspirator)" title="Lewis Powell (conspirator)">Lewis Powell</a>, to help him. Having found no opportunity to abduct the president, on April 14, 1865, Booth assigned Powell to assassinate Seward and <a href="/wiki/George_Atzerodt" title="George Atzerodt">George Atzerodt</a> to kill Vice President Johnson. Booth himself would kill Lincoln. The plan was to slay the three senior members of the Executive Branch. </p><p>Accordingly, another member of the conspiracy, <a href="/wiki/David_Herold" title="David Herold">David Herold</a>, led Powell to the Seward home on horseback and was responsible for holding Powell's horse while he committed the attack. Seward had been hurt in an accident some days before, and Powell gained entry to the home on the excuse he was delivering medicine to the injured man, but was stopped at the top of the stairs by Seward's son Frederick, who insisted Powell give him the medicine. Powell instead attempted to fire on Frederick and beat him over the head with the barrel of his gun when it misfired. Powell burst through the door, threw Fanny Seward (Seward's daughter) to one side, jumped on the bed, and stabbed William Seward in the face and neck five times. A soldier assigned to guard and nurse the secretary, Private <a href="/wiki/George_F._Robinson" title="George F. Robinson">George F. Robinson</a>, jumped on Powell, forcing him from the bed.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private Robinson and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Henry_Seward" title="Augustus Henry Seward">Augustus Henry Seward</a>, another of Seward's sons, were also injured in their struggle with the would-be assassin. Ultimately, Powell fled, stabbing a messenger, Emerick Hansell, as he went, only to find that Herold, panicked by the screams from the house, had left with both horses. Seward was at first thought dead, but revived enough to instruct Robinson to send for the police and lock the house until they arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor241–245_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor241–245-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Robinson_medal_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/George_Robinson_medal_reverse.jpg/220px-George_Robinson_medal_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/George_Robinson_medal_reverse.jpg/330px-George_Robinson_medal_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/George_Robinson_medal_reverse.jpg/440px-George_Robinson_medal_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>Medal presented to <a href="/wiki/George_F._Robinson" title="George F. Robinson">George F. Robinson</a> for saving Seward's life</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost simultaneously with the attack on Seward, Booth had mortally wounded Lincoln at <a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a>. Atzerodt, however, decided not to go through with the attack on Johnson. When Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and Navy Secretary Gideon Welles hurried to Seward's home to find out what had happened, they found blood everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin739–740_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin739–740-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All five men injured that night at the Seward home survived. Powell was captured the next day at the boarding house of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Surratt" title="Mary Surratt">Mary Surratt</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a> on July 7, 1865, along with Herold, Atzerodt, and Surratt, convicted as conspirators in the Lincoln assassination. Their deaths occurred only weeks after that of Seward's wife Frances, who never recovered from the shock of the assassination attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor247–250_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor247–250-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johnson_administration">Johnson administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Johnson administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconstruction_and_impeachment">Reconstruction and impeachment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reconstruction and impeachment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_President_or_King.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Johnson_President_or_King.jpg/170px-Johnson_President_or_King.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Johnson_President_or_King.jpg/255px-Johnson_President_or_King.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Johnson_President_or_King.jpg/340px-Johnson_President_or_King.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> cartoon from before the 1866 midterm elections. Seward is depicted as Johnson's grand vizier, motioning for the execution of <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>, and is seen again in the inset, scars from the assassination attempt visible.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the first months of the new Johnson administration, Seward did not work much with the president. Seward was at first recovering from his injuries, and Johnson was ill for a time in the summer of 1865. Seward was likely in accord with Johnson's relatively gentle terms for the South's re-entry to the Union, and with his pardon of all Confederates but those of high rank. <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> such as Stanton and Representative Thaddeus Stevens proposed that the freed slaves be given the vote, but Seward was content to leave that to the states (few Northern states gave African-Americans the ballot), believing the priority should be reconciling the power-holding white populations of the North and South to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor253–255_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor253–255-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Lincoln, who had a close rapport with Seward, Johnson kept his own counsel and generally did not take advantage of Seward's political advice as Congress prepared to meet in December 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor257_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor257-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson had issued proclamations allowing for the southern states to reform their state governments and hold elections; they mostly elected men who had served as prewar or wartime leaders. Seward advised Johnson to state, in his first <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">annual message to Congress</a>, that southern states meet three conditions for readmission to the Union: repeal of secession, repudiation of the war debt incurred by the rebel governments, and ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>. Johnson, hoping to appeal to both Republicans and Democrats, did not take the suggestion. Congress did not seat southerners but appointed a joint committee of both houses to make recommendations on the issue. Johnson opposed the committee; Seward was prepared to wait and see.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr450–451_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr450–451-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1866, Congress and president battled over the extension of the authorization of the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a>. Both sides agreed that the bureau should end after the states were re-admitted, the question was whether that would be soon. With Seward's support, Johnson vetoed the bill. Republicans in Congress were angry with both men, and tried but failed to override Johnson's veto. Johnson vetoed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Bill</a>, which was to grant citizenship to the freedmen. Seward advised a conciliatory veto message; Johnson ignored him, telling Congress it had no right to pass bills affecting the South until it seated the region's congressmen. This time Congress overrode his veto, gaining the necessary two-thirds majority of each house, the first time this had been done on a major piece of legislation in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr457–461_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr457–461-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_as_Mercutio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Johnson_as_Mercutio.jpg/220px-Johnson_as_Mercutio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Johnson_as_Mercutio.jpg/330px-Johnson_as_Mercutio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Johnson_as_Mercutio.jpg/440px-Johnson_as_Mercutio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Johnson, as <a href="/wiki/Mercutio" title="Mercutio">Mercutio</a>, wishes a plague on both their Houses (of Congress) as Seward (as Romeo, right) leans over him. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Waud" title="Alfred Waud">Alfred Waud</a> cartoon from 1868.</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson hoped the public would elect congressmen who agreed with him in the 1866 midterm elections, and embarked on a trip, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a>, giving speeches in a number of cities that summer. Seward was among the officials who went with him. The trip was a disaster for Johnson; he made a number of ill-considered statements about his opponents that were criticized in the press. The Radical Republicans were strengthened by the results of the elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen452–464_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen452–464-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican anger against Johnson extended to his secretary of state—Senator <a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">William P. Fessenden</a> of Maine said of Johnson, "he began by meaning well, but I fear that Seward's evil counsels have carried him beyond the reach of salvation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor267_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor267-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1867, both houses of Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Bill</a>, purporting to restrict Johnson in the removal of presidential appointees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor272_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor272-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson suspended, then fired, Stanton over Reconstruction policy differences, leading to <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">the president's impeachment</a> for allegedly violating the Tenure of Office Act. Seward recommended that Johnson hire the renowned attorney, <a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a>, and, with Weed, raised funds for the president's successful defense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor271–273,_283–285_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor271–273,_283–285-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mexico was strife-torn in the early 1860s, as it often had been in the fifty years since its independence. There had been 36 changes of government and 73 presidents, and a refusal to pay foreign debts. France, Spain, and Great Britain joined together to intervene in 1861 on the pretext of protecting their nationals, and to secure repayment of debt. Spain and the British soon withdrew, but <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">France remained</a>. Seward realized that a challenge to France at this point might provoke its intervention on the Confederate side, so he stayed quiet. In 1864, French emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III</a> set Archduke <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian</a> of Austria on the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexican throne</a>, with French military support. Seward used strident language publicly but was privately conciliatory toward the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen365–369_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen365–369-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198–199_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198–199-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederates had been supportive of France's actions. Upon returning to work after the assassination attempt, Seward warned France that the U.S. still wanted the French gone from Mexico. Napoleon feared that the large, battle-tested American army would be used against his troops. Seward remained conciliatory, and in January 1866, Napoleon agreed to withdraw his troops after a twelve- to eighteen-month period, during which time Maximilian could consolidate his position against the insurgency led by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor251–253_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor251–253-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1865, Seward bluntly told Napoleon that the United States desired friendship, but, "this policy would be brought into imminent Jeopardy unless France could deem it consistent with her interest and honor to desist from the prosecution of armed intervention in Mexico."<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon tried to postpone the French departure, but the Americans had General Phil Sheridan and an experienced combat army on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> and Seward held firm. Napoleon suggested a new Mexican government that would exclude both Maximilian and Juárez. The Americans had recognized Juárez as the legitimate president and were not willing to consider this. In the meantime, Juárez, with the help of American military aid, was advancing through northeast Mexico. The French withdrew in early 1867. Maximilian stayed behind but was soon captured by Juárez's troops. Although both the U.S. and France urged Juárez against it, the deposed emperor was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor269–270_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor269–270-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Territorial_expansion_and_Alaska">Territorial expansion and Alaska</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Territorial expansion and Alaska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_purchase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Alaska_purchase.jpg/220px-Alaska_purchase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Alaska_purchase.jpg/330px-Alaska_purchase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Alaska_purchase.jpg/440px-Alaska_purchase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Signing the Alaska Purchase. Seward is seated at center.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></div> <p>Although in speeches Seward had predicted all of North America joining the Union, he had, as a senator, opposed the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a> obtaining land from Mexico, and Buchanan's attempts to purchase Cuba from Spain. Those stands were because the land to be secured would become slave territory. After the Civil War, this was no longer an issue, and Seward became an ardent expansionist and even contemplated the <a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_the_United_States_to_purchase_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposals for the United States to purchase Greenland">purchase of Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aiming to surround and then potentially <a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States#1860s" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">annex Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union Navy had been hampered due to the lack of overseas bases during the war, and Seward also believed that American trade would be helped by the purchase of overseas territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr453–454_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr453–454-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Believing, along with Lincoln, that the U.S. needed a naval base in the Caribbean, in January 1865, Seward offered to purchase the <a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> (today the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>). Late that year, Seward sailed for the Caribbean on a naval vessel. Among the ports of call was <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands">St. Thomas</a> in the Danish West Indies, where Seward admired the large, easily defended harbor. Another stop was in the Dominican Republic, where he opened talks to obtain <a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Bay" title="Samaná Bay">Samaná Bay</a>. When Congress reconvened in December 1866, Seward caused a sensation by entering the chamber of the House of Representatives and sitting down with the administration's enemy, Congressman Stevens, persuading him to support an appropriation for more money to expedite the purchase of Samaná, and sent his son Frederick to the Dominican Republic to negotiate a treaty. Both attempts fell through; the Senate, in the dying days of the Johnson administration, failed to ratify a treaty for the purchase of the Danish possessions, while negotiations with the Dominican Republic were not successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr453–457_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr453–457-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor275_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor275-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nast_on_Alaska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nast_on_Alaska.jpg/170px-Nast_on_Alaska.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nast_on_Alaska.jpg/255px-Nast_on_Alaska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nast_on_Alaska.jpg/340px-Nast_on_Alaska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> cartoon on Alaska, 1867. Seward hopes that the purchase will help cool Johnson's fevered political situation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Seward had been interested in whaling as a senator; his interest in Russian America was a byproduct of this. In his speech prior to the 1860 convention, he predicted the territory would become part of the U.S., and when he learned in 1864 that it might be for sale, he pressed the Russians for negotiations. Russian minister Baron <a href="/wiki/Eduard_de_Stoeckl" title="Eduard de Stoeckl">Eduard de Stoeckl</a> recommended the sale.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory was a money loser, and the Russian-American Company itself allowed its charter to expire in 1861. Russia could use the money more efficiently for its expansion in Siberia or Central Asia. Keeping it ran the risk of it being captured in war by the British, or overrun by American settlers. Stoeckl was given the authority to make the sale and when he returned in March 1867, negotiated with the Secretary of State. Seward initially offered $5 million; the two men settled on $7 million and on March 15, Seward presented a draft treaty to the Cabinet. Stoeckl's superiors raised several concerns; to induce him to waive them, the final purchase price was increased to $7.2 million. The treaty was signed in the early morning of March 30, 1867, and ratified by the Senate on April 10. Stevens sent the secretary a note of congratulations, predicting that the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a> would be seen as one of Seward's greatest accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr482–491_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr482–491-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1868_election,_retirement_and_death"><span id="1868_election.2C_retirement_and_death"></span>1868 election, retirement and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1868 election, retirement and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seward hoped that Johnson would be nominated at the <a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 Democratic National Convention</a>, but the delegates chose former New York governor <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a>. The Republicans chose General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, who had a hostile relationship with Johnson. Seward gave a major speech on the eve of <a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">the election</a>, endorsing Grant, who was easily elected. Seward met twice with Grant after the election, leading to speculation that he was seeking to remain as secretary for a third presidential term. However, the president-elect had no interest in retaining Seward, and the secretary resigned himself to retirement. Grant refused to have anything to do with Johnson, even declining to ride to <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">his inauguration</a> in the same carriage as the outgoing president, as was customary. Despite Seward's attempts to persuade him to attend Grant's swearing-in, Johnson and his Cabinet spent the morning of March 4, 1869, at the White House dealing with last-minute business, then left once the time for Grant to be sworn in had passed. Seward returned to Auburn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen550–552_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen550–552-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Restless in Auburn, Seward embarked on a trip across North America by the new transcontinental railroad. In <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>, he met with <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, who had worked as a carpenter on Seward's house (then belonging to Judge Miller) as a young man. On reaching the Pacific Coast, the Seward party sailed north on the steamer <i><a href="/wiki/USCS_Active" title="USCS Active">Active</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to visit <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department of Alaska</a>, part of the vast wilderness Seward had acquired for the U.S. After spending time in Oregon and California, the party went to Mexico, where he was given a hero's welcome. After a visit to Cuba, he returned to the U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor290–291_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor290–291-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concluding his nine-month trip in March 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen555–556_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen555–556-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1870, Seward embarked on another trip, this time westbound around the world. With him was <a href="/wiki/Olive_Risley_Seward" title="Olive Risley Seward">Olive Risley</a>, daughter of a Treasury Department official, to whom he became close in his final year in Washington. They visited Japan, then China, where they walked on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a>. During the trip, they decided that Seward would adopt Olive, and he did so, thus putting an end to gossip and the fears of his sons that Seward would remarry late in life. They spent three months in India, then journeyed through the Middle East and Europe, not returning to Auburn until October 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen558–561_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen558–561-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Back in Auburn, Seward began his memoirs, but only reached his thirties before putting it aside to write of his travels.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these months he was steadily growing weaker. On October 10, 1872, he worked at his desk in the morning as usual, then complained of trouble breathing. Seward grew worse during the day, as his family gathered around him. Asked if he had any final words, he said, "Love one another".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor295–296_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor295–296-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward died that afternoon. His funeral a few days later was preceded by the people of Auburn and nearby filing past his open casket for four hours. Thurlow Weed was there for the burial of his friend, and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a>, a former slave whom the Sewards had aided, sent flowers. President Grant sent his regrets he could not be there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr543–544_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr543–544-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor296_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor296-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Seward rests with his wife Frances and daughter Fanny (1844–1866), in Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr543–544_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr543–544-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor296_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor296-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_historical_view">Legacy and historical view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy and historical view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seward_statue_in_Madison_Square_Park_(00284).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Seward_statue_in_Madison_Square_Park_%2800284%29.jpg/220px-Seward_statue_in_Madison_Square_Park_%2800284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Seward_statue_in_Madison_Square_Park_%2800284%29.jpg/330px-Seward_statue_in_Madison_Square_Park_%2800284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Seward_statue_in_Madison_Square_Park_%2800284%29.jpg/440px-Seward_statue_in_Madison_Square_Park_%2800284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4378" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Seward by <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Rogers" title="Randolph Rogers">Randolph Rogers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison Square Park">Madison Square Park</a>, New York City</figcaption></figure> <p>Seward's reputation, controversial in life, remained so in death, dividing his contemporaries. Former navy secretary Gideon Welles argued that not only did Seward lack principles, Welles was unable to understand how Seward had fooled Lincoln into thinking that he did, gaining entry to the Cabinet thereby.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr544_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr544-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Francis Adams, minister in London during Seward's tenure as secretary, deemed him "more of a politician than a statesman", but <a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Charles Anderson Dana</a>, former Assistant Secretary of War, disagreed, writing that Seward had "the most cultivated and comprehensive intellect in the administration" and "what is very rare in a lawyer, a politician, or a statesman—imagination".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr544–545_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr544–545-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars of history have generally praised Seward for his work as Secretary of State; in 1973, Ernest N. Paolino deemed him "the one outstanding Secretary of State after John Quincy Adams".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValone583_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValone583-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward has been given high marks by historians both for his achievements in office, and for his foresight in anticipating the future needs of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValone583_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValone583-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his biographer Van Deusen, "his foreign policy built for the future. He wished to prepare America for the great era which lay ahead. So he sought bases, naval stations and, peacefully, additional territory."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen566_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen566-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward's biographers suggested that there are two faces to Seward. One, "John Quincy Adams Seward", dreamed big dreams and tried to convey them in speeches, working to achieve education for all, a fair deal for immigrants, an end to slavery, and an expanded America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrofts_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrofts-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other, "Thurlow Weed Seward", cut backroom deals over cigars and a bottle, and was a pragmatist who often settled for half a loaf when the whole was not achievable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrofts_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrofts-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel S. Crofts, in Seward's entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography">American National Biography</a></i> argued, "Each Seward was, of course, a caricature, and both tendencies, at once symbiotic and contradictory, existed in tandem."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrofts_204-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrofts-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?308865-1/qa-walter-stahr"><i>Q&A</i> interview with Walter Stahr on <i>Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man</i>, November 4, 2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?315051-5/seward-lincolns-indispensable-man">Presentation by Stahr at the National Book Festival on <i>Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man</i>, September 21, 2013</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The praise Seward has received extends to his work during the Civil War. Stahr wrote that Seward "skillfully managed the nation's foreign affairs, avoiding the foreign intervention that would have ensured that the Confederacy would become a separate nation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr3_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr3-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, historians, focusing on the battlefields of the Civil War, have given him relatively little attention. Seward has a dozen biographers, while thousands of books focus on Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorix_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorix-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Crofts, "Seward and Lincoln were the two most important leaders spawned by the intersection of antebellum idealism and partisan politics. Lincoln, of course, will always overshadow Seward. Before 1860, however, Seward eclipsed Lincoln."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrofts_204-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrofts-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln's assassination helped to seal his greatness, and according to Seward biographer John M. Taylor, to relegate "his associates ... to the status of bit players."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor299_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor299-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dozens of biographies extolling Lincoln as the quintessential American were written in the decades after the president's death,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor299_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor299-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placing Lincoln on a pedestal of public esteem Seward could not climb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor299_207-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor299-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward realized this even in life; by one account, when asked to show his scars from the attempt on his life, Seward regretted he had not been martyred along with Lincoln, "I think I deserved the reward of dying there".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor297_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor297-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his being an ardent supporter of American expansionism during his time in the Cabinet, only Alaska was added to U.S. territory during Seward's service as Secretary of State. (It should be remembered that the purchase of Alaska from Russia was not inevitable; the land had the same latitude as Siberia and was very difficult to farm, while neither gold nor oil nor any other important mineral was discovered there until years after Seward's death.) Nevertheless, his influence extended to later American acquisitions. One of his friends, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a>, in 1875 signed the trade reciprocity treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a> that eventually led to the American annexation of the islands. William Everts, another Seward friend, in 1877 signed a treaty of friendship with the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a>, laying the groundwork for another American acquisition. A young friend and protege of Seward, Lincoln's assistant private secretary, John Hay, served as a successor to Seward from 1898 to 1905, during which time the U.S. acquired <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, the Philippines, and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr504_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr504-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stahr believes that Seward's influence is still felt today: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Seward believed not only in territorial expansion but in a commercial and diplomatic empire. He encouraged immigration to the United States, always seeing immigration as a source of strength; he ... was prepared to back up words with arms; and he believed that Washington was the natural center for inter-American and international discussion. If he were alive today, he would not be surprised to learn ... that many of the most famous Americans are first- or second-generation immigrants, or that New York City is the world's financial center, or that the headquarters of the World Bank and the Organization of American States are both in Washington. Seward would not be surprised by these developments: he would be pleased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr504–505_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr504–505-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sites_and_works_regarding_William_H._Seward" title="Sites and works regarding William H. Seward">Sites and works regarding William H. Seward</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStedmanHutchinson1890" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stedman, Edmund Clarence; Hutchinson, Ellen Mackay, eds. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9LY4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA462">"Popular Epitaphs Given to Certain Americans"</a>. <i>A Library of American Literature from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time: Literature of the republic</i>. Vol. Part 4 (1861–1889). New York City: Charles L. Webster. p. 462 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Popular+Epitaphs+Given+to+Certain+Americans&rft.btitle=A+Library+of+American+Literature+from+the+Earliest+Settlement+to+the+Present+Time%3A+Literature+of+the+republic&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=462&rft.pub=Charles+L.+Webster&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9LY4AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens was then 68 years old.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whether Seward said this is questionable; it first appeared in anti-administration newspapers in 1863. It does not appear in Lyon's reports to Lord Russell, and Lyons denied it in 1864. See <a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although there is a legend that the Alaska Purchase was widely decried as "Seward's Folly", this is something of a myth. Most newspapers supported it, though the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i> called the treaty "insensate folly". In 1874, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> alleged that "Mr. Seward was much laughed at for his folly" and in 1880, an Alaska pioneer, <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Jackson" title="Sheldon Jackson">Sheldon Jackson</a>, wrote in a book that the purchase was viewed as "Secretary Seward's folly". In his 1891 biography of his father, Frederick Seward wrote that the treaty had been denounced as "Seward's folly" and Alaska dubbed "Johnson's polar bear garden". See <a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 487–488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seward, William H., <i>William H. Seward's Travels Around the World</i>, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1873.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/seward">"Seward"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin14-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin14_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/seward-william-henry#:~:text=William%20Henry%20Seward%20was%20appointed,the%201867%20purchase%20of%20Alaska.">"William Henry Seward – People – Department History – Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=William+Henry+Seward+%E2%80%93+People+%E2%80%93+Department+History+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fpeople%2Fseward-william-henry%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWilliam%2520Henry%2520Seward%2520was%2520appointed%2Cthe%25201867%2520purchase%2520of%2520Alaska.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale9,_13-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale9,_13_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale">Hale</a>, pp. 9, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor12–14-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor12–14_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale9-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale9_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale">Hale</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr9-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr9_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Connecticut_Biographical_Dictionary''125–125-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Connecticut_Biographical_Dictionary''125–125_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnecticut_Biographical_Dictionary"><i>Connecticut Biographical Dictionary</i></a>, pp. 125–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr12–13-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr12–13_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor14-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor14_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor14_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeward1891" class="citation book cs1">Seward, William H. (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7wEAAAAYAAJ"><i>William H. Seward: An Autobiography; Volume 1 (1801–1834)</i></a>. Derby and Miller. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>48<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+H.+Seward%3A+An+Autobiography%3B+Volume+1+%281801%E2%80%931834%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Derby+and+Miller&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7wEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr16–19-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr16–19_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 16–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor18-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor18_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor23–24-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor23–24_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin70-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin70_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor5_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor5_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr20–21-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr20–21_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr22-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr22_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20–21-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor20–21_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodie38–39-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodie38–39_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodie">Brodie</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr24–26-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr24–26_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor23-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor23_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr28–30-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr28–30_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 28–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor26-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor26_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr32–33-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr32–33_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor33–34-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor33–34_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor33–34_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale99–101-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale99–101_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale">Hale</a>, pp. 99–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr41-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr41_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor34–35-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor34–35_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin77–78-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin77–78_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor39–40-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor39–40_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr49–50-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr49–50_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin80–81-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin80–81_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr54–57-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr54–57_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 54–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin81-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin81_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr57-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr57_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor42-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor42_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale137–138-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale137–138_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale">Hale</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor44–45-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor44–45_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor44–45_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr60-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr60_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr60_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr68–70-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr68–70_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 68–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin83-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin83_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale141-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale141_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale">Hale</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr64–65-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr64–65_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr65–66-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr65–66_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin83–84-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin83–84_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelman212–213-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelman212–213_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelman212–213_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelman">Finkelman</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr66–67-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr66–67_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr49–51-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr49–51_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 49–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor49–51-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor49–51_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 49–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr76–80-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr76–80_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 76–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen87–90-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen87–90_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 87–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor55–62,_70–72-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor55–62,_70–72_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 55–62, 70–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr99–104-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr99–104_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 99–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2024" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Robin (2024). <i>Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit</i>. The University of Chicago Press. p. 128-130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freeman%27s+Challenge%3A+The+Murder+That+Shook+America%27s+Original+Prison+for+Profit&rft.pages=128-130&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor67-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor67_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor70-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor70_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen107–111-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen107–111_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen107–111_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 107–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen114–116-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen114–116_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 114–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor83–86-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor83–86_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 83–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr127–132-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr127–132_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 127–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor91–93-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor91–93_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 91–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances Seward to William Seward Oct 16, [1851] University of Rochester Rush Rhees Library Special Collections</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances Seward to William Seward July 1, 1852. University of Rochester Rush Rhees Library Special Collections.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr141–143-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr141–143_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 141–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin160–163-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin160–163_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, pp. 160–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr149–152-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr149–152_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 149–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor98–99-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor98–99_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin182–183,_187-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin182–183,_187_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, pp. 182–183, 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton53-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton53_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenton">Denton</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin188-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin188_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton52-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton52_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenton">Denton</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor100–103-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor100–103_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 100–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr162-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr162_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier198-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier198_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStegmaier">Stegmaier</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier199-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier199_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStegmaier">Stegmaier</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier200-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier200_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStegmaier">Stegmaier</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier203-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier203_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier203_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStegmaier">Stegmaier</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr172-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr172_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier204–205-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier204–205_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStegmaier">Stegmaier</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier205–206-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier205–206_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStegmaier">Stegmaier</a>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier217–218-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier217–218_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStegmaier">Stegmaier</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier220-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier220_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStegmaier">Stegmaier</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin193-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin193_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen188-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen188_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin192-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin192_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr174-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr174_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegmaier218–219-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegmaier218–219_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStegmaier">Stegmaier</a>, pp. 218–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr177–181-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr177–181_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 177–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr182-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr182_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen216–220-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen216–220_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 216–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen216-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen216_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen220–221-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen220–221_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr184-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr184_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin250-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin250_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton13–19-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton13–19_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenton">Denton</a>, pp. 13–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr190–192-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr190–192_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 190–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor8–9-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor8–9_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor8–9_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton18–20-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton18–20_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenton">Denton</a>, pp. 18–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor119–120-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor119–120_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor119–120_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr195-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr195_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor120-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor120_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr201-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr201_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr201–205-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr201–205_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 201–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr203–204-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr203–204_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 203–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen234–235-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen234–235_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr208–209-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr208–209_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr210–212-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr210–212_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 210–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr213–215,_220-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr213–215,_220_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 213–215, 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald148–149-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald148–149_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald">Donald</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin306-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin306_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton63-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton63_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenton">Denton</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor128–129-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor128–129_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton63,_97-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton63,_97_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenton">Denton</a>, pp. 63, 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr224–227-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr224–227_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 224–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin302-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin302_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin304–308-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin304–308_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, pp. 304–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton93-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton93_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenton">Denton</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr237–238-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr237–238_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 237–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen250–251-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen250–251_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 250–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen251,_253-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen251,_253_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 251, 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald249-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald249_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald">Donald</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald249–250-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald249–250_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald">Donald</a>, pp. 249–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr248-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr248_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr259–264-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr259–264_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 259–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen282–283-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen282–283_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 282–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor151-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor151_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen283-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen283_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor151–152-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor151–152_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor157–158-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor157–158_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor161-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor161_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr289-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr289_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin363–364-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin363–364_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, pp. 363–364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr293-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr293_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr294–295-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr294–295_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 294–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr307–323-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr307–323_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 307–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr336–337-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr336–337_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 336–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor217–219-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor217–219_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 217–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Klein2020" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Klein (February 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15jLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Ireland's Freedom</i></a>. 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Tsouras">Peter G. Tsouras</a> (March 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.military-history.org/blog/it-was-british-arms-that-sustained-the-confederacy-during-the-american-civil-war-peter-tsouras.htm">"American Civil War viewpoints: It was British arms that sustained the Confederacy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Military_History_Matters" title="Military History Matters">Military History Matters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Civil+War+viewpoints%3A+It+was+British+arms+that+sustained+the+Confederacy&rft.pub=Military+History+Matters&rft.date=2011-03-11&rft.au=Peter+G.+Tsouras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.military-history.org%2Fblog%2Fit-was-british-arms-that-sustained-the-confederacy-during-the-american-civil-war-peter-tsouras.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr285-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr285_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr287-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr287_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor169–170-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor169–170_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor170–171-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor170–171_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen336-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen336_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin364-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin364_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin364–365-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin364–365_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, pp. 364–365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen336–337-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen336–337_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 336–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor188–189-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor188–189_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor192-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor192_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr341–347-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr341–347_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 341–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor187–188-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor187–188_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor223–224-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor223–224_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor231–234-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor231–234_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 231–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen381–386-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen381–386_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 381–386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor236-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor236_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon" class="citation web cs1">Sheldon, Porter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/SERIALSET-01464_00_00-034-0033-0000">"H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovInfo.gov&rft.atitle=H.+Rept.+41-33+%E2%80%93+George+F.+Robinson.+%28To+accompany+Joint+Resolution+H.+Res.+No.+501.%29+February+11%2C+1871.+%E2%80%93+Ordered+to+be+printed&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fapp%2Fdetails%2FSERIALSET-01464_00_00-034-0033-0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor241–245-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor241–245_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 241–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin739–740-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin739–740_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, pp. 739–740.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor247–250-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor247–250_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 247–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor253–255-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor253–255_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 253–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor257-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor257_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr450–451-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr450–451_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 450–451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr457–461-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr457–461_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 457–461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen452–464-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen452–464_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 452–464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor267-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor267_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor272-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor272_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor271–273,_283–285-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor271–273,_283–285_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 271–273, 283–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen365–369-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen365–369_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 365–369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198–199-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198–199_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Temple (1928) pp. 106–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor251–253-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor251–253_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 251–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Temple (1928) pp</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktkSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA321"><i>The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1865...</i></a> D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Reykjav%C3%ADk+Grapevine&rft.atitle=That+Time+The+United+States+Was+Thinking+Of+Buying+Iceland&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrapevine.is%2Fmag%2Farticles%2F2015%2F04%2F20%2Fthat-time-the-united-states-were-thinking-of-buying-iceland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uphere.ca/articles/all-american-arctic">"All-American Arctic?"</a>. <i>Up Here Publishing</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Up+Here+Publishing&rft.atitle=All-American+Arctic%3F&rft.date=2024-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uphere.ca%2Farticles%2Fall-american-arctic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr453–454-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr453–454_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 453–454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr453–457-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr453–457_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 453–457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor275-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor275_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James R. Gibson, "Why the Russians Sold Alaska." <i>Wilson Quarterly</i> 3.3 (1979): 179–188 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40255691">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr482–491-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr482–491_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 482–491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas A. Bailey, "Why the United States Purchased Alaska." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> 3.1 (1934): 39–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633456">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen550–552-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen550–552_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 550–552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DAC18690714.2.10&srpos=27&e=--1869---1869--en--20--21--txt-txIN-%22steamer+active%22-------1">"Movements Of Distinguished Visitors"</a>. <i>Daily Alta California</i>. July 14, 1869.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Alta+California&rft.atitle=Movements+Of+Distinguished+Visitors&rft.date=1869-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DDAC18690714.2.10%26srpos%3D27%26e%3D--1869---1869--en--20--21--txt-txIN-%2522steamer%2Bactive%2522-------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor290–291-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor290–291_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 290–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen555–556-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen555–556_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 555–556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen558–561-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen558–561_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 558–561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor295–296-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor295–296_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 295–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr543–544-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr543–544_198-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr543–544_198-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 543–544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor296-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor296_199-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor296_199-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr544-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr544_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr544–545-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr544–545_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 544–545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValone583-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValone583_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValone583_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValone">Valone</a>, p. 583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen566-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen566_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, p. 566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrofts-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrofts_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrofts_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrofts_204-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrofts_204-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrofts">Crofts</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr3-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr3_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorix-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorix_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor299-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor299_207-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor299_207-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor299_207-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor297-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor297_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr504-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr504_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, p. 504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr504–505-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr504–505_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr">Stahr</a>, pp. 504–505.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodie" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fawn_Brodie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fawn Brodie">Brodie, Fawn</a> (1966) [1959]. <i>Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South</i> (Norton Library ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00331-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00331-4"><bdi>978-0-393-00331-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thaddeus+Stevens%3A+Scourge+of+the+South&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Norton+Library&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00331-4&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=Fawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrofts" class="citation web cs1">Crofts, Daniel S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/04/04-00898.html">"Seward, William Henry"</a>. <i>American National Biography Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Biography+Online&rft.atitle=Seward%2C+William+Henry&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Crofts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F04%2F04-00898.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton" class="citation book cs1">Denton, Lawrence M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OjJ3wDRI5AUC"><i>William Henry Seward and the Secession Crisis: The Effort to Prevent Civil War</i></a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4428-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4428-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-4428-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Henry+Seward+and+the+Secession+Crisis%3A+The+Effort+to+Prevent+Civil+War&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4428-1&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOjJ3wDRI5AUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ignored_ISBN_errors" title="Category:CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">Donald, David Herbert</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wearelincolnmena00dona_0"><i>We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5468-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5468-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-5468-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Are+Lincoln+Men%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+His+Friends&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5468-7&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=David+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwearelincolnmena00dona_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ferris, Norman B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0012.105/--lincoln-and-seward-in-civil-war-diplomacy-their-relationship?rgn=main;view=fulltext">"Lincoln and Seward in Civil War Diplomacy: Their Relationship at the Outset Reexamined"</a>. <i>Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association</i>, Vol. 12, 1991, pp. 21–42, with a comment by <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Current" title="Richard N. Current">Richard N. Current</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelman, Paul (September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/civil_war_history/v034/34.3.finkelman.pdf">"The Protection of Black Rights in Seward's New York"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Civil War History</i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.1988.0057">10.1353/cwh.1988.0057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144212294">144212294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=The+Protection+of+Black+Rights+in+Seward%27s+New+York&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=1988-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.1988.0057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144212294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fcivil_war_history%2Fv034%2F34.3.finkelman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Goodwin, Doris Kearns</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Team_of_Rivals:_The_Political_Genius_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln">Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</a></i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82490-1"><bdi>978-0-684-82490-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+of+Rivals%3A+The+Political+Genius+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82490-1&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale" title="Edward Everett Hale">Hale, Edward Everett</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TLhEAAAAIAAJ"><i>William Henry Seward</i></a>. American Crisis Biographies. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722284391" title="Special:BookSources/9780722284391"><bdi>9780722284391</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823767">823767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Henry+Seward&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=American+Crisis+Biographies&rft.pub=George+W.+Jacobs+%26+Co.&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823767&rft.isbn=9780722284391&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Edward+Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTLhEAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnecticut_Biographical_Dictionary" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hannan, Caryn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd_ETIlgTxgC&pg=PA124"><i>Connecticut Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Vol. 1, <span class="nowrap">A–</span>G. Hamburg, MI: State History Publications, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878592-72-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878592-72-9"><bdi>978-1-878592-72-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connecticut+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=Hamburg%2C+MI&rft.pub=State+History+Publications%2C+LLC&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-878592-72-9&rft.aulast=Hannan&rft.aufirst=Caryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPd_ETIlgTxgC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolino1973" class="citation book cs1">Paolino, Ernest N. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mqgMAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Foundations of the American Empire: William Henry Seward and U.S. Foreign Policy</i></a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801407963" title="Special:BookSources/9780801407963"><bdi>9780801407963</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/802613">802613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+the+American+Empire%3A+William+Henry+Seward+and+U.S.+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F802613&rft.isbn=9780801407963&rft.aulast=Paolino&rft.aufirst=Ernest+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmqgMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahr" class="citation book cs1">Stahr, Walter (2012). <i>Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2118-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2118-4"><bdi>978-1-4391-2118-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seward%3A+Lincoln%27s+Indispensable+Man&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-2118-4&rft.aulast=Stahr&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStegmaier" class="citation journal cs1">Stegmaier, Mark J. (September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/summary/v031/31.3.stegmaier.html">"Intensifying the Sectional Conflict: William Seward versus James Hammond in the Lecompton Debate of 1858"</a>. <i>Civil War History</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.1985.0038">10.1353/cwh.1985.0038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143515409">143515409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Intensifying+the+Sectional+Conflict%3A+William+Seward+versus+James+Hammond+in+the+Lecompton+Debate+of+1858&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=1985-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.1985.0038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143515409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stegmaier&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fcivil_war_history%2Fsummary%2Fv031%2F31.3.stegmaier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, John M. (1991). <i>William Henry Seward: Lincoln's Right Hand</i>. Washington, DC: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574881196" title="Special:BookSources/9781574881196"><bdi>9781574881196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Henry+Seward%3A+Lincoln%27s+Right+Hand&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781574881196&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Temple, William H. "William H. Seward: Secretary of State March 5, 1861, to March 4, 1869 " in Samuel Flagg Bemis, ed. <i>The American Secretaries of State and their Diplomacy</i> (1928) vol VII pp 3–115.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValone" class="citation journal cs1">Valone, Stephen J. (Fall 1995). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Weakness offers temptation": William H. Seward and the reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">583–</span>599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1995.tb00666.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1995.tb00666.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=%22Weakness+offers+temptation%22%3A+William+H.+Seward+and+the+reassertion+of+the+Monroe+Doctrine&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E583-%3C%2Fspan%3E599&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1995.tb00666.x&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Valone&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Deusen" class="citation book cs1">Van Deusen, Glyndon (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamhenrysewa00vand"><i>William Henry Seward</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/426046">426046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Henry+Seward&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F426046&rft.aulast=Van+Deusen&rft.aufirst=Glyndon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamhenrysewa00vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Seward&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>William H. Seward</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" class="extiw" title="c:William H. Seward">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_H._Seward" class="extiw" title="q:William H. Seward">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_H._Seward" class="extiw" title="s:Author:William H. Seward">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2010/10/frances-seward.html">Frances Seward</a>, Wife Of Secretary Of State William Seward</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressS000261" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000261">"William H. Seward (id: S000261)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=William+H.+Seward+%28id%3A+S000261%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DS000261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 2009-04-30</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/7870">Works by William H. Seward</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Seward%2C%20William%20Henry%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Seward%2C%20William%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Seward%2C%20W%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Henry%20Seward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20H%2E%20Seward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22W%2E%20H%2E%20Seward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Seward%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Seward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Henry%20Seward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20H%2E%20Seward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20H%2E%20Seward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20Henry%20Seward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Seward%2C%20William%20Henry%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Seward%2C%20William%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Seward%2C%20W%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Seward%2C%20W%2E%20Henry%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Seward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Seward%2C%20William%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Henry%20Seward%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20H%2E%20Seward%22%20OR%20title%3A%22W%2E%20H%2E%20Seward%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Seward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Henry%20Seward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20H%2E%20Seward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22W%2E%20H%2E%20Seward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Seward%2C%20William%20Henry%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Seward%2C%20William%20H%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Seward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Seward%2C%20William%22%29%20OR%20%28%221801-1872%22%20AND%20Seward%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William H. Seward</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/419988130/William-Seward-as-Expansionist">Joseph Gerald Whelan, William Seward as Expansionist (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rochester, 1959)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10237">Works by William H. Seward</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seward, William Henry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Seward,_William_Henry">"Seward, William Henry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seward%2C+William+Henry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+H.+Seward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.lib.ua.edu/44887">William H. Seward Letter, W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library, The University of Alabama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/sc21153.htm">Finding Aid to the William Henry Seward Collection, 1828–1936 (bulk 1828–1873), New York State Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanabolitionists.com/abolitionists-and-anti-slavery-activists.html">American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists</a>, comprehensive website featuring abolitionist and anti-slavery activists in the United States, including political leaders; also provides list of antislavery organizations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sewardproject.org/">Seward Family Digital Archive</a> Letters and photographs by and about members of the Seward family.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/william-henry-seward-papers">William Henry Seward Papers</a>, University of Rochester</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/945">William Henry Seward</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Oliver" title="William M. Oliver">William M. Oliver</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York Senate</a><br />from the 7th district </b><br />1831–1834 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Loomis" title="Chester Loomis">Chester Loomis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1834_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1834 New York gubernatorial election">1834</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Buel" title="Jesse Buel">Jesse Buel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Buel" title="Jesse Buel">Jesse Buel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1838_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1838 New York gubernatorial election">1838</a>, <a href="/wiki/1840_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1840 New York gubernatorial election">1840</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bradish" title="Luther Bradish">Luther Bradish</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br />1839–1842 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Bouck" title="William C. Bouck">William C. Bouck</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> </b><br />1861–1869 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Elihu B. Washburne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John Dix</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from New York">U.S. Senator (Class 3) from New York</a> </b><br />1849–1861 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preston_King_(politician)" title="Preston King (politician)">Preston King</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ira_Harris" title="Ira Harris">Ira Harris</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_William_H._Seward104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_William_H._Seward104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to William H. 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template talk:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_New_York205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">lieutenant governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Lewis_(governor)" title="Morgan Lewis (governor)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Yates" title="Joseph C. Yates">Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Bouck" title="William C. Bouck">Bouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(governor)" title="John Young (governor)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Hunt" title="Washington Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_H._Clark" title="Myron H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._King" title="John A. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hoffman" title="John T. Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">J. Adams Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Robinson" title="Lucius Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Flower" title="Roswell P. Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Black" title="Frank S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Odell_(politician)" title="Benjamin Odell (politician)">Odell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Dix" title="John Alden Dix">J. Alden Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">Sulzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour_Whitman" title="Charles Seymour Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">Pataki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">A. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant<br />governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Van_Cortlandt" title="Pierre Van Cortlandt">Van Cortlandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">S. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Van_Rensselaer" title="Jeremiah Van Rensselaer">J. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Broome_(politician)" title="John Broome (politician)">Broome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philetus_Swift" title="Philetus Swift">Swift</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Root" title="Erastus Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tallmadge_Jr." title="James Tallmadge Jr.">Tallmadge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Livingston_(politician,_born_1766)" title="Peter R. Livingston (politician, born 1766)">P. Livingston</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dayan" title="Charles Dayan">Dayan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stebbins" title="Charles Stebbins">Stebbins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_M._Oliver" title="William M. Oliver">Oliver</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Philip_Livingston" title="Edward Philip Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tracy_(New_York_politician)" title="John Tracy (New York politician)">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bradish" title="Luther Bradish">Bradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addison_Gardiner" title="Addison Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lester" title="Albert Lester">Lester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Patterson" title="George W. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_E._Church" title="Sanford E. Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Selden" title="Henry R. Selden">Selden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Campbell_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Campbell (New York politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Floyd-Jones" title="David R. Floyd-Jones">Floyd-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Beach" title="Allen C. Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsheimer" title="William Dorsheimer">Dorsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Hoskins" title="George Gilbert Hoskins">Hoskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_McCarthy_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis McCarthy (congressman)">McCarthy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Jones" title="Edward F. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Sheehan" title="William F. Sheehan">Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Saxton" title="Charles T. Saxton">Saxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Woodruff" title="Timothy L. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Linn_Bruce" title="Matthew Linn Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Raines" title="John Raines">Raines</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Stuyvesant_Chanler" title="Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler">Chanler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_H._Cobb" title="George H. Cobb">Cobb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Conway" title="Thomas F. Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schoeneck" title="Edward Schoeneck">Schoeneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Walker" title="Harry C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wood" title="Jeremiah Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clayton_R._Lusk" title="Clayton R. Lusk">Lusk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Lowman" title="Seymour Lowman">Lowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Corning" title="Edwin Corning">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._William_Bray" title="M. William Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Wallace" title="Thomas W. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Moore_(politician)" title="Frank C. Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Wicks" title="Arthur H. Wicks">Wicks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Mahoney" title="Walter J. Mahoney">Mahoney</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_DeLuca" title="George DeLuca">DeLuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Krupsak" title="Mary Anne Krupsak">Krupsak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_DelBello" title="Alfred DelBello">DelBello</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">Lundine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_McCaughey" title="Betsy McCaughey">McCaughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Donohue" title="Mary Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruno" title="Joseph Bruno">Bruno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dean_Skelos" title="Dean Skelos">Skelos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Smith_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Smith (U.S. politician)">Smith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Espada_Jr." title="Pedro Espada Jr.">Espada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ravitch" title="Richard Ravitch">Ravitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duffy_(politician)" title="Robert Duffy (politician)">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Benjamin" title="Brian Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Delgado" title="Antonio Delgado">Delgado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_New_York99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="Template:United States senators from New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="Template talk:United States senators from New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_New_York99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">United States senators from New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sloss_Hobart" title="John Sloss Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_North" title="William North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson_(New_York_politician)" title="James Watson (New York politician)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Bailey_(politician)" title="Theodorus Bailey (politician)">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Mitchill" title="Samuel L. Mitchill">Mitchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_German" title="Obadiah German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Dudley" title="Charles E. Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Tallmadge" title="Nathaniel P. Tallmadge">Tallmadge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_King_(politician)" title="Preston King (politician)">P. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Kernan" title="Francis Kernan">Kernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Miller" title="Warner Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hiscock" title="Frank Hiscock">Hiscock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Murphy_Jr." title="Edward Murphy Jr.">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Depew" title="Chauncey Depew">Depew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._O%27Gorman" title="James A. O'Gorman">O'Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Calder" title="William M. Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mead" title="James M. Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Ives" title="Irving Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keating" title="Kenneth Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">Goodell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Gillibrand</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Laurance" title="John Laurance">Laurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(New_York_politician,_born_1752)" title="John Smith (New York politician, born 1752)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Foster" title="Henry A. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Harris" title="Ira Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Conkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_G._Lapham" title="Elbridge G. Lapham">Lapham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">D'Amato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template talk:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Foreign affairs</a><br />1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a><br />1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Marco_Rubio_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Marco Rubio as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Abraham_Lincoln_(1861–1865)540" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lincoln_cabinet" title="Template:Lincoln cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lincoln_cabinet" title="Template talk:Lincoln cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lincoln_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lincoln cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Abraham_Lincoln_(1861–1865)540" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William H. Seward</a> (1861–1865)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/100px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/150px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/200px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="3742" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">William P. Fessenden</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">Hugh McCulloch</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a> (1861–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> (1862–1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">James Speed</a> (1864–1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" title="Montgomery Blair">Montgomery Blair</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">William Dennison Jr.</a> (1864–1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a> (1861–1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Blood_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Caleb Blood Smith">Caleb Blood Smith</a> (1861–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_Usher" title="John Palmer Usher">John Palmer Usher</a> (1863–1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Team_of_Rivals" title="Team of Rivals">Team of Rivals</a></i> <small>(2005 book)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Johnson_(1865–1869)532" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andrew_Johnson_cabinet" title="Template:Andrew Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andrew_Johnson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Andrew Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew_Johnson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Johnson_(1865–1869)532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865–1869)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William H. Seward</a> (1865–1869)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png/100px-Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png/150px-Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png/200px-Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png 2x" data-file-width="3058" data-file-height="3731" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">Hugh McCulloch</a> (1865–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">John Schofield</a> (1868–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">James Speed</a> (1865–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Henry Stanbery</a> (1866–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a> (1868–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">William Dennison Jr.</a> (1865–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Randall_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Alexander Randall (Wisconsin politician)">Alexander Randall</a> (1866–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a> (1865–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_Usher" title="John Palmer Usher">John Palmer Usher</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(Iowa_politician)" title="James Harlan (Iowa politician)">James Harlan</a> (1865–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Hickman_Browning" title="Orville Hickman Browning">Orville Hickman Browning</a> (1866–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1856)_1860_United_States_presidential_election_(1864_→)866" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1856)_1860_United_States_presidential_election_(1864_→)866" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">← 1856</a>) <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #4F990C;"><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Democratic Party (Southern)</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions#“Breckinridge_Democrats”_convention" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></b> (incumbent VP)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Joseph Lane</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F59100;"><b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention" title="1860 Constitutional Union Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William C. Rives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party (Northern)</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">Conventions</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Herschel Vespasian Johnson">Herschel V. Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">James Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1860 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1860_and_1861_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_and_1861_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Earle_(American_politician)" title="Thomas Earle (American politician)">Thomas Earle</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Thomas Morris</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Charles C. Foote (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goodell_(abolitionist)" title="William Goodell (abolitionist)">William Goodell</a>/S. M. Bell (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_W._Julian" title="George W. Julian">George W. Julian</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">1848 Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other party leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis P. Blair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nebraska_movement" title="Anti-Nebraska movement">Anti-Nebraska movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers" title="Barnburners and Hunkers">Barnburners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscience Whigs">Conscience Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Party">North American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297308#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2541" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297308#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297308#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082235006">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42616145">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/301/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhQq9df36xvrmdjTy68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118796828">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50001408">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166776495">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166776495">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1438224">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/100858">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071237518">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1071462">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000194907&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007463381705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14045069">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05676572?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000261">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118796828.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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Seward","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_H._Seward","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q297308","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q297308","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-06T18:24:25Z","dateModified":"2025-02-06T15:25:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f5\/William_H._Seward_portrait_-_restoration.jpg","headline":"American lawyer and politician (1801-1872)"}</script> </body> </html>