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id="toc-Former_member_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_member_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Former member state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_member_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outermost_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outermost_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Outermost regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outermost_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Changes in membership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Changes_in_membership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Changes in membership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enlargement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlargement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Enlargement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlargement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Suspension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sovereignty</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sovereignty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sovereignty subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Competences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Competences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditional_mutual_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditional_mutual_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Conditional mutual support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional_mutual_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-speed_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-speed_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Multi-speed integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-speed_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Member state of the European Union</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="الدول الأعضاء في الاتحاد الأوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدول الأعضاء في الاتحاد الأوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_miembru_de_la_Xuni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Estáu miembru de la Xunión Europea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu miembru de la Xunión Europea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa_%C4%B0ttifaq%C4%B1_%C3%B6lk%C9%99l%C9%99rinin_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Avropa İttifaqı ölkələrinin siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avropa İttifaqı ölkələrinin siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au-chiu_Li%C3%A2n-b%C3%AAng_%C3%AA_h%C3%B3e-go%C3%A2n_kok-ka" title="Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê hóe-goân kok-ka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê hóe-goân kok-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Спіс краін Еўрапейскага саюза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спіс краін Еўрапейскага саюза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Държава членка на Европейския съюз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държава членка на Европейския съюз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_membres_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Europea" title="Estats membres de la Unió Europea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estats membres de la Unió Europea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clensk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t_Evropsk%C3%A9_unie" title="Členský stát Evropské unie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Členský stát Evropské unie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelod-wladwriaethau_yr_Undeb_Ewropeaidd" title="Aelod-wladwriaethau yr Undeb Ewropeaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aelod-wladwriaethau yr Undeb Ewropeaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitgliedstaaten_der_Europ%C3%A4ischen_Union" title="Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopa_Liidu_liikmesriik" title="Euroopa Liidu liikmesriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Euroopa Liidu liikmesriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μέλη της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέλη της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_miembro_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Estado miembro de la Unión Europea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado miembro de la Unión Europea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctato_de_la_E%C5%ADropa_Unio" title="Ŝtato de la Eŭropa Unio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtato de la Eŭropa Unio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="فهرست کشورهای عضو اتحادیه اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست کشورهای عضو اتحادیه اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tats_membres_de_l%27Union_europ%C3%A9enne" title="États membres de l'Union européenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="États membres de l'Union européenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_membros_da_Uni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Estados membros da Unión Europea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estados membros da Unión Europea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9_%ED%9A%8C%EC%9B%90%EA%B5%AD" title="유럽 연합 회원국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽 연합 회원국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Եվրոպական միության անդամ պետություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպական միության անդամ պետություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_anggota_Uni_Eropa" title="Negara anggota Uni Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara anggota Uni Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_membro_del_Union_Europee" title="Stato membro del Union Europee – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato membro del Union Europee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_membri_dell%27Unione_europea" title="Stati membri dell'Unione europea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stati membri dell'Unione europea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ევროკავშირის წევრი სახელმწიფოები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევროკავშირის წევრი სახელმწიფოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Еуроодаққа мүше елдер тізімі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еуроодаққа мүше елдер тізімі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_manb_Inyon_Ewopey%C3%A8n" title="Eta manb Inyon Ewopeyèn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eta manb Inyon Ewopeyèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlet%C3%AAn_endam%C3%AAn_Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Dewletên endamên Yekîtiya Ewropayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dewletên endamên Yekîtiya Ewropayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B6%C3%A4%D0%BD%D3%B9%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BB%C3%A4" title="Европа Унионышкы пырышы кугижäнӹшвлä – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Европа Унионышкы пырышы кугижäнӹшвлä" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stac_cum%C3%ABmbri_de_l%27Union_Europea" title="Stac cumëmbri de l'Union Europea – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Stac cumëmbri de l'Union Europea" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropas_Savien%C4%ABbas_dal%C4%ABbvalsts" title="Eiropas Savienības dalībvalsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eiropas Savienības dalībvalsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memberstaate_vun_der_Europ%C3%A4escher_Unioun" title="Memberstaate vun der Europäescher Unioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Memberstaate vun der Europäescher Unioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%8C" title="Европадин ГалкӀдин уьлквейрин сиягь – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Европадин ГалкӀдин уьлквейрин сиягь" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:Europos_S%C4%85jungos_valstyb%C4%97s_nar%C4%97s" title="Sąrašas:Europos Sąjungos valstybės narės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąrašas:Europos Sąjungos valstybės narės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Eur%C3%B3pai_Uni%C3%B3_tag%C3%A1llamai" title="Az Európai Unió tagállamai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Európai Unió tagállamai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Земји членки на Европската Унија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Земји членки на Европската Унија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ევრორსხუშ მაკათური ქიანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევრორსხუშ მაკათური ქიანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="اعضاء الاتحاد الاوروبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اعضاء الاتحاد الاوروبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_anggota_Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Negara anggota Kesatuan Eropah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara anggota Kesatuan Eropah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="युरोपेली सङ्घका सदस्य राष्ट्रहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युरोपेली सङ्घका सदस्य राष्ट्रहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E5%8A%A0%E7%9B%9F%E5%9B%BD" title="欧州連合加盟国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欧州連合加盟国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_europeiske_unions_medlemsstater" title="Den europeiske unions medlemsstater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den europeiske unions medlemsstater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AFses_Membres_de_l%27Union_Europ%C3%A8a" title="Païses Membres de l'Union Europèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Païses Membres de l'Union Europèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevropa_Ittifoqi_a%CA%BCzolari_ro%CA%BByxati" title="Yevropa Ittifoqi aʼzolari roʻyxati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yevropa Ittifoqi aʼzolari roʻyxati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="یورپی یونین دی رکن ریاست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورپی یونین دی رکن ریاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwa_cz%C5%82onkowskie_Unii_Europejskiej" title="Państwa członkowskie Unii Europejskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwa członkowskie Unii Europejskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados-membros_da_Uni%C3%A3o_Europeia" title="Estados-membros da União Europeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estados-membros da União Europeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_membru_al_Uniunii_Europene" title="Stat membru al Uniunii Europene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat membru al Uniunii Europene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Государства — члены Европейского союза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государства — члены Европейского союза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Memmer_State" title="European Union Memmer State – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="European Union Memmer State" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetet_an%C3%ABtare_t%C3%AB_Bashkimit_Evropian" title="Shtetet anëtare të Bashkimit Evropian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtetet anëtare të Bashkimit Evropian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="යුරෝපා සංගමයේ සාමාජික රාජ්‍යයෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුරෝපා සංගමයේ සාමාජික රාජ්‍යයෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_member_state" title="European Union member state – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="European Union member state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clenovia_Eur%C3%B3pskej_%C3%BAnie" title="Členovia Európskej únie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Členovia Európskej únie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEave_%C4%8Dlanice_Evropske_unije" title="Države članice Evropske unije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Države članice Evropske unije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Државе чланице Европске уније – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Државе чланице Европске уније" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopan_unionin_j%C3%A4senvaltiot" title="Euroopan unionin jäsenvaltiot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euroopan unionin jäsenvaltiot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeiska_unionens_medlemsstater" title="Europeiska unionens medlemsstater – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europeiska unionens medlemsstater" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj%C3%A8sere_membre_de_ll%27Aun%C3%ACone_europ%C3%A8e" title="Pajèsere membre de ll'Aunìone europèe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pajèsere membre de ll'Aunìone europèe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="รัฐสมาชิกสหภาพยุโรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐสมาชิกสหภาพยุโรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="float: right; width: ;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #F0F0F0; vertical-align: middle">Member state of the European Union</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map (clickable)"><img alt="Map (clickable)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/2020_EU_MAP.svg/250px-2020_EU_MAP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/2020_EU_MAP.svg/375px-2020_EU_MAP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/2020_EU_MAP.svg/500px-2020_EU_MAP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="409" usemap="#ImageMap_aacb016195efee2f" resource="/wiki/File:2020_EU_MAP.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_aacb016195efee2f"><area href="/wiki/Finland" shape="poly" coords="148,16,154,22,158,33,161,34,162,37,153,55,155,59,155,66,161,69,174,63,181,47,174,42,175,40,171,34,172,31,168,26,168,20,164,18,164,9,159,9,157,12,158,16,155,19,153,18,149,15" alt="Finland" title="Finland" /><area href="/wiki/Sweden" shape="poly" 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coords="170,112,166,103,164,102,153,103,150,104,149,101,141,103,140,105,135,107,135,111,132,112,135,115,136,126,141,127,142,129,144,128,148,130,150,131,151,133,153,134,154,133,156,136,159,134,160,134,163,133,167,137,168,135,168,132,170,126,172,125,172,123,170,121,167,114" alt="Poland" title="Poland" /><area href="/wiki/Slovakia" shape="poly" coords="144,141,145,138,148,138,152,133,154,133,156,136,158,135,163,133,168,137,155,141,152,143,152,145,146,144" alt="Slovakia" title="Slovakia" /><area href="/wiki/Hungary" shape="poly" coords="169,142,164,138,153,142,152,145,146,142,141,151,144,153,147,158,151,157,155,155,164,154,166,146" alt="Hungary" title="Hungary" /><area href="/wiki/Romania" shape="poly" coords="201,164,200,158,204,155,201,152,197,154,196,153,194,146,188,140,187,137,185,137,183,140,177,141,176,140,170,141,166,144,165,150,163,153,159,155,163,159,166,161,166,163,167,164,171,162,170,164,174,166,174,168,179,168,182,168,186,167,192,162,196,163" alt="Romania" title="Romania" /><area href="/wiki/Bulgaria" shape="poly" coords="175,185,176,182,175,180,172,179,172,175,174,172,171,168,172,166,175,167,175,168,185,168,192,162,200,164,198,168,199,170,197,172,201,175,197,177,196,176,192,179,192,179,192,181,186,183,183,181,179,184" alt="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria" /><area href="/wiki/Greece" shape="poly" coords="174,216,172,213,173,211,166,208,166,203,163,198,163,194,166,192,167,188,170,188,172,185,175,184,179,184,182,182,186,184,192,181,192,179,193,180,192,185,185,186,181,187,184,189,192,192,190,193,197,194,198,197,196,202,194,200,197,199,197,197,194,196,195,194,189,193,189,191,185,189,179,193,177,190,176,193,181,198,188,203,192,206,202,203,192,213,187,215,189,213,190,214,193,211,192,209,195,210,200,205,190,207,185,205,185,207,181,207,184,210,180,211,181,216,189,222,201,222,210,210,210,214,208,216,208,213,206,217,206,220,204,219,201,224,192,226,192,223,186,224,186,222,188,222,181,215,177,217,176,214" alt="Greece" title="Greece" /><area href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" shape="poly" coords="237,217,235,215,238,214,238,211,242,210,246,206,243,211,245,213,240,216" alt="Cyprus" title="Cyprus" /><area href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" shape="poly" coords="133,140,127,135,125,131,127,128,133,125,136,124,141,127,144,128,147,131,150,130,151,133,148,137,141,138,138,137" alt="Czech Republic" title="Czech Republic" /><area href="/wiki/Austria" shape="poly" coords="112,149,114,145,115,147,117,146,120,147,127,144,132,140,135,140,136,138,138,138,140,139,144,139,143,141,145,144,141,150,141,151,135,154,129,153,124,151,123,149,119,149,118,150" alt="Austria" title="Austria" /><area href="/wiki/Slovenia" shape="poly" coords="141,151,143,154,137,158,138,161,133,159,130,159,128,157,129,153,135,154" alt="Slovenia" title="Slovenia" /><area href="/wiki/Italy" shape="poly" coords="101,168,102,166,98,165,99,162,98,160,101,159,101,157,99,155,102,155,105,154,107,152,107,154,110,154,111,152,112,154,115,152,117,151,119,150,123,149,124,152,130,153,128,159,124,160,125,163,124,164,124,168,131,172,133,180,140,183,143,184,141,185,155,193,154,197,152,193,147,193,145,197,148,201,148,202,145,203,145,206,142,210,140,209,138,213,138,214,138,218,134,218,134,216,130,215,125,212,124,213,124,209,128,208,135,209,138,207,141,206,143,202,140,196,139,196,136,193,136,193,134,192,132,190,130,188,127,187,104,202,102,201,103,194,103,188,105,188,107,186,109,187,111,192,110,192,109,199,127,187,119,179,118,179,115,175,115,174,114,168,107,165,104,168" alt="Italy" title="Italy" /><area href="/wiki/Malta" shape="rect" coords="127,223,142,229" alt="Malta" title="Malta" /><area href="/wiki/Portugal" shape="poly" coords="8,188,12,189,14,190,15,192,16,188,20,186,19,184,23,180,22,176,24,176,28,168,32,167,31,165,31,163,24,161,24,159,22,158,20,164,20,165,11,177,14,177,11,179,13,180,11,183,11,185" alt="Portugal" title="Portugal" /><area href="/wiki/Spain" shape="poly" coords="23,202,21,201,20,201,21,195,18,191,16,191,16,188,21,186,19,184,22,180,22,176,24,176,28,170,32,167,31,165,31,164,24,160,22,158,24,153,22,152,25,150,28,151,29,149,33,150,39,155,40,154,45,158,50,158,54,160,56,162,58,162,64,169,67,170,68,168,70,170,70,172,72,172,76,174,79,175,79,177,82,192,79,190,75,194,71,192,66,197,64,193,68,195,72,190,75,189,77,191,81,189,79,176,77,179,74,179,72,179,64,181,66,182,59,187,57,191,60,195,55,196,52,200,52,201,48,200,43,204,41,202,40,204,37,202,30,200,30,202,26,201" alt="Spain" title="Spain" /><area href="/wiki/France" shape="poly" coords="57,162,63,168,67,170,67,168,71,171,72,171,72,172,79,174,79,170,81,168,86,167,88,170,89,168,93,172,96,172,107,185,110,180,110,173,109,176,106,176,106,185,96,172,101,168,102,166,98,165,99,163,98,161,101,159,99,156,101,154,99,150,96,151,99,148,102,146,101,144,103,145,105,138,107,136,101,132,98,131,96,128,96,127,93,127,92,124,89,122,88,120,85,120,83,123,80,125,77,125,77,127,75,126,71,124,68,123,70,127,68,130,64,128,63,126,60,127,57,126,55,126,55,131,62,136,63,142,65,146,60,161" alt="France" title="France" /><area href="/wiki/Germany" shape="poly" coords="114,101,118,101,119,102,123,103,122,105,123,106,131,102,133,104,131,106,135,107,135,111,133,114,135,115,136,125,133,124,132,127,126,129,125,130,127,135,131,140,127,144,123,146,119,146,117,145,115,148,112,145,107,144,103,145,105,138,107,136,102,133,101,127,102,121,102,117,105,114,107,110,109,106,111,106,112,107,114,105" alt="Germany" title="Germany" /><area href="/wiki/Luxembourg" shape="poly" coords="100,127,98,129,97,133,102,134,102,129" alt="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg" /><area href="/wiki/Belgium" shape="poly" coords="88,119,89,124,94,127,99,131,98,128,101,127,100,122,97,119,93,120,90,118" alt="Belgium" title="Belgium" /><area href="/wiki/Netherlands" shape="poly" coords="108,106,101,107,92,118,94,118,97,117,96,119,101,122,102,117,106,115,104,113,106,112" alt="Netherlands" title="Netherlands" /><area href="/wiki/Denmark" shape="poly" coords="114,100,118,100,125,102,129,99,128,90,124,96,125,100,122,99,121,92,123,89,122,81,114,89" alt="Denmark" title="Denmark" /><area href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" shape="poly" coords="58,102,52,101,46,102,45,101,42,98,44,95,50,92,47,90,50,85,55,87,57,86,55,85,59,83,62,83,57,88,61,94,60,98,58,100" alt="Republic of Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland" /></map><figcaption>Map (clickable)</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Category</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Member state</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1952/1958/1993<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Number</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">27 (as of 2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Possible types</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Republics (21)</li><li>Monarchies (6)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Populations</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Smallest: <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, 542,051<br /> Largest: <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, 84,358,845<sup id="cite_ref-population_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Areas</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Smallest: <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, 316 km<sup>2</sup> (122 sq mi)<br /> Largest: <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, 638,475 km<sup>2</sup> (246,517 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-area_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Government</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> (21)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a> representative democracy (5)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a> representative democracy (1)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) is a political and economic union of <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Lists of member states of the European Union">27 member states</a> that are party to the EU's <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">founding treaties</a>, and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of membership. They have agreed by the treaties to share their own sovereignty through the <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">institutions of the European Union</a> in certain aspects of government. State governments must agree unanimously in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council</a> for the union to adopt some policies; for others, collective decisions are made by <a href="/wiki/Qualified_majority_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualified majority voting">qualified majority voting</a>. These obligations and sharing of sovereignty within the EU (sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a>) make it unique among international organisations, as it has established its own legal order which by the provisions of the founding treaties is <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_European_Union_law" title="Primacy of European Union law">both legally binding and supreme</a> on all the member states (after <a href="/wiki/Costa_v_ENEL" title="Costa v ENEL">a landmark ruling of the ECJ in 1964</a>). A founding principle of the union is <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">subsidiarity</a>, meaning that decisions are taken collectively if and only if they cannot realistically be taken individually. </p><p>Each member country appoints to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> a <a href="/wiki/European_commissioner" title="European commissioner">European commissioner</a>. The commissioners do not represent their member state, but instead work collectively in the interests of all the member states within the EU. </p><p>In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">six core states</a> founded the EU's predecessor <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>). The remaining states have acceded in subsequent <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">enlargements</a>. To accede, a state must fulfil the economic and political requirements known as the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Copenhagen criteria</a>, which require a candidate to have a democratic government and <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> economy together with the corresponding freedoms and institutions, and respect for the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. Enlargement of the Union is also contingent upon the consent of all existing members and the candidate's adoption of the existing body of EU law, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">acquis communautaire</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, which had acceded to the EU's predecessor in 1973, ceased to be an EU member state on 31 January 2020, in a political process known as <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>. No other member state has withdrawn from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and none has been suspended, although some dependent territories or semi-autonomous areas <a href="#Withdrawal">have left</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span 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col1left col5left col8left col12left" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Accession</a> </th> <th>Population<sup id="cite_ref-council_procedure_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council_procedure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Largest<br />city </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a> <a href="/wiki/Million" class="mw-redirect" title="Million">M</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP (PPP)<br />per cap.</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currency</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a><sup id="cite_ref-GINI09_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GINI09-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><sup id="cite_ref-HDI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_in_the_European_Parliament" title="Apportionment in the European Parliament">MEPs</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Official<br />languages</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td>AT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000001995-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1995</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006892600000000000♠">8,926,000</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004838550000000000♠">83,855</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005535804000000000♠">535,804</span> </td> <td>58,668 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001291000000000000♠">29.1</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999926000000000000♠">0.926</span> </td> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>BE </td> <td><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome"><span data-sort-value="000000001957-03-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 25, 1957</span></a> </span><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Founder</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007115660410000000♠">11,566,041</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004305280000000000♠">30,528</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005662183000000000♠">662,183</span> </td> <td>56,128 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001330000000000000♠">33.0</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999942000000000000♠">0.942</span> </td> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><br /><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><br /><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>BG </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002007-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2007</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006691654800000000♠">6,916,548</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005110994000000000♠">110,994</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004662500000000000♠">66,250</span> </td> <td>39,185 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">lev</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001292000000000000♠">29.2</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999799000000000000♠">0.799</span> </td> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td>HR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002013-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 July 2013</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006403635500000000♠">4,036,355</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004565940000000000♠">56,594</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004896650000000000♠">89,665</span> </td> <td>23,380 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001290000000000000♠">29</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999878000000000000♠">0.878</span> </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>CY </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002004-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 2004</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005896000000000000♠">896,000</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003925100000000000♠">9,251</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004233800000000000♠">23,380</span> </td> <td>34790 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001312000000000000♠">31.2</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999907000000000000♠">0.907</span> </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></span> </td> <td>CZ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002004-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 2004</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007105741530000000♠">10,574,153</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004788660000000000♠">78,866</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005246953000000000♠">246,953</span> </td> <td>56,686 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">koruna</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001258000000000000♠">25.8</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999895000000000000♠">0.895</span> </td> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>DK </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities"><span data-sort-value="000000001973-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1973</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006583388300000000♠">5,833,883</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004430750000000000♠">43,075</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005347176000000000♠">347,176</span> </td> <td>83,454 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">krone</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001247000000000000♠">24.7</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999952000000000000♠">0.952</span> </td> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td>EE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002004-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 2004</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006133006800000000♠">1,330,068</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004452270000000000♠">45,227</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004430440000000000♠">43,044</span> </td> <td>31,530 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001360000000000000♠">36.0</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999899000000000000♠">0.899</span> </td> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>FI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000001995-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1995</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006552749300000000♠">5,527,493</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005338424000000000♠">338,424</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005306083000000000♠">306,083</span> </td> <td>54,773 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001269000000000000♠">26.9</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999942000000000000♠">0.942</span> </td> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>FR </td> <td><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome"><span data-sort-value="000000001957-03-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 25, 1957</span></a> </span><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Founder</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007674396140000000♠">67,439,614</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005632786000000000♠">632,786</span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006270707400000000♠">2,707,074</span> </td> <td>65,940 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001327000000000000♠">32.7</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999910000000000000♠">0.910</span> </td> <td>81 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>DE </td> <td><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome"><span data-sort-value="000000001957-03-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 25, 1957</span></a> </span><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Founder</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007831205200000000♠">83,120,520</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005357386000000000♠">357,386</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006471003200000000♠">4,710,032</span> </td> <td>55,521 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001319000000000000♠">31.9</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999950000000000000♠">0.950</span> </td> <td>96 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>GR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities"><span data-sort-value="000000001981-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1981</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007106825470000000♠">10,682,547</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005131990000000000♠">131,990</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005214012000000000♠">214,012</span> </td> <td>42,066 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001343000000000000♠">34.3</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999893000000000000♠">0.893</span> </td> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td>HU </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002004-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 2004</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006973077200000000♠">9,730,772</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004930300000000000♠">93,030</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005170407000000000♠">170,407</span> </td> <td>46,807 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">forint</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001300000000000000♠">30.0</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999851000000000000♠">0.851</span> </td> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>IE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities"><span data-sort-value="000000001973-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1973</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006500632400000000♠">5,006,324</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004702730000000000♠">70,273</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005384940000000000♠">384,940</span> </td> <td>127,750 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001343000000000000♠">34.3</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999950000000000000♠">0.950</span> </td> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>IT </td> <td><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome"><span data-sort-value="000000001957-03-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 25, 1957</span></a> </span><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Founder</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007589685010000000♠">58,968,501</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005301338000000000♠">301,338</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006198863600000000♠">1,988,636</span> </td> <td>60,993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001360000000000000♠">36.0</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999906000000000000♠">0.906</span> </td> <td>76 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td>LV </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002004-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 2004</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006186270000000000♠">1,862,700</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004645890000000000♠">64,589</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004350450000000000♠">35,045</span> </td> <td>43,527 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001357000000000000♠">35.7</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999879000000000000♠">0.879</span> </td> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td>LT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002004-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 2004</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006279568000000000♠">2,795,680</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004652000000000000♠">65,200</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004536410000000000♠">53,641</span> </td> <td>53,624 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001358000000000000♠">35.8</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999879000000000000♠">0.879</span> </td> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td>LU </td> <td><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome"><span data-sort-value="000000001957-03-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 25, 1957</span></a> </span><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Founder</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005633347000000000♠">633,347</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003258640000000000♠">2,586.4</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004694530000000000♠">69,453</span> </td> <td>151,146 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001308000000000000♠">30.8</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999927000000000000♠">0.927</span> </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><br /><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td>MT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002004-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 2004</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005516100000000000♠">516,100</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002316000000000000♠">316</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004148590000000000♠">14,859</span> </td> <td>72,942 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001258000000000000♠">25.8</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999915000000000000♠">0.915</span> </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a><br /><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>NL </td> <td><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome"><span data-sort-value="000000001957-03-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 25, 1957</span></a> </span><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Founder</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007176148400000000♠">17,614,840</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004415430000000000♠">41,543</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005902355000000000♠">902,355</span> </td> <td>81,495 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001309000000000000♠">30.9</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999946000000000000♠">0.946</span> </td> <td>31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>PL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002004-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 2004</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007378400010000000♠">37,840,001</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005312685000000000♠">312,685</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005565854000000000♠">565,854</span> </td> <td>51,629 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">złoty</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001349000000000000♠">34.9</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999881000000000000♠">0.881</span> </td> <td>56 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>PT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities"><span data-sort-value="000000001986-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1986</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007102982520000000♠">10,298,252</span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004922120000000000♠">92,212</span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbonne</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005236408000000000♠">236,408</span> </td> <td>49,237 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001321000000000000♠">32.1</span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999874000000000000♠">0.874</span> </td> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>RO </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002007-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2007</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007191862010000000♠">19,186,201</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005238391000000000♠">238,391</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucarest</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005243698000000000♠">243,698</span> </td> <td>47,204 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">leu</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001315000000000000♠">31.5</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999827000000000000♠">0.827</span> </td> <td>33 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td>SK </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002004-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 2004</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006542219400000000♠">5,422,194</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004490350000000000♠">49,035</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005106552000000000♠">106,552</span> </td> <td>45,632 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001258000000000000♠">25.8</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999855000000000000♠">0.855</span> </td> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td>SI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000002004-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 2004</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006210897700000000♠">2,108,977</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004202730000000000♠">20,273</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004541540000000000♠">54,154</span> </td> <td>55,684 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001312000000000000♠">31.2</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999926000000000000♠">0.926</span> </td> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ES </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities"><span data-sort-value="000000001986-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1986</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007489460350000000♠">48,946,035</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005504030000000000♠">504,030</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006164711400000000♠">1,647,114</span> </td> <td>55,089 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001320000000000000♠">32.0</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999911000000000000♠">0.911</span> </td> <td>61 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>SE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union"><span data-sort-value="000000001995-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1995</span></a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007103700000000000♠">10,370,000</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005449964000000000♠">449,964</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005528929000000000♠">528,929</span> </td> <td>71,731 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">krona</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001250000000000000♠">25.0</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999952000000000000♠">0.952</span> </td> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De facto</i> (though not <i>de jure</i>) excludes the disputed territory of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Cyprus">Turkish Cyprus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">U.N. buffer zone</a>. See: <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Turkish language is not an official language of the European Union.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Officially recognised <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language#Official_status" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excludes the <a href="/wiki/The_unity_of_the_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="The unity of the Realm">autonomous regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Greenland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland–European Union relations">left the then-EEC</a> in 1985, and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>, an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">region of Finland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes the 101 departments (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> + <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas Departments and Regions</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">overseas collectivity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a>, which are part of the European Union. Excludes <a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area#Overseas_countries_and_territories" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">the other overseas collectivities which are not part of the European Union</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On <span data-sort-value="000000001990-10-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 October 1990</span>, the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">acceded</a> to the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">present-day Germany</a>, automatically becoming part of the EU.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While Luxembourgish is the national language, it is not an official language of the European Union.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excludes the three <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands#Administration" title="Caribbean Netherlands">special municipalities</a> of the Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>). Also excludes the three other constituent countries of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">autonomous regions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language#Recognition" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a> is an officially recognized minority language within Portugal, awarded an official right-of-use. It is not an official language of the European Union.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous community</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>; the autonomous cities of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>; and the territories comprising the <i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">plazas de soberanía</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> are co-official languages with <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> in their respective territories, allowing their use in EU institutions under limited circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-MinorityLangauges_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinorityLangauges-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_member_state">Former member state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Former member state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">List of European Union member states</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Accession</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a> </th> <th scope="col">Population<sup id="cite_ref-council_procedure_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council_procedure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Largest city </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a> <a href="/wiki/Million" class="mw-redirect" title="Million">M</a>) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP (PPP)<br />per cap.</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currency</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a><sup id="cite_ref-GINI09_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GINI09-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><sup id="cite_ref-HDI_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Official <br />languages</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </th> <td>GB </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 enlargement of the European Union">1 January 1973</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">31 January 2020</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7007677914000000000♠">67,791,400</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005242495000000000♠">242,495</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006315893800000000♠">3,158,938</span> </td> <td>62,574 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001366000000000000♠">36.6</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999940000000000000♠">0.940</span> </td> <td style="text-align:left">English </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outermost_regions">Outermost regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Outermost regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">Special member state territories and the European Union</a></div> <p>There are a number of overseas member state territories which are legally part of the EU, but have certain exemptions based on their remoteness; see <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Countries_and_Territories_Association" title="Overseas Countries and Territories Association">Overseas Countries and Territories Association</a>. These "outermost regions" have partial application of EU law and in some cases are outside of Schengen or the EU VAT area—however they are legally within the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They all use the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as their currency. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territory </th> <th>Member State </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Area<br />km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Per capita GDP<br />(EU=100) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Value_Added_Tax_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Value Added Tax Area">EU VAT area</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> </td> <td>2,333 </td> <td>236,440 </td> <td>66.7 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> </td> <td>7,447 </td> <td>2,202,048 </td> <td>93.7 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td> <td>84,000 </td> <td>295,385 </td> <td>50.5 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>1,710 </td> <td>378,561 </td> <td>50.5 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> </td> <td>795 </td> <td>250,769 </td> <td>94.9 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint-Martin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>52 </td> <td>31,477 </td> <td>61.9 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>1,080 </td> <td>349,925 </td> <td>75.6 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a><sup id="cite_ref-CD_2013/61/EU_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CD_2013/61/EU-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> </td> <td>374 </td> <td>320,901 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> </td> <td>2,512 </td> <td>885,700 </td> <td>61.6 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbreviations">Abbreviations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">Abbreviations</a> have been used as a shorthand way of grouping countries by their date of accession. </p> <ul><li><b>EU15</b> includes the fifteen countries in the European Union from 1 January 1995 to 30 April 2004. The EU15 comprised Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> still uses this expression.</li> <li><b>EU19</b> includes the countries in the EU15 as well as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> member countries of the OECD: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovak Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>EU11</b> is used to refer to the Central, <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic European</a> member states that joined in 2004, 2007 and 2013: in 2004 the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia; in 2007 Bulgaria, Romania; and in 2013 Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>EU27</b> means all the member states. It was originally used in this sense from 2007 until Croatia's accession in 2013, and during the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations</a> from 2017 until the United Kingdom's withdrawal on 31 January 2020 it came to mean all members except the UK.</li> <li><b>EU28</b> meant all the member states from the accession of Croatia in 2013 to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom in 2020.</li></ul> <p>Additionally, other abbreviations have been used to refer to countries which <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union#Summary" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">had limited access to the EU labour market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A8_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="A8 countries">A8</a> is eight of the ten countries that joined the EU in 2004, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia.</li> <li>A2 is the countries that joined the EU in 2007, Bulgaria and Romania.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_in_membership">Changes in membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Changes in membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlargement">Enlargement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enlargement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement of the European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement of the European Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EC-EU-enlargement_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/EC-EU-enlargement_animation.gif/300px-EC-EU-enlargement_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/EC-EU-enlargement_animation.gif/450px-EC-EU-enlargement_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/EC-EU-enlargement_animation.gif/600px-EC-EU-enlargement_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Member states of the European Union (dark blue) (1993–present). Pre-1993, the EU was known as the European Communities (sky blue). Animated in order of accession and secession.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Copenhagen criteria</a>, membership of the European Union is open to any European country that is a stable, <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free-market</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> that respects the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and human rights. Furthermore, it has to be willing to accept all the obligations of membership, such as adopting all previously agreed law (the 170,000 pages of <a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">acquis communautaire</a>) and switching to the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a state to join the European Union, the prior approval of all current member states is required. In addition to enlargement by adding new countries, the EU can also expand by having territories of member states, which are outside the EU, integrate more closely (for example in respect to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles">dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles</a>) or by a territory of a member state which had previously seceded and then rejoined (see withdrawal below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspension">Suspension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Suspension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Article_7_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union</a></div> <p>There is no provision to expel a member state, but <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_I:_Common_Provisions#Article_7" class="extiw" title="s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title I: Common Provisions">TEU Article 7</a> provides for the suspension of certain rights. Introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a>, Article 7 outlines that if a member persistently breaches the EU's founding principles (liberty, democracy, human rights and so forth, outlined in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_I:_Common_Provisions#Article_2" class="extiw" title="s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title I: Common Provisions">TEU Article 2</a>) then the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> can vote to suspend any rights of membership, such as voting and representation. Identifying the breach requires unanimity (excluding the state concerned), but sanctions require only a qualified majority.<sup id="cite_ref-suspend_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suspend-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state in question would still be bound by the obligations treaties and the Council acting by majority may alter or lift such sanctions. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a> included a preventive mechanism whereby the council, acting by majority, may identify a potential breach and make recommendations to the state to rectify it before action is taken against it as outlined above.<sup id="cite_ref-suspend_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suspend-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the treaties do not provide any mechanism to expel a member state outright.<sup id="cite_ref-expel_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal">Withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal from the European Union</a></div> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a>, there was no provision or procedure within any of the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties of the European Union</a> for a member state to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> or its predecessor organisations. The Lisbon Treaty changed this and included the first provision and procedure of a member state to leave the bloc. The procedure for a state to leave is outlined in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_VI:_Final_Provisions#Article_50" class="extiw" title="s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title VI: Final Provisions">TEU Article 50</a> which also makes clear that "Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements". Although it calls for a negotiated withdrawal between the seceding state and the rest of the EU, if no agreement is reached two years after the seceding state notifying of its intention to leave, it would cease to be subject to the treaties anyway (thus ensuring a right to unilateral withdrawal).<sup id="cite_ref-expel_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no formal limit to how much time a member state can take between adopting a policy of withdrawal, and actually triggering Article 50.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">referendum in June 2016</a>, the United Kingdom voted to withdraw from the EU. The UK government triggered Article 50 on 29 March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianMay_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianMay-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an extended period of negotiation and internal political debate the UK eventually withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 2016, no member state had voted to withdraw. However, <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Barthélemy">Saint-Barthélemy</a> did cease being part of the EU (or its predecessor) in 1962, 1985, and 2012, respectively, due to status changes. The situation of Greenland being outside the EU while still subject to an EU member state had been discussed as a template for the pro-EU regions of the UK remaining within the EU or its single market.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the formal withdrawal of a member state, there are a number of independence movements such as <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan independentism">Catalonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_partition_of_Belgium" title="Hypothetical partition of Belgium">Flanders</a> which could result in a similar situation to Greenland. Were a territory of a member state to secede but wish to remain in the EU, some scholars claim it would need to reapply to join as if it were a new country applying from scratch.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other studies claim internal enlargement is legally viable if, in case of a member state dissolution or secession, the resulting states are <i>all</i> considered <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a <a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">European Citizens' Initiative</a> that aims at guaranteeing the continuity of rights and obligations of the European citizens belonging to a new state arising from the democratic secession of a European Union member state.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation">Representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Familiefoto_europese_raad_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Familiefoto_europese_raad_2011.jpg/300px-Familiefoto_europese_raad_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Familiefoto_europese_raad_2011.jpg/450px-Familiefoto_europese_raad_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Familiefoto_europese_raad_2011.jpg/600px-Familiefoto_europese_raad_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4844" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption>A 2011 'family photo' of the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>, which comprises the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a> of the member states, along with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Each state has representation in the <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">institutions of the European Union</a>. Full membership gives the government of a member state a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>. When decisions are not being taken by <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qualified_majority_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualified majority voting">qualified majority voting</a> (which requires majorities both of the number of states and of the population they represent, but a sufficient <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Voting in the Council of the European Union">blocking minority</a> can veto the proposal). The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency of the Council of the European Union</a> rotates among each of the member states, allowing each state six months to help direct the agenda of the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, each state is assigned <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">seats in Parliament</a> according to their population (smaller countries receiving more seats per inhabitant than the larger ones). The members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> have been elected by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> since 1979 (before that, they were seconded from <a href="/wiki/National_parliaments_of_the_European_Union" title="National parliaments of the European Union">national parliaments</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The national governments appoint one member each to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a>. Prospective Commissioners must be confirmed both by the President of the Commission and by the European Parliament; prospective justices must be confirmed by the existing members. Historically, larger member states were granted an extra Commissioner. However, as the body grew, this right has been removed and each state is represented equally. The six largest states are also granted an Advocates General in the Court of Justice. Finally, the Governing Council of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> includes the governors of the national central banks (who may or may not be government appointed) of each <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">euro area</a> country.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larger states traditionally carry more weight in negotiations, however smaller states can be effective impartial mediators and citizens of smaller states are often appointed to sensitive top posts to avoid competition between the larger states. This, together with the disproportionate representation of the smaller states in terms of votes and seats in parliament, gives the smaller EU states a greater power of influence than is normally attributed to a state of their size. However most negotiations are still dominated by the larger states. This has traditionally been largely through the "<a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">Franco-German</a> motor" but Franco-German influence has diminished slightly following the <a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">influx of new members in 2004</a> (see <a href="/wiki/G6_(EU)" title="G6 (EU)">G6</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sovereignty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:400px; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Article 4</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <ol><li>In accordance with Article 5, competences not conferred upon the Union in the Treaties remain with the member states.</li> <li>The Union shall respect the equality of member states before the Treaties as well as their national identities, inherent in their fundamental structures, political and constitutional, inclusive of regional and local self-government. It shall respect their essential State functions, including ensuring the territorial integrity of the State, maintaining law and order and safeguarding national security. In particular, national security remains the sole responsibility of each member state.</li> <li>Pursuant to the principle of <a href="/wiki/Sincere_cooperation" title="Sincere cooperation">sincere cooperation</a>, the Union and the member states shall, in full mutual respect, assist each other in carrying out tasks which flow from the Treaties. The member states shall take any appropriate measure, general or particular, to ensure fulfilment of the obligations arising out of the Treaties or resulting from the acts of the institutions of the Union. The member states shall facilitate the achievement of the Union's tasks and refrain from any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the Union's objectives.</li></ol> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">– <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_I:_Common_Provisions#Article_4" class="extiw" title="s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title I: Common Provisions">Article 4 of the Treaty on European Union</a></cite></div> </div> <p>While the member states are sovereign, the union partially follows a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> system for those functions agreed by treaty to be shared. ("Competences not conferred upon the Union in the Treaties remain with the member states"). Previously limited to <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> matters, the practice, known as the '<a href="/wiki/Community_method" title="Community method">community method</a>', is currently used in many areas of policy. <i>Combined sovereignty</i> is delegated by each member to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions. This practice is often referred to as 'pooling of sovereignty'. Those institutions are then empowered to make laws and execute them at a European level. </p><p>If a state fails to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_European_Union" title="Law of the European Union">law of the European Union</a>, it may be fined or have funds withdrawn. </p><p>In contrast to some international organisations, the EU's style of integration as a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">union of states</a> does not "emphasise sovereignty or the separation of domestic and foreign affairs [and it] has become a highly developed system for mutual interference in each other's domestic affairs, right down to beer and sausages.".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on defence and foreign policy issues (and, pre-<a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a>, police and judicial matters) less sovereignty is transferred, with issues being dealt with by unanimity and co-operation. Very early on in the history of the EU, the unique state of its establishment and pooling of sovereignty was emphasised by the Court of Justice:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By creating a Community of unlimited duration, having its own institutions, its own personality, its own legal capacity and capacity of representation on the international plane and, more particularly, real powers stemming from a limitation of sovereignty or a transfer of powers from the States to Community, the Member States have limited their sovereign rights and have thus created a body of law which binds both their nationals and themselves...The transfer by the States from their domestic legal system to the Community legal system of the rights and obligations arising under the Treaty carries with it a permanent limitation of their sovereign rights. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> 1964, in reference to case of <a href="/wiki/Costa_v_ENEL" title="Costa v ENEL">Costa v ENEL</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The question of <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_(European_Union_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremacy (European Union law)">whether Union law is superior to State law</a> is subject to some debate. The treaties do not give a judgement on the matter but court judgements have established EU's law superiority over national law and it is affirmed in a declaration attached to the Treaty of Lisbon (the proposed <a href="/wiki/European_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="European Constitution">European Constitution</a> would have fully enshrined this). The legal systems of some states also explicitly accept the Court of Justice's interpretation, such as France and Italy, however in Poland it does not override the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Republic of Poland">state's constitution</a>, which it does in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact areas where the member states have given legislative competence to the Union are as follows. Every area not mentioned remains with member states.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competences">Competences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Competences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">subsidiarity</a></div> <p>In EU terminology, the term 'competence' means 'authority or responsibility to act'. The table below shows which aspects of governance are exclusively for collective action (through the commission) and which are shared to a greater or lesser extent. If an aspect is not listed in the table below, then it remains the exclusive competence of the member state. Perhaps the best known example is taxation, which remains a matter of state sovereignty. </p> <table style="width:100%;background:none;"> <caption><b>Competences of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in relation to those of its <a class="mw-selflink selflink">member states</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist" style="float:right;font-size:100%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EU_competences" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:EU competences"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EU_competences" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:EU competences"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EU_competences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EU competences"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="width:25%;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:25%;border:1px solid #9db0f6;background:#becdf1; padding:5px; font-weight:bold">Exclusive competence </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:50%;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:50%;border:1px solid #bac6f4;background:#d7dff4;padding:5px; font-weight:bold">Shared competence </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:25%;border:1px solid #e6ecfd;background:#f3f5fd;padding:5px; font-weight:bold">Supporting competence </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#9db0f6;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;"><i>The Union has exclusive competence to make directives and conclude international agreements when provided for in a Union legislative act as to …</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#9db0f6;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">customs union</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the establishing of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">competition rules</a> necessary for the functioning of the internal market</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the conservation of marine biological resources under the <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">common fisheries policy</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/EU_Common_Commercial_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Common Commercial Policy">Common Commercial Policy</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">conclusion of certain <a href="/wiki/International_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International agreement">international agreements</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;"><i>Member States cannot exercise competence in areas where the Union has done so, that is …</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">internal market</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">social policy, for the aspects defined in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union">this Treaty</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">economic, social and territorial cohesion</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">fisheries</a>, excluding the conservation of marine biological resources</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment in the European Union">environment</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">consumer protection</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_European_Union" title="Transport in the European Union">transport</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Networks" title="Trans-European Networks">trans-European networks</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">energy</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the <a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">area of freedom, security and justice</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defined in this Treaty</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;"><i>Union exercise of competence shall not result in Member States being prevented from exercising theirs in …</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding-bottom:5px;border-bottom:4px solid white;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">research, technological development and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Space Policy">(outer) space</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">development cooperation, humanitarian aid</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;"><i>The Union coordinates Member States policies or implements supplemental to their common policies not covered elsewhere in …</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the coordination of economic, employment and social policies</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">common <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">foreign, security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">defence</a> policies</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e6ecfd;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;"><i>The Union can carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement Member States' actions in …</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#e6ecfd;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the protection and improvement of human health</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">industry</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">culture</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">tourism</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">education</a>, youth, <a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">sport</a> and vocational training</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">civil protection (disaster prevention)</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">administrative cooperation</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditional_mutual_support">Conditional mutual support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conditional mutual support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/European_sovereign_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign debt crisis">European sovereign debt crisis</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> states were given a <a href="/wiki/Bailout" title="Bailout">bailout</a> from their fellow members via the <a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism</a> (replaced by the <a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a> from 2013), but this came with conditions. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a>, Greece accepted a large austerity plan including privatisations and a sell off of state assets in exchange for their bailout. To ensure that Greece complied with the conditions set by the <a href="/wiki/European_troika" class="mw-redirect" title="European troika">European troika</a> (ECB, IMF, Commission), a 'large-scale technical assistance' from the European Commission and other member states was deployed to Greek government ministries. Some, including the <a href="/wiki/Euro_Group#President" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro Group">President of the Euro Group</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a>, stated that "the sovereignty of Greece will be massively limited."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-protectorate_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protectorate-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation of the bailed out countries (Greece, Portugal and Ireland) has been described as being a <a href="/wiki/Ward_(law)" title="Ward (law)">ward</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a><sup id="cite_ref-protectorate_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protectorate-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the EU with some such as the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> calling for a formalisation of the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multi-speed_integration">Multi-speed integration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Multi-speed integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_integration#Multi-speed_Europe" title="European integration">European integration § Multi-speed Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">Opt-outs in the European Union</a></div> <p>EU integration is not always symmetrical, with some states proceeding with integration ahead of hold-outs. There are several different forms of closer integration both within and outside the EU's normal framework. One mechanism is <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">enhanced cooperation</a> where nine or more states can use EU structures to progress in a field that not all states are willing to partake in.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some states have gained an <a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-out</a> in the founding treaties from participating in certain policy areas.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_systems">Political systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_political_system" title="List of European Union member states by political system">List of European Union member states by political system</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_member_states_by_form_of_government.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/European_Union_member_states_by_form_of_government.svg/220px-European_Union_member_states_by_form_of_government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/European_Union_member_states_by_form_of_government.svg/330px-European_Union_member_states_by_form_of_government.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/European_Union_member_states_by_form_of_government.svg/440px-European_Union_member_states_by_form_of_government.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C90000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9B37; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0F000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00E673; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The admission of a new state the Union is limited to liberal democracies and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> ranks all EU states as being totally free electoral democracies.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All but 4 are ranked at the top 1.0 rating.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the exact political system of a state is not limited, with each state having its own system based on its historical evolution. </p><p>More than half of member states—16 out of 27—are <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republics</a>, while six states are <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a>, meaning they have a monarch although political powers are exercised by elected politicians. Most republics and all the monarchies operate a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> whereby the head of state (president or monarch) has a largely ceremonial role with <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a>. That means most power is in the hands of what is called in most of those countries the prime minister, who is accountable to the <a href="/wiki/National_parliaments_of_the_European_Union" title="National parliaments of the European Union">national parliament</a>. Of the remaining republics, four<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> operate a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a>, where competences are shared between the president and prime minister, while one republic operates a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>, where the president is head of both state and government. </p><p>Parliamentary structure in member states varies: there are 15 <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> national parliaments and 12 <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> parliaments. The prime minister and government are usually directly accountable to the directly elected <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> and require its support to stay in office—the exception being Cyprus with its presidential system. <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper houses</a> are composed differently in different member states: it can be directly elected like the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Polish senate</a>; indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures like the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Council of Austria">Federal Council of Austria</a>; or unelected, but representing certain interest groups like the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Slovenia">National Council of Slovenia</a>. All elections in member states use some form of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. The most common type of proportional representation is the <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list system</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are also differences in the level of <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a> for the sub-regions of a member state. Most states, especially the smaller ones, are <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary states</a>; meaning all major political power is concentrated at the national level. 9 states allocate power to more local levels of government. Austria, Belgium and Germany are full federations, meaning their regions have constitutional autonomies. Denmark, Finland, France and the Netherlands are <a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">federacies</a>, meaning some regions have autonomy but most do not. Spain and Italy have systems of <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a> where regions have autonomy, but the national government retains the legal right to revoke it.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>States such as France have a number of <a href="/wiki/Special_Member_State_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Member State territories and the European Union">overseas territories</a>, retained from their <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">former empires</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement of the European Union</a> (1973–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (integration with the EFTA States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">Microstates and the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">Special member state territories and the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">United Kingdom membership of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal from the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">Member states of NATO</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">first states</a> first formed the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> in 1952 and then created the parallel <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> in 1958. Although the latter was later, it is more often considered the immediate predecessor to the EU. The former has always shared the same membership and has since been absorbed by the EU, which was formally established in 1993.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_state_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_GIND__custom_7127262/default/table">"Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+change+-+Demographic+balance+and+crude+rates+at+national+level&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2FDEMO_GIND__custom_7127262%2Fdefault%2Ftable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-area-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-area_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_11352231/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=fabcfca6-4abb-4a84-ac1c-7bb335af436a">"Area by NUTS 3 region"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Area+by+NUTS+3+region&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Freg_area3__custom_11352231%2Fbookmark%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den%26bookmarkId%3Dfabcfca6-4abb-4a84-ac1c-7bb335af436a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-council_procedure-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-council_procedure_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-council_procedure_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2021/2320/oj">Council Decision (EU, Euratom) 2021/2320 of 22 December 2021 amending the Council's Rules of Procedure</a> (Decision 2021/2320). Council of the European Union. 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Council+Decision+%28EU%2C+Euratom%29+2021%2F2320+of+22+December+2021+amending+the+Council%27s+Rules+of+Procedure&rft.pub=Council+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Feli%2Fdec%2F2021%2F2320%2Foj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">at <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">purchasing power parity, per capita</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geary–Khamis dollar">international dollars</a> (rounded)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"IMF"</a>. <i>www.imf.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Deal+shows+Merkel+has+staked+out+strong+role%5D&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft.au=Peel%2C+Q&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fd599e1a0-3912-11df-8970-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_(strategist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Cooper (strategist)">Cooper, Robert</a> (7 April 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,680117,00.html">Why we still need empires</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110621231953/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,680117,00.html">Archived</a> 21 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (London)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Notice.do?mode=dbl&lng1=en,en&lang=&lng2=de,en,fi,fr,it,nl,sv,&val=5203:cs&page=&hwords=null">ECJ opinion on Costa vs ENEL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017123153/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Notice.do?mode=dbl&lng1=en,en&lang=&lng2=de,en,fi,fr,it,nl,sv,&val=5203:cs&page=&hwords=null">Archived</a> 17 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Eur-Lex</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61964CJ0006">Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1964. Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Giudice conciliatore di Milano - Italy. Case 6-64.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229142104/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61964CJ0006">Archived</a> 29 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Eur-Lex</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/primacy-of-eu-law-precedence-supremacy.html">"Primacy of EU law (precedence, supremacy) - EUR-Lex"</a>. <i>eur-lex.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eur-lex.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Primacy+of+EU+law+%28precedence%2C+supremacy%29+-+EUR-Lex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FEN%2Flegal-content%2Fglossary%2Fprimacy-of-eu-law-precedence-supremacy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_842">"The European Commission decides to refer POLAND to the Court of Justice of the European Union for violations of EU law by its Constitutional Tribunal"</a>. <i>European Commission - European Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission+-+European+Commission&rft.atitle=The+European+Commission+decides+to+refer+POLAND+to+the+Court+of+Justice+of+the+European+Union+for+violations+of+EU+law+by+its+Constitutional+Tribunal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Fen%2Fip_23_842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXT">Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - Tables of equivalences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227053044/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXT">Archived</a> 27 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Eur-Lex</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As outlined in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Part_One:_Principles#TITLE_I:_CATEGORIES_AND_AREAS_OF_UNION_COMPETENCE" class="extiw" title="s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union/Part One: Principles">Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirschbaum, Erik (3 July 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschbaum2011" class="citation news cs1">Kirschbaum, Erik (3 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-juncker-idUSTRE7620ZK20110703">"Greek sovereignty to be massively limited: Juncker"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001133749/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/03/us-greece-juncker-idUSTRE7620ZK20110703">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Greek+sovereignty+to+be+massively+limited%3A+Juncker&rft.date=2011-07-03&rft.aulast=Kirschbaum&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-greece-juncker-idUSTRE7620ZK20110703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahony, Honor (4 July 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euobserver.com/9/32582">Greece faces 'massive' loss of sovereignty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707103730/http://euobserver.com/9/32582/">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/EUobserver" title="EUobserver">EUobserver</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-protectorate-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-protectorate_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-protectorate_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/news-brief-cover/755611-athens-becomes-eu-protectorate">Athens becomes EU 'protectorate'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713200429/http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/news-brief-cover/755611-athens-becomes-eu-protectorate">Archived</a> 13 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Greece" title="List of newspapers in Greece">To Ethnos</a> via PressEurop 4 July 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald, Kyran (15 October 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/arid-20170819.html">Reform agenda's leading light</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923135456/https://www.irishexaminer.com/">Archived</a> 23 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Examiner" title="Irish Examiner">Irish Examiner</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coy, Peter (13 January 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_04/b4212009727572.htm">If Demography Is Destiny, Then India Has the Edge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032801/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_04/b4212009727572.htm">Archived</a> 6 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahler <i>et al</i> (2 September 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,676507,00.html">How Brussels Is Trying to Prevent a Collapse of the Euro</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010112955/http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,676507,00.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openeuropeblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/economic-protectorate.html">The Economic Protectorate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108220006/http://openeuropeblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/economic-protectorate.html">Archived</a> 8 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_Europe" title="Open Europe">Open Europe</a> (4 February 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2011" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Leigh (7 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euobserver.com/19/113552">"Netherlands: Indebted states must be made 'wards' of the commission or leave euro"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EU_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Observer">EU Observer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025202309/http://euobserver.com/19/113552">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EU+Observer&rft.atitle=Netherlands%3A+Indebted+states+must+be+made+%27wards%27+of+the+commission+or+leave+euro&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2F19%2F113552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/10/12-eppo-20-ms-confirms/">"20 member states confirm the creation of an European Public Prosecutor's Office"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>. 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Juncker+to+oppose+multispeed+Europe&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fjuncker-to-oppose-multispeed-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/institutional/138832">Macron revives multi-speed Europe idea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229231647/https://euobserver.com/institutional/138832">Archived</a> 29 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, EUObserver 30 August 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2018">"Freedom in the World 2018: Democracy in Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007111055/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2018%3A+Democracy+in+Crisis&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world%2Ffreedom-world-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2018-table-country-scores">"Freedom in the World 2018: Table of Country Scores"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411130830/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2018-table-country-scores">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2018%3A+Table+of+Country+Scores&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world-2018-table-country-scores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarry2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McGarry, John (2010). 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Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 148–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4230-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4230-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-4230-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=148-179&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4230-0&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMember+state+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Union_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_topics" title="Template talk:European Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Union_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union (1948–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (1954–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (1967–2009)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (1958–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community (1993–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">Financial stability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste#Dissolution" title="Free Territory of Trieste">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon#After_1945" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy#21st_century" title="Saint Barthélemy">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_border_of_the_European_Union" title="External border of the European Union">External border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(first-level NUTS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Supreme audit institution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Court_of_Auditors" title="Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />international-law<br />EU bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li> <li>EIB Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">European Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">Citizens' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union"><i>Official Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_preference_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community preference (EU)">Community preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">Health expense per person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">Federalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">Differentiated integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_partnership" title="Privileged partnership">Privileged partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower#European_Union" title="Potential superpower">Potential superpower status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Judicial_Network" title="European Judicial Network">European Judicial Network</a> (criminal matters)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Judicial_Network_in_civil_and_commercial_matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (page does not exist)">European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity card">identity card</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthCare_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthCare in the European Union (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">Labour mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_value_added_tax" title="European Union value added tax">VAT Area</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign <br />relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Gateway_Programme" title="EU Gateway Programme">EU Gateway Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Strategy_for_the_South_Caucasus" title="EU Strategy for the South Caucasus">EU Strategy for the South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Current agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_European_History" title="House of European History">House of European History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_laissez-passer" title="European Union laissez-passer">Laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_European_Union" title="Public holidays in the European Union">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Europe" title="Telephone numbers in Europe">Telephone numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European 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