CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of the European Union - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d5417210-baa2-4608-9dd2-d26d7420e08b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_the_European_Union","wgTitle":"History of the European Union","wgCurRevisionId":1256392801,"wgRevisionId":1256392801,"wgArticleId":39767,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2019","Use British English from March 2013","Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from July 2022", "Commons category link is on Wikidata","History of the European Union"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_the_European_Union","wgRelevantArticleId":39767,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q212114","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/800px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/640px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of the European Union - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_the_European_Union rootpage-History_of_the_European_Union skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+the+European+Union" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+the+European+Union" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+the+European+Union" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+the+European+Union" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_Europe_as_a_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_Europe_as_a_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Development of Europe as a region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_Europe_as_a_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of Europe as a region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_Europe_as_a_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_as_a_continent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_as_a_continent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Europe as a continent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_as_a_continent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Europes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Europes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Roman Europes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Europes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Europes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Europes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other Europes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Europes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideas of European unity before 1948</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideas of European unity before 1948 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_World_War_I_to_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_World_War_I_to_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>From World War I to World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_World_War_I_to_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_(1939–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_(1939–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>World War II (1939–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_(1939–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_(1945–1948)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_(1945–1948)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aftermath (1945–1948)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_(1945–1948)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_years_(1948–1957)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_years_(1948–1957)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Initial years (1948–1957)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_years_(1948–1957)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1958–1972:_Three_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1958–1972:_Three_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1958–1972: Three communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1958–1972:_Three_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1973–1993:_Enlargement_to_Delors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1973–1993:_Enlargement_to_Delors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1973–1993: Enlargement to Delors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1973–1993:_Enlargement_to_Delors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993–2004:_Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993–2004:_Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1993–2004: Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993–2004:_Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004–2007:_The_great_enlargement_and_consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004–2007:_The_great_enlargement_and_consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>2004–2007: The great enlargement and consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004–2007:_The_great_enlargement_and_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008–2016:_European_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008–2016:_European_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>2008–2016: European crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008–2016:_European_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016–2020:_Brexit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016–2020:_Brexit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>2016–2020: Brexit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016–2020:_Brexit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020–2022:_Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020–2022:_Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>2020–2022: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020–2022:_Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022–present:_Impact_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022–present:_Impact_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>2022–present: Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022–present:_Impact_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023–present_:_Impact_of_the_Iran–Israel_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023–present_:_Impact_of_the_Iran–Israel_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>2023–present : Impact of the Iran–Israel conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023–present_:_Impact_of_the_Iran–Israel_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024:_The_Draghi_Report_and_the_new_European_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024:_The_Draghi_Report_and_the_new_European_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>2024: The Draghi Report and the new European challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024:_The_Draghi_Report_and_the_new_European_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Structural evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the European Union</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geskiedenis_van_die_Europese_Parlement" title="Geskiedenis van die Europese Parlement – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geskiedenis van die Europese Parlement" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="تاريخ الاتحاد الأوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الاتحاد الأوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_Xuni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Historia de la Xunión Europea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de la Xunión Europea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়নের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়নের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гісторыя Еўрапейскага саюза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Еўрапейскага саюза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Evropske_unije" title="Historija Evropske unije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Historija Evropske unije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Europea" title="Història de la Unió Europea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de la Unió Europea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Evropsk%C3%A9_unie" title="Dějiny Evropské unie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Evropské unie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_yr_Undeb_Ewropeaidd" title="Hanes yr Undeb Ewropeaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes yr Undeb Ewropeaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Europ%C3%A6iske_Unions_historie" title="Den Europæiske Unions historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Europæiske Unions historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Europ%C3%A4ischen_Union" title="Geschichte der Europäischen Union – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte der Europäischen Union" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Historia de la Unión Europea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de la Unión Europea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europar_Batasuneko_historia" title="Europar Batasuneko historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europar Batasuneko historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="تاریخ اتحادیه اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ اتحادیه اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Union_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Histoire de l'Union européenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'Union européenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_da_Uni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Historia da Unión Europea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia da Unión Europea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="유럽 연합의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽 연합의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Եվրոպական միության պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպական միության պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Europske_unije" title="Povijest Europske unije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Europske unije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Uni_Eropa" title="Sejarah Uni Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Uni Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_Union_Europee" title="Historia del Union Europee – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Historia del Union Europee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_dell%27integrazione_europea" title="Storia dell'integrazione europea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia dell'integrazione europea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99" title="היסטוריה של האיחוד האירופי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של האיחוד האירופי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europos_S%C4%85jungos_istorija" title="Europos Sąjungos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Europos Sąjungos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Eur%C3%B3pai_Uni%C3%B3_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete" title="Az Európai Unió története – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Európai Unió története" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Европската Унија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Европската Унија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Sejarah Kesatuan Eropah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Kesatuan Eropah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Europese_Unie" title="Geschiedenis van de Europese Unie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de Europese Unie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="欧州連合の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欧州連合の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Европин бертан истори – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Европин бертан истори" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_europeiske_unions_historie" title="Den europeiske unions historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den europeiske unions historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%90_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87" title="د اروپایي اتحادیې تاریخچه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اروپایي اتحادیې تاریخچه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischri_a_di_Yuropiyan_Yunian" title="Ischri a di Yuropiyan Yunian – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ischri a di Yuropiyan Yunian" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Unii_Europejskiej" title="Historia Unii Europejskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Unii Europejskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Uni%C3%A3o_Europeia" title="História da União Europeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da União Europeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Uniunii_Europene" title="Istoria Uniunii Europene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Uniunii Europene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="История Европейского союза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Европейского союза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Bashkimit_Evropian" title="Historia e Bashkimit Evropian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Bashkimit Evropian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Evropske_unije" title="Zgodovina Evropske unije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Evropske unije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Историја Европске уније – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Европске уније" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Evropske_unije" title="Historija Evropske unije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historija Evropske unije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopan_unionin_historia" title="Euroopan unionin historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euroopan unionin historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeiska_unionens_historia" title="Europeiska unionens historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europeiska unionens historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றிய வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றிய வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa_Birli%C4%9Fi_tarihi" title="Avrupa Birliği tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa Birliği tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Історія Європейського Союзу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Європейського Союзу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Li%C3%AAn_minh_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u" title="Lịch sử Liên minh châu Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Liên minh châu Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="欧洲联盟历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧洲联盟历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212114#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_European_Union" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_the_European_Union" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_the_European_Union" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&oldid=1256392801" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_the_European_Union&id=1256392801&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_the_European_Union"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_the_European_Union"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_the_European_Union&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_European_Union" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212114" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Category:History of the European Union">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the<br />European Union</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/120px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/180px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/240px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Pre-1948 ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">2004–present</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Organisation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1958–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1952–2002)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1958–1993)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1958–present)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community#European_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1993–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters">Justice and Home Affairs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1993–2003)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters">Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (2003–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> pillar</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1993–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1954–2011)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1948–1954)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1951</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2007</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">Commissions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Commission" title="Hallstein Commission">Hallstein Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rey_Commission" title="Rey Commission">Rey Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malfatti_Commission" title="Malfatti Commission">Malfatti Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mansholt_Commission" title="Mansholt Commission">Mansholt Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1972</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ortoli_Commission" title="Ortoli Commission">Ortoli Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Commission_(EU)" title="Jenkins Commission (EU)">Jenkins Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thorn_Commission" title="Thorn Commission">Thorn Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1981</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delors_Commission" title="Delors Commission">Delors Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santer_Commission" title="Santer Commission">Santer Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1994</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prodi_Commission" title="Prodi Commission">Prodi Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Juncker_Commission" title="Juncker Commission">Juncker Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission" title="Von der Leyen Commission">Von der Leyen Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2019</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">History of the euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="History of the Common Security and Defence Policy">History of defence integration</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">History of enlargement</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">List of presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">List of founders</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:History of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:History of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geo-political</a> entity, created in 1993, covering a large portion of the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European continent</a>. It is founded upon numerous treaties and has undergone expansions and secessions that have taken it from six <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> to 27, a majority of the states in Europe. </p><p>Since the beginning of the institutionalised modern European integration in 1948, the development of the European Union has been based on a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> foundation that would "make war unthinkable and materially impossible"<sup id="cite_ref-Schuman_Project_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuman_Project-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schuman.info_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schuman.info-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reinforce democracy amongst its members<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as laid out by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a> and other leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a> (1950) and the <a href="/wiki/Europe_Declaration" title="Europe Declaration">Europe Declaration</a> (1951). This principle was at the heart of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> (ECSC) (1951), the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris (1951)</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> (1958) which established the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a> (EAEC). The <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> (1992) created the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of the European Union">pillars system</a>, including foreign and home affairs alongside the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>. This in turn led to the creation of the single European currency, <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">the euro</a> (launched 1999). The ECSC expired in 2002. The Maastricht Treaty has been amended by the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Nice</a> (2001) and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (2007), the latter merging the three pillars into a single legal entity, though the EAEC has maintained a distinct legal identity despite sharing members and institutions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_Europe_as_a_region">Development of Europe as a region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development of Europe as a region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_as_a_continent">Europe as a continent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Europe as a continent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The known world in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> was differentiated into three landmasses: <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, giving rise to identifying the European landmass as a coherent area, a <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Europes">Roman Europes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman Europes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European landmass was populated and territorialized by many long before its conceptualization as a coherent continent. But the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, an empire built on the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic world">Hellenistic world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Alexandrian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, became the first state to control the whole <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> and also large parts, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western parts</a> of the European landmass. This historic prominence in the Mediterranean Basin and Europe has been invoked by states that came after it, claiming succession to Roman authority and to legitimate their rule over lands throughout the former Roman <a href="/wiki/Ecumene#Rome" title="Ecumene">eucomene</a>, and therefore also in Europe, particularly in Western Europe, the lands of the later <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The latter established Western Europe as a coherent and independent political area of Europe, which has taken sometimes prominence, as simply <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>, over the concept of Europe. Similarly other concepts for Europe as a coherent political space have been used, such as for example <a href="/wiki/Frangistan" title="Frangistan">Frangistan</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/220px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/330px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/440px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption>The Frankish Empire at its greatest extent, ca. 814 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The claims for the succession of the control over the West, after <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">the fall of Western Rome in 476</a> developed into the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">translatio imperii</a></i> ("transfer of rule") through the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>, enabling claims by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> (481/800–843) and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (800/962–1806).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, during and after the Roman Empire the concept <i><a href="/wiki/Renovatio_imperii_Romanorum" title="Renovatio imperii Romanorum">renovatio imperii</a></i> ("restoration of the empire") was employed,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in the forms of the religiously inspired <i>Imperium Christianum</i> ("christian empire"),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later the <i>Reichsidee</i> ("imperial idea"),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to establish and sustain a coherent political region. As such the position and extent of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Papacy</a> over a range of European lands has been a force, while not exclusively European, capable of rallying European powers under a common Christian identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagdenHamilton200289_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagdenHamilton200289-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMather200616–18_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMather200616–18-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That said, some European powers, such as <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (after the installment of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> with <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> challenged the Western Roman authority through the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>, while <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> also challenged the Papal one with <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. </p><p>The Greek <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rome">Eastern Rome</a>, also called Byzantine Empire, remained long after the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, sustaining a coherent political space also over large areas of Europe, particularly of (South-) <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, or simply <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">the East</a>, giving rise to the other major particular Europe. With the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of the Eastern Roman Empire</a> in 1453, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russian Tsardom</a>, and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Empire</a> (1547–1917), with Moscow as the so-called <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Third Rome</a>, used claims of inheritance of the eastern Roman Empire to legitimate their rule over larger areas of Europe, though not exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Frankish Empire has had a symbolic relevance for the building of Europe since the 20th century: <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> is often regarded as the "Father of Europe" and a similarity between the borders of Charlemagne's Empire and that of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> was made explicit during the 1965 Aachen exhibition sponsored by the Council of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kikuchi Yoshio (菊池良生) of <a href="/wiki/Meiji_University" title="Meiji University">Meiji University</a> suggested that the notion of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> as a federal political entity influenced the later structural ideas of the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Europes">Other Europes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other Europes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>But also other <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a> of Europe have established, independently from Rome and Byzantine, their European realms, such as a range of pre-Roman or pre-Christian Greek, Germanic, Celtic, Slavic and Hungarian powers, <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanates</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Emirate">Sicilian Emirate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideas of European unity before 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/150px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/225px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/300px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_regina" title="Europa regina">Europa regina</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a>'s "<i><a href="/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)" title="Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)">Cosmographia</a></i>", 1570</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s 1946 call for a "<a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">United States of Europe</a>", the original development of the European Union was based on a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> foundation that would "make war unthinkable and materially impossible"<sup id="cite_ref-Schuman_Project_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuman_Project-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schuman.info_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schuman.info-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A peaceful means of some consolidation of European territories used to be provided by <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic unions</a>; less common were country-level unions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 15th century, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a> <a href="/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="George of Poděbrady">George of Poděbrady</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Establishment_of_Peace_throughout_Christendom" title="Treaty on the Establishment of Peace throughout Christendom">Treaty on the Establishment of Peace throughout Christendom</a> which sought to end military conflict between Christian kingdoms of Europe. The treaty proposed a multilateral framework, including a peaceful dispute resolution process, but despite a vigorous promotional campaign, the proposal was ultimately unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effort has been occasionally noted as a first coherent proposal for a proto-European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1818)" title="Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)">Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1818</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Tsar Alexander</a>, as the most advanced internationalist of the day, suggested a kind of permanent European union and even proposed the maintenance of international military forces to provide recognised states with support against changes by violence.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pan-European political thought truly emerged during the 19th century, inspired by the liberal ideas of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolutions</a>. The following <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> (1804–1815), brought down the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, enabled <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and following the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ideals of internationalism like with <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> and European unity flourished across the continent, especially in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jastrz%C4%99bowski" title="Wojciech Jastrzębowski">Wojciech Jastrzębowski</a> (1799–1882)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> (1805–1872).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">United States of Europe</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">États-Unis d'Europe</i>) was used at that time by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> (1802–1885) during a speech at the <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Congress" title="International Peace Congress">International Peace Congress</a> held in Paris in 1849: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood ... A day will come when we shall see ... the United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face, reaching out for each other across the seas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_World_War_I_to_World_War_II">From World War I to World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From World War I to World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg/220px-Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg/330px-Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg/440px-Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>1922 <a href="/wiki/European_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="European flag">European flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristide_Briand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aristide_Briand.png/220px-Aristide_Briand.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aristide_Briand.png/330px-Aristide_Briand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aristide_Briand.png/440px-Aristide_Briand.png 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, the consciousness that national markets in Europe were interdependent though confrontational, along with the observation of a larger and growing US market on the other side of the ocean, nourished the urge for the economic integration of the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiserVarsori2010140_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiserVarsori2010140-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, advocating the creation of a European <a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic union</a>, the British economist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> wrote that "a Free Trade Union should be established ... to impose no protectionist tariffs whatever against the produce of other members of the Union."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same decade, the <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>, in light of the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Habsburg Empire</a>, imagined as one of the first modern political unions of Europe, founded the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Pan-Europa Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ideas influenced his contemporaries, among whom was then-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>. As French prime minister, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Nobel Peace Prize laureate</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a> and follower of the Paneuropean Union Aristide Briand delivered a widely recognized speech at the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> on 5 September 1929 for a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">federal Europe</a> to secure Europe and settle the historic <a href="/wiki/Franco-German_enmity" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-German enmity">Franco-German enmity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulz_2010_g046_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulz_2010_g046-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelsson_2019_n549_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelsson_2019_n549-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_(1939–1945)"><span id="World_War_II_.281939.E2.80.931945.29"></span>World War II (1939–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II (1939–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/220px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/330px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/440px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>After two devastating world wars, the political climate favoured an international unity that could preserve peace in Europe effectively (<a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, after a massive <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">bombing in 1943</a> in the picture).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> from 1939 to 1945 demonstrated more than ever the horrors of war, but particularly also of <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a>, of discrimination and of genocide. As with devastating wars before, there was a desire to ensure it could never happen again, particularly with the war bringing the world <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. Most European countries failed to maintain their <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Power</a> status, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which became a superpower after World War II and maintained that status for 45 years. This left two rival ideologically opposed superpowers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With large scale war being waged in Europe once again in the 1930s and becoming <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the question of what to fight against and what for, had to be agreed on. A first agreement was the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> of 1941, when <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II resistance">Europe's resistance</a> gathered in London. This was expanded on by the 1941 <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and their common goals, inciting a new wave of global international institutions like the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">founded 1945</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretton Woods System">Bretton Woods System</a> (1944).<sup id="cite_ref-Office_of_the_Historian_1946_r351_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Office_of_the_Historian_1946_r351-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">1943 Moscow Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> plans to establish joint institutions for a post-war world and Europe became increasingly an agenda. This led to a decision at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> in 1944 to form a <a href="/wiki/European_Advisory_Commission" title="European Advisory Commission">European Advisory Commission</a>, later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Foreign_Ministers" title="Council of Foreign Ministers">Council of Foreign Ministers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a>, following the German surrender and the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> in 1945. </p><p>With war still raging, resistance movements formulated their vision of a post-war Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Ventotene_Manifesto" title="Ventotene Manifesto">Ventotene prison Manifesto</a> of 1941 by <a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a> propagated European integration through the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Resistance">Italian Resistance</a> and after 1943 through the Italian <a href="/wiki/European_Federalist_Movement" title="European Federalist Movement">European Federalist Movement</a>. In March 1943, in a radio address, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s leader Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> spoke warmly of "restoring the true greatness of Europe" once victory had been achieved, and mused on the post-war creation of a "Council of Europe" which would bring the European nations together to build peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Klos_2017_51_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klos_2017_51-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Churchill_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churchill-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_(1945–1948)"><span id="Aftermath_.281945.E2.80.931948.29"></span>Aftermath (1945–1948)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath (1945–1948)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Roosevelt_and_Winston_Churchill_seated_on_the_quarterdeck_of_HMS_PRINCE_OF_WALES_for_a_Sunday_service_during_the_Atlantic_Conference,_10_August_1941._A4815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/President_Roosevelt_and_Winston_Churchill_seated_on_the_quarterdeck_of_HMS_PRINCE_OF_WALES_for_a_Sunday_service_during_the_Atlantic_Conference%2C_10_August_1941._A4815.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/President_Roosevelt_and_Winston_Churchill_seated_on_the_quarterdeck_of_HMS_PRINCE_OF_WALES_for_a_Sunday_service_during_the_Atlantic_Conference%2C_10_August_1941._A4815.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/President_Roosevelt_and_Winston_Churchill_seated_on_the_quarterdeck_of_HMS_PRINCE_OF_WALES_for_a_Sunday_service_during_the_Atlantic_Conference%2C_10_August_1941._A4815.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (right, during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Conference">Atlantic Conference</a>), consistent advocate of continential European integration, later along with his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the war European integration became seen as an antidote to the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme nationalism">extreme nationalism</a> which caused the war.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 September 1946 in a much recognized speech <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> reiterated his calls since 1930 for a "European Union" and "Council of Europe", at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Zürich">University of Zürich</a>. After leaving office, Churchill called as a civilian for a <a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">United States of Europe</a>. Coincidentally<sup id="cite_ref-Union_of_European_Federalists_(UEF)_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Union_of_European_Federalists_(UEF)-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parallel to his speech the <a href="/wiki/Hertensteiner_Cross" title="Hertensteiner Cross">Hertenstein Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Weggis" title="Weggis">in the Lucerne Canton</a> was being held, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the then founded and later constituting members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>, who successfully established during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> the oldest organization for European integration, the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a>, founded in June 1947 the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Union" title="European Parliamentary Union">European Parliamentary Union</a> (EPU). To ensure Germany could never threaten the peace again, its heavy industry was partly dismantled (See: <a href="/wiki/Allied_plans_for_German_industry_after_World_War_II" title="Allied plans for German industry after World War II">Allied plans for German industry after World War II</a>) and its main coal-producing regions were either awarded to neighbouring countries (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>), managed as separate directly by an occupying power (<a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or put under international control (<a href="/wiki/Ruhr_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr area">Ruhr area</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-yoder_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoder-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though by 1947 a growing rift between the western Allied Powers and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> became evident as a result of the rigged <a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Polish legislative election">1947 Polish legislative election</a> which constituted an open breach of the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalta Agreement">Yalta Agreement</a>, followed by the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> on 12 March 1947. On 4 March 1947 France and the United Kingdom signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dunkirk" title="Treaty of Dunkirk">Treaty of Dunkirk</a> for mutual assistance in the event of future military aggression in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> against any of the pair. The rationale for the treaty was the threat of a potential future military attack, specifically a Soviet one in practice, though publicised under the disguise of a German one, according to the official statements. Immediately following the <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">February 1948 coup d'état</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_Six-Power_Conference" title="London Six-Power Conference">London Six-Power Conference</a> was held, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> boycott of the Allied Control Council and its incapacitation, an event marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The remainder of the year 1948 marked the beginning of the institutionalised modern European integration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_years_(1948–1957)"><span id="Initial_years_.281948.E2.80.931957.29"></span>Initial years (1948–1957)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Initial years (1948–1957)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" title="History of European integration (1948–1957)">History of European integration (1948–1957)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Western Union</figcaption></figure> <p>With the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Treaty of Brussels</a> was signed in 1948 establishing the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a> (WU) as the first organisation, followed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr</a>. In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_European_Economic_Co-operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for European Economic Co-operation">Organization for European Economic Co-operation</a>, the predecessor of the OECD, was also founded to manage the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> responded with establishing the <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht,_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg/220px-Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg/330px-Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg/440px-Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3397" data-file-height="2854" /></a><figcaption>Meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Ridderzaal" title="Ridderzaal">Hall of Knights</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Europe" title="Congress of Europe">Congress of Europe</a> (9 May 1948)</figcaption></figure> <p>A pivotal moment in European integration was the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Congress (1948)">Hague Congress</a> of May 1948, as it led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Europe" title="College of Europe">College of Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most importantly to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> on the 5th of May 1949 (now known as <a href="/wiki/Europe_Day" title="Europe Day">Europe Day</a>). The Council of Europe was the first institution to bring the sovereign nations of Western Europe together, raising great hopes and fevered debates in the following two years for further European integration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It has since been a broad forum to further cooperation and shared issues, achieving things like the 1950-signed <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schuman_Declaration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Schuman_Declaration.jpg/220px-Schuman_Declaration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Schuman_Declaration.jpg/330px-Schuman_Declaration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/Schuman_Declaration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a> <a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">proposed</a> the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">Coal and Steel Community</a> in May 1950.</figcaption></figure> <p>Essential for the actual birth of the institutions of the EU was the 9th of May 1950 <a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a> (on the day after the fifth <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory Day</a>, today's <a href="/wiki/Europe_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe day">Europe day</a> – of the EU). On the basis of that speech, France, Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> countries (Belgium, Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>) together with <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris (1951)</a> creating the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> the following year; this took over the role of the <a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr</a><sup id="cite_ref-yoder_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoder-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lifted some restrictions on German industrial productivity. It gave birth to the first institutions, such as the High Authority (now the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>) and the Common Assembly (now the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>). The first presidents of those institutions were <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a> respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">founding fathers of the European Union</a> understood that coal and steel were the two industries essential for waging war, and believed that by tying their national industries together, a future war between their nations became much less likely.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_History_45-59_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_History_45-59-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Backed by the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> with large funds coming from the United States since 1948, the ECSC became a milestone organization, enabling European economic development and integration and being the origin of the main institutions of the EU such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formation of the European Coal and Steel Community was advanced by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George C. Marshall</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">namesake plan to rebuild Europe</a> in the wake of World War II contributed more than $100 billion in today's<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> dollars to the Europeans, helping to feed Europeans, deliver steel to rebuild industries, provide coal to warm homes, and construct dams to help provide power. In doing so, the Marshall Plan encouraged the integration of European powers into the European Coal and Steel Community, the precursor to present-day European Union, by illustrating the effects of economic integration and the need for coordination. The potency of the Marshall Plan caused former German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> to remark in 1997 that "America should not forget that the development of the European Union is one of its greatest achievements. Without the Marshall Plan it perhaps would never have come to that."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paralleling Schuman, the <a href="/wiki/Pleven_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleven Plan">Pleven Plan</a> of 1951 tried, but failed to tie the institutions of the developing European community under the <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community_(1952)" title="European Political Community (1952)">European Political Community</a>, which was to include the also proposed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community" title="Treaty establishing the European Defence Community">European Defence Community</a>, an alternative to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> joining <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> which was established 1949 under the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>. In 1954 the <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a> was founded, after NATO took over competences from the WU, and West Germany joined. This prompted the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in 1955, allowing it to enforce its standing in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. </p><p>The attempt to turn the <a href="/wiki/Saar_(protectorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar (protectorate)">Saar protectorate</a> into a "European territory" was rejected by a referendum in 1955. The Saar was to have been governed by a statute supervised by a European Commissioner reporting to the Council of Ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a>. </p><p>After the failed attempts at creating defence (European Defence Community) and political communities (European Political Community), leaders met at the <a href="/wiki/Messina_Conference" title="Messina Conference">Messina Conference</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Spaak_Committee" title="Spaak Committee">Spaak Committee</a> which produced the <a href="/wiki/Spaak_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaak report">Spaak report</a>. The report was accepted at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Conference" title="Venice Conference">Venice Conference</a> (29 and 30 May 1956), which decided to organise an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Conference" title="Intergovernmental Conference">Intergovernmental Conference</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Conference_on_the_Common_Market_and_Euratom" title="Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom">Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom</a> focused on economic unity, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties of Rome">Treaties of Rome</a> being signed in 1957 - this established the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a> (Euratom) among the members.<sup id="cite_ref-europa_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1958–1972:_Three_communities"><span id="1958.E2.80.931972:_Three_communities"></span>1958–1972: Three communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1958–1972: Three communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%9372)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Communities (1958–72)">History of the European Communities (1958–72)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001,_Rom,_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a>, signing the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European customs union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom">Euratom</a> in Rome in 1957</figcaption></figure> <p>The two new communities were created separately from ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The executives of the new communities were called Commissions, as opposed to the "High Authority". The EEC was headed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Commission" title="Hallstein Commission">Hallstein Commission</a>) and Euratom was headed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armand" title="Louis Armand">Louis Armand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armand_Commission" title="Armand Commission">Armand Commission</a>) and then <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Hirsch" title="Étienne Hirsch">Étienne Hirsch</a>. Euratom would integrate sectors in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a> while the EEC would develop a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> between members.<sup id="cite_ref-europa_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1960s tensions began to show with France seeking to limit supranational power and rejecting the membership of the United Kingdom. However, in 1965 an agreement was reached to merge the three communities under a single set of institutions, and hence the <a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a> was signed in Brussels and came into force on 1 July 1967 creating the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rey_(politician)" title="Jean Rey (politician)">Jean Rey</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">presided over</a> the first merged Commission (<a href="/wiki/Rey_Commission" title="Rey Commission">Rey Commission</a>). </p><p>While the political progress of the Communities was hesitant in the 1960s, this was a fertile period for European legal integration.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the foundational legal doctrines of the Court of Justice were first established in landmark decisions during the 1960s and 1970s, above all in the <i><a href="/wiki/Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen" title="Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen">Van Gend en Loos</a></i> decision of 1963 that declared the "direct effect" of <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">European law</a>, that is to say, its enforceability before national courts by private parties.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other landmark decisions during this period included <i><a href="/wiki/Costa_v_ENEL" title="Costa v ENEL">Costa v ENEL</a></i>, which established the supremacy of European law over national law<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_v_Luxembourg_%26_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commission v Luxembourg & Belgium (page does not exist)">"Dairy Products" decision</a>, which declared that general international law principles of reciprocity and retaliation were prohibited within the European Community.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three of these judgments were made after the appointment of French judge <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lecourt" title="Robert Lecourt">Robert Lecourt</a> in 1962, and Lecourt appears to have become a dominant influence on the Court of Justice over the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1973–1993:_Enlargement_to_Delors"><span id="1973.E2.80.931993:_Enlargement_to_Delors"></span>1973–1993: Enlargement to Delors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1973–1993: Enlargement to Delors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%9393)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Communities (1973–93)">History of the European Communities (1973–93)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accession_Treaty_of_Spain_to_the_European_Economic_Community" title="Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community">Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/170px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/255px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/340px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_De_Gaulle" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles De Gaulle">De Gaulle's</a> veto delayed the first enlargement.</figcaption></figure> <p>After much negotiation, and following a change in the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">French Presidency</a>, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom (with <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>) eventually joined the European Communities on 1 January 1973. This was the first of several enlargements which became a major policy area of the Union (see: <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement of the European Union</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> held its first direct elections by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. 410 members were elected, who then elected the first female <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President of the European Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further enlargement took place in 1981 with Greece joining on 1 January, six years after applying. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> <a href="/wiki/1982_Greenlandic_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1982 Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum">voted to leave the Community</a> after gaining <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> from Denmark (See also: <a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">Special member state territories and the European Union</a>). <a href="/wiki/Accession_Treaty_of_Spain_to_the_European_Economic_Community" title="Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community">Spain</a> and Portugal joined (having applied in 1977) on 1 January 1986 in the third enlargement.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/330px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/440px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>'s fall enabled the accession of the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">DDR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Recently appointed Commission President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delors_Commission" title="Delors Commission">Delors Commission</a>) presided over the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/European_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="European flag">European flag</a> by the Communities in 1986. In the first major revision of <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">the treaties</a> since the Merger Treaty, leaders signed the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> in February 1986. The text dealt with institutional reform, including extension of community powers – in particular in regarding foreign policy. It was a major component in completing the single market and came into force on 1 July 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987 <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> formally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country. After the <a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a>, the first small signs of opening in Central Europe appeared. The opening of a border gate between Austria and Hungary at the <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a> on August 19, 1989 then set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer a GDR and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> had disintegrated. <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imre_Pozsgay" title="Imre Pozsgay">Imre Pozsgay</a> saw the event as an opportunity to test <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>`s reaction to an opening of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, it was examined whether Moscow would give the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary the command to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But with the mass exodus at the Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent hesitant behavior of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of East Germany</a> and the non-intervention of the Soviet Union broke the dams. So the bracket of the Eastern Bloc was broken and as a result the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> fell together with the whole Iron Curtain.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunified</a> and the door to enlargement to the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> was opened (See also: <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen Criteria">Copenhagen Criteria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a wave of new enlargements on the way, the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> was signed on 7 February 1992 which established the European Union when it came into force the following year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1993–2004:_Creation"><span id="1993.E2.80.932004:_Creation"></span>1993–2004: Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1993–2004: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">History of the European Union (1993–2004)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Evolution_of_the_European_Union_SMIL.svg" class="plainlinks" title="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Evolution_of_the_European_Union_SMIL.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Evolution_of_the_European_Union_SMIL.svg/220px-Evolution_of_the_European_Union_SMIL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Evolution_of_the_European_Union_SMIL.svg/330px-Evolution_of_the_European_Union_SMIL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Evolution_of_the_European_Union_SMIL.svg/440px-Evolution_of_the_European_Union_SMIL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" resource="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_the_European_Union_SMIL.svg" /></a><figcaption>Interactive SVG map of the evolution of the European Union</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 November 1993, under the third <a href="/wiki/Delors_Commission" title="Delors Commission">Delors Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> became effective, creating the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of the European Union">pillar system</a>, including foreign and home affairs alongside the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election" title="1994 European Parliament election">1994 European elections</a> were held resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> maintaining their position as the largest party in Parliament. The Council proposed <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">Commission President</a> but he was seen as a second choice candidate, undermining his position. Parliament narrowly approved Santer but <a href="/wiki/Santer_Commission" title="Santer Commission">his commission</a> gained greater support, being approved by 416 votes to 103. Santer had to use his new powers under Maastricht to flex greater control over his choice of Commissioners. They took office on 23 January 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-ENA_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENA-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 March 1994, accession negotiations concluded with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (which entered into force on 1 January 1994), an organisation that allowed <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> states to enter the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Single European Market">Single European Market</a>. The following year, the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> came into force between seven members, expanding to include nearly all others by the end of 1996. The 1990s also saw the further development of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. 1 January 1994 saw the second stage of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a> begin with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute</a> and at the start of 1999 the euro as a currency was launched and the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> was established. On 1 January 2002, notes and coins were put into circulation, replacing the old currencies entirely. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg/220px-Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg/330px-Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg/440px-Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Coins and banknotes of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>, the single-currency <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">introduced from 1999</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">conflicts in the Balkans</a> gave impetus to developing the EU's <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> (CFSP). The EU failed to react during the beginning of the conflict, and <a href="/wiki/UN_peacekeepers" class="mw-redirect" title="UN peacekeepers">UN peacekeepers</a> from the Netherlands failed to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a> (July 1995) in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the largest mass murder in Europe since the Second World War. The <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) finally had to <a href="/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina">intervene in the war</a>, forcing the combatants to the negotiation table. The early foreign policy experience of the EU led to foreign policy being emphasised in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a> (which created the <a href="/wiki/High_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="High Representative">High Representative</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, any success was overshadowed by the budget crisis in March 1999. The Parliament refused to approve the Commission's 1996 <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">community's budget</a> on grounds of financial mismanagement, fraud and nepotism. With Parliament ready to throw them out, the entire <a href="/wiki/Santer_Commission" title="Santer Commission">Santer Commission</a> resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoskyns_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoskyns-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post-Delors mood of euroscepticism became entrenched with the Council and Parliament constantly challenging the Commission's position in coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-Topan_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Topan-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election" title="1999 European Parliament election">following elections</a>, the Socialists lost their decades-old majority to the new <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">People's Party</a> and the incoming <a href="/wiki/Prodi_Commission" title="Prodi Commission">Prodi Commission</a> was quick to establish the new <a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">European Anti-Fraud Office</a> (OLAF).<sup id="cite_ref-OLAF_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLAF-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the new powers of the Amsterdam Treaty, Prodi was described by some as the 'First Prime Minister of Europe'.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 June, <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a> was appointed Secretary General of the Council and the strengthened <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_for_the_Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy">High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> admitted the intervention in Kosovo – Solana was also seen by some as Europe's first <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister">Foreign Minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nice_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice Treaty">Nice Treaty</a> was signed on 26 February 2001 and entered into force on 1 February 2003 which made the final preparations before the <a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004 enlargement to 10 new members</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2004–2007:_The_great_enlargement_and_consolidation"><span id="2004.E2.80.932007:_The_great_enlargement_and_consolidation"></span>2004–2007: The great enlargement and consolidation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2004–2007: The great enlargement and consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">History of the European Union since 2004</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> (2004-2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10–13 June 2004, the 25 member states participated in the largest trans-national election in history (with the second largest democratic electorate in the world). The result of the <a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election" title="2004 European Parliament election">sixth Parliamentary election</a> was a second victory for the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party-European_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party-European Democrats">European People's Party-European Democrats</a> group. It also saw the lowest <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> of 45.5%, the second time it had fallen below 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 July 2004, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a> was approved by the new Parliament as the next Commission President. However, his new team of 25 Commissioners faced a tougher road. With Parliament raising objections to a number of his candidates he was forced to withdraw his selection and try once more. The Prodi Commission had to extend their mandate to 22 November after the new line-up of commissioners was finally approved.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A proposed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">constitutional treaty</a> was signed by <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiaries</a> from EU member states on 28 October 2004. The document was ratified in most member states, including two positive referendums. The <a href="/wiki/2005_French_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 French European Constitution referendum">referendums that were held in France</a> and <a href="/wiki/2005_Dutch_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 Dutch European Constitution referendum">the Netherlands</a> failed however, killing off the treaty. The European Council agreed that the constitution proposal would be abandoned, but most of its changes would be retained in an amending treaty. On 13 December 2007 the treaty was signed, containing <a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a> for the more <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">eurosceptic</a> members and no state-like elements. The Lisbon treaty finally came into force on 1 December 2009. It created the post of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a> and significantly expanded the post of <a href="/wiki/High_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="High Representative">High Representative</a>. After much debate about what kind of person should be President, the European Council agreed on a low-key personality and chose <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a> while foreign policy-novice <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Catherine Ashton</a> became High Representative. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/220px-EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/330px-EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/440px-EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Newest state in yellow</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election" title="2009 European Parliament election">2009 elections</a> again saw a victory for the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a>, despite losing the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">British Conservatives</a> who formed a smaller eurosceptic <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists</a> grouping with other anti-federalist right wing parties. Parliament's presidency was once again divided between the People's Party and the Socialists, with <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Jerzy Buzek</a> elected as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President of the European Parliament</a> from an ex-communist country. Barroso was nominated by the Council for a second term and received backing from EPP who had declared him as their candidate before the elections. However, the Socialists and Greens led the opposition against him despite not agreeing on an opposing candidate. Parliament finally approved Barroso II, though once more several months behind schedule. </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">fifth enlargement completed</a> with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> on 1 January 2007. Also, in 2007 Slovenia adopted the euro,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malta and Cyprus in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Slovakia in 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2008–2016:_European_crisis"><span id="2008.E2.80.932016:_European_crisis"></span>2008–2016: European crisis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2008–2016: European crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession in Europe</a></div> <p>However, trouble developed with existing members as the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> entered its first recession in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members cooperated and the ECB intervened to help restore economic growth and the euro was seen as a safe haven, particularly by those outside such as Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oakley17_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley17-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the risk of a default in <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">Greece, Ireland, Portugal and other members in late 2009–10</a>, eurozone leaders agreed to provisions for loans to member states who could not raise funds. Accusations that this was a U-turn on the EU treaties, which rule out any bail out of a euro member in order to encourage them to manage their finances better, were countered by the argument that these were loans, not grants, and that neither the EU nor other Member States assumed any liabilities for the debts of the aided countries. With <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greece struggling to restore its finances</a>, other member states also at risk and the repercussions this would have on the rest of the eurozone economy, a loan mechanism was agreed. The crisis also spurred consensus for further economic integration and a range of proposals such as a <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monetary Fund">European Monetary Fund</a> or federal treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EMF_1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMF_1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Union received the <a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012 Nobel Peace Prize</a> for having "contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Europe" title="Human rights in Europe">human rights in Europe</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committee</a> stated that "that dreadful suffering in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> demonstrated the need for a new Europe [...] today war between Germany and France is unthinkable. This shows how, through well-aimed efforts and by building up mutual confidence, historical enemies can become close partners."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nobel Committee's decision was subject to considerable criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaspers_FPC_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaspers_FPC-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 2013, Croatia <a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">joined the EU</a>, and on 1 January 2014 the French <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> territory of <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> was added as an outermost region.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2016–2020:_Brexit"><span id="2016.E2.80.932020:_Brexit"></span>2016–2020: Brexit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2016–2020: Brexit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> from 2019 to 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 June 2016, the citizens of the United Kingdom voted to <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdraw from the European Union</a> in a referendum and subsequently became the first and to date only member to trigger <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU)</a>. The vote was in favour of leaving the EU by a margin of 51.9% in favour to 48.1% against.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK's withdrawal was completed on 31 January 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2020–2022:_Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic"><span id="2020.E2.80.932022:_Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic"></span>2020–2022: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2020–2022: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursula_von_der_Leyen_(49468709252).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg/170px-Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg/255px-Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg/340px-Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a><br />(since 1 December 2019)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic in Europe</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">economic crisis</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> the EU leaders agreed for the first time to emit common debt to finance the European Recovery Program called <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_EU" title="Next Generation EU">Next Generation EU</a> <b>(NGEU)</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2022–present:_Impact_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War"><span id="2022.E2.80.93present:_Impact_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War"></span>2022–present: Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2022–present: Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> <p>On 24 February 2022, after massing near the borders of Ukraine, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a> undertook a <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">full-scale invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Union imposed <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#EU_sanctions" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">heavy sanctions on Russia</a> and agreed on a pooled military aid package to Ukraine for lethal weapons funded via the <a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a> off-budget instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, neighbouring EU member countries received a <a href="/wiki/2022_Ukrainian_refugee_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis">mass influx of Ukrainian refugees</a> fleeing the conflict over the course of the first weeks of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict exposed the EU energy dependency on Russia, deemed as a supplier "explicitly" threatening the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-dw_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This development injected a sense of urgency in the switch towards alternative energy suppliers and further development of clean energy sources.<sup id="cite_ref-dw_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2023–present_:_Impact_of_the_Iran–Israel_conflict"><span id="2023.E2.80.93present_:_Impact_of_the_Iran.E2.80.93Israel_conflict"></span>2023–present : Impact of the Iran–Israel conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2023–present : Impact of the Iran–Israel conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</a></div> <p>The European Union since <a href="/wiki/7_October_2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October 2023</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has had to face the resurgence of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, in particular the attack by <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> in Israel that detonated a conflict first in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, and then gradually wider to include <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. Despite the diplomatic efforts of all members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, in 2024, the conflict in the Middle East detonated with dramatic repercussions and further geopolitical tensions. <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> is the mastermind of the destabilizing action of the entire <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, having created a group called the <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a> against Israel, which responds with the destructive power of its army.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2024:_The_Draghi_Report_and_the_new_European_challenges">2024: The Draghi Report and the new European challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2024: The Draghi Report and the new European challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Draghi_report" title="Draghi report">Draghi report</a></div> <p>Among the challenges of the European Union is the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a>. While among the new challenges there is <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Act" title="Artificial Intelligence Act">the governance of AI</a> that must combine the development of this new technology with the intrinsic risks that it brings to the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/EU_AI_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="EU AI Act">EU AI Act</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reform">Reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a> is a concept of <a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">differentiated integration</a> currently in operation that has recently been given renewed emphasis by a team of independent experts<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a report presented at a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">council meeting</a> in Brussels in September of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "France and Germany are pushing for a larger EU reform before any new member joins the bloc."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structural_evolution">Structural evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Structural evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or <i>pooled sovereignty</i>) in an increasing number of areas, in the <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration project</a> or the <i>construction of Europe</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">la construction européenne</i>). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a>. </p> <table cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" rowspan="8" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%;"><u>Legend:</u><br /><span class="nowrap">  </span>S: signing<br /><span class="nowrap">  </span>F: entry into force<br /><span class="nowrap">  </span>T: termination<br /><span class="nowrap">  </span>E: expiry<br /><span class="nowrap">  </span><span style="background:orange; font-size:120%;"> </span> <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> supersession<br /><span class="nowrap">  </span>Rel. w/ EC/EU framework:<br /><span class="nowrap">  </span><span class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.2em; height:1.2em; margin:1px 0; border:3px dotted gray; text-align:center; margin-right:4px"> </span><i>de facto</i> inside</span><br /><span class="nowrap">  </span><span class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #F5F5F5 0, #F5F5F5 3px, gainsboro 3px, gainsboro 6px); text-align:center; margin-right:4px"> </span>outside</span> </td> <td rowspan="7">  </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">  </td> <td rowspan="2">  </td> <td rowspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#003399; border-left:3px solid #003399; font-variant:small-caps;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/60px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><span style="color:white;">European Union</span></a> <span style="color:white;">(EU)</span> </td> <td rowspan="11" style="color:white; background:#003399; background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(95deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(85deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%); font-size:90%;"><i>[</i><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white; font-style:italic">Cont.</span></a><i>]</i>   </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#464646; border-left:3px solid #464646; border-right:3px solid #464646; font-variant:small-caps"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/60px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities"><span style="color:white;">European Communities</span></a> <span style="color:white;">(EC)</span> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#464646; border-left:3px solid #003399; border-right:3px solid #464646"><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union"><span style="color:white;">(Pillar I)</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#003399"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#42B995;"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#42B995; border-left:3px solid #464646"><a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom"><span style="color:black;">European Atomic Energy Community</span></a> (EAEC or Euratom) </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#42B995; border-left:3px solid #003399; border-right:3px solid #464646"> </td> <td style="background:#42B995; border-left:3px solid #003399; border-top:3px dotted #003399; border-bottom:3px dotted #003399; background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(70deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, #003399 71%, #003399 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(110deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, #003399 71%, #003399 100%); padding:0; font-size:90%;"><i>[</i><a href="/wiki/Euratom#History" title="Euratom"><span style="color:black; font-style:italic">Cont.</span></a><i>]</i>       </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#93DAE7;"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#93DAE7; border-left:3px solid #464646;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> / <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> / <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> / <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community"><span style="color:black;">European Coal and Steel Community</span></a> <span style="color:black">(ECSC)</span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; background:#93DAE7; padding-right:3px; border-left:3px solid #003399">  </td> <td style="background:#44B72E; border-right:3px solid #464646"> </td> <td rowspan="7" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle is-normal" style="background:#003399"><div style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1221560606">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-rl){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header{line-height:1;max-width:1em;padding:0.4em;vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sortable:not(.jquery-tablesorter) .ts-vertical-header:not(.unsortable),html.client-js .mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.headerSort{background-position:50%.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-top:21px}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-top{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-normal{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{display:inline-block;transform:rotate(180deg);writing-mode:vertical-rl}@supports(writing-mode:sideways-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{transform:none;writing-mode:sideways-lr}}}</style><a href="/wiki/Template:EU_competences" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:EU competences"><span style="color:white">(Distr. of competences)</span></a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7;">  </td> <td rowspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#5FCF4D"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#5FCF4D; border-left:3px solid #464646;"><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community"><span style="color:black;">European Economic Community</span></a> <span style="color:black">(EEC)</span> </td> <td style="background:#44B72E; border-left:3px solid #003399; border-bottom:3px solid #464646; border-bottom:3px solid #003399;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#44B72E; border-right:3px solid #464646;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td rowspan="4">  </td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; border-top:3px solid #464646">  </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-top:3px solid #464646">  </td> <td style="border-top:3px solid #464646">  </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; border-top:3px solid #464646">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #ff8c8c 0, #ff8c8c 3px, #FF6666 3px, #FF6666 6px); border-top:3px solid #464646; border-right:3px solid #003399"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area"><span style="color:black">Schengen Rules</span></a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#44B72E; border-right:3px solid #464646; border-left:3px solid #464646"><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community"><span style="color:black;">European Community (EC)</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background:#FFFF97; border:3px dotted #464646"><a href="/wiki/TREVI" class="mw-redirect" title="TREVI"><span style="color:black;">'TREVI'</span></a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E600; border-top:3px solid #003399; border-left:3px solid #003399"><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters"><span style="color:black;">Justice and Home Affairs</span></a> <span style="color:black;">(JHA, </span><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union"><span style="color:black;">pillar II)</span></a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#44B72E; border-left:3px solid #464646; border-bottom:3px solid #464646; border-right:3px solid #464646;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #174196 0, #174196 3px, #002776 3px, #002776 6px)">  </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #174196 0, #174196 3px, #002776 3px, #002776 6px)"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg/41px-Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg/61px-Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg/81px-Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="9726" data-file-height="4860" /></a></span> <span style="color:white">/</span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_NATO" title="Flag of NATO"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/27px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/53px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><span style="color:white">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</span></a> <span style="color:white">(NATO)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(100deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(80deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #174196 0, #174196 3px, #002776 3px, #002776 6px); padding:0; color:white; font-size:90%;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/History_of_NATO" title="History of NATO"><span style="color:white;">Cont.</span></a>]</i> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#D4BE00;"><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters"><span style="color:black;">Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters</span></a> <span style="color:black">(PJCC, <a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union"><span style="color:black">pillar II</span></a>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #abc9e0, #abc9e0 3px, #cddeeb 3px, #cddeeb 6px)"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations#20th_century" title="France–United Kingdom relations"><span style="color:black">Anglo-French alliance</span></a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #85b1d6 0, #85b1d6 3px, #a4c2db 3px, #a4c2db 6px); text-align:right; border-left:5px solid orange; font-size:90%;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Western_Union_Defence_Organisation" title="Western Union Defence Organisation">Defence arm</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)#Cannibalisation_and_marginalisation" title="Western Union (alliance)">handed</a> to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>]</i> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#CA7FC8; border:3px dotted #464646"><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Co-operation" title="European Political Co-operation"><span style="color:black;">European Political Co-operation</span></a> <span style="color:black">(EPC)</span> </td> <td style="background:#AD76C9; border-left:3px solid #003399; border-bottom:3px solid #003399">  </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#AD76C9; border-bottom:3px solid #003399"><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy"><span style="color:black;">Common Foreign and Security Policy</span></a><br /><span style="color:black">(CFSP, <a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union"><span style="color:black">pillar III</span></a>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" colspan="3" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #85b1d6 0, #85b1d6 3px, #a4c2db 3px, #a4c2db 6px); border-left:5px solid orange"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_Union" title="Flag of the Western Union"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/47px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/63px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="384" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)"><span style="color:black">Western Union</span></a> (WU) </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px)"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union" title="Flag of the Western European Union"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> / <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union" title="Flag of the Western European Union"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union"><span style="color:black">Western European Union</span></a> (WEU) </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px); text-align:right; font-size:90%; border-right:3px solid #003399"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union#1984–1998:_Revival" title="Western European Union">Tasks</a> defined following the WEU's 1984 <a href="/wiki/Rome_Declaration" title="Rome Declaration">reactivation</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union#1998–2009:_Transfer_of_tasks_to_the_EU" title="Western European Union">handed</a> to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>]</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px)">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px)">  </td> <td style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px); border-right:5px solid orange">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px); text-align:right; font-size:90%;"><i>[Social, cultural tasks <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy#1954_–_1970:_A_dormant_WEU_is_established" title="History of the Common Security and Defence Policy">handed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">CoE</a>]</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(100deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(80deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #275ac2 0, #275ac2 3px, #003399 3px, #003399 6px); padding:0; color:white; font-size:90%;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe#History" title="Council of Europe"><span style="color:white;">Cont.</span></a>]</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Structural_evolution_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Structural evolution of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Structural_evolution_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Structural evolution of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Structural_evolution_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Structural evolution of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7">  </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #275ac2 0, #275ac2 3px, #003399 3px, #003399 6px)"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/60px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe"><span style="color:white">Council of Europe</span></a> <span style="color:white">(CoE)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:2em; width:2em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></i><br />S: 8 April 1904</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:4em; width:4em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dunkirk" title="Treaty of Dunkirk">Dunkirk Treaty</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ref-1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />S: 4 March 1947<br />F: 8 September 1947<br />E: 8 September 1997</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:4em; width:4em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Brussels Treaty</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ref-1_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />S: 17 March 1948<br />F: 25 August 1948<br />T: 30 June 2011</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Statute of the Council of Europe">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">Washington</a> treaties</i><sup id="cite_ref-ref-1_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />S: 5 May/4 April 1949<br />F: 3 August/24 August 1949</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:4em; width:4em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Paris treaties: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">ECSC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community" title="Treaty establishing the European Defence Community">EDC</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref-6_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-6-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />S: 18 April 1951/27 May 1952<br />F: 23 July 1952/—<br />E: 23 July 2002/—</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:4em; width:4em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels#Modification" title="Treaty of Brussels">Protocol Modifying and<br />Completing the Brussels Treaty</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ref-1_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />S: 23 October 1954<br />F: 6 May 1955</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Rome treaties: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">EEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euratom_Treaty" title="Euratom Treaty">EAEC</a><br />S: 25 March 1957<br />F: 1 January 1958</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy#1954_–_1970:_A_dormant_WEU_is_established" title="History of the Common Security and Defence Policy">WEU-CoE agreement</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ref-1_111-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />S: 21 October 1959<br />F: 1 January 1960</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Brussels (Merger) Treaty</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref-3_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-3-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />S: 8 April 1965<br />F: 1 July 1967</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:2em; width:2em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Davignon_report" title="Davignon report">Davignon report</a><br />S: 27 October 1970</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:2em; width:2em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/TREVI" class="mw-redirect" title="TREVI">European Council conclusions</a><br />S: 2 December 1975</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> (SEA)<br />S: 17/28 February 1986<br />F: 1 July 1987</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Treaty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#The_Schengen_Agreement_and_the_Schengen_Convention" title="Schengen Area">Convention</a></i><br />S: 14 June 1985/19 June 1990<br />F: 26 March 1995</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref-2_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-2-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref-4_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-4-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />S: 7 February 1992<br />F: 1 November 1993</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Amsterdam Treaty</a><br />S: 2 October 1997<br />F: 1 May 1999</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Nice Treaty</a><br />S: 26 February 2001<br />F: 1 February 2003</div> </td> <td colspan="3" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon Treaty</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref-5_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-5-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />S: 13 December 2007<br />F: 1 December 2009</div> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-collapsetext="hide notes" data-expandtext="show notes"> <p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref-1-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref-1_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref-1_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref-1_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref-1_111-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref-1_111-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Although not EU treaties <i>per se</i>, these treaties affected the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="History of the Common Security and Defence Policy">development</a> of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the Dunkirk Treaty was <i>de facto</i> superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Modified Brussels Treaty</a> (MBT). The Brussels Treaty was <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union#2009–2011:_Dissolution" title="Western European Union">terminated</a> in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_V:_General_Provisions_on_the_Union%27s_External_Action_Service_and_Specific_Provisions_on_the_Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy#Article_42" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title V: General Provisions on the Union's External Action Service and Specific Provisions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy">mutual defence clause</a> that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thus <i>de facto</i> superseded the WEU.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-6-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref-6_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plans to establish a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Political_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty establishing the European Political Community">European Political Community</a> (EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community" title="Treaty establishing the European Defence Community">Treaty establishing the European Defence Community</a> (EDC). The EPC would have combined the ECSC and the EDC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-3-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref-3_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> obtained common institutions and a shared <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal personality</a> (i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties in their own right).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-2-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref-2_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU's <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">legal basis</a>, and are also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Treaty on European Union">Treaty on European Union</a> (TEU) and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union">Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</a> (TFEU), respectively. They are amended by secondary treaties.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-4-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref-4_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted of <a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union">three pillars</a>, the first of which were the European Communities. The other two pillars consisted of additional areas of cooperation that had been added to the EU's remit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-5-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref-5_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The consolidation meant that the EU inherited the European Communities' <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal personality</a> and that the <a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union">pillar system was abolished</a>, resulting in the EU framework as such covering all policy areas. Executive/legislative power in each area was instead determined by a <a href="/wiki/Template:EU_competences" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:EU competences">distribution of competencies</a> between <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">EU institutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a>. This distribution, as well as treaty provisions for policy areas in which unanimity is required and <a href="/wiki/Double_majority#European_Union" title="Double majority">qualified majority voting</a> is possible, reflects the depth of EU integration as well as the EU's partly <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> and partly <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">intergovernmental</a> nature.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline of European Union history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">History of the euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="History of the Common Security and Defence Policy">History of the Common Security and Defence Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Councils">List of European Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founding fathers of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union#History" title="Brussels and the European Union">History of the European Union in Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_of_European_Union_institutions#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Location of European Union institutions">History of the location of EU institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_European_History" title="House of European History">House of European History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Centre_for_Knowledge_on_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Centre for Knowledge on Europe">Virtual Centre for Knowledge on Europe</a> Multimedia source collections on EU History</li></ul> <dl><dt>Wider European history between World War II and the fall of Communism in Europe 1945–1992</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_European_Economic_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslavia and the European Economic Community">Yugoslavia and the European Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Wider European history after the creation of the European Union</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">History of the European Union (1993–2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(since_2004)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union (since 2004)">History of the European Union (since 2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">2006 Montenegrin independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">2008 Kosovo declaration of independence</a> from Serbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_sovereign-debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign-debt crisis">European sovereign-debt crisis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schuman_Project-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schuman_Project_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuman_Project_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schuman.info/9May1950.htm">"Schuman Project"</a>. <i>schuman.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=schuman.info&rft.atitle=Schuman+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schuman.info%2F9May1950.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schuman.info-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schuman.info_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schuman.info_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schuman.info/Strasbourg549.htm">"Schuman Project"</a>. <i>schuman.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=schuman.info&rft.atitle=Schuman+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschuman.info%2FStrasbourg549.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schuman.info/UN4849.htm">"Schuman Project"</a>. <i>schuman.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=schuman.info&rft.atitle=Schuman+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schuman.info%2FUN4849.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory2005" class="citation book cs1">Story, Joanna (2005). <i>Charlemagne: Empire and Society</i>. Manchester University Press. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7089-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-7089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlemagne%3A+Empire+and+Society&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7089-1&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKikuchi_(菊池)2003" class="citation book cs1">Kikuchi (菊池), Yoshio (良生) (2003). <i>神聖ローマ帝国</i>. 講談社. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-06-149673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-06-149673-6"><bdi>978-4-06-149673-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-4-06-149673-6&rft.aulast=Kikuchi+%28%E8%8F%8A%E6%B1%A0%29&rft.aufirst=Yoshio+%28%E8%89%AF%E7%94%9F%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Corbet, Patrick (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001/acref-9780227679319-e-2403">"Renovatio imperii romanorum"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vauchez" title="André Vauchez">Vauchez, André</a> (ed.). <i>Oxford Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages</i>. James Clarke & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-67931-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-67931-9"><bdi>978-0-227-67931-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Renovatio+imperii+romanorum&rft.btitle=Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-227-67931-9&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780227679319.001.0001%2Facref-9780227679319-e-2403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolz1969" class="citation book cs1">Folz, Robert (1969). <i>The concept of empire in Western Europe from the fifth to the fourteenth century</i>. London: Edward Arnold. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-5451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-5451-1"><bdi>978-0-7131-5451-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59622">59622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+concept+of+empire+in+Western+Europe+from+the+fifth+to+the+fourteenth+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59622&rft.isbn=978-0-7131-5451-1&rft.aulast=Folz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorpRenes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gorp, Bouke Van; Renes, Hans (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2331638/208641.pdf">"A European Cultural Identity? Heritage and shared histories in the European Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9663.2007.00406.x">10.1111/j.1467-9663.2007.00406.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-9663">1467-9663</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55529057">55529057</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2331638/208641.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022. <q>For the last two thousand years, the Christian church has attempted to unify Europe in cultural terms. Christianity did not originate in Europe but, building upon the organisation of the Roman Empire, has tried throughout the Middle Ages to become a Europe-wide organisation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tijdschrift+voor+Economische+en+Sociale+Geografie&rft.atitle=A+European+Cultural+Identity%3F+Heritage+and+shared+histories+in+the+European+Union&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55529057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1467-9663&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9663.2007.00406.x&rft.aulast=Gorp&rft.aufirst=Bouke+Van&rft.au=Renes%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.vu.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F2331638%2F208641.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchramm1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schramm, Percy E. (1957). <i>Kaiser, Rom und Renovatio; Studien zur Geschichte des römischen Erneuerungsgedankens vom Ende des karolingischen Reiches bis zum Investiturstreit</i> (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15021725">15021725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaiser%2C+Rom+und+Renovatio%3B+Studien+zur+Geschichte+des+r%C3%B6mischen+Erneuerungsgedankens+vom+Ende+des+karolingischen+Reiches+bis+zum+Investiturstreit.&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15021725&rft.aulast=Schramm&rft.aufirst=Percy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagdenHamilton200289-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagdenHamilton200289_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagdenHamilton2002">Pagden & Hamilton 2002</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMather200616–18-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMather200616–18_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMather2006">Mather 2006</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsenGuth2015" class="citation book cs1">Nelsen, Brent F.; Guth, James L. (2015). <i>Religion and the Struggle for European Union: Confessional Culture and the Limits of Integration</i>. Georgetown University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kj64CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">48–49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-070-5"><bdi>978-1-62616-070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Struggle+for+European+Union%3A+Confessional+Culture+and+the+Limits+of+Integration&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62616-070-5&rft.aulast=Nelsen&rft.aufirst=Brent+F.&rft.au=Guth%2C+James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Mary Anne (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christendomeurop0000perk"><i>Christendom and European Identity: The Legacy of a Grand Narrative Since 1789</i></a></span>. Walter de Gruyter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christendomeurop0000perk/page/341">341</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018244-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018244-6"><bdi>978-3-11-018244-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christendom+and+European+Identity%3A+The+Legacy+of+a+Grand+Narrative+Since+1789&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018244-6&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Mary+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristendomeurop0000perk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolimowska2018" class="citation book cs1">Skolimowska, Anna (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQB-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103"><i>Perceptions of the European Union's Identity in International Relations</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-00560-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-00560-9"><bdi>978-1-351-00560-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perceptions+of+the+European+Union%27s+Identity+in+International+Relations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-00560-9&rft.aulast=Skolimowska&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQB-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/european-union/">"The World Factbook"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i>. 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Feuropean-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_GoffLe_Goff2005" class="citation book cs1">Le Goff, Jacques; Le Goff, Jacques (2005). <i>The birth of Europe</i>. The making of Europe (1. publ ed.). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. pp. 158–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22888-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22888-2"><bdi>978-0-631-22888-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+birth+of+Europe&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.series=The+making+of+Europe&rft.pages=158-159&rft.edition=1.+publ&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22888-2&rft.aulast=Le+Goff&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Le+Goff%2C+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoten2022" class="citation web cs1">Koten, Marek (21 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://3seaseurope.com/george-of-bohemia-podebrady-czechia-european-union/">"George of Bohemia: The Father of the European Union"</a>. <i>3 Seas Europe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=3+Seas+Europe&rft.atitle=George+of+Bohemia%3A+The+Father+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft.aulast=Koten&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F3seaseurope.com%2Fgeorge-of-bohemia-podebrady-czechia-european-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._R._Palmer" class="citation book cs1">R. R. Palmer. <i>A History of the Modern World</i>. p. 461.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=461&rft.au=R.+R.+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhervas2014" class="citation book cs1">Ghervas, Stella (2014). "Antidotes to Empire: From the Congress System to the European Union". In Boyer, John W.; Molden, Berthold (eds.). <i>EUtROPEs. The Paradox of European Empire</i>. University of Chicago Center in Paris. pp. 49–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9525962-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9525962-6-8"><bdi>978-2-9525962-6-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antidotes+to+Empire%3A+From+the+Congress+System+to+the+European+Union&rft.btitle=EUtROPEs.+The+Paradox+of+European+Empire&rft.pages=49-81&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Center+in+Paris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-9525962-6-8&rft.aulast=Ghervas&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinteričPrijon2013" class="citation book cs1">Pinterič, Uroš; Prijon, Lea (2013). <i>European Union in 21st Century</i>. University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Social Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-8105-510-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-8105-510-2"><bdi>978-80-8105-510-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Union+in+21st+Century&rft.pub=University+of+SS.+Cyril+and+Methodius%2C+Faculty+of+Social+Sciences&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-80-8105-510-2&rft.aulast=Pinteri%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Uro%C5%A1&rft.au=Prijon%2C+Lea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Mack Smith, Denis</a> (2008). <i>Mazzini</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17712-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17712-1"><bdi>978-0-300-17712-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mazzini&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17712-1&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzidakis1994" class="citation journal cs1">Metzidakis, Angelo (1994). "Victor Hugo and the Idea of the United States of Europe". <i>Nineteenth-Century French Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (1/2): 72–84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23537320">23537320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nineteenth-Century+French+Studies&rft.atitle=Victor+Hugo+and+the+Idea+of+the+United+States+of+Europe&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=72-84&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23537320%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Metzidakis&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiserVarsori2010140-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiserVarsori2010140_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaiserVarsori2010">Kaiser & Varsori 2010</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Maynard Keynes, <i>Economic Consequences of the Peace</i>, New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1920, pp. 265–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosamond2000" class="citation cs2">Rosamond, Ben (2000), <i>Theories of European Integration</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 21–22, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/442641648">442641648</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+European+Integration&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F442641648&rft.aulast=Rosamond&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigallStirk1992" class="citation cs2">Weigall, David; Stirk, Peter M. R., eds. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_he0AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Origins and Development of the European Community</i></a>, Leicester: Leicester University Press, pp. 11–15, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780718514280" title="Special:BookSources/9780718514280"><bdi>9780718514280</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+European+Community&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=11-15&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780718514280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_he0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schulz_2010_g046-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schulz_2010_g046_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schulz, Matthias (3 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit">"Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen"</a> (in German). IEG(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de">http://www.ieg-mainz.de</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Briand-Plan+und+der+V%C3%B6lkerbund+als+Verhandlungsarena+f%C3%BCr+die+europ%C3%A4ische+Einigung+zwischen+den+Kriegen&rft.pub=IEG%28http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieg-mainz.de%29&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieg-ego.eu%2Fde%2Fthreads%2Feuropaeische-netzwerke%2Fpolitische-netzwerke%2Feuropa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit%2Fmatthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelsson_2019_n549-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelsson_2019_n549_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsson2019" class="citation web cs1">Nelsson, Richard (5 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9">"Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Aristide+Briand%27s+plan+for+a+United+States+of+Europe&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft.aulast=Nelsson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2Ffrom-the-archive-blog%2F2019%2Fsep%2F05%2Faristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=243">Europe in ruins in the aftermath of the Second World War</a> ena.lu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Office_of_the_Historian_1946_r351-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Office_of_the_Historian_1946_r351_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods">"Milestones: 1937–1945"</a>. <i>Office of the Historian</i>. 8 March 1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1946-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1937-1945%2Fbretton-woods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klos_2017_51-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klos_2017_51_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlos2017" class="citation book cs1">Klos, Felix (2017). <i>Churchill's Last Stand: The Struggle to Unite Europe</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-292-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-292-7"><bdi>978-1-78673-292-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Last+Stand%3A+The+Struggle+to+Unite+Europe&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78673-292-7&rft.aulast=Klos&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Churchill-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1943" class="citation web cs1">Churchill, Winston (21 March 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1941-1945-war-leader/national-address/">"National Address"</a>. <i>The International Churchill Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Churchill+Society&rft.atitle=National+Address&rft.date=1943-03-21&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.org%2Fresources%2Fspeeches%2F1941-1945-war-leader%2Fnational-address%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html">"The political consequences"</a>. CVCE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+political+consequences&rft.pub=CVCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fobj%2Fdie_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Union_of_European_Federalists_(UEF)-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Union_of_European_Federalists_(UEF)_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein">"Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein"</a>. <i>Union of European Federalists (UEF)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein">the original</a> on 5 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Union+of+European+Federalists+%28UEF%29&rft.atitle=Union+of+European+Federalists+%28UEF%29%3A+Churchill+and+Hertenstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalists.eu%2Fuef%2Four-achievements%2Fchurchill-and-hertenstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/reden/die_historische_rede/200115_hr_churchill1_englisch">"Ein britischer Patriot für Europa: Winston Churchills Europa-Rede, Universität Zürich, 19. September 1946"</a> [A British Patriot for Europe: Winston Churchill's Speech on Europe University of Zurich, 19 September 1946]. <i>Zeit Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeit+Online&rft.atitle=Ein+britischer+Patriot+f%C3%BCr+Europa%3A+Winston+Churchills+Europa-Rede%2C+Universit%C3%A4t+Z%C3%BCrich%2C+19.+September+1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Freden%2Fdie_historische_rede%2F200115_hr_churchill1_englisch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica2019" class="citation web cs1">Encyclopaedia Britannica (12 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Saarland">"Saarland"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saarland&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.au=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSaarland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yoder-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yoder_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yoder_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoder1955" class="citation journal cs1">Yoder, Amos (July 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500014261">"The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem"</a>. <i>Review of Politics</i>. <b>17</b> (3). Cambridge University Press: 345–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500014261">10.1017/S0034670500014261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145465919">145465919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Ruhr+Authority+and+the+German+Problem&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=345-358&rft.date=1955-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500014261&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145465919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yoder&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500014261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=6584">French proposal regarding the detachment of German industrial regions</a> 8 September 1945<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/saar.htm">France, Germany and the Struggle for the War-making Natural Resources of the Rhineland</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=465">Letter from Konrad Adenauer to Robert Schuman</a> (26 July 1949) Warning him of the consequences of the dismantling policy. (requires Flash Player)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=16822">Letter from Ernest Bevin to Robert Schuman</a> (30 October 1949) British and French foreign ministers. Bevin argues that they need to reconsider the Allies' dismantling policy in the occupied zones (requires Flash Player)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieter_MahnckeLéonce_BekemansRobert_Picht1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Mahncke" title="Dieter Mahncke">Dieter Mahncke</a>; <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9once_Bekemans" title="Léonce Bekemans">Léonce Bekemans</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Picht" title="Robert Picht">Robert Picht</a>, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228030332/http://www.isbnplus.com/9789080498310"><i>The College of Europe. Fifty Years of Service to Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>: <a href="/wiki/College_of_Europe" title="College of Europe">College of Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-804983-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-804983-1-0"><bdi>978-90-804983-1-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isbnplus.com/9789080498310">the original</a> on 28 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+College+of+Europe.+Fifty+Years+of+Service+to+Europe&rft.place=Bruges&rft.pub=College+of+Europe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-804983-1-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isbnplus.com%2F9789080498310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europa_History_45-59-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Europa_History_45-59_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/1945-1959/index_en.htm">"A peaceful Europe – the beginnings of cooperation"</a>. European Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+peaceful+Europe+%E2%80%93+the+beginnings+of+cooperation&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Fabout-eu%2Feu-history%2F1945-1959%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlocker2008" class="citation news cs1">Blocker, Joel (9 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html">"Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Europe%3A+How+The+Marshall+Plan+Took+Western+Europe+From+Ruins+To+Union&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.aulast=Blocker&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1084818.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1997" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt, Helmut</a> (6 June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/1997/24/zukunft.txt.19970606.xml/komplettansicht">"Helmut Schmidt über den Marshallplan und die europäische Einheit: Mit voller Kraft ins nächste Jahrhundert"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>. <q>Und Amerika sollte nicht vergessen, daß die Entstehung der Europäischen Union eine seiner größten Leistungen ist. Ohne den Marshallplan wäre es vielleicht nie dazu gekommen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helmut+Schmidt+%C3%BCber+den+Marshallplan+und+die+europ%C3%A4ische+Einheit%3A+Mit+voller+Kraft+ins+n%C3%A4chste+Jahrhundert&rft.pub=Die+Zeit&rft.date=1997-06-06&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F1997%2F24%2Fzukunft.txt.19970606.xml%2Fkomplettansicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlocker1997" class="citation web cs1">Blocker, Joel (9 May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html">"Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Witness the recent words of former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt: 'The United States ought not to forget that the emerging European Union is one of its greatest achievements: it would never have happened without the Marshall Plan.' [The "vielleicht" in the original quote is missing in this translation.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Europe%3A+How+The+Marshall+Plan+Took+Western+Europe+From+Ruins+To+Union&rft.date=1997-05-09&rft.aulast=Blocker&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1084818.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europa-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europa_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europa_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/history/1945-1959/index_en.htm">A peaceful Europe – the beginnings of cooperation</a> europa.eu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=3054">A European Atomic Energy Community</a> ena.lu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=3056">A European Customs Union</a> ena.lu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=473">Merging the executives</a> ena.lu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lecourt, Robert (1976). L'Europe des juges. Bruxelles, Bruylant. Stein, Eric (1981). 'Lawyers, Judges, and the Making of a Transnational Constitution.' American Journal of International Law 75(1): 1–27. Weiler, Joseph H. H. (1991). 'The Transformation of Europe.' Yale Law Journal 100: 2403–2483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ECJ Case 26/62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ECJ Case 6/64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ECJ Cases 90&91/63, Commission v Luxembourg & Belgium. See e.g. Phelan, William (2016). 'Supremacy, Direct Effect, and Dairy Products in the Early History of European law.' International Journal of Constitutional Law 14: 6–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Phelan, Great Judgments of the European Court of Justice: Rethinking the Landmark Decisions of the Foundational Period (Cambridge, 2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html">The first enlargement</a> cvce.eu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html">The new European Parliament</a> cvce.eu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html">Negotiations for enlargement</a> cvce.eu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_provisions_of_the_single_european_act-en-243555aa-d219-4525-9978-34325bb5e17a.html">Single European Act</a> cvce.eu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV - ORF "Report", 25 June 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">„Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows“ (German - August 19, 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Frank: Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit (German: Pan-European picnic - With the picnic basket to freedom), in: Süddeutsche Zeitung 17 May 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig Greven "Und dann ging das Tor auf", in Die Zeit, 19 August 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm">The fall of the Berlin Wall</a> ena.lu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/history/1990-1999/1993/index_en.htm">1993</a> europa.eu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/characteristics_of_the_treaty_on_european_union-en-beec7a53-4023-412d-a1ab-2c31b6a3c39d.html">Characteristics of the Treaty on European Union</a> cvce.eu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENA-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ENA_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_crisis_of_the_santer_commission-en-7380f95b-1fb2-484d-a262-d870a0d5d74d.html">"The crisis of the Santer Commission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_Virtuel_de_la_Connaissance_sur_l%27Europe_(CVCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe (CVCE)">Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe (CVCE)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+crisis+of+the+Santer+Commission&rft.pub=Centre+Virtuel+de+la+Connaissance+sur+l%27Europe+%28CVCE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fobj%2Fthe_crisis_of_the_santer_commission-en-7380f95b-1fb2-484d-a262-d870a0d5d74d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=18928">The Treaty of Amsterdam</a> ena.lu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ringe-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinger2003" class="citation web cs1">Ringer, Nils F. (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/2919/01/156.pdf">"The Santer Commission Resignation Crisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830184844/http://aei.pitt.edu/2919/01/156.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Santer+Commission+Resignation+Crisis&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=2003-02&rft.aulast=Ringer&rft.aufirst=Nils+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2F2919%2F01%2F156.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoskyns-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoskyns_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoskynsMichael_Newman2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoskyns, Catherine; Michael Newman (2000). <i>Democratizing the European Union: Issues for the twenty-first Century (Perspectives on Democratization)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. pp. 106–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5666-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5666-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-5666-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratizing+the+European+Union%3A+Issues+for+the+twenty-first+Century+%28Perspectives+on+Democratization%29&rft.pages=106-7&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5666-6&rft.aulast=Hoskyns&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Michael+Newman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Topan-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Topan_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopan2002" class="citation web cs1">Topan, Angelina (30 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2002-014.htm">"The resignation of the Santer-Commission: the impact of 'trust' and 'reputation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. European Integration online Papers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+resignation+of+the+Santer-Commission%3A+the+impact+of+%27trust%27+and+%27reputation%27&rft.pub=European+Integration+online+Papers&rft.date=2002-09-30&rft.aulast=Topan&rft.aufirst=Angelina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feiop.or.at%2Feiop%2Ftexte%2F2002-014.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OLAF-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OLAF_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619223954/http://www.politics.co.uk/issue-briefs/europe/eu-budget/eu-budget-fraud/eu-budget-fraud-%24366701.htm">"EU Budget Fraud"</a>. politics.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politics.co.uk/issue-briefs/europe/eu-budget/eu-budget-fraud/eu-budget-fraud-$366701.htm">the original</a> on 19 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+Budget+Fraud&rft.pub=politics.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politics.co.uk%2Fissue-briefs%2Feurope%2Feu-budget%2Feu-budget-fraud%2Feu-budget-fraud-%24366701.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/1999/04/16/eu.2.t_0.php">Prodi to Have Wide, New Powers as Head of the European Commission</a> iht.com 16 April 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000302051246/http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_45/b3654047.htm">Javier Solana/Spain: Europe's First Foreign Minister?</a> businessweek.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/europe/2004/elections_2004/default.stm">Vote EU 2004</a> news.bbc.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmbrussels.be/box_bmnewcomm.php">The new commission – some initial thoughts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923001700/http://www.bmbrussels.be/box_bmnewcomm.php">Archived</a> 23 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> bmbrussels.b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5086546.stm">"Slovenia clear to adopt the euro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 16 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slovenia+clear+to+adopt+the+euro&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2006-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F5086546.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018013618/http://euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836">"Cyprus and Malta set to join Eurozone in 2008"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euractiv.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Euractiv.com">euractiv.com</a>. 16 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836?Ref=RSS">the original</a> on 18 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyprus+and+Malta+set+to+join+Eurozone+in+2008&rft.pub=euractiv.com&rft.date=2007-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fen%2Fenlargement%2Fcyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008%2Farticle-163836%3FRef%3DRSS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1231409822.27/">EU data confirms eurozone's first recession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230075057/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1231409822.27/">Archived</a> 30 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, EUbusiness.com, 8 January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013134028/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1223856121.86">"European leaders agree crisis rescue at summit"</a>. Eubusiness.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1223856121.86">the original</a> on 13 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+leaders+agree+crisis+rescue+at+summit&rft.pub=Eubusiness.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eubusiness.com%2Fnews-eu%2F1223856121.86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley17-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oakley17_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley, David and Ralph Atkins (17 September 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0cf1c0ee-a3b5-11de-9fed-00144feabdc0.html">Eurozone shows its strength in a crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/30/iceland-join-eu">Iceland to be fast-tracked into the EU</a>, the Guardian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis, Andrew (25 March 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euobserver.com/9/29773">Eurozone leaders agree on Franco-German bail-out mechanism</a>, EU Observer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/190221-eurozone-overhaul">Eurozone overhaul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214114000/http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/190221-eurozone-overhaul">Archived</a> 14 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Die Zeit on <a href="/wiki/Presseurop" title="Presseurop">Presseurop</a>, 12 February 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMF_1-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EMF_1_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euobserver.com/9/29623">Plans emerge for 'European Monetary Fund'</a> EU Observer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/"><i>The Nobel Peace Prize 2012</i></a>, Nobelprize.org, 12 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+2012&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/13/world/nobel-peace-prize.html?_r=0">"Nobel Committee Awards Peace Prize to E.U."</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, 12 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nobel+Committee+Awards+Peace+Prize+to+E.U.&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F13%2Fworld%2Fnobel-peace-prize.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/press.html"><i>The Nobel Peace Prize for 2012</i></a>, Nobelprize.org, 12 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+for+2012&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F2012%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaspers_FPC-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaspers_FPC_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaspers2012" class="citation web cs1">Gaspers, Jan (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203121231/http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/1521.pdf">"The European Union and the Nobel Peace Prize: A Criteria-Based Assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/1521.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+Union+and+the+Nobel+Peace+Prize%3A+A+Criteria-Based+Assessment&rft.date=2012-12&rft.aulast=Gaspers&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffpc.org.uk%2Ffsblob%2F1521.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:204:0131:0131:EN:PDF">"EUROPEAN COUNCIL DECISION of 11 July 2012 amending the status of Mayotte with regard to the European Union"</a>. <i>europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europa.eu&rft.atitle=EUROPEAN+COUNCIL+DECISION+of+11+July+2012+amending+the+status+of+Mayotte+with+regard+to+the+European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2012%3A204%3A0131%3A0131%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/live/uk-politics-36570120">"Labour leadership & Hammond in China – BBC News"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Labour+leadership+%26+Hammond+in+China+%E2%80%93+BBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Flive%2Fuk-politics-36570120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/recovery-plan-europe_en">"Recovery plan for Europe"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Recovery+plan+for+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fstrategy%2Frecovery-plan-europe_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/mar/08/ukraine-news-russia-war-vladimir-putin-volodymyr-zelenskiy-kyiv-russian-invasion-live-latest-updates">"Russia-Ukraine war: humanitarian corridor opened from Sumy; Moscow threatens to cut gas supplies to Europe"</a>. theguardian.com. theguardian.com. 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia-Ukraine+war%3A+humanitarian+corridor+opened+from+Sumy%3B+Moscow+threatens+to+cut+gas+supplies+to+Europe&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Flive%2F2022%2Fmar%2F08%2Fukraine-news-russia-war-vladimir-putin-volodymyr-zelenskiy-kyiv-russian-invasion-live-latest-updates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/14/world/gallery/ukraine-russia-crisis/index.html">"In pictures: Russia invades Ukraine"</a>. cnn.com. cnn.com. 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+pictures%3A+Russia+invades+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F02%2F14%2Fworld%2Fgallery%2Fukraine-russia-crisis%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutschPronina2022" class="citation web cs1">Deutsch, Jillian; Pronina, Lyubov (27 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-27/eu-approves-450-million-euros-in-lethal-military-aid-for-ukraine">"EU Approves 450 Million Euros of Arms Supplies for Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg.com">Bloomberg.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=EU+Approves+450+Million+Euros+of+Arms+Supplies+for+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Jillian&rft.au=Pronina%2C+Lyubov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-02-27%2Feu-approves-450-million-euros-in-lethal-military-aid-for-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2022/03/08/roman-abramovich-selling-chelsea-premier-league-owners/">"Chelsea's oligarch owner is selling. Will scrutiny of other Premier League owners follow?"</a>. <i>washingtonpost.com</i>. washingtonpost.com. 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Chelsea%27s+oligarch+owner+is+selling.+Will+scrutiny+of+other+Premier+League+owners+follow%3F&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsports%2F2022%2F03%2F08%2Froman-abramovich-selling-chelsea-premier-league-owners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicinski2022" class="citation news cs1">Micinski, Nicholas R. (16 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/16/eu-granted-ukrainian-refugees-temporary-protection-why-different-response-past-migrant-crises/">"The E.U. granted Ukrainian refugees temporary protection. Why the different response from past migrant crises?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+E.U.+granted+Ukrainian+refugees+temporary+protection.+Why+the+different+response+from+past+migrant+crises%3F&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft.aulast=Micinski&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F03%2F16%2Feu-granted-ukrainian-refugees-temporary-protection-why-different-response-past-migrant-crises%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dw_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/eu-unveils-plan-to-reduce-russia-energy-dependency/a-61047997">"EU unveils plan to reduce Russia energy dependency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dw.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Dw.com">dw.com</a></i>. 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=EU+unveils+plan+to+reduce+Russia+energy+dependency&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Feu-unveils-plan-to-reduce-russia-energy-dependency%2Fa-61047997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/tags/the-october-7-massacre">"The October 7 Massacre"</a>. jpost.com. jpost.com. 7 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+October+7+Massacre&rft.date=2023-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Ftags%2Fthe-october-7-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/lebanon-israel-live-updates-hezbollah-hamas-yemen-port-hit-by-airstrikes-2024-09-30/">"Israel launches ground raids in south Lebanon, saying it is targeting Hezbollah"</a>. reuters.com/. reuters.com/. 1 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israel+launches+ground+raids+in+south+Lebanon%2C+saying+it+is+targeting+Hezbollah&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Flebanon-israel-live-updates-hezbollah-hamas-yemen-port-hit-by-airstrikes-2024-09-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/mondo/2024/10/01/truppe-israeliane-in-libano-idf-attacchi-mirati-e-limitati.-raid-anche-in-siria_d7b6b761-5bf2-4f40-8138-29c5f3302861.html">"Truppe israeliane in Libano, Idf: attacchi mirati e limitati. Raid anche in Siria, vittime a Damasco"</a>. ansa.it. ansa.it. 1 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Truppe+israeliane+in+Libano%2C+Idf%3A+attacchi+mirati+e+limitati.+Raid+anche+in+Siria%2C+vittime+a+Damasco&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fsito%2Fnotizie%2Fmondo%2F2024%2F10%2F01%2Ftruppe-israeliane-in-libano-idf-attacchi-mirati-e-limitati.-raid-anche-in-siria_d7b6b761-5bf2-4f40-8138-29c5f3302861.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2024/10/01/66fb365ffdddff92058b4578.html">"Israel lanza una incursión terrestre "limitada" en el sur del Líbano"</a>. elmundo.es. elmundo.es. 1 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israel+lanza+una+incursi%C3%B3n+terrestre+%22limitada%22+en+el+sur+del+L%C3%ADbano&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Finternacional%2F2024%2F10%2F01%2F66fb365ffdddff92058b4578.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/internacional/2024-10-01/el-ejercito-de-israel-invade-el-sur-de-libano.html">"El ejército de Israel invade el sur de Líbano"</a>. elpais.com. elpais.com. 1 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+ej%C3%A9rcito+de+Israel+invade+el+sur+de+L%C3%ADbano&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Finternacional%2F2024-10-01%2Fel-ejercito-de-israel-invade-el-sur-de-libano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/en-direct-guerre-au-liban-israel-frappe-le-coeur-de-beyrouth-une-premiere-depuis-un-an-20240930">"L'armée israélienne annonce avoir «commencé des raids terrestres limités, localisés et ciblés» dans le sud du Liban"</a>. lefigaro.fr. lefigaro.fr. 1 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%27arm%C3%A9e+isra%C3%A9lienne+annonce+avoir+%C2%ABcommenc%C3%A9+des+raids+terrestres+limit%C3%A9s%2C+localis%C3%A9s+et+cibl%C3%A9s%C2%BB+dans+le+sud+du+Liban&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Finternational%2Fen-direct-guerre-au-liban-israel-frappe-le-coeur-de-beyrouth-une-premiere-depuis-un-an-20240930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence">"EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence"</a>. <i>europarl.europa.eu</i>. europarl.europa.eu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EU+AI+Act%3A+first+regulation+on+artificial+intelligence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Ftopics%2Fen%2Farticle%2F20230601STO93804%2Feu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2024/09/18/the-three-challenges-facing-the-new-european-commission_6726487_23.html">"The three challenges facing the new European Commission"</a>. lemonde.fr. lemonde.fr. 18 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+three+challenges+facing+the+new+European+Commission&rft.date=2024-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2F2024%2F09%2F18%2Fthe-three-challenges-facing-the-new-european-commission_6726487_23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-union.europa.eu/priorities-and-actions/eu-priorities/european-union-priorities-2024-2029_en">"European Union priorities 2024-2029"</a>. <i>european-union.europa.eu</i>. european-union.europa.eu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=european-union.europa.eu&rft.atitle=European+Union+priorities+2024-2029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropean-union.europa.eu%2Fpriorities-and-actions%2Feu-priorities%2Feuropean-union-priorities-2024-2029_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmt" class="citation web cs1">Amt, Auswärtiges. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/german-french-working-group-of-experts-on-eu-institutional-reforms/2574572">"German-French working group of experts on EU institutional reforms"</a>. <i>German Federal Foreign Office</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+Federal+Foreign+Office&rft.atitle=German-French+working+group+of+experts+on+EU+institutional+reforms&rft.aulast=Amt&rft.aufirst=Ausw%C3%A4rtiges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auswaertiges-amt.de%2Fen%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews%2Fgerman-french-working-group-of-experts-on-eu-institutional-reforms%2F2574572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFred2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">red, ORF at/Agenturen (19 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orf.at/stories/3331694/">"Expertengruppe empfiehlt umfangreiche EU-Reformen"</a>. <i>news.ORF.at</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.ORF.at&rft.atitle=Expertengruppe+empfiehlt+umfangreiche+EU-Reformen&rft.date=2023-09-19&rft.aulast=red&rft.aufirst=ORF+at%2FAgenturen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forf.at%2Fstories%2F3331694%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzozowskiPugnet2023" class="citation web cs1">Brzozowski, Alexandra; Pugnet, Aurélie (19 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement-neighbourhood/news/germany-france-make-eu-reform-pitch-ahead-of-enlargement-talks/">"Germany, France make EU reform pitch ahead of enlargement talks"</a>. <i>www.euractiv.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.euractiv.com&rft.atitle=Germany%2C+France+make+EU+reform+pitch+ahead+of+enlargement+talks&rft.date=2023-09-19&rft.aulast=Brzozowski&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Pugnet%2C+Aur%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fenlargement-neighbourhood%2Fnews%2Fgermany-france-make-eu-reform-pitch-ahead-of-enlargement-talks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyan2023" class="citation web cs1">Noyan, Oliver (23 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-reforms/interview/eu-reform-france-germany-confident-on-reaching-agreement-this-year/">"EU reform: France, Germany confident on reaching agreement this year"</a>. <i>www.euractiv.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.euractiv.com&rft.atitle=EU+reform%3A+France%2C+Germany+confident+on+reaching+agreement+this+year&rft.date=2023-06-23&rft.aulast=Noyan&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Feu-reforms%2Finterview%2Feu-reform-france-germany-confident-on-reaching-agreement-this-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, P. <i>The New Old World</i> (Verso 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-312-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-312-4">978-1-84467-312-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berend,_Ivan_T." class="mw-redirect" title="Berend, Ivan T.">Berend, Ivan T.</a> <i>The History of European Integration: A New Perspective</i>. (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li>Blair, Alasdair. <i>The European Union since 1945</i> (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li>Chaban, N. and M. Holland, eds. <i>Communicating Europe in Times of Crisis: External Perceptions of the European Union</i> (2014).</li> <li>Dedman, Martin. <i>The origins and development of the European Union 1945-1995: a history of European integration</i> (Routledge, 2006).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_E._de_Vries" title="Catherine E. de Vries">De Vries, Catherine E.</a> "Don't Mention the War! Second World War Remembrance and Support for European Cooperation." <i>JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies</i> (2019).</li> <li>Dinan, Desmond. <i>Europe recast: a history of European Union</i> (2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan), 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rienner.com/uploads/53aae65db9769.pdf">excerpt</a>.</li> <li>Fimister, Alan. <i>Robert Schuman: Neo-Scholastic Humanism and the Reunification of Europe</i> (2008)</li> <li>Heuser, Beatrice. <i>Brexit in History: Sovereignty or a European Union?</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fZygDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=(brexit+in+history)&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWzOq96cKJAxXPIzQIHSiHNfoQ6AF6BAgDEAI">online</a>; also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/brexit-in-history-review-lets-not-get-together-11580428449">online review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Hobolt" title="Sara Hobolt">Hobolt, Sara B.</a> "The Brexit vote: a divided nation, a divided continent." <i>Journal of European Public Policy</i> (2016): 1–19.</li> <li>Jorgensen, Knud Erik, et al., eds. <i>The SAGE Handbook of European Foreign Policy</i> (Sage, 2015).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser,_Wolfram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser, Wolfram">Kaiser, Wolfram</a>. "From state to society? The historiography of European integration." in Michelle Cini, and Angela K. Bourne, eds. <i>Palgrave Advances in European Union Studies</i> (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006). pp 190–208.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiserVarsori2010" class="citation book cs1">Kaiser, W.; Varsori, A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvFZCwAAQBAJ"><i>European Union History: Themes and Debates</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28150-9"><bdi>978-0-230-28150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Union+History%3A+Themes+and+Debates&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-28150-9&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Varsori%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkvFZCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Koops, TJ. and G. Macaj. <i>The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor</i> (2015).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCormick_(political_scientist)" title="John McCormick (political scientist)">McCormick, John</a>. <i>Understanding the European Union: a concise introduction</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMather2006" class="citation book cs1">Mather, J. (2006). <i>Legitimating the European Union: Aspirations, Inputs and Performance</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62562-4"><bdi>978-0-230-62562-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legitimating+the+European+Union%3A+Aspirations%2C+Inputs+and+Performance&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62562-4&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>May, Alex. <i>Britain and Europe since 1945</i> (1999).</li> <li>Marsh, Steve, and Hans Mackenstein. <i>The International Relations of the EU</i> (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milward,_Alan_S." class="mw-redirect" title="Milward, Alan S.">Milward, Alan S.</a> <i>The Reconstruction of Western Europe: 1945–51</i> (Univ. of California Press, 1984)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagdenHamilton2002" class="citation book cs1">Pagden, Anthony; Hamilton, Lee H. (2002). <i>The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79552-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79552-4"><bdi>978-0-521-79552-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Europe%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+European+Union&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79552-4&rft.aulast=Pagden&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Lee+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasture2015" class="citation book cs1">Pasture, Patrick (2015). <i>Imagining European unity since 1000 AD</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137480460" title="Special:BookSources/9781137480460"><bdi>9781137480460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+European+unity+since+1000+AD&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781137480460&rft.aulast=Pasture&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Patel, Kiran Klaus, and Wolfram Kaiser. "Continuity and change in European cooperation during the twentieth century." <i>Contemporary European History</i> 27.2 (2018): 165–182. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E478ABB55246FBA32276D13F27818903/S096077731800005Xa.pdf/continuity_and_change_in_european_cooperation_during_the_twentieth_century.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Segers, Mathieu. <i>The Origins of European Integration: The Pre-History of Today's European Union, 1937–1951</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=60570">online review of this book</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithStirk1990" class="citation book cs1">Smith, M.L.; Stirk, P.M.R., eds. (1990). <i>Making The New Europe: European Unity and the Second World War</i> (1st UK ed.). London: Pinter Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86187-777-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86187-777-2"><bdi>0-86187-777-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+The+New+Europe%3A+European+Unity+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+UK&rft.pub=Pinter+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-86187-777-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStirk1989" class="citation book cs1">Stirk, P.M.R., ed. (1989). <i>European Unity in Context: The Interwar Period</i> (1st ed.). London: Pinter Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861879878" title="Special:BookSources/9780861879878"><bdi>9780861879878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Unity+in+Context%3A+The+Interwar+Period&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Pinter+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780861879878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Young, John W. <i>Britain, France, and the unity of Europe, 1945–1951</i> (Leicester University, 1984).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_European_Union" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/history/index_en.htm">History of the EU</a> Official Europa website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cliohworld.net/">CLIOH-WORLD</a> CLIOH-WORLD: Network of Universities supported by the European Commission (LLP-Erasmus) for the researching, teaching and learning of the history of the EU, including History of EU Integration, EU-Turkey dialogue, and linking to world history.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://logic-law.com/index.php?title=Emergence_of_the_European_Union">An Outline of the Emergence of the European Union</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Union_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_topics" title="Template talk:European Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Union_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union (1948–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (1954–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (1967–2009)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (1958–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community (1993–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">Financial stability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste#Dissolution" title="Free Territory of Trieste">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon#After_1945" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy#21st_century" title="Saint Barthélemy">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_border_of_the_European_Union" title="External border of the European Union">External border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(first-level NUTS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Supreme audit institution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Court_of_Auditors" title="Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />international-law<br />EU bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li> <li>EIB Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">European Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">Citizens' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union"><i>Official Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_preference_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community preference (EU)">Community preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">Health expense per person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">Federalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">Differentiated integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_partnership" title="Privileged partnership">Privileged partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower#European_Union" title="Potential superpower">Potential superpower status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Judicial_Network" title="European Judicial Network">European Judicial Network</a> (criminal matters)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Judicial_Network_in_civil_and_commercial_matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (page does not exist)">European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity card">identity card</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthCare_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthCare in the European Union (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">Labour mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_value_added_tax" title="European Union value added tax">VAT Area</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign <br />relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Gateway_Programme" title="EU Gateway Programme">EU Gateway Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Strategy_for_the_South_Caucasus" title="EU Strategy for the South Caucasus">EU Strategy for the South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Current agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_European_History" title="House of European History">House of European History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_laissez-passer" title="European Union laissez-passer">Laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_European_Union" title="Public holidays in the European Union">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Europe" title="Telephone numbers in Europe">Telephone numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European Union">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union-related_lists" title="Category:European Union-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_on_the_European_Union" title="List of books on the European Union">Books on the subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_directives" title="List of European Union directives">Directives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">Largest cities by population within city limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_political_parties_in_Europe_by_pancontinental_organisation" title="Table of political parties in Europe by pancontinental organisation">National parties by affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">Presidents of the institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Europe" title="Terrorism in Europe">Terrorist incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">Urban areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_European_Union" title="Outline of the European Union">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union" title="Category:European Union">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/21px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/42px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&oldid=1256392801">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&oldid=1256392801</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Category:History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2019">Use dmy dates from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_March_2013" title="Category:Use British English from March 2013">Use British English from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_July_2022" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from July 2022">Vague or ambiguous time from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 18:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_European_Union&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vkl22","wgBackendResponseTime":130,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.339","walltime":"1.617","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19516,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":374858,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":38055,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":51,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":357764,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1312.820 1 -total"," 32.66% 428.713 3 Template:Reflist"," 14.98% 196.681 34 Template:Cite_web"," 9.95% 130.591 1 Template:EU_history"," 9.45% 124.009 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.80% 115.506 7 Template:Navbox"," 8.08% 106.094 1 Template:European_history_by_country"," 7.85% 103.000 1 Template:Europe_topic"," 7.15% 93.920 2 Template:Langx"," 6.97% 91.523 21 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.706","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26651508,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAmt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlocker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlocker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrzozowskiPugnet2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbet2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutschPronina2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDieter_MahnckeLéonce_BekemansRobert_Picht1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolz1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaspers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhervas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorpRenes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoskynsMichael_Newman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiserVarsori2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKikuchi_(菊池)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoten2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_GoffLe_Goff2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack_Smith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMather2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzidakis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicinski2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelsenGuth2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelsson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoyan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagdenHamilton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasture2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinteričPrijon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._R._Palmer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosamond2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchramm1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkolimowska2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithStirk1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStirk1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStory2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeigallStirk1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoder1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFred2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 34,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"EU evolution timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"EU history\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"European Union topics\"] = 1,\n [\"European history by country\"] = 1,\n [\"Evolution_of_the_European_Union_SMIL.svg\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Seealso\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6kzj2","timestamp":"20241123045330","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of the European Union","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_European_Union","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212114","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212114","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-27T14:44:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T18:58:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg","headline":"aspect of history"}</script> </body> </html>