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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>People's Republic of China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People's Republic of China subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_Chairman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Chairman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>State Chairman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Chairman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Mao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Mao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Conflict with Mao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Mao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vilification,_death_and_rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vilification,_death_and_rehabilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vilification, death and rehabilitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vilification,_death_and_rehabilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Liu Shaoqi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="ليو شاوتشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليو شاوتشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2u_Si%C3%A0u-k%C3%AE" title="Lâu Siàu-kî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâu Siàu-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Лю Шаацы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лю Шаацы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liou_%C5%A0ao-%C4%8Dchi" title="Liou Šao-čchi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Liou Šao-čchi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C" title="لیو شائوچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیو شائوچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%BB_S%C3%A9u-kh%C3%AC" title="Liû Séu-khì – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Liû Séu-khì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%98%EC%82%AC%EC%98%A4%EC%B9%98" title="류사오치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="류사오치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B8_%D5%91%D5%AB" title="Լյու Շաո Ցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյու Շաո Ցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%89_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="लीउ शओची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लीउ शओची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99" title="ליו שאוצ'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליו שאוצ'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BE-%D0%A6%D0%B8" title="Лю Шао-Ци – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лю Шао-Ци" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Sao-csi" title="Liu Sao-csi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liu Sao-csi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%89" title="ليو شاوتشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليو شاوتشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Лю Шаоцы – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лю Шаоцы" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87" title="劉少奇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="劉少奇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Лю Шаоци – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лю Шаоци" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liou_%C5%A0ao-%C4%8Dchi" title="Liou Šao-čchi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Liou Šao-čchi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%9B%D0%B8" title="Љу Шаоћи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Љу Шаоћи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liu Shaoqi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="லு சாஃவ்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லு சாஃவ்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B5" title="หลิว เช่าฉี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลิว เช่าฉี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_%C5%9Eao%C3%A7i" title="Liu Şaoçi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liu Şaoçi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96" title="Лю Шаоці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лю Шаоці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0u_Thi%E1%BA%BFu_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Lưu Thiếu Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lưu Thiếu Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Liu" title="Liu">Liu</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87" class="extiw" title="zh:刘少奇">the corresponding article</a> in Chinese</b>.  <i><small>(March 2023)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at [[:zh:刘少奇]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|zh|刘少奇}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Liu_Shaoqi" title="Talk:Liu Shaoqi">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Liu Shaoqi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh-Hans"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">刘少奇</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LiuShaoqi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/LiuShaoqi.jpg/220px-LiuShaoqi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/LiuShaoqi.jpg/330px-LiuShaoqi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/LiuShaoqi.jpg/440px-LiuShaoqi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1950s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">Chairman of the People's Republic of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 April 1959 – 31 October 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 September 1956 – 1 August 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Delegate to the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 September 1954 – 21 October 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> At-large</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1898-11-24</span>)</span>24 November 1898<br /><a href="/wiki/Ningxiang" title="Ningxiang">Ningxiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 November 1969<span style="display:none">(1969-11-12)</span> (aged 70)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, People’s Republic of China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (1921–1968)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">He Baozhen</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1923; died 1934)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fei_(revolutionary)" title="Xie Fei (revolutionary)">Xie Fei</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1935; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1940)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Wang Qian</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1942; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1943)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1948⁠–⁠1969)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">9 (including <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yunbin" title="Liu Yunbin">Liu Yunbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(PRC_general)" title="Liu Yuan (PRC general)">Liu Yuan</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Liu Shaoqi</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:刘">刘</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:少">少</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:奇">奇</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">劉少奇</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Liú Shàoqí</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Liou Shawchyi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Liu<sup>2</sup> Shao<sup>4</sup>-ch'i<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ljǒʊ ʂâʊtɕʰǐ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Lau4 Siu2-kei4</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Liu Shaoqi</b> (<span style="font-size:85%;">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ljǒʊ ʂâʊtɕʰǐ]</a></span>; 24 November 1898 – 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary and politician. He was the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> from 1954 to 1959, first-ranking <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">vice chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a> from 1956 to 1966, and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">chairman of the People's Republic of China</a> (president of China) from 1959 to 1968. He was considered to be a possible successor to <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, but was purged during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. </p><p>In his early years, Liu participated in labor movements in strikes, including the <a href="/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement" title="May Thirtieth Movement">May Thirtieth Movement</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> began in 1927, he was assigned by the CCP to work in Shanghai and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>, and travelled to the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a> in 1932. He participated in the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>, and was appointed as the Party Secretary in North China in 1936 to lead anti-Japanese resistance efforts in the area. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, Liu led the CCP's Central Plains Bureau. After the <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">New Fourth Army incident</a> in 1941, Liu became a political commissar of the <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>. After Liu returned to <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a> in 1943, he became a secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Secretariat</a> and a vice chairman of the Central Military Commission. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a> in 1949, Liu became a vice chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931954)" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–1954)">Central People's Government</a>. After the establishment of the National People's Congress in 1954, Liu was elected as the chairman of its Standing Committee. In 1959, he succeeded Mao Zedong as the chairman of the People's Republic of China. During his chairmanship, he implemented policies of <a href="/wiki/Economic_reconstruction" title="Economic reconstruction">economic reconstruction</a> in China, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a> in 1962. Liu was publicly named as Mao's chosen successor in 1961. However, he was criticized and then purged by Mao soon after the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, eventually being placed under house arrest in 1967. He was forced out of public life and was labelled the "commander of China's bourgeoisie headquarters", China's foremost "<a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">capitalist-roader</a>", and a traitor to the revolution. He died in prison in 1969 due to complications from <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>. Liu was widely condemned in the years following his death until he was <a href="/wiki/Political_rehabilitation" title="Political rehabilitation">posthumously rehabilitated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>'s government in 1980, as part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></i> period. Deng's government granted Liu a national memorial service. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth">Youth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1927_Liu_Shaoqi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1927_Liu_Shaoqi.jpg/190px-1927_Liu_Shaoqi.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1927_Liu_Shaoqi.jpg/285px-1927_Liu_Shaoqi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1927_Liu_Shaoqi.jpg/380px-1927_Liu_Shaoqi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Liu Shaoqi, 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>Liu was born into a moderately rich peasant family in Huaminglou,<sup id="cite_ref-Dittmer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dittmer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ningxiang" title="Ningxiang">Ningxiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> province;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his ancestral hometown is located at <a href="/wiki/Jishui_County" title="Jishui County">Jishui County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>. He received a modern education,<sup id="cite_ref-:322_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 142">: 142 </span></sup> attending Ningxiang Zhusheng Middle School and was recommended to attend a class in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> to prepare for studying in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. In 1920, he and <a href="/wiki/Ren_Bishi" title="Ren Bishi">Ren Bishi</a> joined a Socialist Youth Corps; the next year, Liu was recruited to study at the Comintern's <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Toilers_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Toilers of the East">University of the Toilers of the East</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dittmer_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dittmer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu studied at the university from 1921 to 1922, and his experiences there contributed to his later success in organizing Chinese trade unions, strikes, and underground Communist party committees.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 96">: 96 </span></sup> </p><p>He joined the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) in 1921. The next year he returned to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and, as secretary of the All-China Labor Syndicate, led several railway workers' strikes in the Yangzi Valley and at <a href="/wiki/Anyuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Anyuan District">Anyuan</a> on the Jiangxi-Hunan border.<sup id="cite_ref-Dittmer_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dittmer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_activities">Early political activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1925, Liu became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>-based All-China Federation of Labor Executive Committee. During the next two years he led numerous political campaigns and strikes in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> and Shanghai. He worked with <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a> in Shanghai in 1925, organizing Communist activity following the <a href="/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement" title="May Thirtieth Movement">May Thirtieth Movement</a>. After his work in Shanghai, Liu traveled to <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>. He was briefly arrested in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> and then returned to Guangzhou to help organize the 16-month-long <a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike" title="Canton–Hong Kong strike">Canton–Hong Kong strike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Party's Central Committee</a> in 1927 and was appointed to the head of its Labor Department.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu returned to work at the Party headquarters in Shanghai in 1929 and was named Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchurian</a> Party Committee in <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Fengtian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930 and 1931 he attended the Third and Fourth Plenums of the Sixth Central Committee, and was elected to the Central Executive Committee (i.e., Politburo) of the Chinese Soviet Republic in 1931 or 1932. Later in 1932, he left Shanghai and traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1939_Liu_Shaoqi_and_Zhou_Enlai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/1939_Liu_Shaoqi_and_Zhou_Enlai.jpg/220px-1939_Liu_Shaoqi_and_Zhou_Enlai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/1939_Liu_Shaoqi_and_Zhou_Enlai.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Liu Shaoqi and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Liu became the Party Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> Province in 1932. He accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a> in 1934 at least as far as the crucial <a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a>, but was then sent to the so-called "White Areas" (areas controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>) to reorganize underground activities in northern China, centered around <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>. He became Party Secretary in North China in 1936, leading the anti-Japanese movements in that area with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_Ziwen" title="An Ziwen">An Ziwen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Lantao" title="Liu Lantao">Liu Lantao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a>. In February 1937 he established, with the rest of the North China Bureau, in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-How_The_Red_Sun_Rose_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_The_Red_Sun_Rose-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup> In the same year, he challenged <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a> on the Party's historical problems, criticizing the leftist errors after 1927, thus breaching the consensus reached at the Zunyi Conference that the Party line had been essentially correct.<sup id="cite_ref-How_The_Red_Sun_Rose_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_The_Red_Sun_Rose-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 103">: 103 </span></sup> Liu ran the Central Plains Bureau in 1939; and, in 1941, the Central China Bureau. </p><p>In 1937, Liu traveled to the Communist base at <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>; in 1941, he became a political commissar of the <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dittmer17_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dittmer17-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected as one of five CCP Secretaries at the Seventh Party Congress in 1945. In a report following the 7th Congress, Liu articulated four "mass points" to be instilled in every party member: "everything for the masses; full responsibility to the masses; faith in the self-emancipation of the masses; and learning from the masses".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After that Congress, he became the supreme leader of all Communist forces in Manchuria and northern China,<sup id="cite_ref-dittmer17_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dittmer17-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a role frequently overlooked by historians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>People's Republic of China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liu became the Vice Chairman of the Central People's Government in 1949. In 1954 China adopted a new constitution at the first <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (NPC); at the Congress's first session, he was elected <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">chairman of the Congress's Standing Committee</a>, a position he held until the second NPC in 1959. From 1956 until his downfall in 1966, he ranked as the First <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dittmer17_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dittmer17-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liu's work focused on party organizational and theoretical affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He drafted party regulations and oversaw the organizational development of the party consistent with <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> principles.<sup id="cite_ref-:Tsang&Cheung_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 18–19">: 18–19 </span></sup> He was an orthodox Soviet-style Communist and favored state planning and the development of heavy industry. He elaborated upon his political and economic beliefs in his writings. His best known works include <i>How to be a Good Communist</i> (1939), <i>On the Party</i> (1945), and <i>Internationalism and Nationalism</i> (1952). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Chairman">State Chairman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: State Chairman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liu spoke very strongly in favor of the Great Leap Forward at the Eighth CCP National Congress in May 1958. However, he later expressed concerns about the adverse effects of the campaign, particularly the widespread famine it caused. During the Lushan Conference in 1959, Liu emphasized the need for corrective measures and supported more moderate economic policies.<sup id="cite_ref-dittmer39-40_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dittmer39-40-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this Congress Liu stood together with <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> and Peng Zhen in support of Mao's policies against those who were more critical, such as <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> and Zhou Enlai. </p><p> As a result, Liu gained influence within the party. In April 1959, he succeeded Mao as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Chairman of the People's Republic of China</a> (Chinese President). However, Liu began to voice concern about the outcomes of the Great Leap in August 1959 <a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dittmer39-40_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dittmer39-40-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To correct the mistakes of the Great Leap Forward, Liu and Deng Xiaoping led economic reforms that bolstered their prestige among the party apparatus and the national populace. The economic policies of Deng and Liu were notable for being more moderate than Mao's radical ideas. For example, in the period when the economic turmoil of the Great Leap Forward prompted the Party to delay the Third <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">Five Year Plan</a>, Liu led a group of high officials who worked to revive the economy through an increased role for markets, greater material incentives for workers, a lower rate of investment, a more moderate pace for developmental goals, and increased funding for consumer industries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 40">: 40 </span></sup> During preliminary work on the Third Five Year Plan, Liu stated:<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 51">: 51 </span></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the past, the infrastructure battlefront was too long. There were too many projects. Demands were too high and rushed. Designs were done badly, and projects were hurriedly begun ... We only paid attention to increasing output and ignored quality. We set targets too highly. We must always remember these painful learning experiences.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Mao">Conflict with Mao</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conflict with Mao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Shaoqi_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Liu_Shaoqi_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/220px-Liu_Shaoqi_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Liu_Shaoqi_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/330px-Liu_Shaoqi_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Liu_Shaoqi_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/440px-Liu_Shaoqi_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Liu Shaoqi and <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>Liu was publicly acknowledged as Mao's chosen successor in 1961; however, by 1962 his opposition to Mao's policies had led Mao to mistrust him. Liu's advocacy for pragmatic economic reforms and his criticism of the Great Leap Forward's failures highlighted the ideological rift between him and Mao.<sup id="cite_ref-Culture1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culture1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Mao succeeded in restoring his prestige during the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu's eventual downfall became "inevitable". Liu's position as the second-most powerful leader of the CCP contributed to Mao's rivalry with him at least as much as Liu's political beliefs or factional allegiances in the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-Culture1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culture1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially during and after the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a>, indicating that Liu's later persecution was the result of a power struggle that went beyond the goals and well-being of either China or the Party. </p><p>Liu was among the senior officials who in 1964 were initially reluctant to support Mao's proposed <a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a> campaign to develop basic industry and national defense industry in China's interior to address the risk of invasion by the United States or the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> In an effort to stall, Liu proposed additional surveys and planning.<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 40">: 40 </span></sup> Academic Covell F. Meyskens writes that Liu and the high-ranking colleagues who agreed with him did not want to engage in another rapid industrialization campaign so soon after the failure of the Great Leap Forward and that instead they sought to continue the gradual approach of developing areas and increasing consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> When fears of American invasion increased after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin Incident</a>, Liu and his colleagues changed their views and began fully supporting the Third Front construction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1966-06_1966%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87%E7%8E%87%E5%9B%A2%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1966-06_1966%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87%E7%8E%87%E5%9B%A2%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6.jpg/220px-1966-06_1966%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87%E7%8E%87%E5%9B%A2%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1966-06_1966%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87%E7%8E%87%E5%9B%A2%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6.jpg/330px-1966-06_1966%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87%E7%8E%87%E5%9B%A2%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1966-06_1966%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87%E7%8E%87%E5%9B%A2%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6.jpg/440px-1966-06_1966%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87%E7%8E%87%E5%9B%A2%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Liu Shaoqi in June 1966, the first year of the Cultural Revolution</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1966, few senior leaders in China questioned the need for a widespread reform to combat the growing problems of corruption and bureaucratization within the Party and the government. With the goal of reforming the government to be more efficient and true to the Communist ideal, Liu himself chaired the enlarged Politburo meeting that officially began the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. However, Liu and his political allies quickly lost control of the Cultural Revolution soon after it was called, when Mao used the movement to progressively monopolize political power and to destroy his perceived enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-Culture2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culture2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whatever its other causes, the Cultural Revolution, declared in 1966, was overtly pro-Maoist, and gave Mao the power and influence to purge the Party of his political enemies at the highest levels of government. Along with closing China's schools and universities, and Mao's exhortations to young Chinese to randomly destroy old buildings, temples, and art, and to attack their teachers, school administrators, party leaders, and parents,<sup id="cite_ref-CR1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CR1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Cultural Revolution also increased Mao's prestige so much that entire villages adopted the practice of offering prayers to Mao before every meal.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In both national politics and Chinese popular culture, Mao established himself as a demigod accountable to no one, purging any that he suspected of opposing him<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and directing the masses and <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> "to destroy virtually all state and party institutions".<sup id="cite_ref-Culture2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culture2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Cultural Revolution was announced, most of the most senior members of the CCP who had voiced any hesitation in following Mao's direction, including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, were removed from their posts almost immediately and, with their families, subjected to mass criticism and humiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-CR1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CR1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu and Deng, along with many others, were denounced as "<a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">capitalist roaders</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu was labeled as the "commander of China's bourgeoisie headquarters", China's foremost "<a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">capitalist-roader</a>", "the biggest capitalist roader in the Party", and a traitor to the revolution;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was displaced as Vice Chairman of the CCP by <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> in July 1966. </p><p>By 1967, Liu and his wife <a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a> were placed under house arrest in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu's major economic positions were attacked, including his "three freedoms and one guarantee" (which promoted private land plots, free markets, independent accounting for small enterprises, and household output quotas) and "four freedoms" (which permitted individuals in the countryside to lease land, lend money, hire wage laborers, and engage in trade).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu was removed from all his positions and expelled from the Party in October 1968. After his arrest, Liu disappeared from public view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vilification,_death_and_rehabilitation"><span id="Vilification.2C_death_and_rehabilitation"></span>Vilification, death and rehabilitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vilification, death and rehabilitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_shaoqi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Liu_shaoqi.jpg/250px-Liu_shaoqi.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Liu_shaoqi.jpg/375px-Liu_shaoqi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Liu_shaoqi.jpg/500px-Liu_shaoqi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2164" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Liu Shaoqi being subjected to public humiliation at a rally during the Cultural Revolution</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">Ninth Party Congress</a>, Liu was denounced as a traitor and an enemy agent. Zhou Enlai read the Party verdict that Liu was "a criminal traitor, enemy agent and scab in the service of the imperialists, modern revisionists and the Kuomintang reactionaries". Liu's conditions did not improve after he was denounced in the Congress, and he died soon afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glover_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glover-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a memoir written by Liu's principal physician, he disputed the alleged medical maltreatment of Liu during his last days. According to Dr. Gu Qihua, there was a dedicated medical team in charge of treating Liu's illness; between July 1968 and October 1969, Liu had seven total occurrences of pneumonia due to his deteriorating immune system, and there had been a total of 40 group consultations by top medical professionals regarding the treatment of this disease. Liu was closely monitored on a daily basis by a medical team, and they made the best effort given the adverse circumstances. He died in prison from complications due to diabetes at 6:45 a.m. on 12 November 1969 under a pseudonym in <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, and was cremated the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_V._Pantsov_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_V._Pantsov-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WP_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1980, two years after Deng Xiaoping came to power, the Fifth Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party issued the "Resolution on the Rehabilitation of Comrade Liu Shaoqi". The resolution fully rehabilitated Liu, declaring his ouster to be unjust and removing the labels of "renegade, traitor and scab" that had been attached to him at the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also declared him to be "a great Marxist and proletarian revolutionary" and recognized him as one of the principal leaders of the Party. Lin Biao was blamed for "concocting false evidence" against Liu, and for working with the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> to subject him to "political frame-up and physical persecution". In 1980, Liu was posthumously rehabilitated by the CCP under Deng Xiaoping. This rehabilitation included a formal apology from the government, acknowledging that Liu had been wrongly persecuted and that his contributions to the Chinese Revolution and the early development of the People's Republic of China were significant and positive.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the conclusion of the rehabilitation ceremony, Liu's ashes were scattered off the coast of the city of <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a> in accordance to wishes he made prior to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 November 2018, the CCP's <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> delivered a speech in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a> in Beijing to commemorate the 120th anniversary of the birth of Liu Shaoqi.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liu Shaoqi's legacy remains controversial in China. While his role in the Chinese Revolution and early economic reforms is acknowledged, his persecution during the Cultural Revolution and the subsequent suffering highlight the complexities of his political career. Liu's pragmatic approach to economic policy is now seen as a precursor to the reforms that transformed China in the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%89%E7%BE%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%89%E7%BE%8E.jpg/250px-%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%89%E7%BE%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%89%E7%BE%8E.jpg/375px-%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%89%E7%BE%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%89%E7%BE%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Liu with his wife Wang Guangmei, 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>Liu married five times, including to He Baozhen (<span lang="zh-Hans">何宝珍</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a> (<span lang="zh">王光美</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His third wife, <a href="/wiki/Xie_Fei_(revolutionary)" title="Xie Fei (revolutionary)">Xie Fei</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">谢飞</span>), came from <a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang">Wenchang</a>, Hainan and was one of the few women on the 1934 Long March.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife at the time of his death in 1969, Wang Guangmei, was thrown into prison by Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution; she was subjected to harsh conditions in solitary confinement for more than a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieberthal,_Kenneth_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieberthal,_Kenneth-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His son <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yunbin" title="Liu Yunbin">Liu Yunbin</a> (Chinese: 刘允斌; pinyin: Liú Yǔnbīn) was a prominent physicist who was also singled out for abuse during the Cultural Revolution. He committed suicide in 1967 by lying on the tracks before an oncoming train. Liu Yunbin was posthumously rehabilitated and his reputation restored in 1978. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiu1984" class="citation book cs1">Liu Shaoqi (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206014633/http://book.theorychina.org/upload/8d469d79-ffb5-45f6-b22f-5b87ab3c246f/"><i>Selected Works of Liu Shaoqi</i></a>. Vol. I (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-1180-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8351-1180-6"><bdi>0-8351-1180-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.theorychina.org/upload/8d469d79-ffb5-45f6-b22f-5b87ab3c246f/">the original</a> on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Liu+Shaoqi&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8351-1180-6&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Shaoqi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.theorychina.org%2Fupload%2F8d469d79-ffb5-45f6-b22f-5b87ab3c246f%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu1991" class="citation book cs1">— (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206012723/http://book.theorychina.org/upload/40e258c4-48cd-450e-a0de-5da6eb3c9063/"><i>Selected Works of Liu Shaoqi</i></a>. Vol. II (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-2452-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8351-2452-5"><bdi>0-8351-2452-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.theorychina.org/upload/40e258c4-48cd-450e-a0de-5da6eb3c9063/">the original</a> on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Liu+Shaoqi&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8351-2452-5&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Shaoqi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.theorychina.org%2Fupload%2F40e258c4-48cd-450e-a0de-5da6eb3c9063%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi%27s_Former_Residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Shaoqi's Former Residence">Liu Shaoqi's Former Residence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dittmer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dittmer_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dittmer_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dittmer_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dittmer, Lowell, <i>Liu Shao-ch’i and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a> (Berkeley), 1974, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow, Edgar, <i>Red Star Over China</i>, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> (New York), 1938. Citation is from the Grove Press 1973 edition, pp. 482–484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:322_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). <i>China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future</i>. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2018" class="citation book cs1">Li, Xiaobing (2018). <i>The Cold War in East Asia</i>. Abingdon, Oxon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-65179-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-65179-1"><bdi>978-1-138-65179-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+in+East+Asia&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-65179-1&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiaobing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dittmer, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen, Jerome. <i>Mao and the Chinese Revolution,</i> (London), 1965, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dittmer, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow, pp. 482–484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_The_Red_Sun_Rose-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How_The_Red_Sun_Rose_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_The_Red_Sun_Rose_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gao Hua, <i>How the Red Sun Rose: The Origins and Development of the Yan'an Rectification Movement, 1930–1945</i>, Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dittmer17-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dittmer17_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dittmer17_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dittmer17_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dittmer 1974, p. 17 citing Tetsuya Kataoka, <i>Resistance and Revolution in China: The Communists and the Second United Front</i>, 1974 pre-publication.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar1973" class="citation journal cs1">MacFarquhar, Roderick (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/652160">"Problems of Liberalization and the Succession at the Eighth Party Congress"</a>. <i>The China Quarterly</i> (56): <span class="nowrap">617–</span>646. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000019524">10.1017/S0305741000019524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7410">0305-7410</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/652160">652160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Problems+of+Liberalization+and+the+Succession+at+the+Eighth+Party+Congress&rft.issue=56&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E617-%3C%2Fspan%3E646&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0305-7410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F652160%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741000019524&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F652160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dittmer 1974, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Tsang&Cheung_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsangCheung2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chang" title="Steve Chang">Tsang, Steve</a>; Cheung, Olivia (2024). <i>The Political Thought of Xi Jinping</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197689363" title="Special:BookSources/9780197689363"><bdi>9780197689363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Xi+Jinping&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197689363&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Cheung%2C+Olivia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dittmer39-40-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dittmer39-40_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dittmer39-40_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dikötter, Frank. <i>Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62</i>. Walker & Company, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0222-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyskens2020" class="citation book cs1">Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). <i>Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78478-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78478-8"><bdi>978-1-108-78478-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145096137">1145096137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Third+Front%3A+The+Militarization+of+Cold+War+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145096137&rft.isbn=978-1-108-78478-8&rft.aulast=Meyskens&rft.aufirst=Covell+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culture1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Culture1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Culture1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Teiwes, Frederick C., and Warren Sun. <i>The Tragedy of Lin Biao: Riding the Tiger during the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1971</i>. University of Hawaii Press, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Spence" title="Jonathan D. Spence">Spence, Jonathan D.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton and Company">W.W. Norton and Company</a>. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4">0-393-97351-4</a> p. 566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culture2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Culture2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Culture2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Qiu Jin, <i>The Culture of Power: the Lin Biao Incident in the Cultural Revolution</i>, Stanford University Press: Stanford, California. 1999, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CR1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CR1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CR1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, Jonathan D. <i>The Search for Modern China</i>, New York: W.W. Norton and Company. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4">0-393-97351-4</a> p. 575.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, Jonathan D. <i>The Search for Modern China</i>, New York: W.W. Norton and Company. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4">0-393-97351-4</a> p. 584</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-996-280-2" title="Special:BookSources/962-996-280-2">962-996-280-2</a> p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmer1981" class="citation journal cs1">Dittmer, Lowell (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2054551">"Death and Transfiguration: Liu Shaoqi's Rehabilitation and Contemporary Chinese Politics"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">455–</span>479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2054551">10.2307/2054551</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2054551">2054551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Death+and+Transfiguration%3A+Liu+Shaoqi%27s+Rehabilitation+and+Contemporary+Chinese+Politics&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E479&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2054551%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2054551&rft.aulast=Dittmer&rft.aufirst=Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2054551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/en/collection/crposter/liushaoqi">"Liu Shaoqi (1898-1969)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180604125224/https://repository.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/en/collection/crposter/liushaoqi">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.atitle=Liu+Shaoqi+%281898-1969%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.lib.cuhk.edu.hk%2Fen%2Fcollection%2Fcrposter%2Fliushaoqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews1980" class="citation news cs1">Mathews, Jay (4 March 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/03/04/5-children-of-liu-shaoqi-detail-years-in-disfavor/024ff499-48af-4c41-b47c-fd7e0031bf75/">"5 Children of Liu Shaoqi Detail Years in Disfavor"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=5+Children+of+Liu+Shaoqi+Detail+Years+in+Disfavor&rft.date=1980-03-04&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1980%2F03%2F04%2F5-children-of-liu-shaoqi-detail-years-in-disfavor%2F024ff499-48af-4c41-b47c-fd7e0031bf75%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoderre2021" class="citation book cs1">Coderre, Laurence (2021). <i>Newborn socialist things : materiality in Maoist China</i>. Durham [N.C.]: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1478014300" title="Special:BookSources/978-1478014300"><bdi>978-1478014300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newborn+socialist+things+%3A+materiality+in+Maoist+China&rft.place=Durham+%5BN.C.%5D&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1478014300&rft.aulast=Coderre&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chung1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chung1_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chung, Jang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYHPLULRAtAC&dq=peng+dehuai+head+tumor&pg=PA391"><i>Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China</i></a>. Touchstone: New York. 2003. p. 391. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-4698-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-4698-5">0-7432-4698-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glover-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glover_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Glover" title="Jonathan Glover">Glover, Jonathan</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanitymoralhis00glov_0/page/289"><i>Humanity : A Moral History of the Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. London: J. Cape. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanitymoralhis00glov_0/page/289">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08700-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08700-4"><bdi>0-300-08700-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanity+%3A+A+Moral+History+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=London%3A+J.+Cape&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-300-08700-4&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanitymoralhis00glov_0%2Fpage%2F289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sina.com.cn/bk/wgs/2013-11-12/155073840_2.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">回忆抢救刘少奇, 炎黄春秋</bdi></a> [Liu Shaoqi's Emergency Treatment] (in Chinese (China)). <a href="/wiki/Sina.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina.com">Sina.com</a> History. 12 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%9E%E5%BF%86%E6%8A%A2%E6%95%91%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87%2C+%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B&rft.pub=Sina.com+History&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sina.com.cn%2Fbk%2Fwgs%2F2013-11-12%2F155073840_2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_V._Pantsov-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_V._Pantsov_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander V. Pantsov . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ydGbAQAAQBAJ&dq=liu+shaoqi+6+45+am&pg=PA519"><i>Mao: The Real Story </i></a>. Simon & Schuster 2013. p. 519. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1451654480" title="Special:BookSources/1451654480">1451654480</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogel, Ezra F. <i>Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China</i>. Harvard University Press, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/CPC_90_anniversary/2011-06/22/content_22838789.htm">"Rehabilitation of Liu Shaoqi (Feb. 1980)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Information_Center" title="China Internet Information Center">China Internet Information Center</a></i>. 22 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Internet+Information+Center&rft.atitle=Rehabilitation+of+Liu+Shaoqi+%28Feb.+1980%29&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2FCPC_90_anniversary%2F2011-06%2F22%2Fcontent_22838789.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/1204/c90000-9524966.html">"Xi's speech commemorating 120th anniversary of Liu Shaoqi's birth published"</a>. People's Daily. 4 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xi%27s+speech+commemorating+120th+anniversary+of+Liu+Shaoqi%27s+birth+published&rft.pub=People%27s+Daily&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2Fn3%2F2018%2F1204%2Fc90000-9524966.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo_Porto-Lefébure2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lo Porto-Lefébure, Alessia (6 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.591.0134d">"NAUGHTON (Barry) – The Chinese Economy. Transitions and Growth . – Cambridge (Mass.), The MIT Press, 2007. 528 p."</a> <i>Revue française de science politique</i>. <b>59</b> (1): IV. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frfsp.591.0134d">10.3917/rfsp.591.0134d</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-2950">0035-2950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+fran%C3%A7aise+de+science+politique&rft.atitle=NAUGHTON+%28Barry%29+%E2%80%93+The+Chinese+Economy.+Transitions+and+Growth+.+%E2%80%93+Cambridge+%28Mass.%29%2C+The+MIT+Press%2C+2007.+528+p.&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=IV&rft.date=2009-03-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frfsp.591.0134d&rft.issn=0035-2950&rft.aulast=Lo+Porto-Lef%C3%A9bure&rft.aufirst=Alessia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3917%2Frfsp.591.0134d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vip.book.sina.com.cn/book/index_41074.html"><bdi lang="zh">前国家主席刘少奇夫人王光美访谈录</bdi></a> (in Chinese (China)). <a href="/wiki/Sina.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina.com">Sina.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%89%8D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%89%E7%BE%8E%E8%AE%BF%E8%B0%88%E5%BD%95&rft.pub=Sina.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvip.book.sina.com.cn%2Fbook%2Findex_41074.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hi.people.com.cn/2006/10/23/269193.html"><bdi lang="zh">长征时与刘少奇结伉俪，琼籍女红军传奇人生</bdi></a> (in Chinese (China))<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%95%BF%E5%BE%81%E6%97%B6%E4%B8%8E%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87%E7%BB%93%E4%BC%89%E4%BF%AA%EF%BC%8C%E7%90%BC%E7%B1%8D%E5%A5%B3%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B%E4%BC%A0%E5%A5%87%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhi.people.com.cn%2F2006%2F10%2F23%2F269193.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieberthal,_Kenneth-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lieberthal,_Kenneth_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberthal,_Kenneth" class="citation book cs1">Lieberthal, Kenneth. <i>Governing China: From Revolution to Reform</i>. W.W. Norton: New York, 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+China%3A+From+Revolution+to+Reform&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton%3A+New+York%2C+1995&rft.au=Lieberthal%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Shaoqi" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>"Fifth Plenary Session of 11th C.C.P. Central Committee", <i>Beijing Review</i>, No. 10 (10 March 1980), pp. 3–10, which describes the official rehabilitation measures.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shaoqi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/liu-shaoqi/index.htm">The Liu Shaoqi Reference Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14521/1/490319.pdf">The Theory of Transition in China: The Thought of Liu Shaoqi</a> by Raymond Yeap</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc">Assembly seats </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> </b><br />1954–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">Chairman of the People's Republic of China</a> </b><br />1959–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a> (acting)</i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School" title="Central Party School">Central Party School</a> </b><br />1947–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Feng_(politician)" title="Kai Feng (politician)">Kai Feng</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a><br /><small>Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></small> </b><br />1956–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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id="State_representative_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China551" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Program" title="Common Program">Common Program</a><br />(1949–1954)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">CPG Chairman</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954 Constitution</a><br />(1954–1975)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Chairperson</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liu Shaoqi</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Song Qingling</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></i> (co-acting)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></i> (acting)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a> & <a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a> Constitutions<br />(1975–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">NPCSC Chairperson</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling"><i>Song Qingling</i></a> (acting)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">1982 Constitution</a><br />(1982–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People&#039;s_Congress145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chairmen_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Template:Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chairmen_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Template talk:Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chairmen_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People&#039;s_Congress145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Song Qingling</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang" title="Zhang Dejiang">Zhang Dejiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhanshu" title="Li Zhanshu">Li Zhanshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)1028" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)1028" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1956–1969)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 11th Plenum<br />(Aug 1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a><br />(PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liu Shaoqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (added May 1958, Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a> (died May 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (to PSC May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a> (died Dec 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a> (added May 1958, died Apr 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (added May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (added May 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 11th Plenum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standing Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liu Shaoqi</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> (purged Sep 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a> (purged Aug 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)1052" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)1052" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1945–1956)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Bishi" title="Ren Bishi">Ren Bishi</a> (died 1950) → <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1950)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(to Secretariat 1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(committed suicide 1954)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1955)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1955)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_Revolution220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_Revolution" title="Template:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_Revolution" title="Template talk:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_Revolution220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_Experience" title="Taoyuan Experience">Taoyuan Experience</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_to_the_Countryside_Movement" title="Down to the Countryside Movement">Down to the Countryside Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleansing_the_Class_Ranks" title="Cleansing the Class Ranks">Cleansing the Class Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Storm" title="January Storm">January Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Countercurrent" title="February Countercurrent">February Countercurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_incident" title="Wuhan incident">Wuhan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashing_gong-jian-fa" title="Smashing gong-jian-fa">Smashing gong-jian-fa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th Party Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Strike-Three_Anti_Campaign" title="One Strike-Three Anti Campaign">One Strike-Three Anti Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_571" title="Project 571">Project 571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">Lin Biao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Party Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Painting_incident" title="Black Painting incident">Black Painting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticize_Lin,_Criticize_Confucius" title="Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius">Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snail_Incident" title="Snail Incident">Snail Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_incident" title="Hangzhou incident">Hangzhou incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure" title="1975 Banqiao Dam failure">1975 Banqiao Dam failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack_the_Right-Deviationist_Reversal-of-Verdicts_Trend" title="Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend">Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Incident_(1976)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Incident (1976)">1976 Nanjing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daxing_Massacre" title="Daxing Massacre">Daxing Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Massacre" title="Guangxi Massacre">Guangxi Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_incident" title="Inner Mongolia incident">Inner Mongolia incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Cultural_Revolution_Massacre" title="Guangdong Cultural Revolution Massacre">Guangdong Massacre</a></li> <li>Hunan Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoxian_massacre" title="Daoxian massacre">Daoxian massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang_County_Massacre" title="Shaoyang County Massacre">Shaoyang County Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yunnan Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Jianmin_spy_case" title="Zhao Jianmin spy case">Zhao Jianmin spy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruijin_Massacre" title="Ruijin Massacre">Ruijin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai_223_Incident" title="Qinghai 223 Incident">Qinghai 223 Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Han_(historian)" title="Wu Han (historian)">Wu Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Li_(politician)" title="Wang Li (politician)">Wang Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Benyu" title="Qi Benyu">Qi Benyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Faxian" title="Wu Faxian">Wu Faxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Huizuo" title="Qiu Huizuo">Qiu Huizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chengwu" title="Yang Chengwu">Yang Chengwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zaidao" title="Chen Zaidao">Chen Zaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yuanxin" title="Mao Yuanxin">Mao Yuanxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_List_of_Cadres_to_Be_Protected" title="A List of Cadres to Be Protected">A List of Cadres to Be Protected</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bombard_the_Headquarters" title="Bombard the Headquarters">Bombard the Headquarters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui_Dismissed_from_Office" title="Hai Rui Dismissed from Office">Hai Rui Dismissed from Office</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/May_16_Notification" class="mw-redirect" title="May 16 Notification">May 16 Notification</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Articles_of_Public_Security" title="Six Articles of Public Security">Six Articles of Public Security</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweep_Away_All_Cow_Demons_and_Snake_Spirits" title="Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits">Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Class_Origins" title="On Class Origins">On Class Origins</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/With_you_in_charge,_I%27m_at_ease" title="With you in charge, I'm at ease">With you in charge, I'm at ease</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_socialist_things" title="Newborn socialist things">Newborn socialist things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">Struggle session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-character_poster" title="Big-character poster">Big-character poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_demons_and_snake_spirits" title="Cow demons and snake spirits">Cow demons and snake spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodline_theory" title="Bloodline theory">Bloodline theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Revolution_Theory" title="Continuous Revolution Theory">Continuous Revolution Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_power_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Seizure of power (Cultural Revolution)">Seizure of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Violent struggle">Violent Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Divides_into_Two" title="One Divides into Two">One Divides into Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Wall" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_opera" title="Revolutionary opera">Eight model plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_dance" title="Loyalty dance">Loyalty dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">Capitalist roader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiku_sitian" title="Yiku sitian">Yiku sitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learn_from_Daqing_in_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Learn from Daqing in industry">Learn from Daqing in industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learn_from_Dazhai_in_agriculture" title="Learn from Dazhai in agriculture">Learn from Dazhai in agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinking_Old_Ninth" title="Stinking Old Ninth">Stinking Old Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Black_Categories" title="Five Black Categories">Five Black Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Red_Categories" title="Five Red Categories">Five Red Categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Faction_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Conservative Faction (Cultural Revolution)">Conservative Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Guards" title="Little Red Guards">Little Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_Faction_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Rebel Faction (Cultural Revolution)">Rebel Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Guards" title="Scarlet Guards">Scarlet Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">Ultra-Left Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoyao_Faction" title="Xiaoyao Faction">Xiaoyao Faction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Sixteenth_elements" title="May Sixteenth elements">May Sixteenth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Man_Group" title="Five Man Group">Five Man Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_Group" title="Cultural Revolution Group">Cultural Revolution Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Organization_and_Propaganda_Leading_Group" title="Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group">Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_committee_(China)" title="Revolutionary committee (China)">Revolutionary committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Heilongjiang Revolutionary Committee">in Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Shanghai Revolutionary Committee">in Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61889_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="61889 Regiment">8341 Special Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sent-down_youth" title="Sent-down youth">Sent-down youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61_Renegades" title="61 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122773563">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22167823">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61693/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhrPDFPtkkBDwHJcdYT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118573594">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80128361">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12086488w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12086488w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00316275">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liu, Shaoqi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV010099">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36602076">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19960000058252&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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