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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_the_Slavs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Arrival of the Slavs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Slavs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samo's_realm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samo's_realm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Samo's realm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samo's_realm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Medieval times</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_times-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medieval times subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Moravia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Moravia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Great Moravia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Moravia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duchy_of_Bohemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchy_of_Bohemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Duchy of Bohemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchy_of_Bohemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Bohemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Bohemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kingdom of Bohemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Bohemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Přemyslids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Přemyslids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Late Přemyslids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Přemyslids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>House of Luxembourg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Habsburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Habsburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>House of Habsburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Habsburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Poděbrady" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Poděbrady"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>House of Poděbrady</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Poděbrady-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Jagiellon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Jagiellon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>House of Jagiellon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Jagiellon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_of_Habsburg_Monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_of_Habsburg_Monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Part of Habsburg Monarchy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Part_of_Habsburg_Monarchy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Part of Habsburg Monarchy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Part_of_Habsburg_Monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolutism_and_National_Revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolutism_and_National_Revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Absolutism and National Revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolutism_and_National_Revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Habsburgs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Habsburgs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Late Habsburgs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Habsburgs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Habsburg–Lorraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Habsburg–Lorraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>House of Habsburg–Lorraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Habsburg–Lorraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria-Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Austria-Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern times subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Czechoslovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_protectorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_protectorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>German protectorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_protectorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_of_the_Communist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_of_the_Communist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rule of the Communist Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_the_Communist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Post-Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Czech lands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تاريخ الأراضي التشيكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الأراضي التشيكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="চেক প্রজাতন্ত্রের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেক প্রজাতন্ত্রের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Чэхіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Чэхіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Чехия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Чехия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Tx%C3%A8quia" title="Història de Txèquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Txèquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_%C4%8Ceska" title="Dějiny Česka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Česka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjekkiets_historie" title="Tjekkiets historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tjekkiets historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Tschechiens" title="Geschichte Tschechiens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Tschechiens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="Historia de la República Checa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de la República Checa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_%C4%88e%C4%A5io" title="Historio de Ĉeĥio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Ĉeĥio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txekiako_Errepublikako_historia" title="Txekiako Errepublikako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txekiako Errepublikako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%86%DA%A9" title="تاریخ سرزمین چک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ سرزمین چک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Tch%C3%A9quie" title="Histoire de la Tchéquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Tchéquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="Historia da República Checa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia da República Checa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Չեխիայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեխիայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ke" title="Povijest Češke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Češke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Chekia" title="Historio di Chekia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Chekia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Repubblica_Ceca" title="Storia della Repubblica Ceca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Repubblica Ceca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Ucheki" title="Historia ya Ucheki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Ucheki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehijas_v%C4%93sture" title="Čehijas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čehijas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cekijos_istorija" title="Čekijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čekijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csehorsz%C3%A1g_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Csehország történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csehország történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Историја на Чешка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Чешка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Republik_Czech" title="Sejarah Republik Czech – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Republik Czech" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Tsjechische_landen" title="Geschiedenis van de Tsjechische landen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de Tsjechische landen" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="Category:History of the Czech lands">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the Czech lands</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1403" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Bohemian Crown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">Czech lands in the High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">Czech lands 1526–1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">Czech lands 1648–1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">Czech lands 1867–1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Czech Republic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic" title="Portal:Czech Republic">Czech Republic portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="Template:History of the Czech lands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="Template talk:History of the Czech lands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Czech lands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of the Czech lands</b> – an area roughly corresponding to the present-day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> – starts approximately 800 years BCE. A simple chopper from that age was discovered at the Red Hill (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Červený kopec</i>) archeological site in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Valoch_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valoch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many different primitive cultures left their traces throughout the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, which lasted approximately until 2000 BCE. The most widely known culture present in the Czech lands during the pre-historical era is the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Únětice Culture">Únětice Culture</a>, leaving traces for about five centuries from the end of the Stone Age to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> – who came during the 5th century BCE – are the first people known by name. One of the Celtic tribes were the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> (plural), who gave the Czech lands their first name <i>Boiohaemum</i> – Latin for <i>the Land of Boii</i>. Before the beginning of the Common Era the Celts were mostly pushed out by Germanic tribes. The most notable of those tribes were the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> and traces of their wars with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> were left in south Moravia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the turbulent times of the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, the Czech lands were ultimately settled by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavic</a> tribes. The year of 623 marks the formation of the first known state in the Czech lands,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a> united the local Slavic tribes, defended their lands from the <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a> to the east and – few years later – won the battle of Wogastisburg against the Franks invading the Czech lands from the west.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next state appearing in the Czech lands after the dissolution of the Samo's state was probably the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>. The center of its power lay in the area of Moravia and present-day western Slovakia. In 863, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a>, two scholars from Greece, brought Christianity to the Great Moravia and established the first Slavic script – <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Moravia fell during the <a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">Magyar</a> invasion at the start of the 10th century. </p><p>A new state formed around the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Premyslids" class="mw-redirect" title="Premyslids">Premyslids</a>, who founded the Duchy of Bohemia. The duchy existed largely within the sphere of influence of the <a href="/wiki/East_Franconia" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franconia">East Franconia</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The duchy sided with the Roman Catholic Church during the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a> and in 1212, the duke <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_I_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar I of Bohemia">Ottokar I</a> was granted the hereditary title of king for his service to the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>. The Přemyslid dynasty died out at the start of the 14th century and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg dynasty">Luxembourg dynasty</a>. The most notable of the Luxembourg rulers was Charles IV, who was elected the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He established the Archbishopric of Prague and <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a>, the first university north of the Alps and east of Paris. The start of the 15th century saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantic</a> sentiments in the Czech lands. The execution of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> sparked the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> and the religious split that followed them. The <a href="/wiki/Jagiellon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagiellon dynasty">Jagiellon dynasty</a> ascended the Czech throne in 1471. They ruled for half a century before the king <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis Jagiellon</a> died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> and the empty throne was given to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. </p><p>After the death of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II_of_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf II of Habsburg">Rudolf II of Habsburg</a>, the religious and political tensions grew, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Defenestrations_of_Prague#The_1618_Defenestration_of_Prague" title="Defenestrations of Prague">Second Defenestration of Prague</a>, which sparked the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. Many of the Czech nobles supported the Protestant side and were stripped of their properties as a result. Germanization and recatholicisation of the Czech lands followed. The spread of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> during the late 18th century went hand in hand with the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">Czech National Revival</a>. After 1848, the leading representatives of the Czech National Revival increased their political efforts to gain more autonomy for the Czech lands within the Habsburg Monarchy. </p><p>The start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> opened the possibility of gaining full independence and formation of a sovereign state. In the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Agreement" title="Cleveland Agreement">Cleveland Agreement</a> of 1915, the Czech and Slovak representatives declared their goal of creating a common state, based on the right of a people to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. After the capitulation of Austria-Hungary three years later, the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovak Republic</a> became a reality. The so-called First Republic lasted for 20 years, cut short by the advent of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Following the end of World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> took power in 1948, and Czechoslovakia became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. In August 1968, armies of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> invaded Czechoslovakia to prevent further attempts at the reformation of the Communist system. In November 1989, the Velvet Revolution replaced the Communist regime with a democratic <a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a>. Three years later, Czech and Slovak representatives agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a> and the formation of separate states. In 1999, the Czech Republic joined Nato and in 2004, became a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_Age">Stone Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stone Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg/107px-Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg/161px-Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg/214px-Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice" title="Venus of Dolní Věstonice">Venus of Dolní Věstonice</a>, the oldest ceramic article in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>A simple chopper – left by the ancestors of the present-day Homo Sapiens – dated to 800,000 BCE was uncovered in Red Hill in Brno. First evidence of human camps was found in <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99ezletice" title="Přezletice">Přezletice</a> near Prague and in <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_sk%C3%A1la" title="Stránská skála">Stránská skála</a> near Brno which dates to about 200,000 years after that.<sup id="cite_ref-Valoch_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valoch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone tools were found in the <a href="/wiki/K%C5%AFlna_Cave" title="Kůlna Cave">Kůlna Cave</a> in central Moravia, with the estimated age of 120,000 years. More stone tools and the skeletal remains of a <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> man were found at the same site in a 50,000-year-old layer.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human remains from 45,000 years ago were found in <a href="/wiki/Kon%C4%9Bprusy_Caves" title="Koněprusy Caves">Koněprusy Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zlat%C3%BD_k%C5%AF%C5%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Zlatý kůň">Zlatý kůň</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beroun_District" title="Beroun District">Beroun District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human remains from 30,000 years BCE were found in <a href="/wiki/Mlade%C4%8D_caves" title="Mladeč caves">Mladeč caves</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wild_2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> tusks with complex engravings (again around 30,000 BCE) were found both in <a href="/wiki/Pavlov_(B%C5%99eclav_District)" title="Pavlov (Břeclav District)">Pavlov</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99edmost%C3%AD_u_P%C5%99erova_(archaeological_site)" title="Předmostí u Přerova (archaeological site)">Předmostí at Přerov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making south Moravia one of the most important archeological areas in Europe. </p><p>The archeological site in Předmostí at Přerov represents the largest accumulation of human remains of the <a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a> culture,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known for creating so-called <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurines</a>. One of such figurines is the famous <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice" title="Venus of Dolní Věstonice">Venus of Dolní Věstonice</a> (29,000–25,000 BCE) found in <a href="/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice_(archaeological_site)" title="Dolní Věstonice (archaeological site)">Dolní Věstonice</a> in south Moravia along with many other artifacts from that time. Another Venus figurine is the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Pet%C5%99kovice" title="Venus of Petřkovice">Venus of Petřkovice</a>, found in what is today Ostrava. Remains of mammoth hunters from 22,000 BCE were also found in the aforementioned Kůlna Cave along with the remains of reindeer hunters and horse hunters, dated to about 10,000 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately between 5500 and 4500 BCE, people of the <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> resided in Czech lands. Their settlement was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Bylany_(archaeological_site)" title="Bylany (archaeological site)">Bylany</a> near Kutná hora. Their culture was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Lengyel_culture" title="Lengyel culture">Lengyel culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke-ornamented_ware_culture" title="Stroke-ornamented ware culture">Stroke-ornamented ware culture</a>, which coexisted in the Czech Lands during the end of the Stone Age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copper_Age_and_Bronze_Age">Copper Age and Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Copper Age and Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urnfield_sword.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Urnfield_sword.jpg/107px-Urnfield_sword.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Urnfield_sword.jpg/160px-Urnfield_sword.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Urnfield_sword.jpg/213px-Urnfield_sword.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="2371" /></a><figcaption>Bronze sword, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>, c. 1200 BC</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden culture</a> in the south were the predominant cultures in the Czech Lands throughout the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Copper Age</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a> represented the transition from the Copper Age to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a>. With the start of the Bronze Age, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a> appeared. This culture got its name from a village near Prague, where the first discovery was made in the 1870s. Many of their burial mounds were uncovered, mostly in central Bohemia. It was followed by the Middle Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a> from around 1600 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> is blanket term for various Late Bronze Age cultures dating from c. 1300-800 BC who cremated their dead and buried the urns with their ashes. The <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> was the last culture of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. The key archeological site of the Hallstatt culture in the Czech Lands is the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BD%C4%8D%C3%AD_sk%C3%A1la_Cave" title="Býčí skála Cave">Býčí skála Cave</a>, where a rare bronze statue of a bull was found. Many of these archeological sites were occupied by multiple cultures throughout the ancient times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg/136px-Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg/205px-Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg/273px-Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="4663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C5%A1eck%C3%A9_%C5%BDehrovice_Head" title="Mšecké Žehrovice Head">Stone sculpture of a Celtic man</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/M%C5%A1eck%C3%A9_%C5%BDehrovice" title="Mšecké Žehrovice">Mšecké Žehrovice</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dacia_occupation_of_Pannonia_and_modern_day_Czechia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dacia_occupation_of_Pannonia_and_modern_day_Czechia.png/220px-Dacia_occupation_of_Pannonia_and_modern_day_Czechia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dacia_occupation_of_Pannonia_and_modern_day_Czechia.png/330px-Dacia_occupation_of_Pannonia_and_modern_day_Czechia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dacia_occupation_of_Pannonia_and_modern_day_Czechia.png/440px-Dacia_occupation_of_Pannonia_and_modern_day_Czechia.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Dacian Influence over Bohemia</figcaption></figure> <p>The area was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tribes at the start of the Iron Age. The most prominent tribe in Bohemia were the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> (plural), who gave the area the name of <i>Boiohaemia</i> (Latin for <i>the land of Boii</i>), which later turned into Bohemia. Before the start of the 1st century CE, they were pushed out by various Germanic tribes (<a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>). Around 60 to 50 BC, the Dacian king <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a> established an empire that extended its reach into the lands of the Boii. The <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacian</a> occupation primarily affected modern-day <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> but also held sway over regions of present-day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. Following Burebista's demise in 44 BC, his empire crumbled, liberating the lands of the Boii from Dacian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traces of Roman army camps were found in south Moravia, most notably near <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1ov" title="Mušov">Mušov</a>. The winter camp in Mušov was built to house approximately 20,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans were repeatedly at war with the Marcomanni tribe during the first two centuries CE. Germanic towns are described on the Map of Ptolemaios from the 2nd century, e.g. Coridorgis for Jihlava. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_the_Slavs">Arrival of the Slavs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arrival of the Slavs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following centuries of what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Great Migration</a> once again changed the ethnic composition of the Czech Lands. In the 6th century, Slavic tribes, displaced by Langobard and Thuringian tribes began to move into the Czech Lands from the east. They fought with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a> – Turko-Tartar nomads – who seized the <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> and frequently raided the Slavic lands and even the Frankish Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samo's_realm"><span id="Samo.27s_realm"></span>Samo's realm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Samo's realm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a></div> <p>In 623 – according to the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Fredegar" title="Chronicle of Fredegar">Chronicle of Fredegar</a> – the Slavic tribes revolted against the oppression of the Avars. During this time, the Frankish merchant <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a> allegedly came to the Czech lands with his entourage and joined with the Slavs to defeat the Avars. Thus the Slavs adopted Samo as their ruler. Later Samo and the Slavs came into conflict with the Frankish empire whose ruler <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a> wanted to extend his rule to the east. That led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wogastisburg" title="Battle of Wogastisburg">Battle of Wogastisburg</a> in 631, in which the newly established Realm of Samo successfully defended its autonomy. The realm disintegrated after Samo's death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_times">Medieval times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medieval times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Moravia">Great Moravia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Great Moravia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_moravia_svatopluk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_moravia_svatopluk.png/220px-Great_moravia_svatopluk.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_moravia_svatopluk.png/330px-Great_moravia_svatopluk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_moravia_svatopluk.png/440px-Great_moravia_svatopluk.png 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Great Moravia during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatopluk I">Svatopluk I</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></div> <p>The realm of Great Moravia probably was established in the area of today's Moravia and western Slovakia in the 830s. It saw the rise of the first ever Slavic literary culture in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Church Slavonic language">Old Church Slavonic language</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a>, the first alphabet dedicated to a Slavic language. Glagolitic was later simplified into the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a> that is today used in Russia and many countries in eastern Europe and central Asia. Glagolitic was created by <a href="/wiki/St._Cyril_and_St._Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Cyril and St. Methodius">St. Cyril and St. Methodius</a>, who arrived in Great Moravia in 863 from <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. They were invited by the king <a href="/wiki/Rastislav_of_Moravia" title="Rastislav of Moravia">Rastislav</a> who invited them to introduce literacy and a legal system to Great Moravia. His nephew and successor <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatopluk I">Svatopluk I</a>'s diplomacy was oriented more towards Rome. Great Moravia was taken under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> in 880 and six years after, he expelled the disciples of Methodius after their teacher's death. During his reign, Great Moravia's sphere of influence reached its peak. After his death, the realm was split among his sons and soon after fell to ruin due to infighting and constant <a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">Magyar</a> raids during the start of the 10th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duchy_of_Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Duchy of Bohemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Bohemia_locator_map_(1029).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Duchy_of_Bohemia_locator_map_%281029%29.svg/220px-Duchy_of_Bohemia_locator_map_%281029%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Duchy_of_Bohemia_locator_map_%281029%29.svg/330px-Duchy_of_Bohemia_locator_map_%281029%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Duchy_of_Bohemia_locator_map_%281029%29.svg/440px-Duchy_of_Bohemia_locator_map_%281029%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4431" data-file-height="3875" /></a><figcaption>Duchy of Bohemia, around 1029</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_WEnceslaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Saint_WEnceslaus.jpg/197px-Saint_WEnceslaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Saint_WEnceslaus.jpg/296px-Saint_WEnceslaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Saint_WEnceslaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Saint Wenceslas</a>, Czech prince</figcaption></figure> <p>Bořivoj from Levý Hradec was the first known member of the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid" class="mw-redirect" title="Přemyslid">Přemyslid</a> dynasty. In 880, he moved his residence to Prague Castle, which laid the foundation of the city of Prague that emerged centuries later. He was a vassal to the kings of Great Moravia and was baptised during the christanisation of Great Moravia by St. Cyril and St. Methodius.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Spytihn%C4%9Bv_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Spytihněv I, Duke of Bohemia">Spytihněv I</a> together with the head of another major Bohemian tribe <a href="/wiki/Witizla" title="Witizla">Witizla</a> used the collapse of Great Moravia and in 895 swore allegiance to the East Frankish king <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a>. Spytihněv's nephew <a href="/wiki/Saint_Wenceslaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Wenceslaus">Wenceslaus</a> (later proclaimed a saint by the Catholic Church) ruled from 921 and had to submit to the <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> king <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I of Germany">Henry I</a> in order to maintain his ducal authority. He was murdered by his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus I</a>. Boleslaus I expanded the Duchy of Bohemia eastwards conquering the lands of Moravia and Silesia and areas around <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>. He stopped paying tribute to the Saxon king igniting a war which he lost and was forced to recognize Saxon <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over the Duchy of Bohemia. The <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Prague">Bishopric of Prague</a> was founded in 973 during the reign of his son <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus II</a>. The bishopric was subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mainz">Archbishopric of Mainz</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%98%C3%ADp,_rotunda_svat%C3%A9ho_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%C5%98%C3%ADp%2C_rotunda_svat%C3%A9ho_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg/192px-%C5%98%C3%ADp%2C_rotunda_svat%C3%A9ho_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%C5%98%C3%ADp%2C_rotunda_svat%C3%A9ho_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg/288px-%C5%98%C3%ADp%2C_rotunda_svat%C3%A9ho_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%C5%98%C3%ADp%2C_rotunda_svat%C3%A9ho_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg/384px-%C5%98%C3%ADp%2C_rotunda_svat%C3%A9ho_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotunda_of_St._George_(%C5%98%C3%ADp_Mountain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotunda of St. George (Říp Mountain) (page does not exist)">Rotunda of St. George</a> from the beginning of the 12th century on <a href="/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADp" title="Říp">Mount Říp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1002, during the reign of the duke <a href="/wiki/Vladivoj,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Vladivoj, Duke of Bohemia">Vladivoj</a>, the Duchy of Bohemia formally became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a period of dynastic infighting, <a href="/wiki/Old%C5%99ich,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Oldřich, Duke of Bohemia">Oldřich</a> took power. His son <a href="/wiki/B%C5%99etislav_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Břetislav I">Břetislav I</a> led many ambitious conquests and later revolted against the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a> hoping to gain a full autonomy for the Duchy of Bohemia. Despite the initial success in <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Br%C5%AFdek" title="Battle at Brůdek">Battle at Brůdek</a>, he could not withstand the second invasion of the imperial army and ultimately had to renounce all of his conquests save for Moravia and recognize Henry III as his sovereign. After Břetislav's death, the infighting among Přemyslids continued – a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Agnatic_seniority" title="Agnatic seniority">seniority inheritance laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the more notable rulers belong (<a href="/wiki/Vratislaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Vratislaus II of Bohemia">Vratislaus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia">Vladislaus</a>) who were awarded lifetime titles of kings by the Holy Roman Emperors for their services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Bohemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_B%C3%B6hmen_unter_Ottokar_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Karte_B%C3%B6hmen_unter_Ottokar_II.png/180px-Karte_B%C3%B6hmen_unter_Ottokar_II.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Karte_B%C3%B6hmen_unter_Ottokar_II.png/270px-Karte_B%C3%B6hmen_unter_Ottokar_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Karte_B%C3%B6hmen_unter_Ottokar_II.png/360px-Karte_B%C3%B6hmen_unter_Ottokar_II.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Territories ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a> in 1273</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">History of the Czech lands in the High Middle Ages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Přemyslids"><span id="Late_P.C5.99emyslids"></span>Late Přemyslids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Late Přemyslids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WenceslausIImap-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WenceslausIImap-en.png/180px-WenceslausIImap-en.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WenceslausIImap-en.png/270px-WenceslausIImap-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WenceslausIImap-en.png/360px-WenceslausIImap-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>Territory under the control of the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslids" class="mw-redirect" title="Přemyslids">Přemyslids</a>, c. 1301</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Premyslovci_premyslovci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Premyslovci_premyslovci.jpg/228px-Premyslovci_premyslovci.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Premyslovci_premyslovci.jpg/342px-Premyslovci_premyslovci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Premyslovci_premyslovci.jpg/456px-Premyslovci_premyslovci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Czech kings <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslas II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslas III</a> from the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1212 <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_I_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar I of Bohemia">Ottokar I</a> was granted a hereditary title of the King of Bohemia by the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>. Thus began the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>, which lasted <a href="/wiki/De_iure" class="mw-redirect" title="De iure">de iure</a> until the end of World War I. His reign marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">German eastward colonization</a>, which over time significantly altered the language composition of the Czech Lands.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I of Bohemia">Wenceslaus I</a> had to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a> at the start of 1240s. He managed to defend Bohemia, but Moravian lands were heavily plundered.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Duke of Austria <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Frederick II, Duke of Austria">Frederick II</a> died in 1246 without male heirs, Wenceslaus I tried to secure the Austrian lands by marrying his eldest son Vladislaus to Frederick's niece <a href="/wiki/Gertrude,_Duchess_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gertrude, Duchess of Austria">Gertrude</a>. This plan failed because of Vladislaus's premature death in the year after. Wenceslaus I then decided for the invasion of Austria and he was successful. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a>, continued the expansion of the realm. He gained more territory south of Austria and led two crusades against the pagan <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>. He was hoping to gain the Imperial crown, but lost in the 1273 election to <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf of Habsburg">Rudolf of Habsburg</a>, the first in a line of Habsburg emperors. Rudolf of Habsburg demanded that Ottokar II returns all of the lands he had acquired south of Bohemia. Ottokar refused and waged two wars against the emperor which ended with his death at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Marchfeld" title="Battle on the Marchfeld">battlefield of Marchfeld</a> in 1278. </p><p>The crown was passed to his 6-year-old son Wenceslaus II. <a href="/wiki/Otto_V,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Salzwedel" title="Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel">Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg</a> ruled as a regent in his stead, later replaced by <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1vi%C5%A1_of_Falkenstein" title="Záviš of Falkenstein">Záviš of Falkenstein</a>, who married Ottokar II's widow. In 1290, Wenceslaus II had Záviš beheaded for alleged treason<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began ruling independently. Year later, <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II</a>, the king of Poland, was murdered and Wenceslaus II gained the Polish crown for himself. At the end of the 13th century, huge deposits of silver were found in <a href="/wiki/Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Kutná Hora">Kutná Hora</a>, which allowed him to start issuing vast amounts of silver coins called <a href="/wiki/Prague_groschen" title="Prague groschen">Prague groschen</a>. In 1301, another neighbouring monarch died – <a href="/wiki/Andrew_III_of_Hungary" title="Andrew III of Hungary">Andrew III of Hungary</a>, the last male member of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a>. Wenceslaus II married his son Wenceslaus III to Andrew III's only daughter and had him crowned in <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a> as the King of Hungary. Four years later, Wenceslaus II died – only 33 years old – probably of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Wenceslaus III abandoned his claim to the Hungarian throne, seeing that his rule was only nominal. <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_the_Elbow-high" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław the Elbow-high">Władysław the Elbow-high</a> challenged Wenceslaus III's rule in Poland and conquered Krakow in 1306. Before Wenceslaus III could start his retaliation campaign, he was murdered in <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a> by unknown assassins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: House of Luxembourg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wenceslaus III was the last male member of the main branch of Přemyslids. The Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a> married his son John to Wenceslaus III's sister <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia_(1292%E2%80%931330)" title="Elizabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330)">Elisabeth</a> and secured for him the Bohemian throne. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Luxembourg">John of Luxembourg</a> was raised in Paris, did not speak any Czech and was widely unpopular among the Czech nobility. John never stayed long in the Czech lands, he traveled all across Europe and took part in multiple military conflicts. While crusading in Lithuania in 1336, John lost his eyesight due to <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmia" title="Ophthalmia">ophthalmia</a>, which earned him the nickname John the Blind. A year later he took the side of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI,_King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip VI, King of France">Philip VI of France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> and died in 1346 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a>. His eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a> succeeded him on the Bohemian throne. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg/185px-Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg/278px-Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg/371px-Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="3043" /></a><figcaption>Emperor and King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV. Luxembourg</a></figcaption></figure><p> Earlier in 1346, the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> declared the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a> a heretic and demanded a new <a href="/wiki/1346_Imperial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1346 Imperial election">Imperial election</a>. Charles IV was the pope's preferred candidate and he was crowned as the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Romans">King of Romans</a> in November 1346 in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>. Charles had been in charge of the administration of Czech Lands since 1333, due to his father's absence and health indisposition. Soon after his coronation as the King of Bohemia and the King of Romans, he settled in Prague and laid the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Prague" title="New Town, Prague">New Town</a> expanding the capitol. In 1348 he founded the <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">University of Prague</a>, the first university north of Alps and east of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also legally established the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a> (<i>Corona regni Bohemiae</i> in Latin), meaning the core territories no longer belonged to a king or a dynasty but to the Bohemian monarchy (crown) itself. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Vitus_Prague_September_2016-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St_Vitus_Prague_September_2016-21.jpg/220px-St_Vitus_Prague_September_2016-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St_Vitus_Prague_September_2016-21.jpg/330px-St_Vitus_Prague_September_2016-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St_Vitus_Prague_September_2016-21.jpg/440px-St_Vitus_Prague_September_2016-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6520" data-file-height="6326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral" title="St. Vitus Cathedral">St. Vitus Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a>, John of Luxembourg laid the foundation stone in 1344</figcaption></figure><p>In 1355, Charles IV travelled to Rome where he was crowned the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He ruled as the Holy Roman Emperor for over 20 years and managed to secure the title of the King of Romans for his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus IV</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czech-04005_-_Jan_Hus_(32176732314).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Czech-04005_-_Jan_Hus_%2832176732314%29.jpg/220px-Czech-04005_-_Jan_Hus_%2832176732314%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Czech-04005_-_Jan_Hus_%2832176732314%29.jpg/330px-Czech-04005_-_Jan_Hus_%2832176732314%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Czech-04005_-_Jan_Hus_%2832176732314%29.jpg/440px-Czech-04005_-_Jan_Hus_%2832176732314%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6202" data-file-height="4309" /></a><figcaption>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Master Jan Hus</a>, a religious reformer and philosopher in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wenceslaus IV did not share the governance abilities of his father. In 1393, the torture and murder <a href="/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk" title="John of Nepomuk">John of Nepomuk</a> – vicar-general of the archbishop <a href="/wiki/Jan_of_Jen%C5%A1tejn" title="Jan of Jenštejn">Jan of Jenštejn</a> – sparked a noble rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was imprisoned for two years at <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A1l%C5%AFv_Dv%C5%AFr" title="Králův Dvůr">Králův Dvůr</a> and was only released after an intervention from his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a>, who had become the King of Hungary. In 1400, Wenceslaus IV was deposed as the Holy Roman Emperor, mainly due to his failure to address the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Schism">Papal Schism</a>. Two years later, Wenceslaus IV was briefly imprisoned again, this time by his brother Sigismund, who looted Moravia. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Rupert,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Rupert, King of the Romans">Rupert</a> – who had replaced Wenceslaus as the King of Romans – Wenceslaus IV competed with his brother Sigismund and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst of Moravia</a> for the title of the King of Romans. He ultimately surrendered the title to Sigismund in exchange for keeping Bohemia. In 1414, Sigismund called the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a>, which finally resolved the Papal Schism. It also condemned the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, rector of the University of Prague and a popular church reformist. After Jan Hus refused to retract his teachings, he was burnt alive at stake, which prompted the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>. The religious military conflicts stopped in 1434 with the battle <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lipany" title="Battle of Lipany">Battle of Lipany</a>, but the religious tensions continued on. Although Sigismund became the titular King of Bohemia after Wenceslaus IV's death in 1419, it was not until 1436 that he was recognized by the Czech Estates and he died a year after.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Habsburg">House of Habsburg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: House of Habsburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Sigismunds's death the title of the King of Bohemia went to his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, who died shortly after. The claim to the Lands of the Bohemian Crown was passed to his unborn son <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous" title="Ladislaus the Posthumous">Ladislaus</a>, who gained the nickname <i>Posthumous</i>. He was raised at the court of his distant relative Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>. Although he was crowned the King of Bohemia in 1453,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his regent <a href="/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="George of Poděbrady">George of Poděbrady</a> continued to effectively rule Bohemia in his stead. Ladislaus died in Prague after fleeing a rebellion in Hungary, aged only seventeen. Many of his contemporaries suspected he was poisoned, but modern examinations of his skeleton proved he died of <a href="/wiki/Acute_leukemia" title="Acute leukemia">acute leukemia</a>. With his death the <a href="/wiki/Albertinian_Line" title="Albertinian Line">Albertinian Line</a> of the House of Habsburg ended. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pod%C4%9Bbrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pod%C4%9Bbrad.jpg/206px-Pod%C4%9Bbrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pod%C4%9Bbrad.jpg/309px-Pod%C4%9Bbrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Pod%C4%9Bbrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="George of Poděbrady">George of Podebrady</a>, one of the first promoters of united Europe</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Poděbrady"><span id="House_of_Pod.C4.9Bbrady"></span>House of Poděbrady</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: House of Poděbrady"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1458, the estates of Bohemia elected George of Poděbrady as the new King of Bohemia. He had a difficult role trying to maintain a fragile peace between the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> side and the <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> side, for which he earned the nickname <i>King of two peoples</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his efforts, he ultimately did not succeed and in 1465, the catholic nobles formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unity_of_Green_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unity of Green Mountain (page does not exist)">Unity of Green Mountain</a> and challenged his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year after, he was <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> by the new <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Pope Paul II</a>, which gave a justification for the Hungarian king <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> to invade the Czech Lands and start the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1468%E2%80%931478)" title="Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478)">Bohemian–Hungarian War</a>. <br /> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg/200px-Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg/300px-Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg/400px-Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladislaus_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladislaus Hall (page does not exist)">Vladislaus Hall</a> at the Prague Castle, built from 1490 to 1502 by <a href="/wiki/Benedikt_Rejt" title="Benedikt Rejt">Benedikt Rejt</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Jagiellon">House of Jagiellon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: House of Jagiellon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the king George's death, the war was continued by <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary" title="Vladislaus II of Hungary">Vladislaus II</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jagiellon" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Jagiellon">House of Jagiellon</a>, who was offered the throne of Bohemia by George of Poděbrady himself. After ten years of fighting, the Bohemian-Hungarian War finally ended by signing of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Olomouc" title="Peace of Olomouc">Peace of Olomouc</a> in 1479, in which <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> were ceded to Matthias Corvinus for the rest of his life and both monarchs were allowed to use the title of King of Bohemia. In 1485, Vladislaus II confirmed right of all Bohemian noblemen and commoners to freely adhere either to <a href="/wiki/Hussitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussitism">Hussitism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Religious_peace_of_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Religious peace of Kutná Hora">Peace of Kutná Hora</a>. After Matthias Corvinus died in 1490, Vladislaus II was elected the King of Hungary and gained all the territories he ceded 30 years earlier. From then on he ruled from <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>. Although Vladislaus II was married three times, he only had two children late in his life: son <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary_and_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia">Louis</a> and daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary" title="Anne of Bohemia and Hungary">Anne</a>. Vladislaus II's two children married two children of the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> as a result of negotiations at the <a href="/wiki/First_Congress_of_Vienna" title="First Congress of Vienna">First Congress of Vienna</a>, tying the House of Jagiellon and the House of Habsburg together. </p><p>A year after that, in 1516, Vladislaus II died and his ten-year-old son Louis II became the king of both Hungary and Bohemia. In 1521 he refused to pay the agreed annual tribute to the new Ottoman sultan, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman I">Süleyman I</a> and executed his ambassadors. War ensued, Belgrade fell to Ottoman hands the same year. In 1526, Louis II led his forces against Suleiman I in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a>, which ended with a decisive defeat of the Hungarian army and Louis II drowned during his attempted retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left no heirs and so the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were inherited by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a> from the House of Habsburg, as was agreed during the First Congress of Vienna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_of_Habsburg_Monarchy">Part of Habsburg Monarchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Part of Habsburg Monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Protestant_Reformation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Protestant_Reformation.svg/220px-The_Protestant_Reformation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Protestant_Reformation.svg/330px-The_Protestant_Reformation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Protestant_Reformation.svg/440px-The_Protestant_Reformation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>The extent of the Protestant Reformation (1545–1620)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Battle of Mohács, the Ottomans were unsuccessful in their <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Siege of Vienna in 1529</a> and Ferdinand I managed to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1533)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1533)">Treaty of Constantinopole</a>, postponing the Ottoman expansion attempts. Ferdinand and his brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> – who was the Holy Roman Emperor at the same time – had to deal with not only the Ottoman threat, but also with the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a> which formed in 1531 to advance the interests of <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> states in the Holy Roman Empire. Largely Protestant Czech nobility had a favorable view of the Schmalkaldic League's goals and so when in 1546 Ferdinand I ordered the Czech estates to raise their army and march against the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a>, they did so very reluctantly. The next year the Czech estates refused to gather an army again and rebelled, for which they were punished after the Schmalkaldic League decisively lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Battle of Mühlberg</a>. As a result, Ferdinand I managed to strengthen his position in the Land of the Bohemian Crown,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> limit city privileges and begin the process of recatholicization by inviting the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Order">Jesuit Order</a> to Prague in 1556. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg/220px-Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg/330px-Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg/440px-Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Copper engraving of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Defenestration_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Defenestration of Prague">Second Defenestration of Prague</a> from <a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Europaeum" title="Theatrum Europaeum">Theatrum Europaeum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus Merian">Matthäus Merian</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1599 to 1711, Moravia (a <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Land of the Bohemian Crown</a>) was frequently <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raids_on_Moravia" title="Ottoman raids on Moravia">subjected to raids</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and its vassals (especially the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Transylvania</a>). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a> succeeded Ferdinand I in 1562 and – like his father – ruled from Vienna. He approved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_Confession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czech Confession (page does not exist)">Czech Confession</a> (<i>Confessio Bohemica</i> in Latin) – a new document confirming religious freedoms – replacing the older <a href="/wiki/Compacts_of_Basel" title="Compacts of Basel">Compacts of Basel</a>, that did not take non-<a href="/wiki/Utraquism" title="Utraquism">Utraquist</a> Protestants into account. He also showed his religious tolerance by reaffirming the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statuta_Judaeorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statuta Judaeorum (page does not exist)">Statuta Judaeorum</a> – a document providing legal protection for the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. His son Rudolf II succeeded him in 1576 and in 1583 he moved the royal court to Prague. Thanks to Rudolf's patronage of art, Prague became a major cultural hub of Europe during his reign. He was a reclusive ruler who preferred his hobbies to the daily affairs of the state. In 1605 Rudolf II was forced by his other family members to cede the rule of Hungary to his younger brother Archduke <a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Bocskai_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Bocskai Uprising">Bocskai Uprising</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">Long Turkish War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brothers%27_Quarrel" title="Brothers' Quarrel">differences of opinions</a> between the two brothers ultimately resulted in Rudolf's imprisonment at the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a> and all effective power was given into the hands of Matthias. After Rudolf II's death in 1612 the royal court moved back to Vienna. Matthias did not have any children – same as his brother Rudolf – and he died six years later, aged 62. <br /> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG/250px-Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG/375px-Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG/500px-Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Square_execution" title="Old Town Square execution">Beheading of 27 Bohemian nobles</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Square" title="Old Town Square">Old Town Square</a> in Prague, 1621 (contemporary illustration)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Amos_Comenius_(Komensky)_(1592-1670)._Tsjechisch_humanist_en_pedagoog._Als_voorganger_van_de_Moravische_of_Boheemse_Broedergemeente_verdreven_en_sedert_1656_gevestigd_te_Amsterdam_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2161.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jan_Amos_Comenius_%28Komensky%29_%281592-1670%29._Tsjechisch_humanist_en_pedagoog._Als_voorganger_van_de_Moravische_of_Boheemse_Broedergemeente_verdreven_en_sedert_1656_gevestigd_te_Amsterdam_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2161.jpeg/193px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="193" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jan_Amos_Comenius_%28Komensky%29_%281592-1670%29._Tsjechisch_humanist_en_pedagoog._Als_voorganger_van_de_Moravische_of_Boheemse_Broedergemeente_verdreven_en_sedert_1656_gevestigd_te_Amsterdam_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2161.jpeg/289px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jan_Amos_Comenius_%28Komensky%29_%281592-1670%29._Tsjechisch_humanist_en_pedagoog._Als_voorganger_van_de_Moravische_of_Boheemse_Broedergemeente_verdreven_en_sedert_1656_gevestigd_te_Amsterdam_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2161.jpeg/385px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2169" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Amos_Comenius" title="John Amos Comenius">John Amos Comenius</a> (1592-1670), Czech philosopher and school reformer</figcaption></figure> <p>He was succeeded by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a>, Archduke of Austria. The Diets of Bohemia confirmed Ferdinand's position as Matthias' successor only after he had promised to respect the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Majesty" title="Letter of Majesty">Letter of Majesty</a> – a document granting religious freedoms, signed by Rudolf II. eight years earlier. Ferdinand II did not share the religious benevolence of his predecessors. A year after he was crowned, he prohibited the construction of Protestant ecclesial buildings on royal land. That led to protests among the Protestant nobility – who saw it as a violation of the Letter of Majesty – and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Defenestration_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Defenestration of Prague">Second Defenestration of Prague</a> in 1618, which sparked the conflict that would become the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">revolting Bohemian estates</a> then chose <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_the_Palatinate" title="Frederick V of the Palatinate">Frederick V of Palatinate</a> as their new king<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gathered an army in preparation of war. They were joined by Lutheran nobility in Austria. Ferdinand II asked his Spanish relative <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a> for help. Spanish army in the Netherlands made sure forces of <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Union" title="Protestant Union">Protestant Union</a> could not join the revolt happening in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and in Austria. After dealing with the Austrian rebels, Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">Battle of White Mountain</a>, near Prague. Widespread confiscation of property followed, which was then sold to loyal nobles, often of foreign origin.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferdinand II also had the 27 leaders of the revolt <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Square_execution" title="Old Town Square execution">publicly beheaded</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and strengthened the royal power over the estates. The Lands of the Bohemian Crown and especially <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> were some of the territories that were hit the hardest by the devastating Thirty Years' War. The war continued even after Ferdinand II's death during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolutism_and_National_Revival">Absolutism and National Revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Absolutism and National Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Habsburgs">Late Habsburgs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Late Habsburgs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chram_sv_Mikulase_interier_oltar_od_vchodu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chram_sv_Mikulase_interier_oltar_od_vchodu.jpg/180px-Chram_sv_Mikulase_interier_oltar_od_vchodu.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chram_sv_Mikulase_interier_oltar_od_vchodu.jpg/270px-Chram_sv_Mikulase_interier_oltar_od_vchodu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chram_sv_Mikulase_interier_oltar_od_vchodu.jpg/360px-Chram_sv_Mikulase_interier_oltar_od_vchodu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2493" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church_(Mal%C3%A1_Strana)" title="St. Nicholas Church (Malá Strana)">St. Nicholas Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A1_Strana" title="Malá Strana">Malá Strana</a>, built between 1704 and 1755</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1648, the Thirty Years' War finally ended with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>. Ferdinand III continued the recatholicization and centralization policies of his father. After his death in 1657, he was succeeded by his only surviving son <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1663%E2%80%9364)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Turkish War (1663–64)">fourth Austro-Turkish War</a> in 1663 the Turkish army invaded Moravia before being stopped in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1664)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)">Battle of Saint Gotthard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold continued waging wars with Ottomans and France throughout his long rule. He increased <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> to three days a week which caused the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peasant_Revolt_of_1680&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peasant Revolt of 1680 (page does not exist)">Peasant Revolt of 1680</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infamous <a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Losiny Estate Witch Trials</a> took place between 1678 and 1696 resulting in almost 100 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More protests against the increased corvée occurred, but all in vain. In 1705, Leopold I's rule ended and his son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a> succeeded him. Joseph I planned to enact many administrative reforms, most of which he did not get the chance to finish, due to his premature death of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. One year before his death he issued <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> ordering that all Romani people in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown had one of their ears cut off. If they returned after being expelled, all Romani men were to be hanged without a trial. Similar letters patents were published in other territories under his rule and led to mass killings of Romani people.<sup id="cite_ref-crowe_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowe-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Joseph I's premature death in 1711, the Austrian throne went to his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a>. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clementinum_baroque_library_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Clementinum_baroque_library_7.jpg/230px-Clementinum_baroque_library_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Clementinum_baroque_library_7.jpg/345px-Clementinum_baroque_library_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Clementinum_baroque_library_7.jpg/460px-Clementinum_baroque_library_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4939" data-file-height="3293" /></a><figcaption>Library of <a href="/wiki/Clementinum" title="Clementinum">Clementinum</a>, a former Jesuit College, built in 1722</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A9t_Marie_Terezie_Rakousk%C3%A9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portr%C3%A9t_Marie_Terezie_Rakousk%C3%A9.png/188px-Portr%C3%A9t_Marie_Terezie_Rakousk%C3%A9.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portr%C3%A9t_Marie_Terezie_Rakousk%C3%A9.png/282px-Portr%C3%A9t_Marie_Terezie_Rakousk%C3%A9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portr%C3%A9t_Marie_Terezie_Rakousk%C3%A9.png/375px-Portr%C3%A9t_Marie_Terezie_Rakousk%C3%A9.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> (reignet 1740–1780)</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles VI had no male heirs and with the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1713">Pragmatic Sanction of 1713</a> he ensured that all the titles held by him could be inherited by a woman. Charles VI sought the other European powers' approval, which he gained in exchange for various concessions. Regardless, after her father's death, Maria Theresa had to defend her inheritance from the coalition of Prussia, Bavaria, France, Spain, Saxony and Poland in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Austrian_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Austrian Succession">War of Austrian Succession</a>, that broke out mere weeks after her coronation in 1740. She ultimately managed to defend her title, but paid for it with the loss of Silesia, which became a part of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. That was the ended the unity of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. In 1757 during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the Prussians invaded Bohemia again and laid siege to Prague, but subsequently lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kol%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Kolín">Battle of Kolín</a> and were repelled. Maria Theresa was not able to regain Silesia and the war ended in a draw. She tried to follow the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, she established compulsory secular primary schools,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also state censorship of books that were deemed to be against the Catholic religion. Because of her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Stephen_of_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Stephen of Lorraine">Francis Stephen of Lorraine</a>, all of her children were considered to be members of a new joint <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Habsburg–Lorraine"><span id="House_of_Habsburg.E2.80.93Lorraine"></span>House of Habsburg–Lorraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: House of Habsburg–Lorraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of Maria Theresa's husband in 1765, her son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> started to rule with her as a co-ruler and since 1780 as the sole ruler. He enforced many reforms, among the most notable are the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patent_of_Toleration" title="Patent of Toleration">Patent of Toleration</a> expanding religious freedom and the dissolution of all monastic orders not involved in education, healthcare or science. As part of his centralization efforts, he also pressed for the expansion of German language to all territories under his rule. Both of his wives died relatively young of smallpox and because he had no sons, he was succeeded by his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a>. Although Leopold II only ruled for two years, he spent several weeks in Prague in 1791 and he let himself be crowned the King of Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Czech Industrial Exhibition was prepared in honor of his visit in <a href="/wiki/Clementinum" title="Clementinum">Clementinum</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Czech Estates commissioned an <a href="/wiki/La_clemenza_di_Tito" title="La clemenza di Tito">opera</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> for the occasion. Leopold II was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a>, the first-born of his 12 sons. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1815_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/220px-Europe_1815_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/330px-Europe_1815_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/440px-Europe_1815_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>Europe after the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bozena_Nemcova_black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bozena_Nemcova_black.jpg/165px-Bozena_Nemcova_black.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Bozena_Nemcova_black.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Writer <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEena_N%C4%9Bmcov%C3%A1" title="Božena Němcová">Božena Němcová</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1805, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s army attacked Austria and defeated the Austrian and Russian army in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a> in south Moravia. In the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Peace of Pressburg</a>, Francis I lost many of his territories and soon after, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>. Following the end of <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> reinstated the Austrian Empire as one of the Great Powers of Europe in 1815. Francis I was a proponent of conservatism and his policies suppressed all of the emerging liberal and nationalist movements in his Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first of Austrian monarchs to widely utilize the secret police and he increased censorship. His son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a> became the Austrian Emperor after him. Because of his frequent seizures, he was not capable of ruling and the actual executive power was held by the Regent's Council. In 1836, one year after his succession, he was crowned the King of Bohemia under the name of Ferdinand V. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietzner,_Carl_(1853-1927)_-_Emperor_Franz_Josef_I_-_ca_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pietzner%2C_Carl_%281853-1927%29_-_Emperor_Franz_Josef_I_-_ca_1885.jpg/168px-Pietzner%2C_Carl_%281853-1927%29_-_Emperor_Franz_Josef_I_-_ca_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pietzner%2C_Carl_%281853-1927%29_-_Emperor_Franz_Josef_I_-_ca_1885.jpg/252px-Pietzner%2C_Carl_%281853-1927%29_-_Emperor_Franz_Josef_I_-_ca_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pietzner%2C_Carl_%281853-1927%29_-_Emperor_Franz_Josef_I_-_ca_1885.jpg/335px-Pietzner%2C_Carl_%281853-1927%29_-_Emperor_Franz_Josef_I_-_ca_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a>. (reigned 1848–1916)</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the 19th century, the nationalist tendencies and movements in the Czech lands known as the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">Czech National Revival</a> slowly grew, led by activists such as linguists <a href="/wiki/Josef_Dobrovsk%C3%BD" title="Josef Dobrovský">Josef Dobrovský</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Jungmann" title="Josef Jungmann">Josef Jungmann</a>, historian and politician <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Palack%C3%BD" title="František Palacký">František Palacký</a> or writer <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEena_N%C4%9Bmcov%C3%A1" title="Božena Němcová">Božena Němcová</a> and journalist <a href="/wiki/Karel_Havl%C3%AD%C4%8Dek_Borovsk%C3%BD" title="Karel Havlíček Borovský">Karel Havlíček Borovský</a>. The efforts of the Czech National Revival first peaked during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">revolutions of 1848</a>. Ferdinand I was forced to abdicate and his successor was his young nephew <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a>. When he – after losing the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">war with Italy</a> in 1859 – also lost the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">war with Prussia</a> in 1866, the Hungarian representatives forced Francis Joseph I to end his absolutist rule over Hungary in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a>. The Czech representatives who hoped for a similar increase in autonomy were left out and the Czech lands remained firmly under the control of Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Austria-Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_z_ostrova_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_z_ostrova_1.jpg/272px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_z_ostrova_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_z_ostrova_1.jpg/408px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_z_ostrova_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_z_ostrova_1.jpg/544px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_z_ostrova_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Prague)" title="National Theatre (Prague)">National Theater</a> from 1881</figcaption></figure> <p>The newly formed <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> lasted for the next half-a-century. The policies suppressing the National Revival in the Czech lands under the Austrian government continued, as well as the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_%C5%A0t%C3%BAr#Slovak_national_movement" title="Ľudovít Štúr">Slovak National Revival</a> under the Hungarian government. The end of the 19th century also was a time of a demographic boom and a rapid urbanization.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population in centers of industry doubled or tripled within a few decades. At the start of the 20th century, Austria's unilateral annexation of Bosnia in 1908 caused the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> and prompted the eventual assassination of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Ferdinand">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a>, sparking the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914. Many of the Czech nationalists saw the war as an opportunity for gaining full independence from the Austria-Hungary. Desertion among the Czech conscripts was commonplace and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion" title="Czechoslovak Legion">Czechoslovak Legions</a> were formed to fight for the side of <a href="/wiki/Entente_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente Powers">Entente Powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland_Agreement_of_1915&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleveland Agreement of 1915 (page does not exist)">Cleveland Agreement of 1915</a>, the Czech and Slovak representatives declared their goal of creating a common state, based on the right of a people to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. When the World War I ended in 1918, the Kingdom of Bohemia officially ceased to exist and a new democratic republic of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> took its place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG/203px-Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG" decoding="async" width="203" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG/305px-Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG/407px-Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Tomas Garrigue Masaryk</a>, philosopher, Czechoslovak president in the years 1918-1935</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Czechoslovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Czechoslovakia01.png/250px-Czechoslovakia01.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Czechoslovakia01.png/375px-Czechoslovakia01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Czechoslovakia01.png/500px-Czechoslovakia01.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1918-1938)</figcaption></figure> <p>The republic of Czechoslovakia was declared in October 1918. It was a democratic presidential republic. In 1920, its defined territory was not inhabited only by Czechs and Slovaks, it contained significant populations of other nationalities: Germans (22.95%), Hungarians (5.47%) and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> (3.39%). The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> starting at the end of 1920's together with the rise of the National Socialist Party in neighbouring Germany during the 1930s caused increasing tensions between the different nationalist groups in Czechoslovakia. In foreign relations the newly established republic relied heavily on its western allies of Great Britain and France.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That proved to be a mistake as in 1938, both allied countries agreed to Hitler's demands and co-signed the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Treaty">Munich Treaty</a>, stripping the Czechoslovakia of its borderlands, leaving it indefensible.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_protectorate">German protectorate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: German protectorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Czech_resistance_to_Nazi_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech resistance to Nazi occupation">Czech resistance to Nazi occupation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lidice,_pomn%C3%ADk_lidick%C3%BDch_d%C4%9Bt%C3%AD_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lidice%2C_pomn%C3%ADk_lidick%C3%BDch_d%C4%9Bt%C3%AD_%288%29.jpg/220px-Lidice%2C_pomn%C3%ADk_lidick%C3%BDch_d%C4%9Bt%C3%AD_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lidice%2C_pomn%C3%ADk_lidick%C3%BDch_d%C4%9Bt%C3%AD_%288%29.jpg/330px-Lidice%2C_pomn%C3%ADk_lidick%C3%BDch_d%C4%9Bt%C3%AD_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lidice%2C_pomn%C3%ADk_lidick%C3%BDch_d%C4%9Bt%C3%AD_%288%29.jpg/440px-Lidice%2C_pomn%C3%ADk_lidick%C3%BDch_d%C4%9Bt%C3%AD_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4510" data-file-height="3007" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the village of <a href="/wiki/Lidice" title="Lidice">Lidice</a> murdered by the Nazis</figcaption></figure> <p>After giving up <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a> lasted only half-a-year before its full dismemberment before the start of World War II. The <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> declared its independence from Czechoslovakia and became Germany's <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>, while two days later the German <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> was proclaimed. During the World War II – given the high level of industrialization of pre-war Czechoslovakia – the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> served as a major hub of military production for Germany. The oppression of ethnic Czechs increased after the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anthropoid">assassination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> by members of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_resistance_to_Nazi_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech resistance to Nazi occupation">Czech resistance</a> in 1942. After Germany's defeat in 1945, the vast majority of ethnic Germans were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">forcefully deported</a> from Czechoslovakia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule_of_the_Communist_Party">Rule of the Communist Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rule of the Communist Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bene%C5%A1_decrees" title="Beneš decrees">Beneš decrees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1945%E2%80%931948)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1945–1948)">History of Czechoslovakia (1945–1948)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/220px-10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/330px-10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/440px-10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Russian occupation in 1968</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaclav_Havel_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Vaclav_Havel_cropped.jpg/202px-Vaclav_Havel_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Vaclav_Havel_cropped.jpg/304px-Vaclav_Havel_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Vaclav_Havel_cropped.jpg/404px-Vaclav_Havel_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>, playwright, dissident and president from 1989 to 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> seized power in a coup d'état. <a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a> became the first communist president. He nationalized the country's industry and collectivized its farms to form <a href="/wiki/Sovkhoz" title="Sovkhoz">Sovkhozs</a> inspired by the Soviet model. Czechoslovakia thus became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. Attempts at a reformation of the political system during the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> of 1968 were ended by the invasion of armies of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Czechoslovakia remained under the rule of the Communist Party until the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> of 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Cold_War">Post-Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Post-Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></div> <p>One of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">dissent</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> became the first president of the democratic Czechoslovakia. Slovakia's demands for sovereignty were fulfilled at the end of 1992, when the representatives of Czechs and Slovaks agreed to split the Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The official start of the current Czech Republic was set on 1 January 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Czech Republic became a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 12 March 1999, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1 May 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech_and_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech and Rus">Lech, Czech and Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Silesia" title="Czech Silesia">Czech Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Politics of the Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> <p><b>Lists:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Czechoslovakia" title="List of presidents of Czechoslovakia">List of presidents of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Czechoslovakia" title="List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia">List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of presidents of the Czech Republic">List of presidents of the Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of prime ministers of the Czech Republic">List of prime ministers of the Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rebellions_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of rebellions in the Czech Republic">List of rebellions in the Czech Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Valoch-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valoch_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valoch_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFValoch2011" class="citation journal cs1">Valoch, Karel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arup.cas.cz/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/AR_2011_1_mr.pdf">"The oldest Palaeolithic industry in Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archeologické rozhledy</i>. <b>LXIII</b>: 22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archeologick%C3%A9+rozhledy&rft.atitle=The+oldest+Palaeolithic+industry+in+Europe&rft.volume=LXIII&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Valoch&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arup.cas.cz%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F11%2FAR_2011_1_mr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČornej1992" class="citation book cs1">Čornej, Petr (1992). <i>Fundamentals of Czech history</i>. Prague: Práh. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-901278-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/80-901278-1-9"><bdi>80-901278-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Czech+history&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Pr%C3%A1h&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=80-901278-1-9&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cornej&rft.aufirst=Petr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrejčíř1996" class="citation book cs1">Krejčíř, Jaroslav (1996). <i>Czech history: chronological survey</i>. Dubicko: INFOA. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-85836-27-0" title="Special:BookSources/80-85836-27-0"><bdi>80-85836-27-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czech+history%3A+chronological+survey&rft.place=Dubicko&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=INFOA&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=80-85836-27-0&rft.aulast=Krej%C4%8D%C3%AD%C5%99&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Čornej 1992, pp. 4-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Čornej 1992, pp. 6-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205131213/https://visit.caves.cz/en/cave/sloupsko-susuvske-jeskyne/history">"Archeology - The Kůlna Cave"</a>. <i>visit.caves.cz</i>. Cave Administration of the Czech Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.caves.cz/en/cave/sloupsko-susuvske-jeskyne/history">the original</a> on 5 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visit.caves.cz&rft.atitle=Archeology+-+The+K%C5%AFlna+Cave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.caves.cz%2Fen%2Fcave%2Fsloupsko-susuvske-jeskyne%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kay Prüfer</i> et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-021-01443-x">A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia</a>, 07 April 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild_2006-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wild_2006_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWild2006" class="citation book cs1">Wild, Eva M.; et al. (2006). "Chapter 7: <sup>14</sup>C dating of early Upper Palaeolithic human and faunal remains from Mladeč". In Teschler-Nicola, Maria (ed.). <i>Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate: The Mladeč Caves and their Remains</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-23588-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-211-23588-1"><bdi>978-3-211-23588-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+%3Csup%3E14%3C%2Fsup%3EC+dating+of+early+Upper+Palaeolithic+human+and+faunal+remains+from+Mlade%C4%8D&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Humans+at+the+Moravian+Gate%3A+The+Mlade%C4%8D+Caves+and+their+Remains&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-211-23588-1&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.aufirst=Eva+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvoboda2017" class="citation journal cs1">Svoboda, Jiří (10 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.ehu.eus/index.php/Veleia/article/view/18074/17085">"On landscapes, maps and Upper Paleolithic lifestyles in the central European corridor: the images of Pavlov and Předmostí"</a>. <i>Veleia</i> (34): 67–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1387%2Fveleia.18074">10.1387/veleia.18074</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10810%2F37322">10810/37322</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veleia&rft.atitle=On+landscapes%2C+maps+and+Upper+Paleolithic+lifestyles+in+the+central+European+corridor%3A+the+images+of+Pavlov+and+P%C5%99edmost%C3%AD&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=67-74&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10810%2F37322&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1387%2Fveleia.18074&rft.aulast=Svoboda&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.ehu.eus%2Findex.php%2FVeleia%2Farticle%2Fview%2F18074%2F17085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvoboda2007" class="citation journal cs1">Svoboda, Jiří A. (30 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/paleo/607">"The Gravettian on the Middle Danube"</a>. <i>PALEO. Revue d'archéologie préhistorique</i> (19): 203–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fpaleo.607">10.4000/paleo.607</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PALEO.+Revue+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+pr%C3%A9historique&rft.atitle=The+Gravettian+on+the+Middle+Danube&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=203-220&rft.date=2007-12-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fpaleo.607&rft.aulast=Svoboda&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fpaleo%2F607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Boii">"Boii | people"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Boii+%7C+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBoii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTejral2000" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tejral, Jaroslav (2 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/opravte-dejepis-rim-sahal-az-na-moravu.A000902001725domaci_ond">"Opravte dějepis, Řím sahal až na Moravu"</a>. <i>iDNES.cz</i> (in Czech)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iDNES.cz&rft.atitle=Opravte+d%C4%9Bjepis%2C+%C5%98%C3%ADm+sahal+a%C5%BE+na+Moravu&rft.date=2000-09-02&rft.aulast=Tejral&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idnes.cz%2Fzpravy%2Fdomaci%2Fopravte-dejepis-rim-sahal-az-na-moravu.A000902001725domaci_ond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">; Literature : Dušan Třeštík: "Počátky Přemyslovců. Vstup Čechů do dějin (530-935)" [<i>The beginnings of <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslids" class="mw-redirect" title="Přemyslids">Přemyslids</a>. The entrance of the Czechs in the History (530-935)</i>], 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-7106-138-7" title="Special:BookSources/80-7106-138-7">80-7106-138-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPánek2009" class="citation book cs1">Pánek, Jaroslav (2009). <i>A history of the Czech lands</i>. Prague: Charles University. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-246-1645-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-246-1645-2"><bdi>978-80-246-1645-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Czech+lands&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Charles+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-80-246-1645-2&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1nek&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 83-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, pp. 98-101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, pp. 132-133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krejčíř 1996, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Krejčíř 1996, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, pp. 164-165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKošťálová2022" class="citation journal cs1">Košťálová, Petra (2022). Chmurski, Mateusz; Dmytrychyn, Irina (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27185958">"Contested Landscape: Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia. An Imagology Study on the Ottoman Border Narrative"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%A9tudes_slaves" title="Revue des études slaves">Revue des études slaves</a></i>. <b>93</b> (1). OpenEdition: 110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fres.5138">10.4000/res.5138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2117-718X">2117-718X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+slaves&rft.atitle=Contested+Landscape%3A+Moravian+Wallachia+and+Moravian+Slovakia.+An+Imagology+Study+on+the+Ottoman+Border+Narrative&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fres.5138&rft.issn=2117-718X&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%A1%C5%A5%C3%A1lov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Petra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27185958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krejčíř 1996, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, pp. 244-245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeselý2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Veselý (14 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rozhlas.cz/toulky/vysila_praha/_zprava/141284">"Hon na čarodějnice (Toulky Českou minulostí - Příspěvek)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Czech_Radio" title="Czech Radio">Czech Radio</a></i> (in Czech)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Czech+Radio&rft.atitle=Hon+na+%C4%8Darod%C4%9Bjnice+%28Toulky+%C4%8Ceskou+minulost%C3%AD+-+P%C5%99%C3%ADsp%C4%9Bvek%29&rft.date=2004-11-14&rft.au=Vesel%C3%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rozhlas.cz%2Ftoulky%2Fvysila_praha%2F_zprava%2F141284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowe-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crowe_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Crowe (2004): A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia (Palgrave Macmillan) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-08691-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-08691-1">0-312-08691-1</a> p.XI p.36-37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Krejčíř 1996, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, pp. 284-285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, pp. 336-337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, p. 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, pp. 420-421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreclík2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Preclík, Vratislav (2019). <i>Masaryk a legie</i> (in Czech) (1st ed.). Karviná. pp. 17–25, 33–45, 70–96, 100–140, 159–184, 187–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-87173-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-87173-47-3"><bdi>978-80-87173-47-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masaryk+a+legie&rft.place=Karvin%C3%A1&rft.pages=17-25%2C+33-45%2C+70-96%2C+100-140%2C+159-184%2C+187-199&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-80-87173-47-3&rft.aulast=Precl%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=Vratislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pánek 2009, pp. 552-554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krejčíř 1996, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factsmaps.com/eu-nato-schengen-eurozone-member-states-in-europe/">"EU, NATO, Schengen and Eurozone member states in Europe"</a>. October 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU%2C+NATO%2C+Schengen+and+Eurozone+member+states+in+Europe&rft.date=2018-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactsmaps.com%2Feu-nato-schengen-eurozone-member-states-in-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Czech+lands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div> <ul><li>Hochman, Jiří. <i>Historical dictionary of the Czech State</i> (1998)</li> <li>Heimann, Mary. 'Czechoslovakia: The State That Failed' 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-14147-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-14147-5">0-300-14147-5</a></li> <li>Lukes, Igor. 'Czechoslovakia between Stalin and Hitler', Oxford University Press 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510267-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510267-3">0-19-510267-3</a></li> <li>Skilling Gordon. 'Czechoslovakia's Interrupted Revolution', Princeton University Press 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05234-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05234-4">0-691-05234-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Czech_lands&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.25em; text-align:center;width:16.0em;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CZ-cleneni-Morava-wl.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the extent of Moravia within the Czech Republic"><img alt="Map indicating the extent of Moravia within the Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CZ-cleneni-Morava-wl.png/100px-CZ-cleneni-Morava-wl.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CZ-cleneni-Morava-wl.png/150px-CZ-cleneni-Morava-wl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CZ-cleneni-Morava-wl.png/200px-CZ-cleneni-Morava-wl.png 2x" data-file-width="3662" data-file-height="2104" /></a></span> </p> <div style="padding:0.1em 0; font-size:120%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a></b></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Znak_Moravy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Moravia"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Moravia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Znak_Moravy.svg/30px-Znak_Moravy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Znak_Moravy.svg/45px-Znak_Moravy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Znak_Moravy.svg/60px-Znak_Moravy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.25em; text-align:center;width:16.0em;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CZ-cleneni-Slezsko-wl.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the extent of Czech Silesia within the Czech Republic"><img alt="Map indicating the extent of Czech Silesia within the Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CZ-cleneni-Slezsko-wl.png/100px-CZ-cleneni-Slezsko-wl.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CZ-cleneni-Slezsko-wl.png/150px-CZ-cleneni-Slezsko-wl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CZ-cleneni-Slezsko-wl.png/200px-CZ-cleneni-Slezsko-wl.png 2x" data-file-width="3662" data-file-height="2104" /></a></span><br /> </p> <div style="padding:0.1em 0; font-size:120%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czech_Silesia" title="Czech Silesia">Czech Silesia</a></b></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Znak_Slezska.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Czech Silesia"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Czech Silesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Znak_Slezska.svg/30px-Znak_Slezska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Znak_Slezska.svg/45px-Znak_Slezska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Znak_Slezska.svg/60px-Znak_Slezska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Czechoslovak_statehood" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Template:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Template talk:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Czechoslovak_statehood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">statehood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:120%;"> <td> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Origins of Czechoslovakia">Pre-1918</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:24%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918–1938</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany">1938–1945</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1945%E2%80%931948)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1945–1948)">1945–1948</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)">1948–1989</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;border-right:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">1993–</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;line-height:1.4em;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austrian Empire</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Republic</a></b><sup>a</sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a><sup>b</sup> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Republic</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:14%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Czechoslovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Czechoslovak Republic">Fourth Republic</a></b><sup>e</sup><br /><small>1948–1960</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:36%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></b><sup>f</sup><br /><small>1960–1990</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a></b><br /><small>1990–1992</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="width:2%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second<br /><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"> Republic</span></a></b><sup>c</sup><br /><small>1938–1939</small> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="width:10%; background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (1939–45)">Slovak Republic</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b>Southern Slovakia and <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ukraine_(1938-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ukraine (1938-1939)">Carpathian Ukraine</a></span></span></b><sup>d</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcarpathian Ruthenia">Subcarpathian Ruthenia</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#ecebb8;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>g</sup><br /><small>1944 / 1946 – 1991</small> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeae;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>h</sup><br /><small>1991–present</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d6f7c8;white-space:nowrap;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8;text-align:centre;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak <span class="nowrap">government-in-exile</span></a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>a</sup> ČSR; boundaries and government established by <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Constitution_of_1920" title="Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920">the 1920 constitution</a>.<br /> <sup>b</sup> Annexed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<br /> <sup>c</sup> ČSR; included the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous regions</a> of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.<br /> <sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">Annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> (1939–1945).<br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>e</sup> ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the <a href="/wiki/Ninth-of-May_Constitution" title="Ninth-of-May Constitution">Ninth-of-May Constitution</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948">1948 coup</a>.<br /> <sup>f</sup> ČSSR; from 1969, after the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a> (ČSR) and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a> (SSR).<br /> <sup>g</sup> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>.<br /> <span style="font-size:110%;"><sup>h</sup></span> Oblast of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<br /> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Czech_Republic_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czech_Republic_topics" title="Template:Czech Republic topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czech_Republic_topics" title="Template talk:Czech Republic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czech_Republic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czech Republic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Czech_Republic_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czech lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526–1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648–1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867–1918</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/80px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/120px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/160px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geography of the Czech Republic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphological_division_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geomorphological division of the Czech Republic">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Protected areas of the Czech Republic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of rivers of the Czech Republic">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Czech Republic">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Districts of the Czech Republic">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obec" title="Obec">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Czech Republic">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Government of the Czech Republic">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Judiciary of the Czech Republic">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law enforcement in the Czech Republic">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law of the Czech Republic">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Army of the Czech Republic">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of political parties in the Czech Republic">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Energy in the Czech Republic">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Electricity sector in the Czech Republic">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Koruna <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_deposits_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Oil and gas deposits in the Czech Republic">Oil and gas deposits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Stock_Exchange" title="Prague Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Tourism in the Czech Republic">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Transport in the Czech Republic">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Category:Society of the Czech Republic">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Crime in the Czech Republic">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Demographics of the Czech Republic">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Healthcare in the Czech Republic">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Irreligion in the Czech Republic">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Czech Republic">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prostitution in the Czech Republic">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_art" title="Czech art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_architecture" title="Czech architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rondocubism" title="Rondocubism">Rondocubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Czech Republic">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Flag of the Czech Republic">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel%C3%A1k" title="Panelák"><i>Panelák</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(architectural style)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Czech Republic">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Sport in the Czech Republic">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Television in the Czech Republic">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Outline of the Czech Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Czech_Republic%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Czech Republic–related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Czech_Republic" title="Category:Czech Republic">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic" title="Portal:Czech Republic">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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