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text-4xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">crusade</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif text-2xl mobile:text-xl">(n.)</span></h2></div><section class="-mt-4 -mb-2 lg:-mb-2"><p>"military expedition under the banner of the cross," 1706, a respelling or replacement of <i class="foreign notranslate">croisade</i> (1570s), from French <i class="foreign notranslate">croisade</i> (16c.), Spanish <i class="foreign notranslate">cruzada</i>, both from Medieval Latin <i class="foreign notranslate">cruciata</i>, past participle of <i class="foreign notranslate">cruciare</i> "to mark with a cross," from Latin <i class="foreign notranslate">crux</i> (genitive <i class="foreign notranslate">crucis</i>) "cross" (see <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of crux " class="crossreference notranslate text-primary" href="/word/crux">crux</a>).</p> <p>The modern English form is comparatively late, and even the earlier <i class="foreign notranslate">croisade</i> is post-Middle English (French <i class="foreign notranslate">croisade</i> replaced earlier <i class="foreign notranslate">croisée</i>). Middle English nouns were <i class="foreign notranslate">croiserie</i> (c. 1300), <i class="foreign notranslate">creiserie</i>.</p> <p>Especially in reference to the medieval expeditions undertaken by European Christians for recovery of the Holy Land from Muslims. Generally they are counted as seven between 1095 and 1271, but some smaller efforts (e.g. the "Children's Crusade") are omitted and the word sometimes is extended to other religiously motivated expeditions (e.g. against the Albigenses or the Prussians). Figurative sense of "vigorous campaign for a moral cause or against a public evil" is from 1786.</p></section><div class=""><p class="text-sm font-sans text-battleship-gray flex items-center mt-0"><a class="inline-flex items-center text-battleship-gray hover:text-primary transition-colors group hover:no-underline" rel="nofollow" aria-label="also from 1706" title="Search for words also from 1706" href="/search?sort=a&q=from%3A1706"><span class="inline-flex items-center font-normal">also from 1706</span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="ml-0 w-4 h-4 text-lg transition-transform group-hover:translate-x-0.5" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></a></p></div></section></div><div class="space-y-2 pb-2"><section class="prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none"><div><h2 id="#etymonline_v_47010" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-4xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">crusade</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif text-2xl mobile:text-xl">(v.)</span></h2></div><section class="-mt-4 -mb-2 lg:-mb-2"><p>1732, "to engage in a crusade," from <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of crusade " class="crossreference notranslate text-primary" href="/word/crusade#etymonline_v_414">crusade</a> (n.). The usual way to express this in Middle English seems to have been <i class="foreign notranslate">take the cross</i> (c. 1300). Related: <i class="foreign notranslate">Crusaded</i>; <i class="foreign notranslate">crusading</i>.</p></section><div class="-mb-6 lg:-mb-8"><p class="text-sm font-sans text-battleship-gray flex items-center mt-0"><a class="inline-flex items-center text-battleship-gray hover:text-primary transition-colors group hover:no-underline" rel="nofollow" aria-label="also from 1732" title="Search for words also from 1732" href="/search?sort=a&q=from%3A1732"><span class="inline-flex items-center font-normal">also from 1732</span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="ml-0 w-4 h-4 text-lg transition-transform group-hover:translate-x-0.5" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></a></p></div></section></div></div></div></div><div><div class="space-y-4"><div class="space-y-1"><h2 class="font-sans text-xl" lang="en">Entries linking to <em> crusade </em></h2><div class="mb-4"><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-sm rounded-md shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of crux" class="w-full group" href="/word/crux"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_29117" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">crux</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif">(n.)</span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><section class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30"><p>1814, "a cross," from Latin <i class="foreign notranslate">crux</i> "cross," a word of uncertain origin. Sometimes said to be cognate with Irish <i class="foreign notranslate">cruach</i> "heap, hill," Gaulish <i class="foreign notranslate">*krouka</i> "summit," Old Norse <i class="foreign notranslate">hryggr</i> "backbone," Old English <i class="foreign notranslate">hrycg</i> "back." But de Vaan is suspicious:</p> <blockquote> The Celtic and Gm. forms are often reconstructed as <i class="foreign notranslate">*kr(e)u-k-</i>, but we find vacillating vocalism within Gm.; also, the meanings 'backbone' and 'heap' are not necessarily connected. Even if the words in <i class="foreign notranslate">*kruk-</i> from Latin and Italo-Celtic belong together, the root structure does not look PIE (and a root enlargement <i class="foreign notranslate">k</i> is unknown), and might be interpreted as a non-IE substratum word borrowed into Italo-Celtic. But Latin may also just have borrowed the word from a contemporary language. </blockquote> <p>The figurative use for "a central difficulty" (1718) is older in English than the literal sense; perhaps it is from Latin <i class="foreign notranslate">crux interpretum</i> "a point in a text that is impossible to interpret," the literal meaning of which is something like "crossroads of interpreters." But Century Dictionary ascribes it to "the cross as an instrument of torture; hence anything that puzzles or vexes in a high degree ...." Extended sense of "central point" is attested by 1888.</p></section></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-sm rounded-md shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of cross" class="w-full group" href="/word/cross"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_387" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">cross</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif">(n.)</span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><section class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30"><p>Old English <i class="foreign notranslate">cros</i> "instrument of Christ's crucifixion; symbol of Christianity" (mid-10c.), probably from Old Norse or another Scandinavian source, picked up by the Norse from Old Irish <i class="foreign notranslate">cros</i>, from Latin <i class="foreign notranslate">crux</i> (accusative <i class="foreign notranslate">crucem</i>, genitive <i class="foreign notranslate">crucis</i>) "stake, cross" on which criminals were impaled or hanged (originally a tall, round pole); hence, figuratively, "torture, trouble, misery;" see <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of crux " class="crossreference notranslate text-primary" href="/word/crux">crux</a>. Also from Latin crux are Italian <i class="foreign notranslate">croce</i>, French <i class="foreign notranslate">croix</i>, Spanish and Portuguese <i class="foreign notranslate">cruz</i>, Dutch <i class="foreign notranslate">kruis</i>, German <i class="foreign notranslate">Kreuz</i>. </p> <p>The modern word is the northern England form and has predominated. Middle English also had two other forms of the same word, arriving from the continent by different paths: <i class="foreign notranslate">cruche, crouche</i> (c. 1200) was from Medieval Latin, with pronunciation as in Italian <i class="foreign notranslate">croce</i> (compare <i class="foreign notranslate">Crouchmas</i> "festival of the Invention of the Cross," late 14c.)<i class="foreign notranslate">.</i> Later, especially in southern England, the form <i class="foreign notranslate">crois, croice</i>, from Old French, was the common one (compare <i class="foreign notranslate">croisade</i>, the older form of <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of crusade " class="crossreference notranslate text-primary" href="/word/crusade">crusade</a>). The Old English word was <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of rood " class="crossreference notranslate text-primary" href="/word/rood">rood</a>.</p> <p>By c. 1200 as "ornamental likeness of the cross, something resembling or in the form of a cross; sign of the cross made with the right hand or with fingers." From mid-14c. as "small cross with a human figure attached; a crucifix;" late 14c. as "outdoor structure or monument in the form of a cross." Also late 14c. as "a cross formed by two lines drawn or cut on a surface; two lines intersecting at right angles; the shape of a cross without regard to religious signification." From late 12c. as a surname.</p> <p>From c. 1200 in English in the figurative sense "the burden of a Christian; any suffering voluntarily borne for Christ's sake; a trial or affliction; penance in Christ's name," from Matthew x.38, xvi.24, etc. Theological sense "crucifixion and death of Christ as a necessary part of his mission" is from late 14c.</p> <p>As "a mixing of breeds in the production of animals" from 1760, hence broadly "a mixture of the characteristics of two different things" (1796). In pugilism, 1906, from the motion of the blow, crossing over the opponent's lead (1880s as a verb; <i class="foreign notranslate">cross-counter</i> (n.) is from 1883). As "accidental contact of two wires belonging to different circuits," 1870.</p></section></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-sm rounded-md shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of crusader" class="w-full group" href="/word/crusader"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_36471" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">crusader</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif">(n.)</span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><section class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30"><p>person engaged in a crusade, 1743, from <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of crusade " class="crossreference notranslate text-primary" href="/word/crusade#etymonline_v_414">crusade</a> (n.) + <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of -er " class="crossreference notranslate text-primary" href="/word/-er#etymonline_v_26014">-er</a> (1). Earlier was <i class="foreign notranslate">croisader</i>, from French <i class="foreign notranslate">croisadeur</i>. In Middle English a crusader might be called a <i class="foreign notranslate">pilgrim</i>.</p></section></div></div></div><div class="mt-4"><ul class="list-none flex gap-2 flex-wrap"></ul></div></div><div class="space-y-2 w-full"><div class="relative"><span class="text-sm font-sans text-spanish-gray absolute -mt-6">Advertisement</span><div class="relative min-h-[90px] w-full"><div class="relative z-10 min-h-[90px] w-full flex items-center justify-center"><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc_wd_ngram" class="flex adsbygoogle items-center transition-all mt-1 w-full max-h-[250px]"><div class="w-full p-4 rounded-md min-w-[300px] items-center justify-center flex w-full h-full bg-secondary/50"><p class="text-foreground/80 text-center">Want to remove ads? <a class="text-primary hover:underline cursor-pointer" rel="nofollow" href="#">Log in</a> to see fewer ads, and become a <a class="text-primary hover:underline cursor-pointer" rel="nofollow" href="#">Premium Member</a> to remove all ads.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="min-h-unit-7"><div class="space-y-1"><h2 class="font-sans text-xl" lang="en">Trends of <em> crusade </em></h2><div class="mb-4"><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div></div><canvas role="img" height="150" width="300"></canvas><div class="text-left text-xs font-sans italic py-2 text-spanish-gray dark:text-davis-gray">adapted from books.google.com/ngrams/ with a 7-year moving average; ngrams are probably unreliable.</div></div><div class="space-y-4"><div class="space-y-1"><h2 class="font-sans text-xl" lang="en">More to explore</h2><div class="mb-4"><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of fight" class="w-full group" href="/word/fight"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">fight</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="Old English feohtan "to combat, contend with weapons, strive; attack; gain by fighting, win" (intransitive; class III strong verb; past tense feaht, past participle fohten), from Proto-Germanic *fe(u)hta (source also of Old High German fehtan, German fechten, Middle Dutch and Dut" class="block" href="/word/fight"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of fight">Old English feohtan "to combat, contend with weapons, strive; attack; gain by fighting, win" (intransitive; class III strong verb; past tense feaht, past participle fohten), from Proto-Germanic *fe(u)hta (source also of Old High German fehtan, German fechten, Middle Dutch and Dut</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of press" class="w-full group" href="/word/press"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">press</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="c. 1300, presse, "a crowd, throng, company; crowding and jostling of a throng; a massing together," from Old French presse (n.) "a throng, a crush, a crowd; wine or cheese press" (11c.), from Latin pressare (see press (v.1)). Late Old English had press in the sense of "clothes pr" class="block" href="/word/press"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of press">c. 1300, presse, "a crowd, throng, company; crowding and jostling of a throng; a massing together," from Old French presse (n.) "a throng, a crush, a crowd; wine or cheese press" (11c.), from Latin pressare (see press (v.1)). Late Old English had press in the sense of "clothes pr</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of campaign" class="w-full group" href="/word/campaign"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">campaign</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="1640s, "operation of an army in the field," during a single season, in a particular region, or in a definite enterprise; from French campagne "campaign," literally "open country," from Old French champagne "countryside, open country" (suited to military maneuvers), from Late Lati" class="block" href="/word/campaign"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of campaign">1640s, "operation of an army in the field," during a single season, in a particular region, or in a definite enterprise; from French campagne "campaign," literally "open country," from Old French champagne "countryside, open country" (suited to military maneuvers), from Late Lati</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of Albigensian" class="w-full group" href="/word/Albigensian"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">Albigensian</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="town in Languedoc where they lived and first were condemned as heretics (1176) and vigorously persecuted (the Albigensian Crusade..." class="block" href="/word/Albigensian"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of Albigensian">town in Languedoc where they lived and first were condemned as heretics (1176) and vigorously persecuted (the Albigensian Crusade...</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of George" class="w-full group" href="/word/George"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">George</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="George played a key role in the First Crusade), but not common until after the Hanoverian succession (18c.). St...." class="block" href="/word/George"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of George">George played a key role in the First Crusade), but not common until after the Hanoverian succession (18c.). St....</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of Languedoc" class="w-full group" href="/word/Languedoc"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">Languedoc</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="Jonathan Sumption's "The Albigensian Crusade" [Faber and Faber, 1978] refers to a court official at Albi "who in 1228 referred..." class="block" href="/word/Languedoc"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of Languedoc">Jonathan Sumption's "The Albigensian Crusade" [Faber and Faber, 1978] refers to a court official at Albi "who in 1228 referred...</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of Saracen" class="w-full group" href="/word/Saracen"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">Saracen</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="It also could be applied to any non-Christian people against whom a crusade was preached (the pagan Lithuanians), and in..." class="block" href="/word/Saracen"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of Saracen">It also could be applied to any non-Christian people against whom a crusade was preached (the pagan Lithuanians), and in...</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of advertise" class="w-full group" href="/word/advertise"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">advertise</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="early 15c., advertisen, "to take notice of" (a sense now obsolete), from Old French advertiss-, present-participle stem of advertir (earlier avertir) "make aware, call attention, remark; turn, turn to" (12c.), from Latin advertere "to direct one's attention to; give heed," litera" class="block" href="/word/advertise"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of advertise">early 15c., advertisen, "to take notice of" (a sense now obsolete), from Old French advertiss-, present-participle stem of advertir (earlier avertir) "make aware, call attention, remark; turn, turn to" (12c.), from Latin advertere "to direct one's attention to; give heed," litera</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of movement" class="w-full group" href="/word/movement"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">movement</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="late 14c., mevement, "change of position; passage from place to place," from Old French movement "movement, exercise; start, instigation" (Modern French mouvement), from Medieval Latin movimentum, from Latin movere "to move, set in motion" (from PIE root *meue- "to push away"). I" class="block" href="/word/movement"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of movement">late 14c., mevement, "change of position; passage from place to place," from Old French movement "movement, exercise; start, instigation" (Modern French mouvement), from Medieval Latin movimentum, from Latin movere "to move, set in motion" (from PIE root *meue- "to push away"). I</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of agitate" class="w-full group" href="/word/agitate"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">agitate</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="1580s, "to disturb," from Latin agitatus, past participle of agitare "to put in constant or violent motion, drive onward, impel," frequentative of agere "to set in motion, drive, drive forward," figuratively "incite to action; keep in movement, stir up" (from PIE root *ag- "to dr" class="block" href="/word/agitate"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of agitate">1580s, "to disturb," from Latin agitatus, past participle of agitare "to put in constant or violent motion, drive onward, impel," frequentative of agere "to set in motion, drive, drive forward," figuratively "incite to action; keep in movement, stir up" (from PIE root *ag- "to dr</div></a></div></div></div><div><div class="w-full space-y-4 pb-4"><div class="space-y-1"><h2 class="font-sans text-xl" lang="en">Share <em>crusade</em></h2><div class="mb-4"><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div></div><div class="flex gap-4 items-center"><button class="text-lg bg-secondary font-bold text-battleship-gray/80 px-4 py-2 rounded-full transition-colors hover:text-primary 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136.2-40.2 199.3C958 772.3 921 827 874 874c-47 47-101.8 83.9-162.7 109.7-63.1 26.8-130.2 40.3-199.3 40.3z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div class="w-full"><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none bg-secondary/20 shadow-none border border-secondary/30 rounded-md min-w-[300px] w-full" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large font-medium font-sans text-davis-gray items-start justify-start hyphens-auto" lang="en"><span>Dictionary entries near <em>crusade</em></span></div><hr class="shrink-0 bg-divider border-none w-full h-divider" role="separator"/><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased"><ul class="list-none list-none grid grid-cols-1"><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/crumpet" rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" role="link" title="Origin and meaning of crumpet" lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">crumpet</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" 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earliest year for which there is a surviving written record of that word (in English, unless otherwise indicated). This should be taken as approximate, especially before about 1700, since a word may have been used in conversation for hundreds of years before it turns up in a manuscript that has had the good fortune to survive the centuries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003eThe basic sources of this work are Weekley's \"An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English,\" Klein's \"A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language,\" \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (second edition), \"Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology,\" Holthausen's \"Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Englischen Sprache,\" and Kipfer and Chapman's \"Dictionary of American Slang.\"A full list of print sources used in this compilation can be found \u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"/columns/post/sources\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003eSince this dictionary went up, it has benefited from the suggestions of dozens of people I have never met, from around the world. Tremendous thanks and appreciation to all of you. \u003c/p\u003e\n "])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6:[\"$\",\"html\",null,{\"lang\":\"en-US\",\"suppressHydrationWarning\":true,\"children\":[[\"$\",\"body\",null,{\"className\":\"debug-screens min-h-screen min-w-[320px] font-sans selection:bg-secondary dark:selection:bg-foreground/30 laptop:font-serif desktop:font-serif\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L1b\",null,{\"position\":\"top-center\",\"closeButton\":true,\"richColors\":true,\"expand\":true,\"style\":{\"marginTop\":\"4rem\"}}],[\"$\",\"$L1c\",null,{\"errorComponent\":\"$3\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L1d\",null,{\"locale\":\"en-US\",\"messages\":{\"global\":{\"metaData\":{\"title\":\"Etymonline - Online Etymology Dictionary\"},\"header\":{\"forum\":\"Forum\",\"columns\":\"Columns\",\"apps\":\"Apps\",\"premium\":\"Premium\",\"profile\":\"Profile\",\"login\":\"Log in\",\"logout\":\"Log out\"},\"pagination\":{\"previous\":\"Previous\",\"next\":\"Next\"},\"search\":{\"search\":\"Search\",\"inputTitle\":\"Type a word to search\",\"hint\":\"Search \\\"{word}\\\"\",\"cancel\":\"Cancel\"},\"trending\":{\"title\":\"Trending\"},\"login\":{\"title\":\"Log in to Your Account\",\"continueWithGoogle\":\"Continue with Google\",\"continueWithApple\":\"Continue with Apple\",\"tooManyRequests\":\"Too many requests. 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words\"},{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"@id\":\"https://www.etymonline.com"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"/word/crusade\",\"name\":\"crusade\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":\"https://www.etymonline.com\"}]2c:T642,\u003cp\u003e\"military expedition under the banner of the cross,\" 1706, a respelling or replacement of \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecroisade\u003c/span\u003e (1570s), from French \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecroisade\u003c/span\u003e (16c.), Spanish \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecruzada\u003c/span\u003e, both from Medieval Latin \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecruciata\u003c/span\u003e, past participle of \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecruciare\u003c/span\u003e \"to mark with a cross,\" from Latin \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecrux\u003c/span\u003e (genitive \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecrucis\u003c/span\u003e) \"cross\" (see \u003ca href=\"/word/crux\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of crux \" class=\"crossreference notranslate\"\u003ecrux\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe modern English form is comparatively late, and even the earlier \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecroisade\u003c/span\u003e is post-Middle English (French \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecroisade\u003c/span\u003e replaced earlier \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecroisée\u003c/span\u003e). Middle English nouns were \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecroiserie\u003c/span\u003e (c. 1300), \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecreiserie\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEspecially in reference to the medieval expeditions undertaken by European Christians for recovery of the Holy Land from Muslims. Generally they are counted as seven between 1095 and 1271, but some smaller efforts (e.g. the \"Children's Crusade\") are omitted and the word sometimes is extended to other religiously motivated expeditions (e.g. against the Albigenses or the Prussians). Figurative sense of \"vigorous campaign for a moral cause or against a public evil\" is from 1786.\u003c/p\u003e2e:T645,\u003cp\u003e1814, \"a cross,\" from Latin \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecrux\u003c/span\u003e \"cross,\" a word of uncertain origin. Sometimes said to be cognate with Irish \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecruach\u003c/span\u003e \"heap, hill,\" Gaulish \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e*krouka\u003c/span\u003e \"summit,\" Old Norse \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ehryggr\u003c/span\u003e \"backbon"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e,\" Old English \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ehrycg\u003c/span\u003e \"back.\" But de Vaan is suspicious:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n The Celtic and Gm. forms are often reconstructed as \n \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e*kr(e)u-k-\u003c/span\u003e, but we find vacillating vocalism within Gm.; also, the meanings 'backbone' and 'heap' are not necessarily connected. Even if the words in \n \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e*kruk-\u003c/span\u003e from Latin and Italo-Celtic belong together, the root structure does not look PIE (and a root enlargement \n \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ek\u003c/span\u003e is unknown), and might be interpreted as a non-IE substratum word borrowed into Italo-Celtic. But Latin may also just have borrowed the word from a contemporary language.\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe figurative use for \"a central difficulty\" (1718) is older in English than the literal sense; perhaps it is from Latin \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecrux interpretum\u003c/span\u003e \"a point in a text that is impossible to interpret,\" the literal meaning of which is something like \"crossroads of interpreters.\" But Century Dictionary ascribes it to \"the cross as an instrument of torture; hence anything that puzzles or vexes in a high degree ....\" Extended sense of \"central point\" is attested by 1888.\u003c/p\u003e2f:Tcc4,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eOld English \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecros\u003c/span\u003e \"instrument of Christ's crucifixion; symbol of Christianity\" (mid-10c.), probably from Old Norse or another Scandinavian source, picked up by the Norse from Old Irish \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecros\u003c/span\u003e, from Latin \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecrux\u003c/span\u003e (accusative \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecrucem\u003c/span\u003e, genitive \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecrucis\u003c/span\u003e) \"stake, cross\" on which criminals were impaled or hanged (originally a tall, round pole); hence, figuratively, \"torture, trouble, misery;\" see \u003ca href=\"/word/crux\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of crux \" class=\"crossreference notranslate\"\u003ecrux\u003c/a\u003e. Also from Latin crux are Italian \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecroce\u003c/span\u003e, French \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecroix\u003c/span\u003e, Spanish and Portuguese \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecruz\u003c/span\u003e, Dutch \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ekruis\u003c/span\u003e, German \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eKreuz\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe modern word is the northern England form and has predominated. Middle English also had two other forms of the same word, arriving from the continent by different paths: \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecruche, crouche\u003c/span\u003e (c. 1200) was from Medieval Latin, with pronunciation as in Italian \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecroce\u003c/span\u003e (compare \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eCrouchmas\u003c/span\u003e \"festival of the Invention of the Cross,\" late 14c.)\u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e Later, especially in southern England, the form \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecrois, croice\u003c/span\u003e, from Old French, was the common one (compare \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecroisade\u003c/span\u003e, the older form of \u003ca href=\"/word/crusade\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of crusade \" class=\"crossreference notranslate\"\u003ecrusade\u003c/a\u003e). The Old English word was \u003ca href=\"/word/rood\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of rood \" class=\"crossreference notranslate\"\u003erood\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy c. 1200 as \"ornamental likeness of the cross, something resembling or in the form of a cross; sign of the cross made with the right hand or with fingers.\" From mid-14c. as \"small cross with a human figure attached; a crucifix;\" late 14c. as \"outdoor structure or monument in the form of a cross.\" Also late 14c. as \"a cross formed by two lines drawn or cut on a surface; two lines intersecting at right angles; the shape of a cross without regard to religious signification.\" From late 12c. as a surname.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom c. 1200 in English in the figurative sense \"the burden of a Christian; any suffering voluntarily borne for Christ's sake; a trial or affliction; penance in Christ's name,\" from Matthew x.38, xvi.24, etc. Theological sense \"crucifixion and death of Christ as a necessary part of his mission\" is from late 14c.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs \"a mixing of breeds in the production of animals\" from 1760, hence broadly \"a mixture of the characteristics of two different things\" (1796). In pugilism, 1906, from the motion of the blow, crossing over the opponent's lead (1880s as a verb; \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecross-counter\u003c/span\u003e (n.) is from 1883). As \"accidental contact of two wires belonging to different circuits,\" 1870.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e:[[\"$\",\"script\",null,{\"type\":\"application/ld+json\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"$29\"}}],[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"className\":\"flex flex-col lg:flex-row gap-12 justify-center\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"w-full lg:w-[728px] items-start\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-0\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L2a\",null,{\"slot\":\"pc_wd_top\",\"className\":\"h-[90px] w-[728px]\",\"isMobile\":false,\"wrapperConfigs\":{\"base\":{\"type\":\"main\",\"closeType\":\"none\",\"labelType\":\"none\"},\"lg\":{\"type\":\"normal\",\"closeType\":\"remove\",\"labelType\":\"none\"}}}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-4 space-y-12 mobile:space-y-8 w-full\",\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-4\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-2\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h1\",null,{\"className\":\"font-sans text-2xl\",\"lang\":\"en\",\"children\":[\"Origin and history of \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"word0\",{\"children\":[\" \",\"crusade\",\" \"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"hr\",null,{\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"className\":\"shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider\",\"role\":\"separator\",\"data-orientation\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"bg-white mobile:bg-transparent dark:bg-secondary dark:mobile:bg-transparent rounded-lg lg:shadow-sm pl-6 pr-6 pt-2 pb-6 mobile:p-0\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"vocabularies\":[{\"doc_id\":\"66808e327dc79d135ba18e051673d906_ev\",\"domain_id\":414,\"word\":\"crusade\",\"toxicity\":3,\"type\":0,\"thumbnail\":false,\"property\":\"(n.)\",\"etymology\":\"$2c\",\"etymology_plain\":\"\\\"military expedition under the banner of the cross,\\\" 1706, a respelling or replacement of croisade (1570s), from French croisade (16c.), Spanish cruzada, both from Medieval Latin cruciata, past participle of cruciare \\\"to mark with a cross,\\\" from Latin crux (genitive crucis) \\\"cross\\\" (see crux). The modern English form is comparatively late, and even the earlier croisade is post-Middle English (French croisade replaced earlier croisée). Middle English nouns were croiserie (c. 1300), creiserie. Especially in reference to the medieval expeditions undertaken by European Christians for recovery of the Holy Land from Muslims. Generally they are counted as seven between 1095 and 1271, but some smaller efforts (e.g. the \\\"Children's Crusade\\\") are omitted and the word sometimes is extended to other religiously motivated expeditions (e.g. against the Albigenses or the Prussians). Figurative sense of \\\"vigorous campaign for a moral cause or against a public evil\\\" is from 1786.\",\"first_recorded\":\"1706\",\"content_length\":977,\"modify_time\":1607579541000},{\"doc_id\":\"648065d6b81ecfa8cc16a36a1aadb0a1_ev\",\"domain_id\":47010,\"word\":\"crusade\",\"toxicity\":3,\"type\":0,\"thumbnail\":false,\"property\":\"(v.)\",\"etymology\":\"\u003cp\u003e1732, \\\"to engage in a crusade,\\\" from \u003ca href=\\\"/word/crusade#etymonline_v_414\\\" title=\\\"Etymology, meaning and definition of crusade \\\" class=\\\"crossreference notranslate\\\"\u003ecrusade\u003c/a\u003e (n.). The usual way to express this in Middle English seems to have been \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003etake the cross\u003c/span\u003e (c. 1300). Related: \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003eCrusaded\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003ecrusading\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"etymology_plain\":\"1732, \\\"to engage in a crusade,\\\" from crusade (n.). The usual way to express this in Middle English seems to have been take the cross (c. 1300). Related: Crusaded; crusading.\",\"first_recorded\":\"1732\",\"content_length\":173,\"modify_time\":1527388537000}],\"showLabel\":false,\"isMobile\":false,\"insertAds\":true,\"showTranslate\":true}]}]]}],false,[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-4\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-1\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"className\":\"font-sans text-xl\",\"lang\":\"en\",\"children\":[\"Entries linking to \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"word0\",{\"children\":[\" \",\"crusade\",\" \"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mb-4\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"hr\",null,{\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"className\":\"shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider\",\"role\":\"separator\",\"data-orientation\":\"$undefined\"}]}]]}],[[\"$\",\"$1\",\"crux\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L2d\",null,{\"word\":{\"id\":\"etymonline_v_29117\",\"domain_id\":\"29117\",\"word\":\"crux\",\"canonical_word\":\"crux\",\"type\":0,\"property\":\"(n.)\",\"etymology\":\"$2e\",\"thumbnail\":false,\"locale_code\":\"en\",\"support_lang\":[],\"down_weight\":false},\"showProperty\":true,\"showTailing\":false}],false]}],[\"$\",\"$1\",\"cross\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L2d\",null,{\"word\":{\"id\":\"etymonline_v_387\",\"domain_id\":\"387\",\"word\":\"cross\",\"canonical_word\":\"cross\",\"type\":0,\"property\":\"(n.)\",\"etymology\":\"$2f\",\"thumbnail\":false,\"locale_code\":\"en\",\"support_lang\":[],\"down_weight\":false},\"showProperty\":true,\"showTailing\":false}],false]}],[\"$\",\"$1\",\"crusader\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L2d\",null,{\"word\":{\"id\":\"etymonline_v_36471\",\"domain_id\":\"36471\",\"word\":\"crusader\",\"canonical_word\":\"crusader\",\"type\":0,\"property\":\"(n.)\",\"etymology\":\"\u003cp\u003eperson engaged in a crusade, 1743, from \u003ca href=\\\"/word/crusade#etymonline_v_414\\\" title=\\\"Etymology, meaning and definition of crusade \\\" class=\\\"crossreference notranslate\\\"\u003ecrusade\u003c/a\u003e (n.) + \u003ca href=\\\"/word/-er#etymonline_v_26014\\\" title=\\\"Etymology, meaning and definition of -er \\\" class=\\\"crossreference notranslate\\\"\u003e-er\u003c/a\u003e (1). Earlier was \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003ecroisader\u003c/span\u003e, from French \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003ecroisadeur\u003c/span\u003e. In Middle English a crusader might be called a \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003epilgrim\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"thumbnail\":false,\"locale_code\":\"en\",\"support_lang\":[],\"down_weight\":false},\"showProperty\":true,\"showTailing\":false}],false]}]]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-4\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"className\":\"list-none flex gap-2 flex-wrap\",\"children\":[\"$undefined\",null]}]}]]}],[\"$\",\"$L2a\",null,{\"slot\":\"pc_wd_ngram\",\"className\":\"mt-1 w-full max-h-[250px]\",\"wrapperConfigs\":{\"base\":{\"type\":\"main\",\"closeType\":\"close\"},\"lg\":{\"type\":\"none\",\"closeType\":\"none\"}}}],[\"$\",\"$L30\",null,{\"dataSource\":[{\"label\":\"crusade 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English feohtan \\\"to combat, contend with weapons, strive; attack; gain by fighting, win\\\" (intransitive; class III strong verb; past tense feaht, past participle fohten), from Proto-Germanic *fe(u)hta (source also of Old High German fehtan, German fechten, Middle Dutch and Dut\"},{\"key\":\"syn_ant\",\"word\":\"press\",\"desc\":\"c. 1300, presse, \\\"a crowd, throng, company; crowding and jostling of a throng; a massing together,\\\" from Old French presse (n.) \\\"a throng, a crush, a crowd; wine or cheese press\\\" (11c.), from Latin pressare (see press (v.1)). 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I\"},{\"key\":\"other_relation\",\"word\":\"agitate\",\"desc\":\"1580s, \\\"to disturb,\\\" from Latin agitatus, past participle of agitare \\\"to put in constant or violent motion, drive onward, impel,\\\" frequentative of agere \\\"to set in motion, drive, drive forward,\\\" figuratively \\\"incite to action; keep in movement, stir up\\\" (from PIE root *ag- \\\"to dr\"}],\"current\":\"crusade\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L32\",null,{\"currentWord\":\"crusade\",\"url\":\"https://www.etymonline.com/word/crusade\",\"title\":\"Etymology of \\\"crusade\\\" by etymonline\",\"description\":\"\\\"military expedition under the banner of the cross,\\\" 1706, a respelling or replacement of… See origin and meaning of crusade.\"}],false,false]}]]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"w-full flex items-center flex-col space-y-8 lg:items-start lg:w-[300px]\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"w-full 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