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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Intelligence career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intelligence_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Intelligence career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Junior_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junior_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Junior positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junior_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deputy_National_Security_Advisor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deputy_National_Security_Advisor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Deputy National Security Advisor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deputy_National_Security_Advisor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Director_of_Central_Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Director_of_Central_Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Director of Central Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Director_of_Central_Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Level_of_involvement_in_the_Iran–Contra_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Level_of_involvement_in_the_Iran–Contra_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Level of involvement in the Iran–Contra scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Level_of_involvement_in_the_Iran–Contra_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_after_leaving_the_CIA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_after_leaving_the_CIA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Career after leaving the CIA</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career_after_leaving_the_CIA-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career after leaving the CIA subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career_after_leaving_the_CIA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1993–1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993–1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1993–1999</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993–1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas_A&M" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_A&M"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Texas A&M</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_A&M-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Corporate boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Public service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declined_appointment_as_Director_of_National_Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declined_appointment_as_Director_of_National_Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Declined appointment as Director of National Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declined_appointment_as_Director_of_National_Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Secretary of Defense</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_Defense-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of Defense subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bush_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bush_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bush administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bush_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Walter_Reed_Medical_Center_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walter_Reed_Medical_Center_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Walter Reed Medical Center scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walter_Reed_Medical_Center_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_over_Joint_Chiefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_over_Joint_Chiefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Controversy over Joint Chiefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_over_Joint_Chiefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misshipments_of_nuclear_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misshipments_of_nuclear_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Misshipments of nuclear weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misshipments_of_nuclear_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obama_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obama_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Obama administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obama_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiscal_restraint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_restraint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Fiscal restraint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_restraint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NATO_comments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_comments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>NATO comments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_comments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College_chancellor_(2011–2025)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_chancellor_(2011–2025)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>College chancellor (2011–2025)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-College_chancellor_(2011–2025)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle College chancellor (2011–2025) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-College_chancellor_(2011–2025)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extracurricular_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extracurricular_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Extracurricular activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extracurricular_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Memoirs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Gates</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="روبرت غيتس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت غيتس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="رابرت قیتس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رابرت قیتس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%81" title="Роберт Майкл Гейтс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Майкл Гейтс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%81" title="Робърт Гейтс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Гейтс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="رابرت گیتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت گیتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%B8%A0" title="로버트 게이츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 게이츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A1" title="רוברט גייטס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט גייטס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Geitss" title="Roberts Geitss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts Geitss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="روبرت جيتس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت جيتس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="ロバート・ゲーツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・ゲーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="رابرٹ گیٹس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رابرٹ گیٹس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Гейтс, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гейтс, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Robert Gates" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="รอเบิร์ต เกตส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอเบิร์ต เกตส์" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">22nd United States Secretary of Defense (2006–2011)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the civil servant. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Robert Gates (disambiguation)">Robert Gates (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Robert Gates</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Gates,_official_DoD_photo_portrait,_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Robert_Gates%2C_official_DoD_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg/220px-Robert_Gates%2C_official_DoD_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Robert_Gates%2C_official_DoD_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg/330px-Robert_Gates%2C_official_DoD_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Robert_Gates%2C_official_DoD_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg/440px-Robert_Gates%2C_official_DoD_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2006</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">22nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 18, 2006 – June 30, 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._England" title="Gordon R. England">Gordon R. England</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_J._Lynn_III" title="William J. Lynn III">William J. Lynn III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">24th <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary">Chancellor of the College of William & Mary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br />February 3, 2012</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._Taylor_Reveley_III" title="W. Taylor Reveley III">W. Taylor Reveley III</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Rowe" title="Katherine Rowe">Katherine Rowe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">22nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Texas_A%26M_University#Presidents" title="President of Texas A&M University">President of Texas A&M University</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 1, 2002 – December 16, 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ray_M._Bowen" title="Ray M. Bowen">Ray M. Bowen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ed J. Davis <span style="font-size:85%;">(Interim)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">15th <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 6, 1991 – January 20, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_James_Kerr" title="Richard James Kerr">Richard James Kerr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_O._Studeman" title="William O. Studeman">William O. Studeman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William H. Webster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey Jr.">R. James Woolsey Jr.</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Acting</b></span><br />December 18, 1986 – May 26, 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">William J. Casey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William H. Webster</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">17th <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor" title="Deputy National Security Advisor">United States Deputy National Security Advisor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 20, 1989 – November 6, 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">George H. W. Bush</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Howe" title="Jonathan Howe">Jonathan Howe</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">16th <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Deputy Director of Central Intelligence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 18, 1986 – March 20, 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a><br />George H. W. Bush</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_N._McMahon" title="John N. McMahon">John N. McMahon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_James_Kerr" title="Richard James Kerr">Richard James Kerr</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">36th <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_presidents_of_the_Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="List of national presidents of the Boy Scouts of America">National President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2014–2016</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_M._Perry" title="Wayne M. Perry">Wayne M. Perry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Randall_Stephenson" class="mw-redirect" title="Randall Stephenson">Randall Stephenson</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Robert Michael Gates</div><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1943-09-25</span>) </span>September 25, 1943<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 81)</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Becky Wilkie</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1967)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Gates_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Gates's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Robert_Gates_Signature_2.svg/128px-Robert_Gates_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Robert_Gates_Signature_2.svg/192px-Robert_Gates_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Robert_Gates_Signature_2.svg/256px-Robert_Gates_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1967–1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant" title="First lieutenant">First lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_Announces_Senior_Personnel_Turnover_in_the_Wake_of_ADM_Fallon%27s_Resignation_as_CENTCOM_Commander.ogg" title="File:Secretary of Defense Robert Gates Announces Senior Personnel Turnover in the Wake of ADM Fallon's Resignation as CENTCOM Commander.ogg">Robert Gates's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="115" data-mwtitle="Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_Announces_Senior_Personnel_Turnover_in_the_Wake_of_ADM_Fallon's_Resignation_as_CENTCOM_Commander.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_Announces_Senior_Personnel_Turnover_in_the_Wake_of_ADM_Fallon%27s_Resignation_as_CENTCOM_Commander.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_Announces_Senior_Personnel_Turnover_in_the_Wake_of_ADM_Fallon%27s_Resignation_as_CENTCOM_Commander.ogg/Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_Announces_Senior_Personnel_Turnover_in_the_Wake_of_ADM_Fallon%27s_Resignation_as_CENTCOM_Commander.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Robert Gates announces personnel changes amid Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William Fallon</a>'s resignation as commander of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">USCENTCOM</a><br />Recorded April 23, 2008</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Michael Gates</b> (born September 25, 1943) is an American intelligence analyst and university president who served as the 22nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_secretary_of_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="United States secretary of defense">United States secretary of defense</a> from 2006 to 2011. He was appointed by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and was retained by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. Gates began his career serving as an officer in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> but was quickly recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates served for twenty-six years in the CIA and at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>, and was <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">director of central intelligence</a> under President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> from 1991 to 1993. After leaving the CIA, Gates became president of <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group" title="Iraq Study Group">Iraq Study Group</a>, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Baker_III" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Baker III">James A. Baker III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_H._Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee H. Hamilton">Lee H. Hamilton</a> that studied the lessons of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. </p><p>Gates was nominated by Republican president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> as secretary of defense in 2006, replacing <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was confirmed with bipartisan support.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> named Gates one of the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">year's most influential people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Gates was named one of America's Best Leaders by <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to serve as secretary of defense in President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s administration<sup id="cite_ref-change.gov_1Dec08-1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change.gov_1Dec08-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retired in 2011. "He'll be remembered for making us aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention as an instrument of American foreign policy," said former senator <a href="/wiki/David_L._Boren" class="mw-redirect" title="David L. Boren">David L. Boren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates was presented the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the nation's highest civilian award, by President Obama during his retirement ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since leaving the Obama administration, Gates was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a>, served as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary">Chancellor of the College of William & Mary</a>, and served as a member on several corporate boards. In 2012, Gates was elected as a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Public_Administration_(United_States)" title="National Academy of Public Administration (United States)">National Academy of Public Administration.</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gates was born in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a>, Kansas, the son of Isabel V. (née Goss) and Melville A. "Mel" Gates.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates attained the rank of <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)">Eagle Scout</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a> (BSA) and received the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award" title="Distinguished Eagle Scout Award">Distinguished Eagle Scout Award</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the BSA as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-desalista_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desalista-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-honor_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honor-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Wichita_High_School_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita High School East">Wichita High School East</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-Shane061119_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shane061119-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates is also a <a href="/wiki/Honors_and_awards_of_the_Order_of_the_Arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Honors and awards of the Order of the Arrow">Vigil Honor</a> member within the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Arrow" title="Order of the Arrow">Order of the Arrow</a>, BSA's National Honor Society. He was selected as the 2017 BSA National Alumnus of the Year.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates then received a scholarship to attend the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>, graduating in 1965 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in history. At William & Mary, Gates was an active member and president of the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Omega" title="Alpha Phi Omega">Alpha Phi Omega</a> (national service fraternity) chapter and the <a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a>; he was also the business manager for the <i>William and Mary Review</i>, a literary and art magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his William & Mary graduation ceremony, Gates received the <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sydney_Sullivan_Award" title="Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award">Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award</a> naming him the graduate who "has made the greatest contribution to his fellow man".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates then received an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> in the history of Eastern Europe and the south Slavs from <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-gates00_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gates00-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed his PhD in <a href="/wiki/Russian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian history">Russian and Soviet history</a> at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> in 1974 under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Schiebel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Schiebel (page does not exist)">Joseph Schiebel</a>, who had been heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wittfogel" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Wittfogel">Karl Wittfogel</a>'s studies on "Soviet communism and its resemblance to oriental despotism and the Asiatic mode of production, [and] the role of government in controlling all of society."<sup id="cite_ref-gates00_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gates00-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title of his Georgetown <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral dissertation">doctoral dissertation</a> is <i>Soviet Sinology: An Untapped Source for Kremlin Views and Disputes Relating to Contemporary Events in China</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is available from University Microfilms International as document number 7421652. </p><p>Gates was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters</a> from <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">William & Mary</a> (1998), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a> (2011),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">Kansas State University</a> (2012). </p><p>He married Rebecca "Becky" Gates (née Wilkie) on January 7, 1967, and they have two children.<sup id="cite_ref-GatesSpeech_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GatesSpeech-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intelligence_career">Intelligence career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Intelligence career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Junior_positions">Junior positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Junior positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While at Indiana University, Gates was recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> and joined in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-DefenselinkBio_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefenselinkBio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 4, 1967, he was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> after attending <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School" title="Air Force Officer Training School">Officer Training School</a> under CIA sponsorship.<sup id="cite_ref-GatesSpeech_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GatesSpeech-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DefenselinkBio_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefenselinkBio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1967 to 1969, he was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">intelligence officer</a>, which included a year at <a href="/wiki/Whiteman_Air_Force_Base" title="Whiteman Air Force Base">Whiteman Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, where he delivered intelligence briefings to <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Ballistic_Missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercontinental Ballistic Missile">Intercontinental Ballistic Missile</a> crews.<sup id="cite_ref-NYReviewofBooks_Powers_19960620_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYReviewofBooks_Powers_19960620-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After fulfilling his military obligation, he rejoined the CIA as an intelligence analyst.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote his doctoral thesis while serving as a professional intelligence officer.<sup id="cite_ref-gates00_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gates00-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates left the CIA in 1974 to serve on the staff of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>. He returned to the CIA in late 1979, serving briefly as the director of the Strategic Evaluation Center, Office of Strategic Research. He was named the Director of the DCI/DDCI Executive Staff in 1981, Deputy Director for Intelligence in 1982, and <a href="/wiki/CIA_Deputy_Director" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Deputy Director">Deputy Director of Central Intelligence</a> from April 18, 1986, to March 20, 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deputy_National_Security_Advisor">Deputy National Security Advisor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deputy National Security Advisor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/President_George_H._W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="President George H. W. Bush">President George H. W. Bush</a>, Gates was Deputy <a href="/wiki/Assistant_to_the_President_for_National_Security_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs">Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs</a> from March until August 1989, and was Assistant to the President and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Adviser" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy National Security Adviser">Deputy National Security Adviser</a> under <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a> from August 1989 until November 1991. </p><p>Gates was nominated to become the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (head of the CIA) in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy about his role in the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Contra_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Contra Affair">Iran-Contra Affair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Director_of_Central_Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Director of Central Intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Gates_CIA_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Robert_Gates_CIA_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Gates while <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gates was nominated, for the second time, for the position of Director of Central Intelligence by Bush on May 14, 1991, confirmed by the Senate on November 5, and sworn in on November 6.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a Senate committee hearing on his nomination, former division chief <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Goodman" title="Melvin Goodman">Melvin Goodman</a> testified that the agency was the most corrupt and slanted during the tenure of <a href="/wiki/William_Casey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Casey">William Casey</a> with Gates serving as deputy. According to Goodman, Gates was part of an agency leadership that proliferated false information and ignored 'reality'. <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a> chairman Harold P. Ford testified that during his tenure, Gates had transgressed <a href="/wiki/Professional_boundaries" title="Professional boundaries">professional boundaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deputy directors during his tenure were <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Kerr" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard J. Kerr">Richard J. Kerr</a> (from November 6, 1991, until March 2, 1992) and Adm. <a href="/wiki/William_O._Studeman" title="William O. Studeman">William O. Studeman</a> (from April 9, 1992, through the remainder of Gates's tenure). He served until 1993. It is notable that the reluctance of the Bush administration to involve itself in the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a> was due in no small part to three advisors who had deep exposure to the region: Scowcroft, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Lawrence Eagleburger</a> and himself: "We saw the historical roots of this conflict and the near nonexistent potential for solving it, for us fixing it."<sup id="cite_ref-gates00_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gates00-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_of_involvement_in_the_Iran–Contra_scandal"><span id="Level_of_involvement_in_the_Iran.E2.80.93Contra_scandal"></span>Level of involvement in the Iran–Contra scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Level of involvement in the Iran–Contra scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of his senior status in the CIA, Gates was close to many figures who played significant roles in the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Contra_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Contra Affair">Iran–Contra Affair</a> and was in a position to have known of their activities. In 1984, as deputy director of CIA, Gates advocated that the U.S. initiate a bombing campaign against Nicaragua and that the U.S. do everything in its power short of direct military invasion of the country to remove the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates was an early subject of Independent Counsel's investigation, but the investigation of Gates intensified in the spring of 1991 as part of a larger inquiry into the Iran–Contra activities of CIA officials. This investigation received an additional impetus in May 1991, when President George H. W. Bush nominated Gates to be <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (DCI). The chairman and vice chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a> (SSCI) requested, in a letter to the Independent Counsel on May 15, 1991, any information that would "significantly bear on the fitness" of Gates for the CIA post. </p><p>Gates consistently testified that he first heard on October 1, 1986, from <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Allen" title="Charles E. Allen">Charles E. Allen</a>, the national intelligence officer who was closest to the Iran initiative, that proceeds from the Iran arms sales may have been diverted to support the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>. Other evidence proves, however, that Gates received a report on the diversion during the summer of 1986 from DDI Richard Kerr.<sup id="cite_ref-Final_Report_of_the_Independent_Counsel_for_Iran/Contra_Matters;_Volume_I_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Final_Report_of_the_Independent_Counsel_for_Iran/Contra_Matters;_Volume_I-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue was whether the Independent Counsel could prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Gates was deliberately not telling the truth when he later claimed not to have remembered any reference to the diversion before meeting with Allen in October. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell,_General_Scowcroft,_Secretary_James_Baker,_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg/320px-President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg/480px-President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg/640px-President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> meets with Robert Gates, General <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, Secretary <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> and others about the situation in the Persian Gulf and Operation <a href="/wiki/Desert_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Shield">Desert Shield</a>, January 15, 1991</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">Grand jury</a> secrecy rules hampered Independent Counsel's response. Nevertheless, in order to answer questions about Gates's prior testimony, Independent Counsel accelerated his investigation of Gates in the summer of 1991. This investigation was substantially completed by September 3, 1991, at which time Independent Counsel determined that Gates's Iran–Contra activities and testimony did not warrant prosecution. </p><p>Independent Counsel made this decision subject to developments that could have warranted reopening his inquiry, including testimony by <a href="/wiki/Clair_George" title="Clair George">Clair E. George</a>, the CIA's former deputy director for operations. At the time Independent Counsel reached this decision, the possibility remained that George could have provided information warranting reconsideration of Gates's status in the investigation. George refused to cooperate with Independent Counsel and was indicted on September 19, 1991. George subpoenaed Gates to testify as a defense witness at George's first trial in the summer of 1994, but Gates was never called. </p><p>The final report of the Independent Counsel for <a href="/wiki/Iran-Contra_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Contra Scandal">Iran–Contra Scandal</a>, issued on August 4, 1993, said that Gates "was close to many figures who played significant roles in the Iran/contra affair and was in a position to have known of their activities. The evidence developed by Independent Counsel did not warrant indictment ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinal_Report_of_the_Independent_Counsel_for_Iran/Contra_Matters;_Volume_I1993_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinal_Report_of_the_Independent_Counsel_for_Iran/Contra_Matters;_Volume_I1993-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_after_leaving_the_CIA">Career after leaving the CIA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Career after leaving the CIA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993–1999"><span id="1993.E2.80.931999"></span>1993–1999</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1993–1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After retiring from the CIA in 1993, Gates worked as an academic and lecturer. He evaluated student theses for the <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International Studies</a> Program of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. He lectured at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University (Bloomington)">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>. Gates served as a member of the Board of Visitors of the University of Oklahoma International Programs Center and a trustee of the endowment fund for the College of William & Mary, his alma mater, which in 1998 conferred upon him honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Doctor of Humane Letters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Honorary_degree_recipients_--_Special_Collections_Research_Center_Wiki_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honorary_degree_recipients_--_Special_Collections_Research_Center_Wiki-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, Gates's autobiography, <i>From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War</i>, was published. Gates has also written numerous articles on government and foreign policy and has been a frequent contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Op-ed_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-ed page">op-ed page</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_A&M"><span id="Texas_A.26M"></span>Texas A&M</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Texas A&M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robertgates_tamu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Robertgates_tamu.jpg/220px-Robertgates_tamu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Robertgates_tamu.jpg/330px-Robertgates_tamu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Robertgates_tamu.jpg/440px-Robertgates_tamu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Gates at <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gates was the interim Dean of the <a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government and Public Service</a> at <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> from 1999 to 2001. On August 1, 2002, he became the 22nd president of Texas A&M. As the university president, Gates made progress in four key areas of the university's "Vision 2020" plan, a plan to become one of the top 10 public universities by 2020. The four key areas include improving student diversity, increasing the size of the faculty, building new academic facilities, and enriching the undergraduate and graduate education experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Gates_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Gates-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure, Gates encouraged the addition of 440 new faculty positions and a $300 million campus construction program, and saw increases in minority enrollment. On February 2, 2007, Gates was conferred the title of president emeritus by unanimous vote of the Texas A&M University System Board of Regents. Gates and his wife Becky received <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctoral degrees</a> from Texas A&M on August 10, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates left the presidency of Texas A&M University on December 16, 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was sworn in two days later as Secretary of Defense. He returned on April 21, 2009, as the speaker for the annual <a href="/wiki/Aggie_Muster" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggie Muster">Aggie Muster</a> ceremony. He is one of only 6 speakers not to be a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> since <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> spoke in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his affiliation with A&M, Gates has served on the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Higher_Education_Advisory_Board" title="National Security Higher Education Advisory Board">National Security Higher Education Advisory Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_boards">Corporate boards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Corporate boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gates has been a member of the board of trustees of <a href="/wiki/Fidelity_Investments" title="Fidelity Investments">Fidelity Investments</a>, and on the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/NACCO_Industries" title="NACCO Industries">NACCO Industries</a>, Inc., <a href="/wiki/Brinker_International" title="Brinker International">Brinker International</a>, Inc., Parker Drilling Company, <a href="/wiki/Science_Applications_International_Corporation" title="Science Applications International Corporation">Science Applications International Corporation</a>, and VoteHere, a technology company which sought to provide <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> and computer software security for the electronic election industry.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his nomination, a White House spokeswoman said that Gates planned to sell all the stock he owns in individual companies and sever all ties with them if confirmed by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_service">Public service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Public service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_080711-F-6655M-003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Defense.gov_photo_essay_080711-F-6655M-003.jpg/200px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_080711-F-6655M-003.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Defense.gov_photo_essay_080711-F-6655M-003.jpg/300px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_080711-F-6655M-003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Defense.gov_photo_essay_080711-F-6655M-003.jpg/400px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_080711-F-6655M-003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3540" data-file-height="2692" /></a><figcaption>Gates with <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">NSDAR</a> President General <a href="/wiki/Linda_Gist_Calvin" title="Linda Gist Calvin">Linda Gist Calvin</a> at <a href="/wiki/DAR_Constitution_Hall" title="DAR Constitution Hall">DAR Constitution Hall</a> in 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gates is a former president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Eagle_Scout_Association" title="National Eagle Scout Association">National Eagle Scout Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NESA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NESA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2004, Gates co-chaired a <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> task force on U.S. relations towards Iran. Among the task force's primary recommendation was to directly engage Iran on a diplomatic level regarding Iranian nuclear technology. Key points included a negotiated position that would allow Iran to develop its nuclear program in exchange for a commitment from Iran to use the program only for peaceful means.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of his nomination by President George W. Bush to the position of Secretary of Defense, Gates was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group" title="Iraq Study Group">Iraq Study Group</a>, also called the Baker Commission, which was expected to issue its report in November 2006, following the mid-term election on November 7. He was replaced by former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Lawrence Eagleburger</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declined_appointment_as_Director_of_National_Intelligence">Declined appointment as Director of National Intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Declined appointment as Director of National Intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2005, Gates wrote in a message posted on his school's website that "there seems to be a growing number of rumors in the media and around campus that I am leaving Texas A&M to become the new <a href="/wiki/Director_of_national_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of national intelligence">director of national intelligence</a> in Washington, D.C." The message said that "To put the rumors to rest, I was indeed asked to take the position, wrestled with perhaps the most difficult—and close—decision of my life, and last week declined the position."<sup id="cite_ref-KBTX_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KBTX-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates committed to remain as president of Texas A&M University and President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> offered the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Director_of_National_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Director of National Intelligence">United States Director of National Intelligence</a> (DNI) to <a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a>, who accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates said in a 2005 discussion with the university's Academy for Future International Leaders that he had tentatively decided to accept the DNI position out of a sense of duty and had written an email that would be sent to students during the press conference to announce his decision, explaining that he was leaving to serve the U.S. once again. Gates, however, took the weekend to consider what his final decision should be, and ultimately decided that he was unwilling to return to Washington, D.C., in any capacity, simply because he "had nothing to look forward to in D.C. and plenty to look forward to at A&M".<sup id="cite_ref-CBS1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_Defense">Secretary of Defense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Secretary of Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_M._Gates_boards_a_UH-60_Blackhawk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Robert_M._Gates_boards_a_UH-60_Blackhawk.jpg/220px-Robert_M._Gates_boards_a_UH-60_Blackhawk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Robert_M._Gates_boards_a_UH-60_Blackhawk.jpg/330px-Robert_M._Gates_boards_a_UH-60_Blackhawk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Robert_M._Gates_boards_a_UH-60_Blackhawk.jpg/440px-Robert_M._Gates_boards_a_UH-60_Blackhawk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption>Gates boards a <a href="/wiki/UH-60_Blackhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-60 Blackhawk">UH-60 Blackhawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camp_Monteith" title="Camp Monteith">Camp Monteith</a>, Kosovo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bush_administration">Bush administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bush administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gatesswornin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gatesswornin.jpg/220px-Gatesswornin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gatesswornin.jpg/330px-Gatesswornin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gatesswornin.jpg/440px-Gatesswornin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Gates being sworn in as Defense Secretary on December 18, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 8, 2006, after the <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 United States general elections">2006 midterm election</a>, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> announced his intent to nominate Gates to succeed the resigning <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> as U.S. Secretary of Defense.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates was unanimously confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Armed Services Committee">Armed Services Committee</a> on December 5, 2006. During his confirmation hearing on December 5, 2006, Gates replied to a question that, in his opinion, the United States was neither winning nor losing the war in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, Gates was confirmed by the full Senate by a margin of 95–2, with Republican Senators <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bunning" title="Jim Bunning">Jim Bunning</a> casting the two dissenting votes and senators <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Evan Bayh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> not voting.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates_confirmed_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates_confirmed-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 18, 2006, Gates was sworn in as Secretary of Defense by <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Josh_Bolten" class="mw-redirect" title="Josh Bolten">Josh Bolten</a> at a private <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> ceremony and then by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> at the Pentagon.<sup id="cite_ref-sworn_in_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sworn_in-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishiba_and_Gates_with_flags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ishiba_and_Gates_with_flags.jpg/220px-Ishiba_and_Gates_with_flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ishiba_and_Gates_with_flags.jpg/330px-Ishiba_and_Gates_with_flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ishiba_and_Gates_with_flags.jpg/440px-Ishiba_and_Gates_with_flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3633" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Gates with Japan Minister of Defense <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba" title="Shigeru Ishiba">Shigeru Ishiba</a> at Japan in November 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the Bush administration, Gates directed the war in Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">troop surge</a>, a marked change in tactics from his predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With violence on the decline in Iraq, in 2008, Gates also began the troop withdrawal of Iraq, a policy continued into the Obama administration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_left,_Vice_President_Joe_Biden,_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates,_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Navy_Adm._Mike_Mullen_and_U.S._Marine_Corps_Gen._Gen._James_Mattis,_the_commander_of_U.S._Central_100901-N-TT977-147.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/From_left%2C_Vice_President_Joe_Biden%2C_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates%2C_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Navy_Adm._Mike_Mullen_and_U.S._Marine_Corps_Gen._Gen._James_Mattis%2C_the_commander_of_U.S._Central_100901-N-TT977-147.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/From_left%2C_Vice_President_Joe_Biden%2C_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates%2C_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Navy_Adm._Mike_Mullen_and_U.S._Marine_Corps_Gen._Gen._James_Mattis%2C_the_commander_of_U.S._Central_100901-N-TT977-147.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/From_left%2C_Vice_President_Joe_Biden%2C_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates%2C_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Navy_Adm._Mike_Mullen_and_U.S._Marine_Corps_Gen._Gen._James_Mattis%2C_the_commander_of_U.S._Central_100901-N-TT977-147.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1797" /></a><figcaption>Gates, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Mullen">Mike Mullen</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Jim Mattis</a> in Baghdad, Iraq</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Walter_Reed_Medical_Center_scandal">Walter Reed Medical Center scandal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Walter Reed Medical Center scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several months after his appointment, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> published a series of articles beginning February 18, 2007, that brought to the spotlight the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center_neglect_scandal" title="Walter Reed Army Medical Center neglect scandal">Walter Reed Army Medical Center neglect scandal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the fallout from the incident, Gates announced the removal of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Harvey" title="Francis J. Harvey">Francis J. Harvey</a>, and later, he approved the removal of Army Surgeon General <a href="/wiki/Kevin_C._Kiley" title="Kevin C. Kiley">Kevin C. Kiley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversy_over_Joint_Chiefs">Controversy over Joint Chiefs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Controversy over Joint Chiefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 8, 2007, Gates announced that he would not recommend the renomination of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pace" title="Peter Pace">Peter Pace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, due to anticipated difficulties with the confirmation process. Instead, Gates recommended <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Mullen">Mike Mullen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> at the time, to fill the position. Gates stated: "I am no stranger to contentious confirmations, and I do not shrink from them. However, I have decided that at this moment in our history, the nation, our men and women in uniform, and General Pace himself would not be well-served by a divisive ordeal in selecting the next chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff." Gates referred to Pace as a friend and praised his service as a Marine.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Misshipments_of_nuclear_weapons">Misshipments of nuclear weapons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Misshipments of nuclear weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 5, 2008, in response to the findings on Air Force misshipments of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons components, Gates announced the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wynne" title="Michael Wynne">Michael Wynne</a> and Air Force Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/T._Michael_Moseley" title="T. Michael Moseley">Michael Moseley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates would later write that the USAF was "one of my biggest headaches" during his time in the office.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obama_administration">Obama administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Obama administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ehud_Barak_and_Robert_M._Gates_at_the_Pentagon,_11-2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ehud_Barak_and_Robert_M._Gates_at_the_Pentagon%2C_11-2009.JPG/220px-Ehud_Barak_and_Robert_M._Gates_at_the_Pentagon%2C_11-2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ehud_Barak_and_Robert_M._Gates_at_the_Pentagon%2C_11-2009.JPG/330px-Ehud_Barak_and_Robert_M._Gates_at_the_Pentagon%2C_11-2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ehud_Barak_and_Robert_M._Gates_at_the_Pentagon%2C_11-2009.JPG/440px-Ehud_Barak_and_Robert_M._Gates_at_the_Pentagon%2C_11-2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3540" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Gates with Israeli Minister of Defense <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 1, 2008, President-elect Obama announced that Robert Gates would remain in his position as Secretary of Defense during his administration,<sup id="cite_ref-change.gov_1Dec08-1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change.gov_1Dec08-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reportedly for at least the first year of Obama's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates was the fourteenth Cabinet member in history to serve under two presidents of different parties, and the first to do so as Secretary of Defense. One of the first priorities under President Barack Obama's administration for Gates was a review of U.S. policy and strategy in <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bloom-2dec08_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom-2dec08-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates, sixth in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession#Current_order_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">presidential line of succession</a>, was selected as <a href="/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">designated survivor</a> during Obama's inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 1, 2009, he told <a href="/wiki/David_Gregory_(journalist)" title="David Gregory (journalist)">David Gregory</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a></i> that he would not commit to how long he would serve as Secretary of Defense but implied that he would not serve the entire first term.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GATES_APPRO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/GATES_APPRO.jpg/350px-GATES_APPRO.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/GATES_APPRO.jpg/525px-GATES_APPRO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/GATES_APPRO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Former Committee chairman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a> (D-West Virginia, far right) shakes hands with Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, while Sens. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> (D-Vermont, center right) and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Tom Harkin</a> (D-Iowa) look on. The hearing was held to discuss further funding for the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Iraq">War in Iraq</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Gates continued the troop withdrawals in Iraq, which already had begun in the Bush administration, he also implemented a rapid, limited surge of troops in Afghanistan in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Gates removed General <a href="/wiki/David_D._McKiernan" title="David D. McKiernan">David D. McKiernan</a> from command in Afghanistan on May 6, 2009<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost2009-05-12_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost2009-05-12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wjs2009-05-12_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wjs2009-05-12-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and replaced him with General <a href="/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal" title="Stanley A. McChrystal">Stanley A. McChrystal</a>. The <i>Washington Post</i> called it "a rare decision to remove a wartime commander". The <i>Washington Post</i> described the replacement as one of several replacements of generals who represented the "traditional Army" with generals "who have pressed for the use of counter-insurgency tactics".<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost2009-05-12_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost2009-05-12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_100722-D-7203C-001_-_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_is_greeted_by_Indonesian_military_members_after_his_arrival_at_the_Halim_Perdanakusuma_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Defense.gov_News_Photo_100722-D-7203C-001_-_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_is_greeted_by_Indonesian_military_members_after_his_arrival_at_the_Halim_Perdanakusuma_International_Airport.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Defense.gov_News_Photo_100722-D-7203C-001_-_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_is_greeted_by_Indonesian_military_members_after_his_arrival_at_the_Halim_Perdanakusuma_International_Airport.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Defense.gov_News_Photo_100722-D-7203C-001_-_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_is_greeted_by_Indonesian_military_members_after_his_arrival_at_the_Halim_Perdanakusuma_International_Airport.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Gates is greeted by Indonesian military members after arriving in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta, Indonesia</a> on July 22, 2010.</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 2009, Gates visited Afghanistan following President Barack Obama's announcement of the deployment of 30,000 additional personnel against the Taliban insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gates_with_karzai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gates_with_karzai.jpg/200px-Gates_with_karzai.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gates_with_karzai.jpg/300px-Gates_with_karzai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gates_with_karzai.jpg/400px-Gates_with_karzai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Gates with Afghan president <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> in March 2011</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Time</i> magazine notes that Gates and U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> have "forged a formidable partnership", speaking frequently, "comparing notes before they go to the White House", meeting with each other weekly and having lunch once a month at either the Pentagon or the State Department.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a March 2010 speech to a NATO conference in Washington, Secretary Gates said that "The demilitarization of Europe—where large swaths of the general public and political class are averse to military force and the risks that go with it—has gone from a blessing in the 20th century to an impediment to achieving real security and lasting peace in the 21st".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A.K._Antony_and_Robert_Gates_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A.K._Antony_and_Robert_Gates_1.jpg/220px-A.K._Antony_and_Robert_Gates_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A.K._Antony_and_Robert_Gates_1.jpg/330px-A.K._Antony_and_Robert_Gates_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A.K._Antony_and_Robert_Gates_1.jpg/440px-A.K._Antony_and_Robert_Gates_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates walks with Indian Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a>, at the Ministry of Defense in New Delhi, India, February 27, 2008. Gates also met with the Indian Prime Minister during his trip to the region.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gates announced in February 2010 that the department would lift its ban on women serving on <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates also prepared the armed forces for the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">don't ask, don't tell</a> policy. Since the repeal in 2010, homosexuals are able to serve in the military <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">openly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dontask_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dontask-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In service of that goal, he announced in late March 2010 the approval of new regulations that would make it more difficult to kick gays out of the military. Gates called the guideline changes, which went into effect immediately, a matter of "common sense and common decency" that would be "an important improvement" allowing the Pentagon to apply current law in "a fairer and more appropriate" manner. The Pentagon's legal counsel, Jeh Johnson, said the new regulations are by no means a moratorium on the current law and stressed that cases would move forward under the new standards.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2010, speaking to <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> magazine Secretary Gates said that he would remain as Secretary of Defense until 2011 and then retire. "I think that it would be a mistake to wait until January 2012," he said. "This is not the kind of job you want to fill in the spring of an election year."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2011, Gates directed the role of the United States armed forces in the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a>. While aboard a military aircraft on March 20, 2011, Gates told the press that "military forces are just one way to bring stability to Libya".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/240px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/360px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/480px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Gates sitting with Obama, Biden, and the U.S. national security team gathered in the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Situation Room">Situation Room</a> to monitor the progress of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Neptune Spear">Operation Neptune Spear</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gates was photographed in the <a href="/wiki/The_Situation_Room_(photograph)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Situation Room (photograph)">White House Situation Room photograph</a> taken on May 1, 2011, by <a href="/wiki/Pete_Souza" title="Pete Souza">Pete Souza</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_Bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama Bin Laden">during the raid</a> that killed <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> terrorist organization leader <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates officially retired as Secretary of Defense on July 1, 2011, and was presented the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the nation's highest civilian award, by President Obama during his retirement ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiscal_restraint">Fiscal restraint</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fiscal restraint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gates's tenure with the Obama administration included a huge shift in military spending. In April 2009, Gates proposed a large shift in budget priorities in the U.S. Department of Defense 2010 budget. The budget cuts included many programs geared toward conventional warfare, such as the end of new orders of the <a href="/wiki/F-22_Raptor" class="mw-redirect" title="F-22 Raptor">F-22 Raptor</a>, and further development of <a href="/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems" title="Future Combat Systems">Future Combat Systems</a> manned vehicles. However, these cuts were counterbalanced by increases in funding for programs like the <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces (United States Army)">special forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cut_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cut-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates called this the "nation's first truly 21st century defense budget".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late April 2010, he suggested the Navy cease funding development of a new multibillion-dollar ballistic missile submarine program on the grounds of cost and relevancy.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested the hundreds of billions of dollars would be better spent on a new generation of vessels tailored to the threats and tactics more likely to be faced, noting, "Mark my words, the Navy and Marine Corps must be willing to re-examine and question basic assumptions in light of evolving technologies, new threats and budget realities."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech made on May 8, 2010, Gates stated that he would make politically unpopular cuts to the Pentagon bureaucracy in his future budgets.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_Spending_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_Spending-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WP_Spending_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_Spending-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, opened a gusher of defense spending that nearly doubled the base budget over the last decade ... Military spending on things large and small can and should expect closer, harsher scrutiny. The gusher has been turned off, and will stay off for a good period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_Spending_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_Spending-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WP_Spending_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_Spending-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100813-N-7883G-125_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_congratulates_a_candidate_from_Basic_Underwater_Demolition-Sea,_Air_and_Land_(BUD-S)_class_284_after_securing_him_and_his_peers_from_Hell_Week.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/US_Navy_100813-N-7883G-125_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_congratulates_a_candidate_from_Basic_Underwater_Demolition-Sea%2C_Air_and_Land_%28BUD-S%29_class_284_after_securing_him_and_his_peers_from_Hell_Week.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/US_Navy_100813-N-7883G-125_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_congratulates_a_candidate_from_Basic_Underwater_Demolition-Sea%2C_Air_and_Land_%28BUD-S%29_class_284_after_securing_him_and_his_peers_from_Hell_Week.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/US_Navy_100813-N-7883G-125_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_congratulates_a_candidate_from_Basic_Underwater_Demolition-Sea%2C_Air_and_Land_%28BUD-S%29_class_284_after_securing_him_and_his_peers_from_Hell_Week.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Gates speaks to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">Navy SEAL</a> trainees, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Amphibious_Base_Coronado" title="Naval Amphibious Base Coronado">NAB Coronado</a>, California, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>It was announced in August 2010 that Gates was trying to find $100 billion in Defense savings through to 2015, in order to instill a "culture of savings and restraint" in the military. Secretary Gates said that "It is important that we do not repeat the mistakes of the past, where tough economic times or the winding down of a military campaign leads to steep and unwise reductions in defense". Gates said "As a matter of principle and political reality, the Department of Defense cannot expect America's elected representatives to approve budget increases each year unless we are doing a good job, indeed everything possible, to make every dollar count".<sup id="cite_ref-the_Hill_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_Hill-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cuts included the closing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Joint_Forces_Command" title="United States Joint Forces Command">Joint Forces Command</a>, the redundancy of fifty general and admirals, and the removal of 150 senior civilian positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NATO_comments">NATO comments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: NATO comments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 16, 2008, Gates was quoted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> as saying NATO forces in southern Afghanistan do not know how to properly combat a guerrilla insurgency and that could be contributing to rising violence in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Netherlands<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> protested. </p><p>In a June 10, 2011, speech in Brussels,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before NATO, Gates again stated that other NATO members must do more as the United States tackles its budget deficit. He said bluntly that<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>In the past, I've worried openly about NATO turning into a two-tiered alliance: Between members who specialize in "soft" humanitarian, development, peacekeeping and talking tasks, and those conducting the "hard" combat missions. Between those willing and able to pay the price and bear the burdens of alliance commitments, and those who enjoy the benefits of NATO membership—be they security guarantees or headquarters billets—but don't want to share the risks and the costs. This is no longer a hypothetical worry. We are there today. And it is unacceptable. The blunt reality is that there will be dwindling appetite and patience in the U.S. Congress—and in the American body politic writ large—to expend increasingly precious funds on behalf of nations that are apparently unwilling to devote the necessary resources or make the necessary changes to be serious and capable partners in their own defense. Nations apparently willing and eager for American taxpayers to assume the growing security burden left by reductions in European defense budgets. Indeed, if current trends in the decline of European defense capabilities are not halted and reversed, future U.S. political leaders—those for whom the Cold War was not the formative experience that it was for me—may not consider the return on America's investment in NATO worth the cost.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="College_chancellor_(2011–2025)"><span id="College_chancellor_.282011.E2.80.932025.29"></span>College chancellor (2011–2025)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: College chancellor (2011–2025)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel,_center,_speaks_with_former_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates,_right,_and_former_Secretary_of_Defense_Leon_Panetta_at_the_Peace_Through_Strength_Forum_and_Awards_dinner_at_131116-D-BW835-1440.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel%2C_center%2C_speaks_with_former_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates%2C_right%2C_and_former_Secretary_of_Defense_Leon_Panetta_at_the_Peace_Through_Strength_Forum_and_Awards_dinner_at_131116-D-BW835-1440.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel%2C_center%2C_speaks_with_former_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates%2C_right%2C_and_former_Secretary_of_Defense_Leon_Panetta_at_the_Peace_Through_Strength_Forum_and_Awards_dinner_at_131116-D-BW835-1440.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel%2C_center%2C_speaks_with_former_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates%2C_right%2C_and_former_Secretary_of_Defense_Leon_Panetta_at_the_Peace_Through_Strength_Forum_and_Awards_dinner_at_131116-D-BW835-1440.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4402" data-file-height="2930" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> speaks with Robert Gates and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a>, November 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIG13834-047.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13834-047.jpg/220px-DIG13834-047.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13834-047.jpg/330px-DIG13834-047.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13834-047.jpg/440px-DIG13834-047.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>Gates at the <a href="/wiki/LBJ_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="LBJ Library">LBJ Library</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>On September 6, 2011, it was announced that Gates had accepted the position of chancellor at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> for a seven-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took the office of the chancellor on February 3, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018, Gates was re-appointed to serve a second seven-year term as chancellor at the College of William & Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extracurricular_activities">Extracurricular activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Extracurricular activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gates is a Principal, along with <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Stephen Hadley</a> and Anja Manuel, in RiceHadleyGates LLC, a strategic consulting firm.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates also serves as an honorary director on the board of directors at the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 2, 2012, Starbucks Corporation announced that Gates had been elected to the Starbucks board of directors. He will serve on the board's nominating and corporate governance committee.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 30, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a> announced that Gates had been elected to the National executive board. While on this board, he will serve as the national president-elect. In May 2014, he began a two-year-long term as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_presidents_of_the_Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="List of national presidents of the Boy Scouts of America">BSA national president</a>. <a href="/wiki/Randall_L._Stephenson" title="Randall L. Stephenson">Randall Stephenson</a>, chairman and chief executive officer of <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> Inc. serves under Gates as the president-elect. Gates has succeeded <a href="/wiki/Wayne_M._Perry" title="Wayne M. Perry">Wayne Perry</a> as the national president.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 21, 2015, Gates stated that the "status quo [ban on gay adult leaders] in [the BSA] movement's membership standards cannot be sustained" and that he would no longer seek to revoke the charters of scout units that accept gay adult leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a> in March 2014, Gates wrote an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> piece on <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, Russian expansionism, the nascent sanctions regime, the US military budget, and the need for bold leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates, along with former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> and other Republican former foreign policy officials, recommended to incoming president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> that <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> be considered for the Trump administration as Secretary of State.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates, along with all other living former secretaries of defense, ten in total, published a <i>Washington Post</i> op-ed piece 3 January 2021 telling President Trump not to involve the military in determining the outcome of the 2020 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later, <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">the Capitol was attacked</a> by Trump supporters. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Gates participated as a member of the National Advisory Council for the COVID Collaborative.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoirs">Memoirs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Memoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his memoir, <i>Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War</i>, Gates alternately criticized and praised Obama's military leadership, writing, "I never doubted [his] support for the troops, only his support for their mission [in Afghanistan]", and "I was very proud to work for a president who had made one of the most courageous decisions I had ever witnessed in the White House" by authorizing the 2011 raid that killed <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmem_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmem-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of then Vice-President Joe Biden, Gates wrote "“I think he has been wrong on nearly every major foreign policy and national security issue over the past four decades.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert-Gates_Armed-Services-Committee.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Robert-Gates_Armed-Services-Committee.JPEG/220px-Robert-Gates_Armed-Services-Committee.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Robert-Gates_Armed-Services-Committee.JPEG/330px-Robert-Gates_Armed-Services-Committee.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Robert-Gates_Armed-Services-Committee.JPEG/440px-Robert-Gates_Armed-Services-Committee.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3275" data-file-height="2141" /></a><figcaption>Gates responds to a question during the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Armed Services Committee">Senate Armed Services Committee</a> hearing on December 5, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>As deputy director and director of America's leading intelligence agency for many years, Gates and his CIA staff have been faulted for failing to accurately gauge the decline and disintegration of the Soviet Union. More particularly, Gates has been criticized for allegedly concocting evidence to show that the Soviet Union was stronger than it actually was.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> said that, while Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989, he felt the CIA under Gates was trying to "manipulate" him, that the agency was "a big powerful machine not under good control. I distrust what comes out of it."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shultz personally convinced Reagan that the U.S. should soften its stance towards the USSR after Gorbachev came to power in 1985; Shultz told Gates at the time that his CIA was "usually wrong" about the Soviet Union, having dismissed Gorbachev's policies as "just another Soviet attempt to deceive us."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Stansfield_Turner" title="Stansfield Turner">Stansfield Turner</a>, former Director of Central Intelligence, described the "enormity of this failure to forecast the magnitude of the Soviet crisis. ... I never heard a suggestion from the CIA ... that numerous Soviets recognized a growing systemic economic problem."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner said this failure was a consequence of deliberate distortion by those in the upper echelon of the CIA who were helping to sell the Reagan administration's defense buildup, a view backed by former CIA analyst <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Goodman" title="Melvin Goodman">Melvin Goodman</a> at Gates's 1991 confirmation hearings: "<a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">[William] Casey</a> seized on every opportunity to exaggerate the Soviet threat ... [while] Gates' role in this activity was to corrupt the process and the ethics of intelligence."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewing the third installment of Gates's memoirs in 2016, Goodman said, "In my 24 years at the CIA, there was never the kind of toxic atmosphere that existed when Gates served as deputy director for intelligence, deputy director of CIA, and finally director of CIA."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, according to <i>Newsweek</i>, Gates, as deputy director of CIA, allegedly vouched for the comprehensiveness of a CIA study presented to the Senate and President Reagan alleging that the Soviet Union played a role in the <a href="/wiki/1981_Pope_John_Paul_II_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Pope John Paul II assassination attempt">1981 shooting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. A CIA internal review later denounced the report as being skewed,<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that Gates did not try to influence the report's conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after his retirement from his tenure as Defense Secretary in summer 2011, during a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> Principals Committee, Gates highlighted many of the measures taken by the U.S. to advance Israel's security during the Obama administration, including providing access to state of the art weaponry, assisting with the development of missile-defense systems, and sharing high-level intelligence, before expressing his view that the U.S. has received nothing in return from the Israeli government with regard to the peace process. According to senior U.S. administration sources, other officials present offered no rebuttal to Gates's analysis. This was not the first time Gates publicly expressed frustration with the Netanyahu government, with which he had worked hard to provide wide-scale and deep military cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> party of Israel responded to Gates's description of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> as a danger to Israel's future by claiming that most Israelis support the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Dysfunctional Superpower, <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, September 29, 2023<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Scowcroft Model, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, August 13, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Overmilitarization of American Foreign Policy, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, June 2, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Helping Others Defend Themselves, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, May 1, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Balanced Strategy, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, January 1, 2009<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The CIA and Foreign Policy, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, December 1, 1987<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gates's awards and decorations include: </p> <dl><dt>Government awards</dt></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_(ribbon).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/80px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/120px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/160px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg/80px-Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg/120px-Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg/160px-Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Citizens_Medal" title="Presidential Citizens Medal">Presidential Citizens Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_-_National_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/USA_-_National_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/80px-USA_-_National_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/USA_-_National_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/120px-USA_-_National_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/USA_-_National_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/160px-USA_-_National_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="125" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Medal" title="National Security Medal">National Security Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Intelligence_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/National_Intelligence_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.gif/80px-National_Intelligence_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/National_Intelligence_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal">National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal</a> (2 awards)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIADIM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CIADIM.svg/80px-CIADIM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CIADIM.svg/120px-CIADIM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CIADIM.svg/160px-CIADIM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Intelligence_Medal" title="Distinguished Intelligence Medal">Distinguished Intelligence Medal</a> (3 awards)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other awards</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Medal" title="Liberty Medal">Liberty Medal</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)">Eagle Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award" title="Distinguished Eagle Scout Award">Distinguished Eagle Scout Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigil Honor">Vigil Honor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Arrow" title="Order of the Arrow">Order of the Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Award_(OA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinguished Service Award (OA)">Distinguished Service Award</a> (DSA), <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Arrow" title="Order of the Arrow">Order of the Arrow</a>, August 4, 2015</li> <li>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Philosophy">Doctorate of Philosophy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">Kansas State University</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Humane_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Humane Letters">Doctorate of Humane Letters</a> from <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a></li> <li>Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a></li> <li>Honorary [Doctorate of Humane Letters from <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Oklahoma">The University of Oklahoma</a></li> <li>Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li> <li>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Laws">Doctorate of Laws</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a></li> <li>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Public_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Public Administration">Doctorate of Public Administration</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of South Carolina">The University of South Carolina</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>College of William and Mary – <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sydney_Sullivan_Award" title="Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award">Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award</a></li> <li>College of William and Mary Alumni Association – Alumni Medallion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets">Corps of Cadets</a> Hall of Honor (First and only Non-Corps Honoree) – Texas A&M University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_S._Flemming_Award" title="Arthur S. Flemming Award">Arthur S. Flemming Award</a> of 1978</li> <li>Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/5249717.html">George Bush Award (2007)</a> – George Bush Presidential Library Foundation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a> Magazine: Person of the Year 2008<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MtvU" class="mw-redirect" title="MtvU">MTV University</a> Man of the Year 2010<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>'</i>s list of top global thinkers for "being America's last <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisan">bipartisan</a> figure"<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sylvanus Thayer Award (United States Military Academy)<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Vance_Distinguished_Lecture_Series" title="Robert C. Vance Distinguished Lecture Series">Robert C. Vance Distinguished Lecturer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Connecticut_State_University" title="Central Connecticut State University">Central Connecticut State University</a>, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Order of Bahrain</a>, 1st Degree<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ribbon bar"><img alt="ribbon bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/55px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/83px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/110px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun</a>, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Robert Gates, <i>From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five presidents and How They Won the Cold War</i>. Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (1997). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684810812" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684810812">978-0684810812</a></li> <li>Robert Gates, <i><a href="/wiki/Duty:_Memoirs_of_a_Secretary_at_War" title="Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War">Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a> (2014). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307959478" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307959478">978-0307959478</a></li> <li>Robert Gates, <i>A Passion for Leadership: Lessons on Change and Reform from Fifty Years of Public Service</i> (2016). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307959492" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307959492">978-0307959492</a></li> <li>Robert Gates, <i>Exercise of Power: American Failures, Successes, and a New Path Forward in the Post-Cold War World</i>. Alfred A. Knopf (2020) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1524731885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1524731885">978-1524731885</a></li> <li>Robert Gates, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060802141212/https://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/1999/dci_speech_111999gatesremarks.html">US Intelligence and the End of the Cold War</a></i>, 1999, CIA</li> <li>Robert Gates, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/gates/1.html">Frontline The Gulf War: An Oral History: Interview with Robert Gates, Deputy National Security Advisor</a></i>, 2001, PBS.org</li> <li>Robert Gates, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207080906/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20090101faessay88103-p0/robert-m-gates/a-balanced-strategy.html">A Balanced Strategy: Reprogramming the Pentagon for a New Age</a></i>, <i>Foreign Affairs</i> (January/February 2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28022197">"Gates: Military looks to accelerate Iraq pullout"</a>. NBC News. Associated Press. December 1, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216115037/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28022197/">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Gates also cleared up confusion about his political affiliation. During his tenure at the CIA, he said, he thought he should be apolitical so he did not register with a political party. But, he added, "I consider myself a Republican."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gates%3A+Military+looks+to+accelerate+Iraq+pullout&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna28022197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates1996" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Robert (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromshadows00robe_0"><i>From The Shadows</i></a></span> (2006 Paperback ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromshadows00robe_0/page/20">20–21</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+The+Shadows&rft.pages=20-21&rft.edition=2006+Paperback&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromshadows00robe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Office-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571279/robert-m-gates/">"Robert M. Gates – George W. Bush / Barack Obama Administration"</a>. <i>Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114027/http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571279/robert-m-gates/">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 1, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/">the original</a> on December 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScoutingMagazine.org&rft.atitle=Scouting+magazine%3A+List+of+Silver+Buffalo+recipients&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscoutingmagazine.org%2Fsilverbuffalo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-desalista-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-desalista_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808174903/http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/02-529.pdf">"Distinguished Eagle Scouts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scouting.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Outstanding+Individuals+to+Receive+Honorary+Degrees+at+OU+Commencement&rft.pub=Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Oklahoma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.edu%2Fpublicaffairs%2Farchives%2FHonoraryDegree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502033259/http://www.georgetown.edu/hoyas2014/speakers.html">"Georgetown Announces Speakers for 2014 Commencement"</a>. <i>Georgetown University</i>. May 1, 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allgov.com&rft.atitle=AllGov+%E2%80%93+Officials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allgov.com%2FOfficial%2FGates__Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/03/02/gates-to-withdraw-as-cia-nominee/f84b9c42-4531-4fca-85bc-f6e2b13bb9e3/">"Gates to Withdraw as CIA Nominee"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. March 2, 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904225657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/03/02/gates-to-withdraw-as-cia-nominee/f84b9c42-4531-4fca-85bc-f6e2b13bb9e3/">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Gates+to+Withdraw+as+CIA+Nominee&rft.date=1987-03-02&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1987%2F03%2F02%2Fgates-to-withdraw-as-cia-nominee%2Ff84b9c42-4531-4fca-85bc-f6e2b13bb9e3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/10/17/us/robert-gates-fast-facts/index.html">"Robert Gates Fast Facts"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Robert+Gates+Fast+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F10%2F17%2Fus%2Frobert-gates-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/02/news/02iht-cia_.html">"Ex-Aide Calls CIA Under Casey and Gates Corrupt and Slanted"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080716/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/02/news/02iht-cia_.html">Archived</a> March 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Paul Horvitz. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 2, 1991. Retrieved June 8, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622162909/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/1125-04.htm">"<i>Los Angeles Times</i>, November 25, 2006, free archived version at commondreams.org, lase visited November 26, 2006"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Robert+Gates%3A+Putin%27s+Challenge+to+the+West+%E2%80%93+WSJ&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702303725404579460183854574284%3Fmg%3Dreno64-wsj%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fonline.wsj.com%252Farticle%252FSB10001424052702303725404579460183854574284.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholasBenderLee2016" class="citation news cs1">Nicholas, Peter; Bender, Michael C.; Lee, Carol E. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817162942/https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/13/politics/rex-tillerson-robert-gates-condoleezza-rice/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GOP+heavyweights+with+ties+to+Exxon+pushed+Tillerson&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft.aulast=Schleifer&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.au=Labott%2C+Elise&rft.au=Krieg%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F12%2F13%2Fpolitics%2Frex-tillerson-robert-gates-condoleezza-rice%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/former-defense-secretaries-rebuke-trump-election/2021/01/03/1c708f64-4de5-11eb-b2e8-3339e73d9da2_story.html">"All 10 living former defense secretaries: Involving the military in election disputes would cross into dangerous territory"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mtvU&rft.atitle=Man+of+the+Year%3A+Secretary+of+Defense+Robert+Gates&rft.date=2010-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtvu.com%2Fon-campus%2Fhonors%2Fman-of-the-year-secretary-of-defense-robert-gates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2010" class="citation web cs1">Martinez, Luis (December 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/defense-secretary-robert-gates-man-year-award-mtvu/story?id=12468294">"mtvU: Defense Secretary is a Rock Star"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112145936/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/defense-secretary-robert-gates-man-year-award-mtvu/story?id=12468294">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=mtvU%3A+Defense+Secretary+is+a+Rock+Star&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fdefense-secretary-robert-gates-man-year-award-mtvu%2Fstory%3Fid%3D12468294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130230013/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/28/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers?page=0,34">"The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>. November 28, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/28/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers?page=0,34">the original</a> on November 30, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+FP+Top+100+Global+Thinkers&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2011%2F11%2F28%2Fthe_fp_top_100_global_thinkers%3Fpage%3D0%2C34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/article/53011/Gates_named_recipient_of_2011_Sylvanus_Thayer_Award/">"Gates named recipient of 2011 Sylvanus Thayer Award"</a>. March 9, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808221915/http://www.army.mil/article/53011/Gates_named_recipient_of_2011_Sylvanus_Thayer_Award/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gates+named+recipient+of+2011+Sylvanus+Thayer+Award&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil%2Farticle%2F53011%2FGates_named_recipient_of_2011_Sylvanus_Thayer_Award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/wrossinc/docs/11-11-11-ntc_flipbook">"Newington Town Crier – 11-11-2011 by Bristol Press / New Britain Herald – Issuu"</a>. November 11, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229212755/https://issuu.com/wrossinc/docs/11-11-11-ntc_flipbook">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2022</span> – via Issuu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newington+Town+Crier+%E2%80%93+11-11-2011+by+Bristol+Press+%2F+New+Britain+Herald+%E2%80%93+Issuu&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fwrossinc%2Fdocs%2F11-11-11-ntc_flipbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Morrison, Tech. Sergeant Jerry (December 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714081424/http://www.defense.gov/HomePagePhotos/LeadPhotoImage.aspx?id=12037"><i>Welcome Gift</i></a> (Photo). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/HomePagePhotos/LeadPhotoImage.aspx?id=12037">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(.jpg)</span> on July 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2015</span>. <q>U.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates receives Bahrain's Order of the First Class Award from His Majesty King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa at the Safriya Palace in Manama, Bahrain, December 12, 2008</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+Gift&rft.pub=DoD&rft.date=2008-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FHomePagePhotos%2FLeadPhotoImage.aspx%3Fid%3D12037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/english/html/pressreleases/2017/order-of-the-rising-sun-gates.html">"2017 Autumn Conferment of Decoration Secretary Robert M. Gates"</a>. <i>us.emb-japan.go.jp</i>. Embassy of Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726184637/https://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/english/html/pressreleases/2017/order-of-the-rising-sun-gates.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=us.emb-japan.go.jp&rft.atitle=2017+Autumn+Conferment+of+Decoration+Secretary+Robert+M.+Gates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.us.emb-japan.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Fhtml%2Fpressreleases%2F2017%2Forder-of-the-rising-sun-gates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060920100505/http://www.tamu.edu/president/biography.html">"Biography, Robert M. Gates, President, Texas A&M University"</a>. Texas A&M University. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamu.edu/president/biography.html">the original</a> on September 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography%2C+Robert+M.+Gates%2C+President%2C+Texas+A%26M+University&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamu.edu%2Fpresident%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark" class="citation web cs1">Clark, J. Ransom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125022807/http://intellit.muskingum.edu/cia_folder/ciadcis_folder/dcisgates.html">"Directors of Central Intelligence: Robert Michael Gates (1943– ), DCI, November 6 1991–January 20 1993"</a>. <i>The Literature of Intelligence: A Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intellit.muskingum.edu/cia_folder/ciadcis_folder/dcisgates.html">the original</a> on November 25, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Literature+of+Intelligence%3A+A+Bibliography+of+Materials%2C+with+Essays%2C+Reviews%2C+and+Comments&rft.atitle=Directors+of+Central+Intelligence%3A+Robert+Michael+Gates+%281943%E2%80%93+%29%2C+DCI%2C+November+6+1991%E2%80%93January+20+1993&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=J.+Ransom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintellit.muskingum.edu%2Fcia_folder%2Fciadcis_folder%2Fdcisgates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates1997" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Robert M. (1997). <i>From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83497-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83497-9"><bdi>0-684-83497-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Shadows%3A+The+Ultimate+Insider%27s+Story+of+Five+Presidents+and+How+They+Won+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-684-83497-9&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNauman2005" class="citation news cs1">Nauman, Brett (February 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070927234236/http://www.theeagle.com/aandmnews/020105gates.php">"Gates passes on intelligence czar post"</a>. <i>The Bryan-College Station Eagle</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeagle.com/aandmnews/020105gates.php">the original</a> on September 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bryan-College+Station+Eagle&rft.atitle=Gates+passes+on+intelligence+czar+post&rft.date=2005-02-01&rft.aulast=Nauman&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theeagle.com%2Faandmnews%2F020105gates.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060803100100/https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/dddcia/gates.html">"Robert Michael Gates"</a>. <i>Directors & Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence</i>. Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/dddcia/gates.html">the original</a> on August 3, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Directors+%26+Deputy+Directors+of+Central+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Robert+Michael+Gates&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fcsi%2Fbooks%2Fdddcia%2Fgates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burka, Paul. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/agent-change">Agent of Change</a>", <i>Texas Monthly</i> (November 2006)</li> <li>Jervis, Robert. "Serving or Self-Serving? A Review Essay of Robert Gates's Memoir." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 129#2 (Summer 2014): pages 319-331.</li> <li>Murphey, Dwight D. "A Provocative Look at Robert Gates' <i>Memoirs of a Secretary at War</i> " <i>Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies</i> 39#3 (Fall 2014): pages 342-362.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gates&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" class="extiw" title="commons:Robert Gates"><span style="font-style:italic; 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Gates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/guides/RMGates.cfm">Robert M. Gates, Secretary of Defense Nominee: A Bibliography</a> at Georgetown University Law Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp?id=11800">Ubben Lecture at DePauw University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?3932">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/videos/2016">Robert Gates</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)"><i>Charlie Rose</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/robert_m_gates/index.html">Robert Gates</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmvqoKdUdq4"><span class="plainlinks">Interview</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Charney" title="Leon Charney">Leon Charney</a> on The Leon Charney Report. Robert Gates discusses his book "From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five presidents and How They Won the Cold War." October 13, 1996.</li> <li>Gates on relations with China: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=841">Nov. 2007 visit</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212134458/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=84">June 1, 2007</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/the-reinvention-robert-gates">The Reinvention of Robert Gates</a> by Michael Crowley, <i>The New Republic</i>, November 9, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140119055017/http://charlierose.com/watch/60327467">Interview with Charlie Rose</a> Robert Gates, former secretary of defense discusses his book "DUTY: Memoirs of a Secretary at War." January 14, 2014.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a> (October 24, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nominationofrobe00test"><i>Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. Executive Report 102-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomination+of+Robert+M.+Gates+to+be+Director+of+Central+Intelligence&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1991-10-24&rft.au=Senate+Select+Committee+on+Intelligence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnominationofrobe00test&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rowen" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Rowen">Harry Rowen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a> </b><br />1983–1986 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Frank Horton III</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_N._McMahon" title="John N. McMahon">John McMahon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Deputy Director of Central Intelligence</a> </b><br />1986–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_James_Kerr" title="Richard James Kerr">Dick Kerr</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William Webster</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> </b><br />1991–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey Jr.">James Woolsey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)">Deputy National Security Advisor</a> </b><br />1989–1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Howe" title="Jonathan Howe">Jonathan Howe</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> </b><br />2006–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bowen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Bowen">Ray Bowen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_A%26M_University_presidents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas A&M University presidents">President of Texas A&M University</a> </b><br />2002–2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Ed J. Davis<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary">Chancellor of the College of William and Mary</a> </b><br />2012–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Boy Scouts of America </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_M._Perry" title="Wayne M. Perry">Wayne Perry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_presidents_of_the_Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="List of national presidents of the Boy Scouts of America">President of the Boy Scouts of America</a> </b><br />2014–2016 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Randall_L._Stephenson" title="Randall L. Stephenson">Randall L. Stephenson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Peters" title="Mary E. Peters">Mary E. 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Hillenkoetter">Hillenkoetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">McCone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Raborn" title="William Raborn">Raborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stansfield_Turner" title="Stansfield Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey Jr.">Woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">Tenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Goss</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="510" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Goss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">Petraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Haspel" title="Gina Haspel">Haspel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">Burns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deputy_directors_of_Central_Intelligence_and_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deputy_DCIA" title="Template:Deputy DCIA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deputy_DCIA" title="Template talk:Deputy DCIA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deputy_DCIA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deputy DCIA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deputy_directors_of_Central_Intelligence_and_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Deputy directors of Central Intelligence and the Central Intelligence Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Central Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Douglass" title="Kingman Douglass">Kingman Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Kennedy_Wright" title="Edwin Kennedy Wright">Edwin Kennedy Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harding_Jackson" title="William Harding Jackson">William Harding Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Cabell" title="Charles P. Cabell">Charles P. Cabell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Carter" title="Marshall Carter">Marshall Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Taylor" title="Rufus Taylor">Rufus Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Cushman_Jr." title="Robert E. Cushman Jr.">Robert E. Cushman Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Vernon A. Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Henry_Knoche" title="E. Henry Knoche">E. Henry Knoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Blake" title="John F. Blake">John F. Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Frank Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Ray_Inman" title="Bobby Ray Inman">Bobby Ray Inman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._McMahon" title="John N. McMahon">John N. McMahon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_James_Kerr" title="Richard James Kerr">Richard James Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Studeman" title="William O. Studeman">Bill Studeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Gordon" title="John A. Gordon">John A. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._McLaughlin" title="John E. McLaughlin">John E. McLaughlin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="510" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_M._Calland_III" title="Albert M. Calland III">Albert Calland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kappes" title="Stephen Kappes">Stephen Kappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Morell" title="Michael Morell">Michael Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avril_Haines" title="Avril Haines">Avril Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Cohen_(attorney)" title="David S. Cohen (attorney)">David S. Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Haspel" title="Gina Haspel">Gina Haspel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Bishop" title="Vaughn Bishop">Vaughn Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Cohen_(attorney)" title="David S. Cohen (attorney)">David S. Cohen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecDef" title="Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecDef" title="Template talk:USSecDef"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States secretaries of defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson" title="Charles Erwin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_H._McElroy" title="Neil H. McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">T. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Aspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Hagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Mattis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Obama_cabinet" title="Template:Obama cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Obama_cabinet" title="Template talk:Obama cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Obama_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Obama cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2009–2017)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/100px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/200px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1739" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (2009–2013)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Gates</a> (2009–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (2011–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> (2013–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Ash Carter</a> (2015–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> (2009–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> (2015–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Jewell" title="Sally Jewell">Sally Jewell</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> (2009–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a> (2009–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bryson" title="John Bryson">John Bryson</a> (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Solis" title="Hilda Solis">Hilda Solis</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Tom Perez</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a> (2009–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2009–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">Ray LaHood</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Foxx" title="Anthony Foxx">Anthony Foxx</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a> (2009–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_King_Jr." title="John King Jr.">John King Jr.</a> (2016–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Eric Shinseki</a> (2009–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonald_(businessman)" title="Bob McDonald (businessman)">Bob McDonald</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeh_Johnson" title="Jeh Johnson">Jeh Johnson</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa P. Jackson</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/100px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/150px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/200px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Orszag" title="Peter R. Orszag">Peter R. Orszag</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2010–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2013–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Kirk" title="Ron Kirk">Ron Kirk</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a> (2010–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Krueger" title="Alan Krueger">Alan Krueger</a> (2011–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Mills" title="Karen Mills">Karen Mills</a> (2012–2013)*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Contreras-Sweet" title="Maria Contreras-Sweet">Maria Contreras-Sweet</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a> (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2012–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012<br /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet">Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template talk:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (2005–2009) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a> (2001–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">John W. Snow</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Gates</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gale_Norton" title="Gale Norton">Gale Norton</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne" title="Dirk Kempthorne">Dirk Kempthorne</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Ann Veneman</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Schafer" title="Ed Schafer">Ed Schafer</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Donald Evans</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Carlos Gutierrez</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Mel Martínez</a> (2001–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Jackson" title="Alphonso Jackson">Alphonso Jackson</a> (2004–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Preston" title="Steve Preston">Steve Preston</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Peters" title="Mary E. Peters">Mary E. Peters</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Spencer Abraham</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Paige" title="Rod Paige">Rod Paige</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Spellings" title="Margaret Spellings">Margaret Spellings</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Principi" title="Anthony Principi">Anthony Principi</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Jim Nicholson</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peake" title="James Peake">James Peake</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Christine Todd Whitman</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Johnson_(politician,_born_1951)" title="Stephen L. Johnson (politician, born 1951)">Stephen L. Johnson</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2006–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nussle" title="Jim Nussle">Jim Nussle</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2005–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Schwab" title="Susan Schwab">Susan Schwab</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Walters" title="John P. Walters">John P. Walters</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Iraq_Study_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_Study_Group" title="Template:Iraq Study Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_Study_Group" title="Template talk:Iraq Study Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_Study_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq Study Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Iraq_Study_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group" title="Iraq Study Group">Members of the Iraq Study Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> (co-chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_H._Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee H. Hamilton">Lee H. Hamilton</a> (co-chair)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Chuck Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Simpson_(American_politician)" title="Alan Simpson (American politician)">Alan Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Lawrence Eagleburger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resigned prior<br />to final report</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation<br /><i>Enduring Freedom</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)"><i>Situation Room</i> photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror" class="extiw" title="commons:War on terror">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template talk:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" title="National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners">National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> & <a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron "Whizzer" White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blough" title="Roger Blough">Roger Blough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Donold_Lourie" title="Donold Lourie">Donold B. Lourie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Juan_T._Trippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan T. Trippe">Juan T. Trippe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Blaik" title="Earl Blaik">Earl H. "Red" Blaik</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_L._Hovde" title="Frederick L. Hovde">Frederick L. Hovde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: Chester J. LaRoche</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_(American_football)" title="Tom Hamilton (American football)">Thomas J. Hamilton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_B._Zornow" title="Gerald B. Zornow">Gerald B. Zornow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: Edgar B. Speer</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Wilson_Jr." title="Louis H. Wilson Jr.">Louis H. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_dePaul_Draddy" title="Vincent dePaul Draddy">Vincent dePaul Draddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/William_P._Lawrence" title="William P. Lawrence">William P. Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Zable" title="Walter J. Zable">Walter J. Zable</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Justin_Whitlock_Dart_Sr." title="Justin Whitlock Dart Sr.">Justin W. Dart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Silver_Anniversary_Awards_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)">Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)</a> - All Honored <a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown" title="Jim Brown">Jim Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Davis_(defensive_end)" title="Willie Davis (defensive end)">Willie Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kramer" title="Ron Kramer">Ron Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Swink" title="Jim Swink">Jim Swink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/John_McGillicuddy" title="John McGillicuddy">John F. McGillicuddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: William I. Spencer</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Morton_(American_football)" title="Bill Morton (American football)">William H. Morton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Meyer">Charles R. Meyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_E._Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton E. Frank">Clinton E. Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brown" title="Paul Brown">Paul Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Moorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas H. Moorer">Thomas H. Moorer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Donald_R._Keough" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald R. Keough">Donald R. Keough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr." title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(broadcasting)" title="Thomas Murphy (broadcasting)">Thomas S. Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alfond" title="Harold Alfond">Harold Alfond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Corrigan" title="Gene Corrigan">Gene Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_H._McConnell" title="John H. McConnell">John H. McConnell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Jackson" title="Keith Jackson">Keith Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: Fred M. Kirby II</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Red_McCombs" title="Red McCombs">Billy Joe "Red" McCombs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/George_Steinbrenner" title="George Steinbrenner">George Steinbrenner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Franks" title="Tommy Franks">Tommy Franks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(business_executive)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Campbell (business executive)">William V. Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: Jon F. Hanson</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Paterno" title="Joe Paterno">Joe Paterno</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bowden" title="Bobby Bowden">Bobby Bowden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Pete_Dawkins" title="Pete Dawkins">Pete Dawkins</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Staubach" title="Roger Staubach">Roger Staubach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Phil_Knight" title="Phil Knight">Phil Knight</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bowerman" title="Bill Bowerman">Bill Bowerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Gates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscoe Brown">Roscoe Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Goodell" title="Roger Goodell">Roger Goodell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Catena" title="Tom Catena">Tom Catena</a> & George Weiss</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Archie_Manning" title="Archie Manning">Archie Manning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <i>None awarded</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Harmon" title="Mark Harmon">Mark Harmon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Texas_A&amp;M_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#500000;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas_A%26M_University_presidents" title="Template:Texas A&M University presidents"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas_A%26M_University_presidents" title="Template talk:Texas A&M University presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas_A%26M_University_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas A&M University presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Texas_A&amp;M_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_A%26M_University_presidents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas A&M University presidents"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Presidents of Texas A&M University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Rudder" title="James Earl Rudder">James Earl Rudder</a> (1959–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Luedecke" title="Alvin Luedecke">Alvin Roubal Luedecke</a> # (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kenny_Williams" title="Jack Kenny Williams">Jack Kenny Williams</a> (1970–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarvis_E._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarvis E. Miller (page does not exist)">Jarvis E. Miller</a> (1977–1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Samson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles H. Samson (page does not exist)">Charles H. Samson</a> # (1980–1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Vandiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Vandiver">Frank E. Vandiver</a> (1981–1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Mobley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Mobley (page does not exist)">William H. Mobley</a> (1988–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Dean_Gage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Dean Gage (page does not exist)">E. Dean Gage</a> # (1993–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_M._Bowen" title="Ray M. Bowen">Ray M. Bowen</a> (1994–2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert M. Gates</a> (2002–2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ed_J._Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ed J. Davis (page does not exist)">Ed J. Davis</a><sup>†</sup> (2006–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Murano" title="Elsa Murano">Elsa A. Murano</a> (2008–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R._Bowen_Loftin" title="R. Bowen Loftin">R. Bowen Loftin</a><sup>‡</sup> (2009–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_A._Hussey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark A. Hussey (page does not exist)">Mark A. Hussey</a><sup>†</sup> (2014–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_K._Young" title="Michael K. Young">Michael K. Young</a> (2015–2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Junkins" title="John Junkins">John L. Junkins</a><sup>†</sup> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M._Katherine_Banks" title="M. Katherine Banks">M. Katherine Banks</a> (2021–2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Welsh" title="Mark Welsh">Mark A. Welsh III</a><sup>‡</sup> (2023)</span></li></ul> <p><i># acting president — <sup>†</sup> interim president — <sup>‡</sup> served as interim before serving in the permanent capacity</i> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_College_of_William_&amp;_Mary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #115740; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B9975B, inset -2px -2px 0 #B9975B;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Template:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Template talk:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_College_of_William_&amp;_Mary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary"><span style="color:white">Chancellors of the College of William & Mary</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a> (1693–1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tenison" title="Thomas Tenison">Thomas Tenison</a> (1700–1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a> (1707–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_London)" title="John Robinson (bishop of London)">John Robinson</a> (1714–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a> (1721–1729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a> (1729–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a> (1736–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a> (1737–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sherlock" title="Thomas Sherlock">Thomas Sherlock</a> (1749–1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hayter" title="Thomas Hayter">Thomas Hayter</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wyndham,_2nd_Earl_of_Egremont" title="Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont">Charles Wyndham</a> (1762–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_1st_Earl_of_Hardwicke" title="Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke">Philip Yorke</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Terrick" title="Richard Terrick">Richard Terrick</a> (1764–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (1788–1799)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1800–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1863–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair_Grigsby" title="Hugh Blair Grigsby">Hugh Blair Grigsby</a> (1871–1881)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1882–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bryan" title="John Stewart Bryan">John Stewart Bryan</a> (1942–1944)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Darden" title="Colgate Darden">Colgate Darden</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1948–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Duke_Chandler" title="Alvin Duke Chandler">Alvin Duke Chandler</a> (1962–1974)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1975–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (1986–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> (1993–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (2000–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> (2005–2012)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Gates</a> (2012–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212979#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212979#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212979#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081959264">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8873151">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/184152/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvtd6dq4mXMWfXWTjTj4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/136320015">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86130550">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15985912r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15985912r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001221339">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an52551807">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20061117023&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p152360859">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90940618">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75knvglr2dhq6tg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810595247905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007457969505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14724306">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07251654?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1818243">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136320015.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/136320015">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/072318147">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10571684">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xn4h82">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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