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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moog synthesizer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetitzador_Moog" title="Sintetitzador Moog – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sintetitzador Moog" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_syntez%C3%A1tor" title="Moog syntezátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moog syntezátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog-Synthesizer" title="Moog-Synthesizer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moog-Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moogi_s%C3%BCntesaator" title="Moogi süntesaator – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moogi süntesaator" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetizador_moog" title="Sintetizador moog – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sintetizador moog" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog-sintezilo" title="Moog-sintezilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moog-sintezilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AB%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF" title="سینث‌سایزر موگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینث‌سایزر موگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EA%B7%B8_%EC%8B%A0%EC%8B%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%80" title="모그 신시사이저 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모그 신시사이저" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog" title="Moog – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moog" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog-szintetiz%C3%A1tor" title="Moog-szintetizátor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moog-szintetizátor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Муг синтисајзер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Муг синтисајзер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC" title="モーグ・シンセサイザー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モーグ・シンセサイザー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog" title="Moog – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Moog" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntezator_Mooga" title="Syntezator Mooga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syntezator Mooga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_(instrumento_musical)" title="Moog (instrumento musical) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moog (instrumento musical)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog" title="Moog – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Moog" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mug_sintisajzer" title="Mug sintisajzer – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mug sintisajzer" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moogov_sintesajzer" title="Moogov sintesajzer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moogov sintesajzer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Синтезатор Муга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синтезатор Муга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog" title="Moog – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Moog" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q426035#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesiser&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Moog synthesiser">Moog synthesiser</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electronic musical instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modular synthesizers. For other synthesizers manufactured by Moog, see <a href="/wiki/Moog_Music#Major_products" title="Moog Music">Moog Music § Major products</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Moog synthesizer</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Moog_Modular_55_img2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Moog_Modular_55_img2.jpg/220px-Moog_Modular_55_img2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Moog_Modular_55_img2.jpg/330px-Moog_Modular_55_img2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Moog_Modular_55_img2.jpg/440px-Moog_Modular_55_img2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="359" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A 1975 Moog Modular 55 system</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/R._A._Moog_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="R. A. Moog Co.">R. A. Moog Co.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1965–1981, 2014–present</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Technical specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">Oscillator</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator" title="Voltage-controlled oscillator">VCO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Synthesis type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_synthesis" title="Subtractive synthesis">Subtractive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Audio_filter" title="Audio filter">Filter</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter" title="Voltage-controlled filter">VCF</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Input/output</th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Moog synthesizer</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MOHG</span></i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Modular_synthesizer" title="Modular synthesizer">modular synthesizer</a> invented by the American engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a> in 1964. Moog's company, <a href="/wiki/R._A._Moog_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="R. A. Moog Co.">R. A. Moog Co.</a> (later known as Moog Music), produced numerous models from 1965 to 1981, and again from 2014. It was the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog synthesizer</a> concept. </p><p>The first Moog synthesizers consisted of separate modules which create and shape sounds, which are connected via <a href="/wiki/Patch_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch cord">patch cords</a>. Modules include <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator" title="Voltage-controlled oscillator">voltage-controlled oscillators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltage_controlled_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage controlled amplifier">amplifiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter" title="Voltage-controlled filter">filters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Envelope_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Envelope generator">envelope generators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_generator" title="Noise generator">noise generators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring modulator">ring modulators</a>, triggers and mixers. The synthesizer can be played using controllers including <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboards</a>, joysticks, pedals and <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_controller" title="Ribbon controller">ribbon controllers</a>, or controlled with <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencers</a>. Its oscillators produce <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveforms</a>, which can be modulated and filtered to shape their sounds (<a href="/wiki/Subtractive_synthesis" title="Subtractive synthesis">subtractive synthesis</a>) or used to control other modules (<a href="/wiki/Low-frequency_oscillation" title="Low-frequency oscillation">low-frequency oscillation</a>). </p><p>Robert Moog developed the synthesizer in response to demand for more practical and affordable electronic music equipment, guided by suggestions and requests from composers including <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Deutsch" title="Herbert Deutsch">Herb Deutsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Teitelbaum" title="Richard Teitelbaum">Richard Teitelbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ussachevsky" title="Vladimir Ussachevsky">Vladimir Ussachevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Carlos" title="Wendy Carlos">Wendy Carlos</a>. Moog's principal innovation was voltage-control, which uses <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> to control <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>. He also introduced fundamental synthesizer concepts such as modularity and envelope generators. </p><p>The Moog synthesizer was brought to the mainstream by <i><a href="/wiki/Switched-On_Bach" title="Switched-On Bach">Switched-On Bach</a></i> (1968), a bestselling album of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> compositions arranged for Moog synthesizer by Wendy Carlos. <a href="/wiki/Mort_Garson" title="Mort Garson">Mort Garson</a> used the Moog to soundtrack the televised <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> moonwalk, associating synthesizers with space in the popular imagination. In the late 1960s, it was adopted by rock and pop acts including the <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">Doors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beatles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatles">Beatles</a>. At its height of popularity, it was a staple of 1970s <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>, used by acts including <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer" title="Emerson, Lake & Palmer">Emerson, Lake & Palmer</a>. With its ability to imitate instruments such as strings and horns, it threatened the jobs of <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">session musicians</a> and was banned from use in commercial work for a period of time in the United States. In 1970, Moog Music released a portable, self-contained model, the <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesizer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Moog3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bob_Moog3.jpg/250px-Bob_Moog3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bob_Moog3.jpg/375px-Bob_Moog3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bob_Moog3.jpg/500px-Bob_Moog3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a> in the 1970s</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> technology was impractical and used mainly by experimental composers to create music with little mainstream appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, the American engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a>, a doctoral student at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> who designed and sold <a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">theremins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> met the composer <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Deutsch" title="Herbert Deutsch">Herb Deutsch</a> at a <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_School_Music_Association" title="New York State School Music Association">New York State School Music Association</a> trade fair in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>. Deutsch had been making electronic music using a theremin, tape recorder, and single-pitch oscillator, a time-consuming process that involved <a href="/wiki/Tape_splicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape splicing">splicing tape</a>. Recognizing the need for more practical and sophisticated equipment, Moog and Deutsch discussed the notion of a "portable electronic music studio".<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moog received a grant of $16,000 from the New York State Small Business Association and began work in <a href="/wiki/Trumansburg,_New_York" title="Trumansburg, New York">Trumansburg, New York</a>, not far from the Cornell campus.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, synthesizer-like instruments filled rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moog hoped to build a more compact instrument that would appeal to musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Stearns-2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearns-2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Learning from his experience building a prohibitively expensive <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">guitar amplifier</a>, he believed that practicality and affordability were the most important parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-Stearns-2005_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearns-2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previous synthesizers, such as the <a href="/wiki/RCA_Mark_II_Sound_Synthesizer" title="RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer">RCA Mark II</a>, had created sound from hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamee-2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamee-2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Moog used recently available silicon <a href="/wiki/Transistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistors">transistors</a> — specifically, transistors with an <a href="/wiki/Exponential_function" title="Exponential function">exponential</a> relationship between input <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> and output <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a>. With these, he created the <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator" title="Voltage-controlled oscillator">voltage-controlled oscillator</a> (VCO), which generated a <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveform</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> could be adjusted by changing the voltage. Moog designed his synthesizer around a standard of one <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> per <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a>. Similarly, he used voltage to control <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a> with <a href="/wiki/Voltage_controlled_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage controlled amplifier">voltage-controlled amplifiers</a> (VCAs).<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Moog developed a <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> with two VCOs and a VCA. As the VCOs themselves could output voltage, one could be used to <a href="/wiki/Low-frequency_oscillation" title="Low-frequency oscillation">modulate the output of another</a>, creating effects such as <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Moog, when Deutsch saw this, he became excited and immediately began making music with the prototype, attracting the interest of passersby: "They would stand there, they'd listen and they'd shake their heads ... What is this weird shit coming out of the basement?"<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Deutsch_10-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Herb_Deutsch_10-2011.jpg/180px-Herb_Deutsch_10-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Herb_Deutsch_10-2011.jpg/270px-Herb_Deutsch_10-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Herb_Deutsch_10-2011.jpg/360px-Herb_Deutsch_10-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2921" data-file-height="4010" /></a><figcaption>The composer <a href="/wiki/Herb_Deutsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Herb Deutsch">Herb Deutsch</a> (pictured in 2011) helped Moog refine his synthesizer.</figcaption></figure><p>In 1964, Moog and Deutsch demonstrated the synthesizer at the electronic music studio at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the presentation impressed the composers, Moog was invited by the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a> to present at their annual convention in New York City that October.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he had not planned to sell synthesizers there, some customers placed orders at the show, and the choreographer <a href="/wiki/Alwin_Nikolais" title="Alwin Nikolais">Alwin Nikolais</a> became the first person to purchase a commercially made Moog synthesizer.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moog constructed synthesizers to order.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamee-2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamee-2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first order for a complete Moog synthesizer, for which Moog had to design a <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboard</a> and cabinet, came from the composer <a href="/wiki/Eric_Siday" title="Eric Siday">Eric Siday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no books and no way to save or share settings, early users had to learn how to use the synthesizer themselves, by word of mouth, or from seminars held by Moog and Deutsch.<sup id="cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moog refined the synthesizer in response to requests from musicians and composers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, after Deutsch suggested Moog find a way to fade notes in and out, Moog invented an <a href="/wiki/Envelope_(music)" title="Envelope (music)">envelope</a> module, using a doorbell button as a prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the suggestion of the composer <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ciamaga" title="Gustav Ciamaga">Gustav Ciamaga</a>, Moog developed a filter module, a means of removing <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">frequencies</a> from waveforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first filter design created a sound similar to a <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">wah-wah pedal</a>. He later developed the distinctive "ladder" filter, which was the only item in the synthesizer design that Moog <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a>, granted on October 28, 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further developments were driven by suggestions from musicians including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Teitelbaum" title="Richard Teitelbaum">Richard Teitelbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ussachevsky" title="Vladimir Ussachevsky">Vladimir Ussachevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Carlos" title="Wendy Carlos">Wendy Carlos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carlos suggested the first touch-sensitive keyboard, <a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">portamento</a> control and <a href="/wiki/Filter_bank" title="Filter bank">filter bank</a>, which became standard features.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was debate as to the role of the keyboard in synthesizers. Some, such as the composer <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ussachevsky" title="Vladimir Ussachevsky">Vladimir Ussachevsky</a> and Moog's competitor <a href="/wiki/Don_Buchla" title="Don Buchla">Don Buchla</a>, felt they were restrictive. However, Moog recognized that most customers wanted keyboards and found they made the instrument more approachable. Including keyboards in photographs helped users understand that the synthesizer was for making music.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classical meaning of "to synthesize" is to assemble a whole out of parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moog initially avoided the word, as it was associated with the RCA synthesizer, and instead described his invention as a "system" of "electronic music modules". After many debates, Moog eventually told the composer <a href="/wiki/Reynold_Weidenaar" title="Reynold Weidenaar">Reynold Weidenaar</a>: "It's a synthesizer and that's what it does and we're just going to have to go with it."<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moog used the word in print for the first time in 1966. By the 1970s, "synthesizer" had become the standard term for such instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Moog modules were finalized by the end of the 1960s, and remained mostly unchanged until Moog Music ceased trading in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moog had pursued the development of his synthesizer as a hobby; he stressed that he was not a businessman, and had not known what a <a href="/wiki/Balance_sheet" title="Balance sheet">balance sheet</a> was.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He likened the experience to riding theme park amusements: "You know you're not going to get hurt too badly because nobody would let you do that, but you're not quite in control."<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesizer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moog_921,_911,_902_modules.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Moog_921%2C_911%2C_902_modules.jpg/190px-Moog_921%2C_911%2C_902_modules.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Moog_921%2C_911%2C_902_modules.jpg/284px-Moog_921%2C_911%2C_902_modules.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Moog_921%2C_911%2C_902_modules.jpg/379px-Moog_921%2C_911%2C_902_modules.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Modules: 921 VCO, 911 Envelope Generator; 902 VCA</figcaption></figure> <p>The Moog synthesizer consists of separate <a href="/wiki/Modular_synthesizer" title="Modular synthesizer">modules</a> – such as <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator" title="Voltage-controlled oscillator">oscillators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltage_controlled_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage controlled amplifier">amplifiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Envelope_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Envelope generator">envelope generators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter" title="Voltage-controlled filter">filters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_generator" title="Noise generator">noise generators</a>, triggers and mixers – which can be connected in a variety of ways via <a href="/wiki/Patch_cable" title="Patch cable">patch cords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamee-2010_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamee-2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modules can also be used to control each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not produce sound until a workable combination of modules are connected.<sup id="cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oscillators produce <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveforms</a> of different tones and <a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">overtones</a>, such as a "bright, full, brassy" <a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_wave" title="Sawtooth wave">sawtooth wave</a>, a thinner, flute-like <a href="/wiki/Triangle_wave" title="Triangle wave">triangle wave</a>, a "nasal, reedy" <a href="/wiki/Pulse_wave" title="Pulse wave">pulse wave</a> and a "whistle-like" <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These waveforms can be modulated and filtered to produce more combinations of sounds (<a href="/wiki/Subtractive_synthesis" title="Subtractive synthesis">subtractive synthesis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oscillators are difficult to keep in tune, and small temperature changes cause them to drift rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Moog's early customers were more interested in creating experimental music than playing conventional melodies, Moog did not consider keeping the oscillators stable a priority.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamee-2010_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamee-2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Moog's 24db<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">low-pass filter</a> is particularly distinctive, with a "rich", "juicy", "fat" sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The filter, based on pairs of transistors connected by capacitors arranged in a ladder-like layout, attenuates frequencies above a level set by the user, and boosts the frequencies around the cut-off frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When overdriven, the filter produces a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a> described as the "Moog sound".<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The synthesizer can be played using controllers including <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboards</a>, joysticks, pedals and ribbon controllers.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamee-2010_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamee-2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ribbon controller allows users to control pitch similarly to moving a finger along a violin string.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesizer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerson_moog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Emerson_moog.jpg/220px-Emerson_moog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Emerson_moog.jpg/330px-Emerson_moog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Emerson_moog.jpg/440px-Emerson_moog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keith_Emerson" title="Keith Emerson">Keith Emerson</a> performing with a Moog synthesizer in 1970</figcaption></figure><p><i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i> described the Moog as the first commercial synthesizer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was much smaller than previous synthesizers, and much cheaper, at US$10,000 compared to the six-figure sums of other synthesizers.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-2005_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the RCA Mark II was programmed with <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punchcards</a>, Moog's synthesizer could be played in real time via keyboard, making it attractive to musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-2005_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a></i>, Moog's 1964 paper <i>Voltage-Controlled Music Modules</i>, in which he proposed the Moog synthesizer modules, invented the modern concept of the <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog synthesizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamee-2010_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamee-2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors of <i>Analog Days</i> wrote: "Though the notion of voltage control and Moog's circuit designs were not original, Moog's innovations were in drawing the elements together, realizing that the problem of exponential conversion could be solved using transistor circuitry and building such circuits and making them work in a way that was of interest to musicians."<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moog features such as <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator" title="Voltage-controlled oscillator">voltage-controlled oscillator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Envelope_(music)" title="Envelope (music)">envelopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_generator" title="Noise generator">noise generators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter" title="Voltage-controlled filter">filters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencers</a> became standards in the synthesizer market.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vail_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ladder filter has been replicated in hardware synthesizers,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">field-programmable gate arrays</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and software synthesizers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_adopters_and_Switched-On_Bach">Early adopters and <i>Switched-On Bach</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesizer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early adopters and Switched-On Bach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Moog synthesizers were owned by universities or record labels, and used to create soundtracks or <a href="/wiki/Jingle" title="Jingle">jingles</a>. By 1970, only 28 were owned by musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Bull_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Bull-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moog was first used by experimental composers including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Teitelbaum" title="Richard Teitelbaum">Richard Teitelbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Hyman" title="Dick Hyman">Dick Hyman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Perrey_and_Kingsley" title="Perrey and Kingsley">Perrey and Kingsley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-moogfoundation_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moogfoundation-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The composer <a href="/wiki/Mort_Garson" title="Mort Garson">Mort Garson</a> recorded the first album on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> to use the Moog synthesizer, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Zodiac:_Cosmic_Sounds" title="The Zodiac: Cosmic Sounds">The Zodiac: Cosmic Sounds</a></i> (1967). Moog attended a recording session for the album, which helped convince him of the synthesizer's commercial potential.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garson also used the Moog to write jingles and soundtracks, which helped make its sounds ubiquitous. In 1969, Garson used the Moog to compose a soundtrack for the televised footage of the <a href="/wiki/First_moonwalk" class="mw-redirect" title="First moonwalk">Apollo 11 moonwalk</a>, creating a link between electronic music and space in the American popular imagination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Carlos" title="Wendy Carlos">Wendy Carlos</a> released <i><a href="/wiki/Switched-On_Bach" title="Switched-On Bach">Switched-On Bach</a>,</i> an album of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> compositions arranged for Moog synthesizer. It won three <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a> and was the first classical album certified <a href="/wiki/Music_recording_certification" title="Music recording certification">platinum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein-2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stearns-2005_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearns-2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The album is credited for popularising the Moog and demonstrating that synthesizers could be more than "random noise machines".<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a period, the name Moog became so associated with electronic music that it was sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">generic term</a> for any synthesizer.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moog liked this, but disapproved of the numerous "cruddy" <a href="/wiki/Novelty_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelty record">novelty records</a> released with his name attached, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Music_to_Moog_By" class="mw-redirect" title="Music to Moog By">Music to Moog By</a>,</i> <i>Moog España</i> and <i>Moog Power</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_and_pop">Rock and pop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesizer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rock and pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early use of the Moog synthesizer in rock music came with the 1967 song by <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">the Doors</a> "<a href="/wiki/Strange_Days_(Doors_song)" title="Strange Days (Doors song)">Strange Days</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/The_Monkees" title="The Monkees">the Monkees</a> used a Moog on their album <i><a href="/wiki/Pisces,_Aquarius,_Capricorn_%26_Jones_Ltd." title="Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.">Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> released an album of Moog recordings, <i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Sound" title="Electronic Sound">Electronic Sound</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Beatles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatles">Beatles</a> used the Moog on several tracks on their album <i><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road" title="Abbey Road">Abbey Road</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other rock bands who adopted the Moog include the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also adopted by jazz musicians including <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hammer" title="Jan Hammer">Jan Hammer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ra" title="Sun Ra">Sun Ra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, at the height of its popularity, the Moog was used by <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer" title="Emerson, Lake & Palmer">Emerson, Lake & Palmer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Emerson" title="Keith Emerson">Keith Emerson</a> was the first major rock musician to perform live with the Moog, and it became a trademark of his performances. According to <i>Analog Days</i>, the likes of Emerson "did for the keyboard what <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a> did for the guitar".<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost every element of <a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a>'s 1977 influential song "<a href="/wiki/I_Feel_Love" title="I Feel Love">I Feel Love</a>" was created with a Moog synthesizer, with the producers aiming to create a futuristic mood.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewster-2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewster-2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Moog was critical, saying the sequenced bassline had a "certain sterility" and that Summer sounded like she was "fighting the sequencer".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later decades, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a> and rock bands including <a href="/wiki/They_Might_Be_Giants" title="They Might Be Giants">They Might Be Giants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilco" title="Wilco">Wilco</a> "revived an interest in the early Moog synthesizer timbres".<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesizer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Guardian</i> wrote that the Moog synthesizer, with its dramatically new sounds, arrived at a time in American history when, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, "nearly everything about the old order was up for revision".<sup id="cite_ref-Stearns-2005_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearns-2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musicians</a> felt synthesizers, with their ability to imitate instruments such as strings and horns, threatened their jobs. For a period, the Moog was banned from use in commercial work in the US, a restriction negotiated by the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">American Federation of Musicians</a> (AFM).<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch-2004_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Moog felt that the AFM had not realized that the synthesizer was an instrument to be learnt and mastered like any other, and instead imagined that "all the sounds that musicians could make somehow existed in the Moog — all you had to do was push a button that said '<a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a>' and out would come the most fantastic violin player".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesizer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_NAMM_Show_-_DSC00548_(16184488659).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2015_NAMM_Show_-_DSC00548_%2816184488659%29.jpg/220px-2015_NAMM_Show_-_DSC00548_%2816184488659%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2015_NAMM_Show_-_DSC00548_%2816184488659%29.jpg/330px-2015_NAMM_Show_-_DSC00548_%2816184488659%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2015_NAMM_Show_-_DSC00548_%2816184488659%29.jpg/440px-2015_NAMM_Show_-_DSC00548_%2816184488659%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Originally produced from 1973 to 1981, Moog reissued the System 55 in 2015 in a limited run of 55 units.<sup id="cite_ref-Audiofanzine-2015_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audiofanzine-2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MoogMusic-Return_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoogMusic-Return-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although customers could choose any combination of modules, Moog sold several standard systems. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Produced </th> <th>Reissued </th> <th>Reissue price </th> <th>Sources </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ic </td> <td>1967—1973 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1C1P_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1C1P-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moog-catalog-1971_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moog-catalog-1971-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIc </td> <td>1967—1973 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-2C2P_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2C2P-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moog-catalog-1971_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moog-catalog-1971-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIIc </td> <td>1967—1973 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>$35,000 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-MoogMusic-Reint_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoogMusic-Reint-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IIIc_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIIc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moog-catalog-1971_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moog-catalog-1971-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ip </td> <td>1967—1973 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1C1P_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1C1P-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moog-catalog-1971_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moog-catalog-1971-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIp </td> <td>1967—1973 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-2C2P_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2C2P-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moog-catalog-1971_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moog-catalog-1971-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIIp </td> <td>1967—1973 </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>$35,000 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-MoogMusic-Back_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoogMusic-Back-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IIIp_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIIp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moog-catalog-1971_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moog-catalog-1971-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Emerson Moog Modular System </td> <td>1969—1970 </td> <td>2014—2017 </td> <td>$150,000 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-MoogMusic-Emerson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoogMusic-Emerson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emersonreissue_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emersonreissue-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emersonmodular_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emersonmodular-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Model 10 </td> <td>1971—1973 </td> <td>2019—present </td> <td>$9,950 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-MoogMusic-Model_10_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoogMusic-Model_10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-model10_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-model10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moog-catalog-1971_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moog-catalog-1971-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Model 12 </td> <td>1972—1973 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Model12_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Model12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Model 15 </td> <td>1973—1981 </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>$10,000 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-MoogMusic-Return_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoogMusic-Return-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Audiofanzine-2015_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audiofanzine-2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moog-catalog-1976_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moog-catalog-1976-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>System 35 </td> <td>1973—1981 </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>$22,000 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-MoogMusic-Return_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoogMusic-Return-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Audiofanzine-2015_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audiofanzine-2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moog-catalog-1976_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moog-catalog-1976-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>System 55 </td> <td>1973—1981 </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>$35,000 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-MoogMusic-Return_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoogMusic-Return-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Audiofanzine-2015_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audiofanzine-2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moog-catalog-1976_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moog-catalog-1976-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successors">Successors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesizer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minimoog.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Minimoog.JPG/220px-Minimoog.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Minimoog.JPG/330px-Minimoog.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Minimoog.JPG/440px-Minimoog.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>A slightly modified <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a>, a portable, self-contained version of the Moog synthesizer</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1970, Moog Music released the <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a>, a portable, self-contained model, and the modular systems became a secondary part of Moog's business.<sup id="cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minimoog has been described as the most famous and influential synthesizer in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Bull_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Bull-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the sale of Moog Music, production of Moog synthesizers stopped in the early 1980s. The patents and other rights to Moog's modular circuits expired in the 1990s. In 2002, after Robert Moog regained the rights to the Moog brand and bought the company, Moog released the <a href="/wiki/Minimoog_Voyager" title="Minimoog Voyager">Minimoog Voyager</a>, an updated version. Moog released several Minimoog reissues, with some changes, starting from 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Moog released the <a href="/wiki/Moog_Grandmother" title="Moog Grandmother">Grandmother</a>, followed by the Matriarch in 2019; parts of the circuitry used in these instruments were inspired by the Moog synthesizer.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clones_and_emulations">Clones and emulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesizer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clones and emulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behringer_System_900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Behringer_System_900.jpg/220px-Behringer_System_900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Behringer_System_900.jpg/330px-Behringer_System_900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Behringer_System_900.jpg/440px-Behringer_System_900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A Behringer clone of a Moog modular synthesizer</figcaption></figure> <p>After production of the original Moog synthesizers stopped in 1980, some manufacturers, such as <a href="/wiki/Synthesizers.com" title="Synthesizers.com">Synthesizers.com</a>, created their own modules and clones of Moog modules. Moog modules, known as the "dotcom" or "5U" format, are still available but have been superseded as the dominant synthesizer format by <a href="/wiki/Eurorack" title="Eurorack">Eurorack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Attack-2019_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attack-2019-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2020, <a href="/wiki/Behringer" title="Behringer">Behringer</a> has manufactured clones of Moog modules in the Eurorack format, also sold in configurations based on the original Moog systems.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Moog synthesizer has been emulated in <a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">software synthesizers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Arturia" title="Arturia">Arturia</a> Modular V.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Moog released the <a href="/wiki/Moog_Model_15" title="Moog Model 15">Moog Model 15 app</a>, a software emulation of the Model 15 initially for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and later in 2021 for <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesizer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Moog_synthesizer_players" title="List of Moog synthesizer players">List of Moog synthesizer players</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moog_synthesizer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Leon-2003-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leon-2003_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeon" class="citation web cs1">Leon, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/people/dr-robert-his-modular-moogs">"Dr Robert & His Modular Moogs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on 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Helsinki University of Technology. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17311153">17311153</a>. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01617-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01617-3"><bdi>0-674-01617-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analog+Days%3A+The+Invention+and+Impact+of+the+Moog+Synthesizer&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-674-01617-3&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft.au=Trocco%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanalogdaysinvent00trev%2Fpage%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoog+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewster-2017-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brewster-2017_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster2017" class="citation news cs1">Brewster, Bill (22 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mixmag.net/feature/i-feel-love-donna-summer-and-giorgio-moroder-created-the-template-for-dance-music-as-we-know-it">"I Feel Love: Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder created the template for dance music as we know it"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mixmag" title="Mixmag">Mixmag</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moog_modular_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Moog modular synthesizer">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimoog_Voyager" title="Minimoog Voyager">Minimoog Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromoog" title="Micromoog">Micromoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Concertmate_MG-1" title="Moog Concertmate MG-1">Concertmate MG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Grandmother" title="Moog Grandmother">Grandmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Little_Phatty" title="Moog Little Phatty">Little Phatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorymoog" title="Memorymoog">Memorymoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Mother-32" title="Moog Mother-32">Mother-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimoog" title="Multimoog">Multimoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymoog" title="Polymoog">Polymoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Opus_3" title="Moog Opus 3">Opus 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Prodigy" title="Moog Prodigy">Prodigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Rogue" title="Moog Rogue">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Satellite" title="Moog Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Source" title="Moog Source">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slim_Phatty" title="Slim Phatty">Slim Phatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Sonic_Six" title="Moog Sonic Six">Sonic Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Sub_37" title="Moog Sub 37">Sub 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Taurus" title="Moog Taurus">Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Theremini" title="Moog Theremini">Theremini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Werkstatt-%C3%981" title="Moog Werkstatt-Ø1">Moog Werkstatt-Ø1</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moog_Music_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo"><img alt="Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moog_Music_Logo.svg/80px-Moog_Music_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moog_Music_Logo.svg/120px-Moog_Music_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moog_Music_Logo.svg/160px-Moog_Music_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="102" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keytars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Liberation" title="Moog Liberation">Liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animoog" title="Animoog">Animoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Model_15" title="Moog Model 15">Model 15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moogerfooger" title="Moogerfooger">Moogerfooger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guitars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moog_Guitar" title="Moog Guitar">Guitar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronic_and_electroacoustic_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_music" title="Template:Electronic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronic_music" title="Template talk:Electronic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronic_and_electroacoustic_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">electroacoustic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tod_Machover#Hyperinstruments" title="Tod Machover">Hyperinstrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_(music)" title="Loop (music)">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">Tape loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsound" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsound">Microsound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octophonic_sound" title="Octophonic sound">Octophonic sound</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape"><img alt="Magnetic tape." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magtape1.jpg/80px-Magtape1.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magtape1.jpg/120px-Magtape1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magtape1.jpg/160px-Magtape1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_electronic_music" title="Chilean electronic music">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_electronic_music" title="French electronic music">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_electronic_music" title="German electronic music">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active<br /> organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Center" title="Computer Music Center">Computer Music Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Foundation" title="Electronic Music Foundation">Electronic Music Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_Recherches_Musicales" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe de Recherches Musicales">Groupe de Recherches Musicales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Sonology" title="Institute of Sonology">Institute of Sonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Electroacoustic_Music" title="International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music">ICEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Music_Association" title="International Computer Music Association">ICMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIME" class="mw-redirect" title="NIME">NIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Electro-Acoustic_Music_in_the_United_States" title="Society for Electro-Acoustic Music in the United States">SEAMUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Toonzaal" title="De Toonzaal">Toonzaal</a> Studio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WORM_(Rotterdam)" title="WORM (Rotterdam)">WORM</a> studio</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactive<br /> organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radiophonic_Workshop" title="BBC Radiophonic Workshop">BBC Radiophonic Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Natuurkundig_Laboratorium" title="Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium">Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Tape_Music_Center" title="San Francisco Tape Music Center">San Francisco Tape Music Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_d%27Essai" title="Studio d'Essai">Studio d'Essai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_for_Electronic_Music_(WDR)" title="Studio for Electronic Music (WDR)">Studio for Electronic Music (WDR, Cologne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_di_fonologia_musicale_di_Radio_Milano" title="Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano">Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426035#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4738426-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb18090943w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb18090943w">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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