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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Platform architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Industry support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technical details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Internals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Threading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-V8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#V8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>V8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-V8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Package_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Package_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Package management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Package_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Event_loop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Event_loop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Event loop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Event_loop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WebAssembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WebAssembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>WebAssembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WebAssembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_bindings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_bindings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Native bindings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_bindings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Project governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Node.js</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AF.%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3" title="نود.جي إس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نود.جي إس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1.%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8" title="নোড.জেএস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নোড.জেএস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodejs" title="Nodejs – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Nodejs" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نود جی‌اس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نود جی‌اس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1.%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8" title="नोड.जेएस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नोड.जेएस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="നോഡ്.ജെഎസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോഡ്.ജെഎസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3" title="نۆد جەی ئێس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نۆد جەی ئێس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="โหนดเจเอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โหนดเจเอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Node.js" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">JavaScript runtime environment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Node.js</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Node.js_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Node.js_logo.svg/220px-Node.js_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Node.js_logo.svg/330px-Node.js_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Node.js_logo.svg/440px-Node.js_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Dahl" title="Ryan Dahl">Ryan Dahl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/OpenJS_Foundation" title="OpenJS Foundation">OpenJS Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">May 27, 2009<span class="noprint">; 15 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2009-05-27</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">23.3.0<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-c762e334542c22d52e757ed75ff344f785c5601d-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-c762e334542c22d52e757ed75ff344f785c5601d-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756100?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> / November 20, 2024<span class="noprint">; 5 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">November 20, 2024</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nodejs/node">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/nodejs<wbr />/node</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756100#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/SmartOS" title="SmartOS">SmartOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX</a><sup id="cite_ref-supportedOS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supportedOS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">Runtime environment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nodejs.org">nodejs<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756100?uselang=en#P856" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Node.js</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <a href="/wiki/Runtime_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime environment">runtime environment</a> that can run on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and more. Node.js runs on the <a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a> <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engine</a>, and executes JavaScript code outside a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. </p><p>Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command line tools</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">server-side scripting</a>. The ability to run JavaScript code on the server is often used to generate <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web page</a> content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unifying <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web-application</a> development around a single <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>, as opposed to using different languages for the server- versus client-side programming. </p><p>Node.js has an <a href="/wiki/Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture">event-driven architecture</a> capable of <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">asynchronous I/O</a>. These design choices aim to optimize <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">scalability</a> in web applications with many input/output operations, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time Web">real-time Web</a> applications (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Real-time_communication" title="Real-time communication">real-time communication</a> programs and <a href="/wiki/Browser_game" title="Browser game">browser games</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-readwrite_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readwrite-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Node.js <a href="/wiki/Distributed_development" title="Distributed development">distributed development</a> project was previously governed by the Node.js Foundation,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has now merged with the <a href="/wiki/JS_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="JS Foundation">JS Foundation</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/OpenJS_Foundation" title="OpenJS Foundation">OpenJS Foundation</a>. OpenJS Foundation is facilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a>'s Collaborative Projects program.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryan_Dahl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ryan_Dahl.jpg/220px-Ryan_Dahl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ryan_Dahl.jpg/330px-Ryan_Dahl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ryan_Dahl.jpg/440px-Ryan_Dahl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Ryan Dahl, creator of Node.js, in 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Node.JS_Mascot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Node.JS_Mascot.svg/150px-Node.JS_Mascot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Node.JS_Mascot.svg/225px-Node.JS_Mascot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Node.JS_Mascot.svg/300px-Node.JS_Mascot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Rocket Turtle, the official mascot of Node.js since February 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>Node.js was initially written by <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Dahl" title="Ryan Dahl">Ryan Dahl</a> in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-training.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 13 years after the introduction of the first server-side JavaScript environment, <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape's</a> LiveWire Pro Web.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial release supported only Linux and Mac OS X. Its development and maintenance was led by Dahl and later sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Joyent" title="Joyent">Joyent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Groups_post_by_Ryan_Dahl_about_Joyent_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Groups_post_by_Ryan_Dahl_about_Joyent-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dahl criticized the limited capability of <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a> to handle many (10,000+) concurrent connections, as well as the dominant programming paradigm of sequential programming, in which applications could block entire processes or cause the creation of multiple execution stacks for simultaneous connections.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dahl demonstrated the project at the inaugural European JSConf on November 8, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-b3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Node.js combined <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chrome_V8" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome V8">V8</a> JavaScript engine, an <a href="/wiki/Event_loop" title="Event loop">event loop</a>, and a low-level <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2010, a <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">package manager</a> was introduced for the Node.js environment called <a href="/wiki/Npm_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Npm (software)">npm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The package manager allows programmers to publish and share Node.js <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">packages</a>, along with the accompanying source code, and is designed to simplify the installation, update and uninstallation of packages.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2011, Microsoft and Joyent implemented a native <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> version of Node.js.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Node.js build supporting Windows was released in July 2011. </p><p>In January 2012, Dahl yielded management of the project to npm creator Isaac Schlueter.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2014, Schlueter announced that Timothy J. Fontaine would lead the project.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Io.js"></span>In December 2014, Fedor Indutny created io.js, a <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> of Node.js created because of dissatisfaction with Joyent's governance as an <a href="/wiki/Open_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Open governance">open-governance</a> alternative with a separate technical committee. The goal was to enable a structure that would be more receptive to community input, including the updating of io.js with the latest Google V8 JavaScript engine releases, diverging from Node.js's approach at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-iwtw_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwtw-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Node.js Foundation, formed to reconcile Node.js and io.js under a unified banner, was announced in February 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merger was realized in September 2015 with Node.js v0.12 and io.js v3.3 combining into Node v4.0.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This merge brought V8 <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript#ES2015" title="ECMAScript">ES6</a> features into Node.js and started a long-term support release cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2016, the io.js website recommended returning to Node.js and announced no further io.js releases, effectively ending the fork and solidifying the merger's success.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the JS Foundation and Node.js Foundation merged to form the <a href="/wiki/OpenJS_Foundation" title="OpenJS Foundation">OpenJS Foundation</a>. </p><p>On September 6, 2023, Node.js 20.6.0 was released. The update brought the addition of built-in support for <code>.env</code> files, the unflagging of <code>import.meta.resolve</code>, the introduction of a new <code>node:<var>module</var></code> API register for module customization hooks and a new initialize hook. Additionally, the module customization load hook now supports <a href="/wiki/CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a>, and Node.js C++ add-ons have gained experimental support for cppgc (Oilpan), which is a C++ garbage collection library for V8.<sup id="cite_ref-Previous_Releases_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Previous_Releases-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branding">Branding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Branding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Node.js logo features a green hexagon with overlapping bands to represent the cross-platform nature of the runtime.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rocket Turtle was chosen as the official Node.js mascot in February 2024 following a design contest.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Node.js allows the creation of <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web servers</a> and networking tools using <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and a collection of "modules" that handle various core functionalities.<sup id="cite_ref-b3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modules are provided for <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> I/O, networking (<a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS/SSL</a> or <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a>), <a href="/wiki/Binary_file" title="Binary file">binary</a> data (buffers), <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> functions, <a href="/wiki/Stream_(computing)" title="Stream (computing)">data streams</a> and other core functions.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b4_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Node.js's modules use an API designed to reduce the complexity of writing server applications.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b4_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>JavaScript is the only language that Node.js supports natively, but many <a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">compile-to-JS</a> languages are available.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Node.js applications can be written in <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-b6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a>, <a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/ClojureScript" class="mw-redirect" title="ClojureScript">ClojureScript</a> and others. </p><p>Node.js is primarily used to build network programs such as web servers.<sup id="cite_ref-b2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant difference between Node.js and <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> is that most functions in PHP <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">block</a> until completion (commands execute only after previous commands finish), while Node.js functions are <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">non-blocking</a> (commands execute <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrently</a> and use <a href="/wiki/Callback_(computer_programming)" title="Callback (computer programming)">callbacks</a> to signal completion or failure),<sup id="cite_ref-b2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus opening up new attack surfaces that are inherently absent in most web server applications. </p><p>Node.js is officially supported by <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> 8.1 and Server 2012 (and later),<sup id="cite_ref-supportedOS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supportedOS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Tier 2 support for <a href="/wiki/SmartOS" title="SmartOS">SmartOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX</a> and experimental support for <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>. <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> also works, and LTS versions are available for <a href="/wiki/IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a> (AS/400).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source code may also be built on similar operating systems that are not officially supported, such as <a href="/wiki/NonStop_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="NonStop OS">NonStop OS</a><sup id="cite_ref-bomBora_-_Node.js_for_NonStop_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bomBora_-_Node.js_for_NonStop-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> servers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_architecture">Platform architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Platform architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Node.js enables development of fast web servers in JavaScript using <a href="/wiki/Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">event-driven programming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developers can create scalable servers without using <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">threading</a> by using a simplified model that uses <a href="/wiki/Callback_(computer_programming)" title="Callback (computer programming)">callbacks</a> to signal the completion of a task.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Event-driven programming generally doesn't rely on threads and is often more complex; unclear what was meant in the source. (November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Node.js connects the ease of a scripting language (JavaScript) with the power of Unix network programming.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Node.js was built on top of Google's V8 JavaScript engine since it was open-sourced under the <a href="/wiki/BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a>, and it contains comprehensive support for fundamental protocols such as <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JavaScript's existing popularity made Node.js accessible to the <a href="/wiki/Web_developer" title="Web developer">web-development community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b3_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_support">Industry support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industry support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are thousands of open-source libraries for Node.js, most of which are hosted on the npm website. Multiple developer conferences and events are held that support the Node.js community, including NodeConf, Node Interactive and Node Summit, as well as a number of regional events. </p><p>The open-source community has developed <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web frameworks</a> to accelerate the development of applications. Such frameworks include <a href="/wiki/Express.js" title="Express.js">Express.js</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socket.IO" title="Socket.IO">Socket.IO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sails.js" title="Sails.js">Sails.js</a>, <a href="/wiki/Next.js" title="Next.js">Next.js</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteor_(web_framework)" title="Meteor (web framework)">Meteor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b7_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various packages have also been created for interfacing with other languages or runtime environments such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft .NET">Microsoft .NET</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern desktop <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a> provide editing and debugging features specifically for Node.js applications. Such IDEs include <a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a>, <a href="/wiki/JetBrains_MPS" title="JetBrains MPS">JetBrains</a> <a href="/wiki/WebStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="WebStorm">WebStorm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a> (with Node.js Tools for Visual Studio,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a> with Node definitions<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nodeclipse Enide Studio<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>-based) and <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Online_integrated_development_environment" title="Online integrated development environment">online IDEs</a> also support Node.js, such as <a href="/wiki/Codeanywhere" title="Codeanywhere">Codeanywhere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Che" title="Eclipse Che">Eclipse Che</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a> and the visual flow editor in <a href="/wiki/Node-RED" title="Node-RED">Node-RED</a>. </p><p>Node.js is supported across a number of cloud-hosting platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Jelastic" title="Jelastic">Jelastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a>, <a href="/wiki/AWS_Elastic_Beanstalk" title="AWS Elastic Beanstalk">AWS Elastic Beanstalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azure_Web_Apps" title="Azure Web Apps">Azure Web Apps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joyent" title="Joyent">Joyent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Releases">Releases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Release<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Code name </th> <th>Release date </th> <th>Maintenance end </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.10.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 0.10.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td> </td> <td>2013-03-11 </td> <td>2016-10-31 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.12.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 0.12.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td> </td> <td>2015-02-06 </td> <td>2016-12-31 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="4.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 4.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td>Argon<sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2015-09-08 </td> <td>2018-04-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="5.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 5.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td> </td> <td>2015-10-29 </td> <td>2016-06-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="6.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 6.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td>Boron<sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2016-04-26 </td> <td>2019-04-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="7.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 7.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td> </td> <td>2016-10-25 </td> <td>2017-06-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="8.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 8.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td>Carbon<sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2017-05-30 </td> <td>2019-12-31 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="9.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 9.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td> </td> <td>2017-10-01 </td> <td>2018-06-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="10.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 10.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td>Dubnium<sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2018-04-24 </td> <td>2021-04-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="11.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 11.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td> </td> <td>2018-10-23 </td> <td>2019-06-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="12.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 12.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td>Erbium<sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2019-04-23 </td> <td>2022-04-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="13.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 13.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td> </td> <td>2019-10-22 </td> <td>2020-06-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="14.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 14.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td>Fermium<sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2020-04-21 </td> <td>2023-04-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="15.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 15.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td> </td> <td>2020-10-20 </td> <td>2021-06-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="16.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 16.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td>Gallium<sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2021-04-20 </td> <td>2023-09-11<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="17.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 17.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td> </td> <td>2021-10-19 </td> <td>2022-06-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="18.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> 18.x </td> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="Maintenance LTS"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> Maintenance LTS </td> <td>Hydrogen<sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2022-04-19 </td> <td>2025-04-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="19.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 19.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td> </td> <td>2022-10-18 </td> <td>2023-06-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="20.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> 20.x </td> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="Maintenance LTS"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> Maintenance LTS </td> <td>Iron<sup id="cite_ref-Codenames_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codenames-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2023-04-18 </td> <td>2026-04-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="21.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 21.x </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="End-of-Life"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> End-of-Life </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2023-10-17 </td> <td>2024-06-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="22.x"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> 22.x </td> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="Active LTS"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> Active LTS </td> <td>Jod <sup id="cite_ref-Codenames_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codenames-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2024-04-24 </td> <td>2027-04-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion c" style="color:black; background-color: #D4F4B4;" title="Current stable version" data-sort-value="23.x"><span style="display: none;">Current stable version:</span> <b>23.x</b> </td> <td class="templateVersion c" style="color:black; background-color: #D4F4B4;" title="Current stable version" data-sort-value="Current"><span style="display: none;">Current stable version:</span> <b>Current</b> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2024-10-15 </td> <td>2025-06-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion p" style="color:black; background-color: #C1E6F5;" title="Future release" data-sort-value="24.x"><span style="display: none;">Future release:</span> 24.x </td> <td class="templateVersion p" style="color:black; background-color: #C1E6F5;" title="Future release" data-sort-value="Planned"><span style="display: none;">Future release:</span> Planned </td> <td>Krypton <sup id="cite_ref-Codenames_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codenames-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2025-04-22 </td> <td>2028-04-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><small><div class="templateVersion l" style="margin-left: -1em;"><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Legend:</b></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FDB3AB; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Old version, no longer maintained">Old version, not maintained</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FEF8C6; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Old version, yet still maintained">Old version, still maintained</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #D4F4B4; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Latest stable version"><b>Latest version</b></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; display: none;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FED1A0; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Latest preview of a future release">Latest preview version</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #C1E6F5; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="A future release">Future release</span></div><div style="clear: left;"></div></div></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>New major releases of Node.js are cut from the <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> main branch every six months. Even-numbered versions are cut in April and odd-numbered versions are cut in October. When a new odd version is released, the previous even version undergoes transition to <a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long Term Support</a> (LTS), which gives that version 12 months of active support from the date it is designated LTS. After these 12 months expire, an LTS release receives an additional 18 months of maintenance support. An active version receives non-breaking backports of changes a few weeks after they land in the current release. A maintenance release receives only critical fixes and documentation updates.<sup id="cite_ref-Release_52-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LTS Working Group manages strategy and policy in collaboration with the Technical Steering Committee of the Node.js Foundation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Node.js is a JavaScript runtime environment that processes incoming requests in a loop, called the <a href="/wiki/Event_loop" title="Event loop">event loop</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internals">Internals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Internals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Node.js uses <a href="/wiki/Libuv" title="Libuv">libuv</a> under the hood to handle asynchronous events. Libuv is an abstraction layer for network and file system functionality on both Windows and <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>-based systems such as Linux, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, OSS on <a href="/wiki/NonStop_(server_computers)" title="NonStop (server computers)">NonStop</a>, and Unix. Node.js relies on nghttp2 for HTTP support. As of version 20, Node.js uses the ada library which provides up-to-date <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a> <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a> compliance. As of version 19.5, Node.js uses the simdutf library for fast Unicode validation and transcoding. As of version 21.3, Node.js uses the simdjson library for fast JSON parsing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threading">Threading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Threading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Node.js operates on a <a href="/wiki/Single_threading" class="mw-redirect" title="Single threading">single-thread</a> <a href="/wiki/Event_loop" title="Event loop">event loop</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Non-blocking_I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-blocking I/O">non-blocking I/O</a> calls, allowing it to support tens of thousands of concurrent connections without incurring the cost of thread <a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">context switching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design of sharing a single thread among all the requests that use the <a href="/wiki/Observer_pattern" title="Observer pattern">observer pattern</a> is intended for building highly concurrent applications, where any function performing I/O must use a <a href="/wiki/Callback_(computer_programming)" title="Callback (computer programming)">callback</a>. To accommodate the single-threaded event loop, Node.js uses the <a href="/wiki/Libuv" title="Libuv">libuv</a> library—which, in turn, uses a fixed-sized thread pool that handles some of the non-blocking asynchronous I/O operations.<sup id="cite_ref-readwrite_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readwrite-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A thread pool handles the execution of parallel tasks in Node.js. The main thread function call posts tasks to the shared task queue, which threads in the thread pool pull and execute. Inherently non-blocking system functions such as networking translate to kernel-side non-blocking sockets, while inherently blocking system functions such as file I/O run in a blocking way on their own threads. When a thread in the thread pool completes a task, it informs the main thread of this, which in turn, wakes up and executes the registered callback. </p><p>A downside of this single-threaded approach is that Node.js does not allow <a href="/wiki/Vertical_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical scaling">vertical scaling</a> by increasing the number of <a href="/wiki/CPU_core" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU core">CPU cores</a> of the machine it is running on without using an additional module, such as cluster,<sup id="cite_ref-node_cluster_module_doc_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-node_cluster_module_doc-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> StrongLoop Process Manager,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or pm2.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, developers can increase the default number of threads in the libuv thread pool. The server <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system (OS)</a> is likely to distribute these threads across multiple cores.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another problem is that long-lasting computations and other CPU-bound tasks freeze the entire event-loop until completion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="V8">V8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: V8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8 (JavaScript engine)</a></div> <p>V8 is the JavaScript execution engine which was initially built for <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>. It was then open-sourced by Google in 2008. Written in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, V8 compiles JavaScript source code to native machine code <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">at runtime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-readwrite_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readwrite-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, it also includes Ignition, a <a href="/wiki/Bytecode_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bytecode interpreter">bytecode interpreter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Package_management">Package management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Package management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Npm_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Npm (software)">npm</a> is the pre-installed package manager for the Node.js server platform. It installs Node.js programs from the npm registry, organizing the installation and management of third-party Node.js programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event_loop">Event loop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Event loop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Node.js registers with the operating system so the OS notifies it of <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">asynchronous I/O</a> events such as new connections. Within the Node.js runtime, events trigger callbacks and each connection is handled as a small <a href="/wiki/Heap_allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heap allocation">heap allocation</a>. Traditionally, relatively heavyweight OS processes or threads handled each connection. Node.js uses an event loop for concurrent I/O, instead of processes or threads.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to other event-driven servers,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> Node.js's event loop does not need to be called explicitly. Instead, callbacks are defined, and the server automatically enters the event loop at the end of the callback definition. Node.js exits the event loop when there are no further callbacks to be performed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: WebAssembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Node.js supports <a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> and as of Node 14 has experimental support of <a href="/wiki/WebAssembly#WASI" title="WebAssembly">WASI</a>, the WebAssembly System Interface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_bindings">Native bindings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Native bindings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">Foreign function interface</a></div> <p>Node.js provides a way to create "add-ons" via a <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>-based API called N-API, which can be used to produce loadable (importable) <code>.node</code> modules from source code written in C/C++.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modules can be directly loaded into memory and executed from within JS environment as simple CommonJS modules. The implementation of the N-API relies on internal C/C++ Node.js and V8 objects requiring users <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">to import</a> (<a href="/wiki/Include_directive" title="Include directive">#include</a>) Node.js specific <a href="/wiki/Include_directive" title="Include directive">headers</a> into their native source code.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Node.js API is subject to breaking changes at a binary level, modules have to be built and shipped against specific Node.js versions to work properly. To address the issue, third parties have introduced open-sourced С/С++ wrappers on top of the API that partially alleviate the problem. They simplify interfaces, but as a side effect they may also introduce complexity which maintainers have to deal with. Even though the core functionality of Node.js resides in a JavaScript built-in library, modules written in C++ can be used to enhance capabilities and to improve performance of applications. </p><p>In order to produce such modules one needs to have an appropriate C++ compiler and necessary headers (the latter are typically shipped with Node.js itself), e.g., <a href="/wiki/GCC_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="GCC Compiler">gcc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">clang</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">MSVC++</a>. </p><p>The N-API is similar to <a href="/wiki/Java_Native_Interface" title="Java Native Interface">Java Native Interface</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_governance">Project governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Project governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OpenJS_Foundation" title="OpenJS Foundation">OpenJS Foundation</a></div> <p>In 2015, various branches of the greater Node.js community began working under the vendor-neutral Node.js Foundation. The stated purpose of the organization "is to enable widespread adoption and help accelerate development of Node.js and other related modules through an open governance model that encourages participation, technical contribution, and a framework for long-term stewardship by an ecosystem invested in Node.js' success."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Node.js Foundation Technical Steering Committee (TSC) is the technical governing body of the Node.js Foundation. The TSC is responsible for the core Node.js repo as well as dependent and adjacent projects. Generally the TSC delegates the administration of these projects to working groups or committees.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LTS group that manages long term supported releases is one such group. Other current groups include Website, Streams, Build, Diagnostics, i18n, Evangelism, Docker, Addon API, Benchmarking, Post-mortem, Intl, Documentation, and Testing.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2017, a third of the TSC members resigned due to a dispute related to the project's code of conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Current TSC Members<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Username</th> <th>Full Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>aduh95</td> <td>Antoine du Hamel </td></tr> <tr> <td>apapirovski</td> <td>Anatoli Papirovski </td></tr> <tr> <td>benjamingr</td> <td>Benjamin Gruenbaum </td></tr> <tr> <td>BridgeAR</td> <td>Ruben Bridgewater </td></tr> <tr> <td>GeoffreyBooth</td> <td>Geoffrey Booth </td></tr> <tr> <td>gireeshpunathil</td> <td>Gireesh Punathil </td></tr> <tr> <td>jasnell</td> <td>James M Snell </td></tr> <tr> <td>joyeecheung</td> <td>Joyee Cheung </td></tr> <tr> <td>legendecas</td> <td>Chengzhong Wu </td></tr> <tr> <td>marco-ippolito</td> <td>Marco Ippolito </td></tr> <tr> <td>mcollina</td> <td>Matteo Collina </td></tr> <tr> <td>mhdawson</td> <td>Michael Dawson </td></tr> <tr> <td>MoLow</td> <td>Moshe Atlow </td></tr> <tr> <td>RafaelGSS</td> <td>Rafael Gonzaga </td></tr> <tr> <td>richardlau</td> <td>Richard Lau </td></tr> <tr> <td>ronag</td> <td>Robert Nagy </td></tr> <tr> <td>ruyadorno</td> <td>Ruy Adorno </td></tr> <tr> <td>ShogunPanda</td> <td>Paolo Insogna </td></tr> <tr> <td>targos</td> <td>Michaël Zasso </td></tr> <tr> <td>tniessen</td> <td>Tobias Nießen </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/joyent/node/tags?after=v0.0.4">"node-v0.x-archive on GitHub"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+23.3.0&rft.date=2024-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fnodejs%2Fnode%2Freleases%2Ftag%2Fv23.3.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-supportedOS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-supportedOS_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-supportedOS_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/master/BUILDING.md">"nodejs/node"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=nodejs%2Fnode&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fnodejs%2Fnode%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2FBUILDING.md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/master/LICENSE">"node/LICENSE at master"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. Node.js Foundation. 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=node%2FLICENSE+at+master&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fnodejs%2Fnode%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2FLICENSE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT">"The MIT License"</a>. <i>Open Source Initiative</i>. 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nodejs.org&rft.atitle=C%2B%2B+addons+%7C+Node.js+v14.12.0+Documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnodejs.org%2Fapi%2Faddons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundation" class="citation web cs1">Foundation, Node.js. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nodejs.org/en/foundation/">"Node.js Foundation | Node.js"</a>. <i>nodejs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nodejs.org&rft.atitle=Node.js+Foundation+%7C+Node.js&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=Node.js&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnodejs.org%2Fen%2Ffoundation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nodejs/TSC">"nodejs/TSC"</a>. <i>GitHub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=nodejs%2FTSC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fnodejs%2FTSC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundation" class="citation web cs1">Foundation, Node.js. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227070535/https://nodejs.org/en/about/working-groups/">"Working Groups | Node.js"</a>. <i>nodejs.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nodejs.org/en/about/working-groups/">the original</a> on 27 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nodejs.org&rft.atitle=Working+Groups+%7C+Node.js&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=Node.js&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnodejs.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fworking-groups%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whittaker, Zack, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/after-governance-breakdown-node-js-leaders-fight-for-its-survival/?loc=newsletter_large_thumb_related&ftag=TREc64629f&bhid=24465828771686428160302951310435/">After governance breakdown, Node.js leaders fight for its survival</a></i>, ZDNet, 25 August 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nodejs/node?tab=readme-ov-file#tsc-voting-members">"tsc-voting-members"</a>. <i>Github.com</i>. 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Github.com&rft.atitle=tsc-voting-members&rft.date=2024-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fnodejs%2Fnode%3Ftab%3Dreadme-ov-file%23tsc-voting-members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes-CroucherWilson2012" class="citation cs2">Hughes-Croucher, Tom; Wilson, Mike (April 2012), <i>Up and Running with Node.js</i>, <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-9858-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-9858-3"><bdi>978-1-4493-9858-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Up+and+Running+with+Node.js&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2012-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4493-9858-3&rft.aulast=Hughes-Croucher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrnbo2012" class="citation cs2">Ornbo, George (September 2012), <i>Sams Teach Yourself Node.js in 24 Hours</i>, <a href="/wiki/SAMS_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAMS Publishing">SAMS Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-672-33595-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-672-33595-2"><bdi>978-0-672-33595-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sams+Teach+Yourself+Node.js+in+24+Hours&rft.pub=SAMS+Publishing&rft.date=2012-09&rft.isbn=978-0-672-33595-2&rft.aulast=Ornbo&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeixeira2012" class="citation cs2">Teixeira, Pedro (October 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118185463,descCd-authorInfo.html"><i>Professional Node.js</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-22754-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-22754-1"><bdi>978-1-118-22754-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Node.js&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012-10&rft.isbn=978-1-118-22754-1&rft.aulast=Teixeira&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feu.wiley.com%2FWileyCDA%2FWileyTitle%2FproductCd-1118185463%2CdescCd-authorInfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandal_L._Schwartz_and_Aaron_Newcomb2013" class="citation podcast cs1"><a href="/wiki/Randal_L._Schwartz" title="Randal L. Schwartz">Randal L. Schwartz</a> and Aaron Newcomb (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twit.tv/show/floss-weekly/237">"Episode 237: Node.js"</a>. <i>twit.tv/show/floss-weekly</i> (Podcast). <a href="/wiki/TWiT.tv" title="TWiT.tv">TWiT.tv</a>. Event occurs at 1:08:13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Episode+237%3A+Node.js&rft.pub=TWiT.tv&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.au=Randal+L.+Schwartz+and+Aaron+Newcomb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwit.tv%2Fshow%2Ffloss-weekly%2F237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGackenheimer2013" class="citation cs2">Gackenheimer, Cory (October 2013), <i>Node.js Recipes: A Problem-Solution Approach</i>, <a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-6058-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-6058-5"><bdi>978-1-4302-6058-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Node.js+Recipes%3A+A+Problem-Solution+Approach&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2013-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4302-6058-5&rft.aulast=Gackenheimer&rft.aufirst=Cory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANode.js" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Node.js&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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title="Babel (transcompiler)">Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClojureScript" class="mw-redirect" title="ClojureScript">ClojureScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emscripten" title="Emscripten">Emscripten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Closure_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Closure Compiler">Google Closure Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfik" title="Morfik">Morfik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opa_(programming_language)" title="Opa (programming language)">Opa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSharper" title="WebSharper">WebSharper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_syntax" title="JavaScript syntax">JavaScript syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debuggers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome (browser)">Chrome DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox Inspector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari Web Inspector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Documentation_generator" title="Documentation generator">Doc generators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JSDoc" title="JSDoc">JSDoc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editors <span style="font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_source_code_editors" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based source code editors">comparison</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_(editor)" title="Ace (editor)">Ace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CodeMirror" title="CodeMirror">CodeMirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Table_(software)" title="Light Table (software)">Light Table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhpStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="PhpStorm">PhpStorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eclipse_projects#Top-level_sub-projects" title="List of Eclipse projects">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Studio Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio#Azure_DevOps_Services" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Team Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ECMAScript_engines" title="List of ECMAScript engines">List of ECMAScript engines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks">Comparison of JavaScript frameworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">List of JavaScript libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnpm" 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