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class="mw-page-title-main">Runtime system</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B0_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC" title="نظام تنفيذ البرامج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام تنفيذ البرامج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%9Bhov%C3%A9_prost%C5%99ed%C3%AD" title="Běhové prostředí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Běhové prostředí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laufzeitumgebung" title="Laufzeitumgebung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laufzeitumgebung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_en_tiempo_de_ejecuci%C3%B3n" title="Sistema en tiempo de ejecución – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema en tiempo de ejecución" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سیستم زمان اجرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیستم زمان اجرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environnement_d%27ex%C3%A9cution" title="Environnement d'exécution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Environnement d'exécution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%ED%83%80%EC%9E%84_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="런타임 시스템 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="런타임 시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startala_environmento" title="Startala environmento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Startala environmento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-time_system" title="Run-time system – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Run-time system" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futtat%C3%B3k%C3%B6rnyezet" title="Futtatókörnyezet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Futtatókörnyezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="ランタイムシステム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ランタイムシステム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_tempo_de_execu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema de tempo de execução – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de tempo de execução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Среда выполнения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Среда выполнения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_i_koh%C3%ABs_s%C3%AB_ekzekutimit" title="Sistemi i kohës së ekzekutimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi i kohës së ekzekutimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behov%C3%A9_prostredie" title="Behové prostredie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Behové prostredie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Runtime_environment&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime environment">Runtime environment</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer system that provides behavior needed by running code</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="margin-top: 0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">Program execution</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> General concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translator_(computing)" title="Translator (computing)">Translation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">Compile time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimizing_compiler" title="Optimizing compiler">Optimizing compiler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation">Intermediate representation</a> (IR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">Execution</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runtime system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)#Runtime" title="Execution (computing)">Runtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">Executable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Types of code</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">Source code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">Object code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">Bytecode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Compilation strategies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">Ahead-of-time</a> (AOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">Just-in-time</a> (JIT) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_just-in-time_compilation" title="Tracing just-in-time compilation">Tracing just-in-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compile_and_go_system" title="Compile and go system">Compile and go system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precompilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Precompilation">Precompilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Transcompilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_recompilation" title="Dynamic recompilation">Recompilation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Notable runtimes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a> (ART)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEAM_(Erlang_virtual_machine)" title="BEAM (Erlang virtual machine)">BEAM</a> (Erlang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a> (CLR) and <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)#Code_Execution_Engine" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> and <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crt0" title="Crt0">crt0</a> (<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> target-specific initializer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> (JVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuaJIT" title="LuaJIT">LuaJIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>'s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zend_Engine" title="Zend Engine">Zend Engine</a> (PHP)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Notable compilers & toolchains</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">MSVC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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<p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>, a <b>runtime system</b> or <b>runtime environment</b> is a sub-system that exists in the computer where a program is created, as well as in the computers where the program is intended to be run. The name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">compile time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a> division from <a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled languages</a>, which similarly distinguishes the computer processes involved in the creation of a program (compilation) and its execution in the target machine (the runtime).<sup id="cite_ref-Aho_2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aho_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> have some form of runtime system that provides an environment in which programs run. This environment may address a number of issues including the <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">management</a> of application <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a>, how the program accesses <a href="/wiki/Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">variables</a>, mechanisms for passing parameters between <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">procedures</a>, interfacing with the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> (OS), among others. The <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> makes assumptions depending on the specific runtime system to generate correct code. Typically the runtime system will have some responsibility for setting up and managing the <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">stack</a> and <a href="/wiki/C_dynamic_memory_allocation" title="C dynamic memory allocation">heap</a>, and may include features such as <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">threads</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">dynamic</a> features built into the language.<sup id="cite_ref-Aho_2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aho_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runtime_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every programming language specifies an <a href="/wiki/Execution_model" title="Execution model">execution model</a>, and many implement at least part of that model in a runtime system. One possible definition of runtime system behavior, among others, is "any behavior not directly attributable to the program itself". This definition includes putting parameters onto the stack before function calls, parallel execution of related behaviors, and disk <a href="/wiki/Input/Output" class="mw-redirect" title="Input/Output">I/O</a>. </p><p>By this definition, essentially every language has a runtime system, including <a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">interpreted languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Embedded_domain-specific_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded domain-specific language">embedded domain-specific languages</a>. Even <a href="/wiki/Application_Program_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Program Interface">API</a>-invoked standalone execution models, such as <a href="/wiki/Pthreads" title="Pthreads">Pthreads</a> (<a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">threads</a>), have a runtime system that implements the execution model's behavior. </p><p>Most scholarly papers on runtime systems focus on the implementation details of parallel runtime systems. A notable example of a parallel runtime system is <a href="/wiki/Cilk" title="Cilk">Cilk</a>, a popular parallel programming model.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumofe_1995_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumofe_1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proto-runtime toolkit was created to simplify the creation of parallel runtime systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Proto_2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proto_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to execution model behavior, a runtime system may also perform support services such as <a href="/wiki/Type_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Type checking">type checking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Code_generation_(compiler)" title="Code generation (compiler)">code generation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Code_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Code optimization">optimization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Appel_1989_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appel_1989-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>comparison between concepts similar to runtime system </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>Runtime environment </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Software platform</a> that provides an environment for executing code </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a>, <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Software_engine" title="Software engine">Engine</a> </td> <td>Component of a runtime environment that executes code by compiling or interpreting it </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engine</a> in web browsers, <a href="/wiki/Java_Virtual_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Virtual Machine">Java Virtual Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a> </td> <td>Type of engine that reads and executes code line by line, without compiling the entire program beforehand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> interpreter, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_MRI" title="Ruby MRI">Ruby MRI</a>, JavaScript (in some cases) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT interpreter</a> </td> <td>Type of interpreter that dynamically compiles code into machine instructions at runtime, optimizing the code for faster execution </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a>, <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a> interpreter </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_runtime_environments">Relation to runtime environments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runtime_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relation to runtime environments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The runtime system is also the gateway through which a running program interacts with the <b>runtime environment</b>. The runtime environment includes not only accessible state values, but also active entities with which the program can interact during execution. For example, <a href="/wiki/Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">environment variables</a> are features of many operating systems, and are part of the runtime environment; a running program can access them via the runtime system. Likewise, hardware devices such as disks or DVD drives are active entities that a program can interact with via a runtime system. </p><p>One unique application of a runtime environment is its use within an operating system that <i>only</i> allows it to run. In other words, from boot until power-down, the entire OS is dedicated to only the application(s) running within that runtime environment. Any other code that tries to run, or any failures in the application(s), will break the runtime environment. Breaking the runtime environment in turn breaks the OS, stopping all processing and requiring a reboot. If the boot is from read-only memory, an extremely secure, simple, single-mission system is created. </p><p>Examples of such directly bundled runtime systems include: </p> <ul><li>Between 1983 and 1984, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> offered several of their business and education applications for the IBM PC on bootable floppy diskettes bundled with <a href="/wiki/SpeedStart_CP/M-86" class="mw-redirect" title="SpeedStart CP/M-86">SpeedStart CP/M-86</a>, a reduced version of CP/M-86 as runtime environment.<sup id="cite_ref-DRI_1983_SpeedStart_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRI_1983_SpeedStart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DRI_1984_MicroNotes2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRI_1984_MicroNotes2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BYTE_1984-02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYTE_1984-02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PCMag_1984-02_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCMag_1984-02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PCMag_1983-12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCMag_1983-12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some stand-alone versions of <a href="/wiki/Ventura_Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventura Publisher">Ventura Publisher</a> (1986–1993),<sup id="cite_ref-Krautter_1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krautter_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Artline_(illustration_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artline (illustration program)">Artline</a> (1988–1991),<sup id="cite_ref-Krautter_1999_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krautter_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timeworks_Publisher" title="Timeworks Publisher">Timeworks Publisher</a> (1988–1991) and <a href="/wiki/ViewMAX" title="ViewMAX">ViewMAX</a> (1990–1992)<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_1999_Differences_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_1999_Differences-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contained special runtime versions of Digital Research's <a href="/wiki/GEM_(desktop_environment)" title="GEM (desktop environment)">GEM</a> as their runtime environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Krautter_1999_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krautter_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/JP_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Software">JP Software</a>'s command line processor <a href="/wiki/4DOS" title="4DOS">4DOS</a> was optionally available in a special runtime version to be linked with <a href="/wiki/BATCOMP" class="mw-redirect" title="BATCOMP">BATCOMP</a> pre-compiled and encrypted <a href="/wiki/Batch_job" class="mw-redirect" title="Batch job">batch jobs</a> in order to create unmodifiable <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executables</a> from batch scripts and run them on systems without 4DOS installed.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgiev_2008_4DOS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgiev_2008_4DOS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runtime_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The runtime system of the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C language</a> is a particular set of instructions inserted by the compiler into the executable image. Among other things, these instructions manage the process stack, create space for local variables, and copy function call parameters onto the top of the stack. </p><p>There are often no clear criteria for determining which language behaviors are part of the runtime system itself and which can be determined by any particular source program. For example, in C, the setup of the stack is part of the runtime system. It is not determined by the semantics of an individual program because the behavior is globally invariant: it holds over all executions. This systematic behavior implements the <a href="/wiki/Execution_model" title="Execution model">execution model</a> of the language, as opposed to implementing <a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">semantics</a> of the particular program (in which text is directly translated into code that computes results). </p><p>This separation between the semantics of a particular program and the runtime environment is reflected by the different ways of compiling a program: compiling source code to an <a href="/wiki/Object_file" title="Object file">object file</a> that contains all the functions versus compiling an entire program to an executable binary. The object file will only contain assembly code relevant to the included functions, while the executable binary will contain additional code that implements the runtime environment. The object file, on one hand, may be missing information from the runtime environment that will be resolved by <a href="/wiki/Linking_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Linking (computing)">linking</a>. On the other hand, the code in the object file still depends on assumptions in the runtime system; for example, a function may read parameters from a particular register or stack location, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Calling_convention" title="Calling convention">calling convention</a> used by the runtime environment. </p><p>Another example is the case of using an <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interface</a> (API) to interact with a runtime system. The calls to that API look the same as calls to a regular <a href="/wiki/Software_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Software library">software library</a>, however at some point during the call the execution model changes. The runtime system implements an execution model different from that of the language the library is written in terms of. A person reading the code of a normal library would be able to understand the library's behavior by just knowing the language the library was written in. However, a person reading the code of the API that invokes a runtime system would not be able to understand the behavior of the API call just by knowing the language the call was written in. At some point, via some mechanism, the execution model stops being that of the language the call is written in and switches over to being the execution model implemented by the runtime system. For example, the trap instruction is one method of switching execution models. This difference is what distinguishes an API-invoked execution model, such as Pthreads, from a usual software library. Both Pthreads calls and software library calls are invoked via an API, but Pthreads behavior cannot be understood in terms of the language of the call. Rather, Pthreads calls bring into play an outside execution model, which is implemented by the Pthreads runtime system (this runtime system is often the OS kernel). </p><p>As an extreme example, the physical CPU itself can be viewed as an implementation of the runtime system of a specific assembly language. In this view, the execution model is implemented by the physical CPU and memory systems. As an analogy, runtime systems for higher-level languages are themselves implemented using some other languages. This creates a hierarchy of runtime systems, with the CPU itself—or actually its logic at the <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> layer or below—acting as the lowest-level runtime system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advanced_features">Advanced features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runtime_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advanced features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some compiled or interpreted languages provide an interface that allows application code to interact directly with the runtime system. An example is the <code>Thread</code> class in the <a href="/wiki/Java_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Java language">Java language</a>. The class allows code (that is animated by one thread) to do things such as start and stop other threads. Normally, core aspects of a language's behavior such as <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">task scheduling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resource_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource (computer science)">resource management</a> are not accessible in this fashion. </p><p>Higher-level behaviors implemented by a runtime system may include tasks such as drawing text on the screen or making an Internet connection. It is often the case that <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> provide these kinds of behaviors as well, and when available, the runtime system is implemented as an <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">abstraction layer</a> that translates the invocation of the runtime system into an invocation of the operating system. This hides the complexity or variations in the services offered by different operating systems. This also implies that the OS kernel can itself be viewed as a runtime system, and that the set of OS calls that invoke OS behaviors may be viewed as interactions with a runtime system. </p><p>In the limit, the runtime system may provide services such as a <a href="/wiki/P-code_machine" title="P-code machine">P-code machine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>, that hide even the processor's <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a>. This is the approach followed by many <a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">interpreted languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">AWK</a>, and some languages like <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, which are meant to be compiled into some machine-independent <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation">intermediate representation</a> code (such as <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a>). This arrangement simplifies the task of language implementation and its adaptation to different machines, and improves efficiency of sophisticated language features such as <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective programming</a>. It also allows the same program to be executed on any machine without an explicit recompiling step, a feature that has become very important since the proliferation of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. To speed up execution, some runtime systems feature <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> to machine code. </p><p>A modern aspect of runtime systems is parallel execution behaviors, such as the behaviors exhibited by mutex constructs in <a href="/wiki/Pthreads" title="Pthreads">Pthreads</a> and parallel section constructs in <a href="/wiki/OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a>. A runtime system with such parallel execution behaviors may be <a href="/wiki/Modularity" title="Modularity">modularized</a> according to the proto-runtime approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runtime_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable early examples of runtime systems are the interpreters for <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>. These environments also included a <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collector</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a> is an early example of a language designed to be compiled into intermediate representation code; its runtime system was a virtual machine that interpreted that code. Another popular, if theoretical, example is <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MIX_(abstract_machine)" title="MIX (abstract machine)">MIX</a> computer. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and later languages that supported dynamic memory allocation, the runtime system also included a library that managed the program's memory pool. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented programming language">object-oriented programming languages</a>, the runtime system was often also responsible for dynamic type checking and resolving method references. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runtime_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_model" title="Execution model">Execution model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_model" title="Programming model">Programming model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">Runtime (program lifecycle phase)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-booter" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-booter">Self-booter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_build" title="Static build">Static build</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runtime_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aho_2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aho_2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aho_2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhoLamSethiUllman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Aho" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred V. Aho">Aho, Alfred V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Monica_Sin-Ling_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Monica Sin-Ling Lam">Lam, Monica Sin-Ling</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Sethi" title="Ravi Sethi">Sethi, Ravi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_David_Ullman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey David Ullman">Ullman, Jeffrey David</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compilers00alfr_0/page/427"><i>Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Boston, MA, US: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compilers00alfr_0/page/427">427</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-48681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-48681-3"><bdi>978-0-321-48681-3</bdi></a>. <q>The compiler must cooperate with the operating system and other systems software to support these abstractions on the target machine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compilers%3A+Principles%2C+Techniques+and+Tools&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA%2C+US&rft.pages=427&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-321-48681-3&rft.aulast=Aho&rft.aufirst=Alfred+V.&rft.au=Lam%2C+Monica+Sin-Ling&rft.au=Sethi%2C+Ravi&rft.au=Ullman%2C+Jeffrey+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompilers00alfr_0%2Fpage%2F427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blumofe_1995-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blumofe_1995_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumofeJoergKuszmaulLeiserson1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_David_Blumofe" class="extiw" title="de:Robert David Blumofe">Blumofe, Robert David</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; Joerg, Christopher F.; Kuszmaul, Bradley C.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Randall, Keith H.; Zhou, Yuli (August 1995). "Cilk: An efficient multithreaded runtime system". <i>Proceedings of the fifth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming</i>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM). pp. 207–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F209936.209958">10.1145/209936.209958</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897917001" title="Special:BookSources/9780897917001"><bdi>9780897917001</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221936412">221936412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cilk%3A+An+efficient+multithreaded+runtime+system&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+fifth+ACM+SIGPLAN+symposium+on+Principles+and+practice+of+parallel+programming&rft.pages=207-216&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery+%28ACM%29&rft.date=1995-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221936412%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F209936.209958&rft.isbn=9780897917001&rft.aulast=Blumofe&rft.aufirst=Robert+David&rft.au=Joerg%2C+Christopher+F.&rft.au=Kuszmaul%2C+Bradley+C.&rft.au=Leiserson%2C+Charles+E.&rft.au=Randall%2C+Keith+H.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Yuli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proto_2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proto_2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpen_Source_Research_Institute2011" class="citation web cs1">Open Source Research Institute (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensourceresearchinstitute.org/pmwiki.php/PRT/HomePage">"Welcome to the Proto-Runtime Toolkit Home Page"</a>. <i>The Proto-Runtime Toolkit (PRT)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211151102/http://opensourceresearchinstitute.org/pmwiki.php/PRT/HomePage">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Proto-Runtime+Toolkit+%28PRT%29&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Proto-Runtime+Toolkit+Home+Page&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Open+Source+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopensourceresearchinstitute.org%2Fpmwiki.php%2FPRT%2FHomePage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appel_1989-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Appel_1989_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppel1989" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_Appel" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Wilson Appel">Appel, Andrew Wilson</a> (May 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235941/https://users-cs.au.dk/hosc/local/LaSC-3-4-pp343-380.pdf">"A Runtime System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users-cs.au.dk/hosc/local/LaSC-3-4-pp343-380.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Runtime+System&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=1989-05&rft.aulast=Appel&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusers-cs.au.dk%2Fhosc%2Flocal%2FLaSC-3-4-pp343-380.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRI_1983_SpeedStart-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRI_1983_SpeedStart_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/digitalResearch/brochures/CPM_PC_Applications_Library_Brochure_1983.pdf">"Look What's New in the CP/M Applications Library for the IBM PC - Time Saver Offer - Get Concurrent CP/M Free"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Product flyer). Pacific Grove, California, US: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Research, Inc.">Digital Research, Inc.</a> 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211120820/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/digitalResearch/brochures/CPM_PC_Applications_Library_Brochure_1983.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-11</span></span>. <q>[…] <a href="/wiki/SpeedStart_(Digital_Research)" class="mw-redirect" title="SpeedStart (Digital Research)">SpeedStart</a> makes our software easier to use. All of the software in the CP/M Applications Library has the new SpeedStart version of the <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M</a> Operating System embedded right on the program disk. All you have to do to use these applications is to slip the disk into your <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>, turn on the system, and you are ready to go. This eliminates the need to load a separate operating system, change disks, and boot the applications program. SpeedStart software from the CP/M Applications Library also: […] Provides you with a free run-time version of CP/M […] Eliminates the need to install each new applications program […] Gives you compatibility with <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>'s powerful 16-bit operating system, <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a>, and the state-of-the-art, multi-tasking <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_CP/M" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent CP/M">Concurrent CP/M</a> Operating System. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Look+What%27s+New+in+the+CP%2FM+Applications+Library+for+the+IBM+PC+-+Time+Saver+Offer+-+Get+Concurrent+CP%2FM+Free&rft.place=Pacific+Grove%2C+California%2C+US&rft.pub=Digital+Research%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fpdf%2FdigitalResearch%2Fbrochures%2FCPM_PC_Applications_Library_Brochure_1983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRI_1984_MicroNotes2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRI_1984_MicroNotes2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_full.pdf">"DRI ships 128K version of Dr. Logo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Micro_Notes_(Digital_Research)" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Notes (Digital Research)">Micro Notes</a> - Technical information on Digital Research products</i>. Vol. 2, no. 2. Pacific Grove, CA, US: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Research, Inc.">Digital Research, Inc.</a> May 1984. p. 4. NWS-106-002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211005618/https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-11</span></span>. <q>[…] <a href="/wiki/Dr._Logo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Logo">Dr. Logo</a> first appeared on the retail market in fall of 1983 for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> and climbed to the top of the <a href="/wiki/Softsel_Hot_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Softsel Hot List">Softsel Hot List</a>. The retail release included <a href="/wiki/SpeedStart_CP/M" class="mw-redirect" title="SpeedStart CP/M">SpeedStart CP/M</a>, an abridged version of <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M</a> that <a href="/wiki/Self-booting_disk" title="Self-booting disk">boots automatically</a> when the system is turned on. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micro+Notes+-+Technical+information+on+Digital+Research+products&rft.atitle=DRI+ships+128K+version+of+Dr.+Logo&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1984-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.z80cpu.eu%2Fmirrors%2Foldcomputers.dyndns.org%2Fpublic%2Fpub%2Fmanuals%2FDRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1%2C2%2C3_full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211102248/https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_bw_full.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BYTE_1984-02-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BYTE_1984-02_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDigital_Research_Inc.1984" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Research_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Research Inc.">Digital Research Inc.</a> (February 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks">"Introducing software for the IBM PC with a $350 bonus!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BYTE" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE">BYTE</a></i> (Advertisement). Vol. 9, no. 2. pp. 216–217<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=Introducing+software+for+the+IBM+PC+with+a+%24350+bonus%21&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=216-217&rft.date=1984-02&rft.au=Digital+Research+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyte-magazine-1984-02%2F1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks_djvu.txt">[2]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks_text.pdf">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCMag_1984-02-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PCMag_1984-02_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDigital_Research_Inc.1984" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Research_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Research Inc.">Digital Research Inc.</a> (1984-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211115846/https://books.google.de/books?id=knOwBOkBuYQC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&ots=wrzS73haVu&focus=viewport&dq=SpeedStart+CP/M&hl=de#v=onepage&q=SpeedStart%20CP%2FM&f=false">"Introducing software for the IBM PC with a $350 bonus!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i> (Advertisement). Vol. 3, no. 2. <a href="/wiki/PC_Communications_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="PC Communications Corp.">PC Communications Corp.</a> pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0745-2500">0745-2500</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=knOwBOkBuYQC&pg=PA50">the original</a> on 2020-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Introducing+software+for+the+IBM+PC+with+a+%24350+bonus%21&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50-51&rft.date=1984-02-07&rft.issn=0745-2500&rft.au=Digital+Research+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DknOwBOkBuYQC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCMag_1983-12-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PCMag_1983-12_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDigital_Research_Inc.1983" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Research_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Research Inc.">Digital Research Inc.</a> (December 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211121942/https://books.google.de/books?id=05wAGZQlo9QC&pg=PA307&lpg=PA307&ots=gfufeFoUAr&focus=viewport&dq=SpeedStart+CP/M&hl=de#v=onepage&q=SpeedStart%20CP%2FM&f=false">"Introducing software for the IBM PC with a $350 bonus!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i> (Advertisement). Vol. 2, no. 7. <a href="/wiki/PC_Communications_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="PC Communications Corp.">PC Communications Corp.</a> pp. 306–307. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0745-2500">0745-2500</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05wAGZQlo9QC&pg=PA307">the original</a> on 2020-02-11. <q>[…] Introducing <a href="/wiki/SpeedStart_(Digital_Research)" class="mw-redirect" title="SpeedStart (Digital Research)">SpeedStart</a> - the exclusive load-&-go software system. The CP/M Applications Library offers more than just the best name-brand <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> software in the business. Each of our applications delivers the unmatched convenience of our exclusive SpeedStart single-disk system. SpeedStart is a special version of the powerful <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a> operating system that's built into each of our software disks. When you're ready to work, just load the disk, turn on your IBM PC and go! SpeedStart eliminates the time-consuming task of loading a separate operating disk and then "installing" the software. In fact, the SpeedStart system gets you to work faster and easier than any other software available today. Best of all, it's yours at no extra cost. What's more, SpeedStart can be by-passed to run software under the IBM PC operating system of the future - the remarkable, multi-tasking <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_CP/M" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent CP/M">Concurrent CP/M</a>. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Introducing+software+for+the+IBM+PC+with+a+%24350+bonus%21&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=306-307&rft.date=1983-12&rft.issn=0745-2500&rft.au=Digital+Research+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05wAGZQlo9QC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krautter_1999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krautter_1999_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krautter_1999_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krautter_1999_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrautterBarnes2006" class="citation web cs1">Krautter, Thomas; Barnes, Chris J. (2006-06-14) [1999-12-29]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simpits.org/pipermail/gem-dev/2006-June/001176.html">"GEM/4"</a>. <i>GEM Development</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316085447/http://www.simpits.org/pipermail/gem-dev/2006-June/001176.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-12</span></span>. <q>[…] the <a href="/wiki/Artline_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Artline 2">Artline 2</a> Operating System has been <a href="/wiki/GEM/4" class="mw-redirect" title="GEM/4">GEM/4</a> […] all changes to GEM/4 have been made in cooperation with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Lorenzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Lorenzen (page does not exist)">Lee Lorenzen</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_Heiskell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don Heiskell (page does not exist)">Don Heiskell</a> to keep compatibility with <a href="/wiki/Ventura_Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventura Publisher">ventura publisher</a>. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GEM+Development&rft.atitle=GEM%2F4&rft.date=2006-06-14&rft.aulast=Krautter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Chris+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simpits.org%2Fpipermail%2Fgem-dev%2F2006-June%2F001176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott_1999_Differences-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_1999_Differences_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1999" class="citation web cs1">Elliott, John C. (1999-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/viewmax.html">"A comparison between GEM and ViewMAX"</a>. <i>Seasip.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107214528/http://www.seasip.info/Gem/viewmax.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seasip.info&rft.atitle=A+comparison+between+GEM+and+ViewMAX&rft.date=1999-05-09&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seasip.info%2FGem%2Fviewmax.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paul, Matthias R. (1997-04-13) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm"><i>DRDOS6UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von DR DOS 6.0</i></a> (in German) (60 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107122830/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DRDOS6UN.TXT+%E2%80%94+Zusammenfassung+der+dokumentierten+und+undokumentierten+F%C3%A4higkeiten+von+DR+DOS+6.0&rft.edition=60&rft.date=1997-04-13&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antonis.de%2Fdos%2Fdos-tuts%2Fmpdostip%2Fhtml%2Fdrdos6un.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paul, Matthias R. (1997-06-07) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm"><i>NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7</i></a> (in German) (85 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107122352/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NWDOS7UN.TXT+%E2%80%94+Zusammenfassung+der+dokumentierten+und+undokumentierten+F%C3%A4higkeiten+von+Novell+DOS+7&rft.edition=85&rft.date=1997-06-07&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antonis.de%2Fdos%2Fdos-tuts%2Fmpdostip%2Fhtml%2Fnwdos7un.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgiev_2008_4DOS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Georgiev_2008_4DOS_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiev2008" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2008-11-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comp.os.msdos.4dos.narkive.com/n1520jJ6/runtime-version-of-4dos-batcomp-and-batch-file-encryption">"Runtime version of 4DOS, BATCOMP and batch file encryption"</a>. <i>Narkive Newsgroup Archive</i>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.msdos.4dos">comp.os.msdos.4dos</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111224939/https://comp.os.msdos.4dos.narkive.com/n1520jJ6/runtime-version-of-4dos-batcomp-and-batch-file-encryption">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Runtime+version+of+4DOS%2C+BATCOMP+and+batch+file+encryption&rft.pub=comp.os.msdos.4dos&rft.date=2008-11-02&rft.aulast=Georgiev&rft.aufirst=Luchezar+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomp.os.msdos.4dos.narkive.com%2Fn1520jJ6%2Fruntime-version-of-4dos-batcomp-and-batch-file-encryption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runtime_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.os2museum.com/files/ENTX6L.ASM">"NAME ENTX - Microsoft MS-DOS Computer Pascal runtime system control"</a>. 1.00. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corp">Microsoft Corp</a>. 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180923200914/http://www.os2museum.com/files/ENTX6L.ASM">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAME+ENTX+-+Microsoft+MS-DOS+Computer+Pascal+runtime+system+control&rft.series=1.00&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corp&rft.date=1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.os2museum.com%2Ffiles%2FENTX6L.ASM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuntime+system" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runtime_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/run-time" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:run-time"><i>run-time</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runtime_system&oldid=1245152116">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runtime_system&oldid=1245152116</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Run-time_systems" title="Category:Run-time systems">Run-time systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computing_platforms" title="Category:Computing platforms">Computing platforms</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2020">Use dmy dates from January 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 September 2024, at 09:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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