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<span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standardization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contradicting_Type_A_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contradicting_Type_A_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Contradicting Type A standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contradicting_Type_A_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CEA-805_CGMS-A_Type_B_confusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CEA-805_CGMS-A_Type_B_confusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>CEA-805 CGMS-A Type B confusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CEA-805_CGMS-A_Type_B_confusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signalling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signalling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Signalling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signalling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Copy protection mechanism for analog TV signals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/CGMS-A" title="Special:EditPage/CGMS-A">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22CGMS-A%22">"CGMS-A"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22CGMS-A%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22CGMS-A%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22CGMS-A%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22CGMS-A%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22CGMS-A%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Copy Generation Management System – Analog</b> (<b>CGMS-A</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">copy protection</a> mechanism for <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> signals. It consists of a waveform inserted into the non-picture <a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">vertical blanking interval</a> (VBI) of an analogue video signal. If a compatible recording device (for example, a <a href="/wiki/DVD_recorder" title="DVD recorder">DVD recorder</a>) detects this waveform, it may block or restrict recording of the video content. </p><p>It is not the same as the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">broadcast flag</a>, which is designed for use in <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> signals, although the concept is the same.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a digital form of CGMS specified as CGMS-D which is required by the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Transmission_Content_Protection" title="Digital Transmission Content Protection">DTCP</a> ("5C") protection standard. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGMS-A&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CGMS-A has been in existence since 1995, and has been standardized by various organizations including the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> and EIA/<a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Electronics Association">CEA</a>. It is used in devices such as PVRs/DVRs, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> players and recorders, <a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> recorders, as well certain television broadcasts. More recent <a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a> firmware releases comply with CGMS-A signals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGMS-A&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Implementation of CGMS-A is required for certain applications by <a href="/wiki/DVD_CCA" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD CCA">DVD CCA</a> license. <a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a> and some <a href="/wiki/DVD_recorder" title="DVD recorder">DVD recorders</a> comply with CGMS-A signal on analog inputs. The technology requires minimal signal processing. </p><p>Where the source signal is analogue (e.g. VHS, analogue broadcast), the CGMS-A signalling may be present in that source. </p><p>Where the source signal is digital (e.g. DVD, digital broadcast), then the Copy Control Information (CCI) is carried in metadata in the digital transport or program stream, and a compliant hardware device (e.g. a DVD player) will read that data, and encode it into the analogue video signal generated within the device itself. </p><p>There is no blanket legal requirement for devices which record video to detect or act upon the CGMS-A information. For example, the DMCA "does not require manufacturers of consumer electronics, telecommunications or computing equipment to design their products affirmatively to respond to any particular technological measure.".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGMS-A&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CGMS-A is standardized through the IEC, CEA, EIA-J and ETSI as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Video Format</th> <th>Standard</th> <th>Line number(s)</th> <th>Bit number(s)</th> <th>Type </th></tr> <tr> <td>480i60 (525i / "NTSC")</td> <td>IEC-61880</td> <td>20, 283</td> <td>7, 8</td> <td><i>A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>480i60 (525i / "NTSC")</td> <td>CEA-608</td> <td>284</td> <td>4, 3</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>480p60 (525p)</td> <td>EIA-J CPR1204-1</td> <td>41</td> <td>–</td> <td><i>A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>480p60 (525p)</td> <td>IEC-61880-2</td> <td>41</td> <td>7, 8</td> <td><i>A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>480p60 (525p)</td> <td>CEA-805</td> <td>41</td> <td>7, 8</td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr> <td>480p60 (525p)</td> <td>CEA-805</td> <td>40</td> <td>38 (G<sub>0</sub>), 39 (G<sub>1</sub>)</td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr> <td>720p60</td> <td>CEA-805</td> <td>24</td> <td>7, 8</td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr> <td>720p60</td> <td>CEA-805</td> <td>23</td> <td>38 (G<sub>0</sub>), 39 (G<sub>1</sub>)</td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr> <td>1080i60</td> <td>CEA-805</td> <td>19, 582</td> <td>7, 8</td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr> <td>1080i60</td> <td>CEA-805</td> <td>18, 581</td> <td>38 (G<sub>0</sub>), 39 (G<sub>1</sub>)</td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr> <td>576i50 (625i / "PAL")</td> <td>EN-300-294</td> <td>23</td> <td>12, 13</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>576p50 (625p)</td> <td>IEC-62375</td> <td>43</td> <td>12, 13</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In all these standards, the CGMS-A information is only two out of many bits of information that are defined. </p><p><b>On 60 Hz systems</b> (commonly known as "NTSC"), the system is highly extensible, though beyond the CGMS-A bits, only the aspect ratio of the video signal and the analogue protection system (APS) bits are commonly used. The signalling is typically present on every video frame, but CEA-805-D states that "the transmission rate for any given packet type defined in CEA-805-D shall be at least once every three frames", meaning that in theory for two out of three frames, different header values can be used to send data not defined in the standard. Type A signalling (20 bits in total; the only type defined for 480i) offers some extensibility by re-using the 14 data bits via one of the 14 undefined values for the four header bits. Type B signalling (134 bits in total) already defines bits to carry an <a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">Active Format Description</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Redistribution_Control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redistribution Control (page does not exist)">Redistribution Control</a>, and a pixel-accurate definition of the location of any <a href="/wiki/Letterbox_(filming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Letterbox (filming)">letterbox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pillarbox" title="Pillarbox">pillarbox</a> bars in the image, plus two bytes reserved for future use. Different header bit values may also be used for further extensibility. </p><p><b>On 50 Hz systems</b> (commonly, though incorrectly known as "PAL"), the bits that are widely used and interpreted as CGMS-A are not named as such, and are added at the end of an existing signalling standard originally created for the <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a> video format (but still in common use in Europe in standard PAL video) called <a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contradicting_Type_A_standards">Contradicting Type A standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGMS-A&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contradicting Type A standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some references quote EIA-J CPR1204-1 as the authoritative reference for CGMS-A on 480p60 (525p) systems, since this was the first published standard to mention CGMS-A on 480p. This EIA-J document does not define the meaning of the bits, only their timing on the analogue video signal. The 480p signalling is based on the existing 480i standard but with a double speed clock, and IEC-61880-2 formalises this by defining bit meanings which are the same as for 480i. However, CEA-805 re-defines the aspect ratio signalling bits. Hence 480p Type A line 40 CGMMS-A data generated in accordance with CEA-805 cannot signal the aspect ratio of the video image, and in this way is incompatible with the same data generated in accordance with IEC-61880-2, and is no longer a straight "double speed clock" version of the 480i standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CEA-805_CGMS-A_Type_B_confusion">CEA-805 CGMS-A Type B confusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGMS-A&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: CEA-805 CGMS-A Type B confusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CEA-805 is now on its fourth major version (CEA-805-D), and there have been errata issued to at least one version. CEA-805-D recognises that, in respect of Type B signalling, earlier versions of the standard were unclear regarding the <i>order</i> of bits as represented in the analogue video signal vs as used for the CRC calculation, and also <i>which</i> bits were to be used for the CRC calculation. Issue D requires sink devices to perform multiple CRC calculations for Type B signalling, taking account of various possible implementations in source devices. There is no such confusion surrounding Type A signalling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signalling">Signalling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGMS-A&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Signalling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CEA-608-B specifies meaning of the 7-bit field placed on the data lines. The bits 4 and 3 contain the CGMS-A values, the bits 2 and 1 contain the <a href="/wiki/Analog_Protection_System" title="Analog Protection System">Analog Protection System</a> (APS) value, the bit 0 is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analog_Source_Bit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analog Source Bit (page does not exist)">Analog Source Bit</a> (ASB) specifying if the signal originates from a pre-recorded material, bits 5 and 6 are reserved. </p><p>CGMS-A is signalled by 2 bits in the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">vertical blanking interval</a> (VBI) signal of analog television broadcasts according to the following matrix: </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>CopyFreely </td> <td>Unlimited copies may be made of the content. </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>CopyNoMore* </td> <td>One generation of copies has already been made; no further copying is allowed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>CopyOnce </td> <td>One generation of copies may be made </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>CopyNever </td> <td>No copies may be made of the content. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*CopyNoMore was not a part of the original standard. The 0,1 value originally was "Reserved". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Removal">Removal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGMS-A&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The signal itself can be easily stripped by normalizing the VBI, e.g. using a video stabilizer to counter the side effects from <a href="/wiki/Macrovision" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrovision">Macrovision</a>'s manipulation of the VBI. CGMS-A VBI data is commingled or generally near captioning signals, so removal of CGMS-A will likely remove captioning as well. </p><p>The scheme can be made more robust by adding the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rights_Assertion_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rights Assertion Mark (page does not exist)">Rights Assertion Mark</a> (RAM); when the RAM is present but CGMS-A is not, copying is denied, turning the scheme into a permission-based one. The RAM can be encoded by using the <a href="/wiki/Video_Encoded_Invisible_Light" title="Video Encoded Invisible Light">VEIL</a> technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGMS-A&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techdirt.com/articles/20080529/0258571254.shtml">Techdirt: Microsoft: It's Not The Broadcast Flag, It's A Different Flag</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">THE DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1998 U.S. Copyright Office Summary <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf">http://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGMS-A&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060322040027/http://www.cptwg.org/Assets/TEXT%20FILES/ARDG/CEA%20ARDG%20CGMS-A%203-6-03.ppt">Copy Generation Management System – Analog</a> (PowerPoint)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/gdi/devcons_4h9u.asp">Microsoft VIDEOPARAMETERS structure for Windows GDI video connections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="/wiki/Broadcast_encryption" title="Broadcast encryption">Broadcast encryption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conditional_access" title="Conditional access">Conditional access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CableCARD" title="CableCARD">CableCARD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_access" title="Conditional access">Conditional access system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_security" title="Renewable security">Renewable security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Interface" title="Common Interface">Common Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Scrambling_Algorithm" title="Common Scrambling Algorithm">CSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional-access_module" title="Conditional-access module">Conditional-access module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">DVB-CPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-to-view" title="Free-to-view">FTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">Syndication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">Smart cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Interoperable_Scrambling_System" title="Basic Interoperable Scrambling System">BISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_Videoscape" title="Cisco Videoscape">Cisco Videoscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VideoGuard" title="VideoGuard">VideoGuard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conax" title="Conax">Conax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoworks" title="Cryptoworks">Irdeto Cryptoworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigiCipher_2" title="DigiCipher 2">Digicipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection" title="High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection">HDCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KeyFly" title="KeyFly">KeyFly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagravision" title="Nagravision">Nagravision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerVu" title="PowerVu">PowerVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_Asset_Specification" title="Reusable Asset Specification">RAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagra_France" title="Nagra France">SECA</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediaguard" title="Mediaguard">Mediaguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verimatrix" title="Verimatrix">Verimatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaccess" title="Viaccess">Viaccess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital video disc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_Scramble_System" title="Content Scramble System">Content Scramble System</a> (CSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Access_Content_System" title="Advanced Access Content System">Advanced Access Content System</a> (AACS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD%2B" title="BD+">BD+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorized_domain" title="Authorized domain">Authorized domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-CAS" title="B-CAS">B-CAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_sharing" title="Card sharing">Card sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTA_receiver" title="FTA receiver">FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_decryption" title="Pirate decryption">Pirate decryption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analogue broadcast</a> encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CGMS-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroCrypt" title="EuroCrypt">EuroCrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitch_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Leitch Technology">Leitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Industries" title="Oak Industries">Oak Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videocipher" title="Videocipher">Videocipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoCrypt" title="VideoCrypt">VideoCrypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Free-to-view" title="Free-to-view">free-to-view</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcast_video_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_formats" title="Template:Video formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_formats" title="Template talk:Video formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_video_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Broadcast video formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Television</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">N</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL#PALN" title="PAL">PAL-N</a>, <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1125 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1250 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">BTSC (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ_MTS" title="EIAJ MTS">EIAJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CGMS-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost-canceling_reference" title="Ghost-canceling reference">GCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Delivery_Control" title="Programme Delivery Control">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">VBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Encoded_Invisible_Light" title="Video Encoded Invisible Light">VEIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_interval_timecode" title="Vertical interval timecode">VITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">WSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Data_Services" title="Extended Data Services">XDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_systems_before_1940" title="Television systems before 1940">Pre-1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">Mechanical television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/567-line_television_system" title="567-line television system">567-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">Field-sequential color system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television#OSKM" title="Soviet Central Television">OSKM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">240p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">288p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">576p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">MPEG-2 Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB_3D-TV" title="DVB 3D-TV">DVB 3D-TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS+</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">MPEG-4 AVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards#H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="ATSC standards">ATSC A/72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">MPEG-H HEVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">HD DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">5.1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">AFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">CPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-avs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avs_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avs_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mobaho-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Defunct.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Technical_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Technical issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14:9" class="mw-redirect" title="14:9">14:9 compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">Digital cinema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Cinema Initiative">DCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_image_formats" title="Moving image formats">Moving image formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Standards_Conversion" title="Reverse Standards Conversion">Reverse Standards Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_standards_conversion" title="Television standards conversion">Standards conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">Test card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">Video processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a></li> <li>Templates (<a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics">Analogue TV Topics</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CGMS-A&oldid=1251751700">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CGMS-A&oldid=1251751700</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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