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class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Scandinavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussion_of_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion_of_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Discussion of terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussion_of_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Humanism" title="Category:Humanism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man"><img alt="Vitruvian Man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/200px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/300px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/400px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="3070" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1490</span>)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">History</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism_in_Northern_Europe" title="Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe">in Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism_in_France" title="Humanism in France">in France</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto" title="Humanist Manifesto">Humanist Manifesto</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Forms</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_humanism" title="Existential humanism">Existential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neohumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neohumanism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhumanism" title="Panhumanism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalist_humanism" title="Rationalist humanism">Rationalist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-humanism">Super-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_humanism" title="Theistic humanism">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_humanism" title="Transcendental humanism">Transcendental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Movement" title="Humanist Movement">Universal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organizations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_International" title="Humanist International">Humanist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistischer_Verband_Deutschlands" title="Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands">Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Society_Scotland" title="Humanist Society Scotland">Humanist Society Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Humanist_Association" title="Norwegian Humanist Association">Norwegian Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Ethical_Humanist_Association" title="Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association">Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_Sweden" title="Humanists Sweden">Humanists Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">See also</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Humanity" title="Religion of Humanity">Religion of Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:normal;"> <div class="hlist" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of humanism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humanism" title="Category:Humanism">Category</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanism" title="Template:Humanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanism" title="Template talk:Humanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Religious humanism</b> or <b>ethical humanism</b> is an integration of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist philosophy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">congregational</a> <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rites</a> and community activity that center on human needs, interests, and abilities. Religious humanists set themselves apart from <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanists</a> by characterizing the nontheistic humanist <a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">life stance</a> as a non-supernatural "religion" and structuring their organization around a congregational model. </p><p>In the 21st century, religious humanists commonly unite under the umbrella of <a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical Culture</a> or Ethical Humanism. This phenomenon is primarily centered in the United States. While a British Ethical movement was notably active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it had gradually distanced itself from its "religious" aspects by the 1960s. Instead, it emphasized humanism less as a religious identity and more as a practical label describing rational and non-religious perspectives on <a href="/wiki/Secular_morality" title="Secular morality">morality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">ethics</a>. Ethical Culture and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">religious humanist</a> groups first formed in the United States from <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> ministers who, not believing in God, sought to build a <a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">secular religion</a> influenced by the thinking of French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 20th century the Humanist movement came into conflict only with conservative <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> groups in the United States <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. "<a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a>" has become the most popular form of organized Humanism<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. However, the American Humanist Association notes that it largely emerged from Ethical Culture, Unitarianism and Universalism.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution">French Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Culte de la Raison</i>) was an atheist philosophy devised during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a> and their supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1793 during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the cathedral <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a> was turned into a <a href="/wiki/Temple_to_Reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple to Reason">Temple to Reason</a> and for a time <a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Replicas of the Statue of Liberty">Lady Liberty</a> replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positivism">Positivism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Positivism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1850s, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, the Father of Sociology, founded <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Humanity" title="Religion of Humanity">"religion of humanity"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Humanism_as_the_Next_Step_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humanism_as_the_Next_Step-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auguste Comte was a student and secretary for <a href="/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_Comte_de_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon">Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon</a>, the Father of French Socialism. Auguste Comte coined the term "altruism". </p><p>The BBC notes "While atheism is merely the absence of belief, humanism is a positive attitude to the world, centered on human experience, thought, and hopes."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanistic_Religious_Association">Humanistic Religious Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Humanistic Religious Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest forerunners of contemporary chartered humanist organizations was the Humanistic Religious Association formed in 1853 in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Humanism_as_the_Next_Step_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humanism_as_the_Next_Step-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early group was democratically organized, with male and female members participating in the election of the leadership and promoted knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and the arts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_Culture">Ethical Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ethical Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethical_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical Culture">Ethical Culture</a> movement was founded in 1876. The movement's founder, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Adler_(Society_for_Ethical_Culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Adler (Society for Ethical Culture)">Felix Adler</a>, a former member of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Religious_Association" title="Free Religious Association">Free Religious Association</a>, conceived of Ethical Culture as a new religion that would strip away the accumulated unscientific dogmas of traditional religions while retaining and elevating the ethical message at the heart of all religions. Adler believed that traditional religions would ultimately prove to be incompatible with a scientific worldview. He felt that the vital aspects of religion should not be allowed to fall by the wayside. Religions provided vital functions in encouraging good works. And religions taught important truths about the world, albeit these truths were expressed through metaphors that were not always suited to modern understandings of the world. For example, monotheistic religions were based on a metaphor of an authoritarian monarchy, whereas democratic relationships were now understood to be the ideal. </p><p>Initially, Ethical Culture involved little in the way of ceremony and ritual. Rather, Ethical Culture was religious in the sense of playing a defining role in people's lives and addressing issues of ultimate concern. Some <a href="/wiki/Ethical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical Society">Ethical Societies</a> have subsequently added a degree of <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> as a means of marking special times or providing a tangible reminder of humanistic ideals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the term "humanism" was ever coined or even thought of being integrated into religion it had existed in America in at least an ideological sense for a very long time. Groups like the <a href="/wiki/Free_Religious_Association" title="Free Religious Association">Free Religious Association</a> (FRA) which was formed in 1867 and other less radical groups mainly consisting of extreme forms of early American <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> had existed from the first landings of the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century">20th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1915, a Positivist defined the term "humanism" in a magazine for the British Ethical Societies. Another Unitarian Minister <a href="/wiki/John_H._Dietrich" title="John H. Dietrich">John H. Dietrich</a> read the magazine and adopted the term to describe his own religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Humanism_as_the_Next_Step_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humanism_as_the_Next_Step-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dietrich is considered by some to be the "Father of Religious Humanism" (Olds 1996) particularly for his sermons while serving the <a href="/wiki/First_Unitarian_Society_of_Minneapolis" title="First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis">First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis</a>, which has since been considered the "birthplace of Congregational Humanism."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Potter" title="Charles Francis Potter">Charles Francis Potter</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/First_Humanist_Society_of_New_York" title="First Humanist Society of New York">First Humanist Society of New York</a> whose advisory board included <a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>. Potter was a minister from the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> tradition and in 1930 he and his wife, Clara Cook Potter, published <i>Humanism: A New Religion</i>. Throughout the 1930s Potter was a well known advocate of women's rights, access to birth control, "civil divorce laws", and an end to capital punishment. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_I" title="Humanist Manifesto I">first <i>Humanist Manifesto</i></a> was written in 1933 primarily by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Bragg" title="Raymond Bragg">Raymond Bragg</a> and was published with thirty-four signatories. Unlike its <a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto" title="Humanist Manifesto">subsequent revisions</a>, the first manifesto described a new "<a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>", and referred to humanism as a religious movement meant to transcend and replace previous, deity-based religions. However, it is careful not to outline a <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>. The document outlines a fifteen-point belief system, which, in addition to a secular outlook, opposes "acquisitive and profit-motivated society" and outlines a worldwide egalitarian society based on voluntary mutual cooperation. Bragg and eleven signatories were <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> ministers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Humanity" title="Fellowship of Humanity">Fellowship of Humanity</a> was founded in 1935 by Reverend A. D. Faupel as one of a handful of "humanist churches" seeded in the early 20th century as part of the American Religious Humanism movement. It was the only such organization of that era to survive into the 21st century and is the first and oldest affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Third_New_International_Dictionary" title="Webster's Third New International Dictionary">Webster's Third New International Dictionary</a></i> defined religious humanism as "A modern American movement composed chiefly of non-theistic humanists and humanist churches and dedicated to achieving the ethical goals of religion without beliefs and rites resting upon superstition." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Today">Today</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the US-based self-described Religious Humanist organizations currently active include: </p> <ul><li><b>The Humanist Society</b> (formerly the Humanist Society of Friends) <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (this organization has its roots in the Quaker tradition but today is not exclusively tied to that tradition)</li> <li><b>The Objector Church</b> (founded in 2018 as an interfaith religious humanist community).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Many larger religious bodies include significant numbers of members and clergy who identify as being of humanist persuasion. These groups include </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian Universalists">Unitarian Universalists</a></b> – As many as half or more members of UU congregations have historically identify themselves as humanists when surveyed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanist UU's are represented by the <b>UU Humanist Association (HUUmanists)</b> (formerly the Friends of Religious Humanism)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a> (Quakers)</b> – Groups within the Quaker communities that hold a humanist perspective include <b>Nontheist Friends</b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Judaism</b> – see <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Buddhist</b> – see <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li></ul> <p>Seeking to clarify that the word "religious" in Religious Humanism is not intended to imply a theistic or supernatural belief component, <a href="/wiki/First_Unitarian_Society_of_Minneapolis" title="First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis">First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis</a>, where Dietrich first used the term, has now rebranded the movement as "Congregational Humanism."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The humanist movement first emerged in the UK as a religious "ethical movement" in the 19th century, with the <a href="/wiki/South_Place_Religious_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="South Place Religious Society">South Place Religious Society</a> in London being the largest "ethical church". The remaining UK ethical societies merged in the 1890s to become the Union of Ethical Societies, which was founded and presided over by <a href="/wiki/Stanton_Coit" title="Stanton Coit">Stanton Coit</a>. Ethical societies in the United Kingdom had their heyday in the late 19th century and early 20th century, with hundreds still attending weekly Sunday services at the West London Ethical Society (now part of Humanists UK) and South Place Ethical Society (now Conway Hall) in London in the 1950s. But they did not persist in this form for much longer than that. As time went on, Coit believed it would be advantageous for humanists to consciously organise in church-like structures, and even to think of themselves as congregations as they did in the US, in order to be more appealing to people from a Christian background. But there was a difference of opinion within the movement as to how explicitly to project or emphasise that Ethical Culture was atheistic. Following Coit's tenure, much of his attempts to make humanism more "congregational" were swiftly reversed, and the trend went the other way. Both Conway Hall and the societies that made up the Ethical Union consciously moved away from the congregational model, becoming <a href="/wiki/Conway_Hall" title="Conway Hall">Conway Hall Ethical Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Humanist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Humanist Association">British Humanist Association</a> (BHA) respectively. The BHA later became Humanists UK in the 2010s. </p><p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Assembly" title="Sunday Assembly">Sunday Assembly</a> movement was founded in London as a "godless congregation" which was described in some places as "church for atheists", filling the niche vacated by other humanist groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Scandinavian countries, the popular Danish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a>'s positivist work <i>Etik</i> influenced the development of humanist societies, which in Sweden and Norway styled themselves as "human-ethical associations", alike the Ethical Humanists in America and formerly in Britain. In modern times, the religious humanist/secular humanist distinction has fallen away; Norway, <a href="/wiki/Human-Etisk_Forbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-Etisk Forbund">Human-Etisk Forbund</a> is the name of Norway's humanist association, but it is fully a part of the broader international humanist community, and uses both "humanetikk" and "humanisme" in describing its philosophy. In Sweden, the Human-Ethical Association rebranded as <a href="/wiki/Humanisterna" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanisterna">Humanisterna</a> in 1999, dropping the congregational model as the British had done in the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">organized secularism</a></div> <p>Belgium is broadly divided between its <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>) and <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French-speaking community</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>). In French Belgium, as in France, the secular movement is more concerned with national political organising and manifests nationally as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Centre d'Action Laïque</i></span>. In Flemish Belgium, the group <i>deMens.nu</i> (Humanity Now) brings together local humanist associations who engage in a broader range of activities, including community-based work. As with Humanists UK in the UK, <i>deMens.nu</i> grew from the union of local liberal or freethought associations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussion_of_terminology">Discussion of terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Discussion of terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People writing about religious humanism are careful to distinguish religious humanism from <a href="/wiki/Jewish_humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish humanism">Jewish humanism</a> (nonreligious Jews who are humanists), <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a> (religious Christians asserting the humanitarian aspects of their religion), and <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a> (often simply "humanism", a non-religious approach to life), but confusion inevitably arises.<sup id="cite_ref-Murry_p1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murry_p1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another such term is <a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a>, which refers to an atheistic practice of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> rituals. </p><p>Some experts on humanism, including <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>, argue that there have been deliberate attempts to "muddy the conceptual water... of a complicatedly imprecise philosophical term" by adding the slew of qualifying adjectives to humanism. He asserts that the term "Christian humanism" was first used in 1944, and argues that it has largely been used by Christians "as a way of co‐opting the (to them) amenable aspects of humanism for their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Ethical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ethical Union">American Ethical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary Humanism">Evolutionary Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HumanLight" title="HumanLight">HumanLight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Faith" title="Sea of Faith">Sea of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of religious humanists">List of religious humanists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhumanist.org/what-is-humanism/edwords-what-is-humanism/">"What is Humanism?"</a>. July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Humanism%3F&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhumanist.org%2Fwhat-is-humanism%2Fedwords-what-is-humanism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816042215/http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/chap7c.html">"War, Terror, and Resistance"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/chap7c.html">the original</a> on August 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War%2C+Terror%2C+and+Resistance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchnm.gmu.edu%2Frevolution%2Fchap7c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrick2004" class="citation book cs1">Herrick, James A. (2004-12-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzbobUhvpf4C&q=temple+of+reason+notre+dame+baumer&pg=PA75"><i>The Making of the New Spirituality: The Eclipse of the Western Religious Tradition</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. pp. 75–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830832798" title="Special:BookSources/9780830832798"><bdi>9780830832798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+New+Spirituality%3A+The+Eclipse+of+the+Western+Religious+Tradition&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2004-12-02&rft.isbn=9780830832798&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzbobUhvpf4C%26q%3Dtemple%2Bof%2Breason%2Bnotre%2Bdame%2Bbaumer%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humanism_as_the_Next_Step-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humanism_as_the_Next_Step_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humanism_as_the_Next_Step_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humanism_as_the_Next_Step_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614195856/http://www.americanhumanist.org/publications/morain/chapter-8.html">"Humanism as the Next Step"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanhumanist.org/publications/morain/chapter-8.html">the original</a> on June 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humanism+as+the+Next+Step&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanhumanist.org%2Fpublications%2Fmorain%2Fchapter-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/humanism.shtml#:~:text=Humanism%20is%20an%20approach%20to,human%20nature%20and%20experience%20alone.&text=While%20atheism%20is%20merely%20the,experience%2C%20thought%2C%20and%20hopes.">"BBC - Religions - Atheism: Humanism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+-+Religions+-+Atheism%3A+Humanism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fatheism%2Ftypes%2Fhumanism.shtml%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHumanism%2520is%2520an%2520approach%2520to%2Chuman%2520nature%2520and%2520experience%2520alone.%26text%3DWhile%2520atheism%2520is%2520merely%2520the%2Cexperience%252C%2520thought%252C%2520and%2520hopes.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firstunitarian.org/">"Welcome to First Unitarian Society"</a>. <i>First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uua.org%2Fsites%2Flive-new.uua.org%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fcoa%2Fengagingourtheodiversity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uua.org/beliefs/what-we-believe/beliefs/humanism">"Humanist Unitarian Universalists | UUA.org"</a>. <i>www.uua.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uua.org&rft.atitle=Humanist+Unitarian+Universalists+%7C+UUA.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uua.org%2Fbeliefs%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fbeliefs%2Fhumanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huumanists.org/">"UU Humanist Association"</a>. <i>UU Humanist Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UU+Humanist+Association&rft.atitle=UU+Humanist+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huumanists.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nontheist-quakers.org.uk/">"Nontheist Friends Network"</a>. <i>Nontheist Friends Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nontheist+Friends+Network&rft.atitle=Nontheist+Friends+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnontheist-quakers.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhumanist.org/paths/quakerism/">"Humanist Common Ground: Quakerism"</a>. <i>American Humanist Association</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Humanist+Association&rft.atitle=Humanist+Common+Ground%3A+Quakerism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhumanist.org%2Fpaths%2Fquakerism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.jewishrecon.org/resource/faqs-reconstructionist-approaches-jewish-ideas-and-practices">"FAQs on Reconstructionist Approaches to Jewish Ideas and Practices | Jewish Reconstructionist Community"</a>. <i>archive.jewishrecon.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>. <q>Reconstructionism, which proposes a religious humanist theology, sees God as a power or process working through nature and human beings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.jewishrecon.org&rft.atitle=FAQs+on+Reconstructionist+Approaches+to+Jewish+Ideas+and+Practices+%7C+Jewish+Reconstructionist+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.jewishrecon.org%2Fresource%2Ffaqs-reconstructionist-approaches-jewish-ideas-and-practices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firstunitarian.org/">"Welcome to First Unitarian Society"</a>. <i>First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Unitarian+Society+of+Minneapolis&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+First+Unitarian+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffirstunitarian.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murry_p1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murry_p1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurry2007" class="citation book cs1">Murry, William (2007). "Why I Am a Religious Humanist". <i>Reason and Reverence: Religious Humanism for the 21st Century</i>. Boston: Skinner House Books. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55896-518-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55896-518-8"><bdi>978-1-55896-518-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+I+Am+a+Religious+Humanist&rft.btitle=Reason+and+Reverence%3A+Religious+Humanism+for+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Skinner+House+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55896-518-8&rft.aulast=Murry&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"What is Humanism?" in <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Copson, Andrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/AC_Grayling" class="mw-redirect" title="AC Grayling">Grayling, Anthony</a> (eds.), <i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i> (2015).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>El-Bedawi, Emran, "Humanism, Islamic", in <i>Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God</i> (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. I, pp. 269–272. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-61069-177-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-61069-177-6">1-61069-177-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlds1996" class="citation book cs1">Olds, Mason (1996). "Chapter 4: John H. Dietrich: The Father of Religious Humanism". <i>American Religious Humanism</i> (Revised ed.). Fellowship of Religious Humanists. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+John+H.+Dietrich%3A+The+Father+of+Religious+Humanism&rft.btitle=American+Religious+Humanism&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Fellowship+of+Religious+Humanists&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Olds&rft.aufirst=Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+humanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanist-society.org/">Humanist Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120412091912/http://humanist-society.org/">Archived</a> 2012-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spiritualhumanism.org/">Spiritual Humanism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_topics" title="Template:Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_topics" title="Template talk:Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalist</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Unitarians_and_Universalists" title="International Council of Unitarians and Universalists">ICUU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;">Members:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Australia and New Zealand</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Australia_and_New_Zealand_Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Australia and New Zealand Unitarian Universalist Association">ANZUUA</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Canada</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Unitarian_Council" title="Canadian Unitarian Council">CUC</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_(Unitarian_Universalism)" title="Coming of Age (Unitarian Universalism)">COA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Unitarians_for_Social_Justice" title="Canadian Unitarians for Social Justice">CUSJ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Unitarian_Universalist_Women%27s_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Unitarian Universalist Women's Association">CUUWA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Our_Whole_Lives" title="Our Whole Lives">OWL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USC_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="USC Canada">USCC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_Religious_Unitarian_Universalists" title="Young Religious Unitarian Universalists">YRUU</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Denmark</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarisk_Kirkesamfund" title="Unitarisk Kirkesamfund">UK</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Europe</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/European_Unitarian_Universalists" title="European Unitarian Universalists">EUU</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Germany</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Unitarier_Religionsgemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Unitarier Religionsgemeinschaft">DUR</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Netherlands</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vrijzinnige_Geloofsgemeenschap_NPB" title="Vrijzinnige Geloofsgemeenschap NPB">VGNPB</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Romania</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_Transylvania" title="Unitarian Church of Transylvania">UCT</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">United Kingdom</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">GAUFCC</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Christian_Association" title="Unitarian Christian Association">UCA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_College,_Manchester" title="Unitarian College, Manchester">UCM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Earth_Spirit_Network" title="Unitarian Earth Spirit Network">UESN</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">UUA</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(Unitarian_Universalist_Association)" title="General Assembly (Unitarian Universalist Association)">GA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Districts of the Unitarian Universalist Association">Districts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">BP</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Larger_Fellowship" title="Church of the Larger Fellowship">CLF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Unitarian_Universalist_Pagans" title="Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans">CUUPS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meadville_Lombard_Theological_School" title="Meadville Lombard Theological School">MLTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skinner_House_Books" title="Skinner House Books">SHB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Starr_King_School_for_the_Ministry" title="Starr King School for the Ministry">SKSM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Buddhist_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian Universalist Buddhist Fellowship">UUBF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Christian_Fellowship" title="Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship">UUCF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalists_for_Polyamory_Awareness" title="Unitarian Universalists for Polyamory Awareness">UUPA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Service_Committee" title="Unitarian Universalist Service Committee">UUSC</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;">Reorganizing groups:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Religious_Society_of_Spain" title="Unitarian Universalist Religious Society of Spain">SUUE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;">Associates:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Unitarian_Church" title="Norwegian Unitarian Church">NUC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;">In contact:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Iceland: within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism#UCC_USA" title="Unitarianism">UCC USA</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Worldwide</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism#Biblical_Unitarian_Movement" title="Unitarianism">BUM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_Universalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarian Universalism">TU</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Canada and United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">AUA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Religious_Youth" title="Liberal Religious Youth">LRY</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Religious_Union" title="Young People's Religious Union">YPRU</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universalist_Church_of_America" title="Universalist Church of America">UCA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crane_Theological_School" title="Crane Theological School">CTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Religious_Youth" title="Liberal Religious Youth">LRY</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theological_School_of_St._Lawrence_University" title="Theological School of St. Lawrence University">TSSLU</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Christian_Union" title="Young People's Christian Union">YPCU</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism#UCMI_/_UCEC" title="Unitarianism">UCMI / UCEC</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">United Kingdom</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Unitarian_Association" title="British and Foreign Unitarian Association">BFUA</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Youth_ministry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Youth_ministry#Unitarian_Universalism" title="Youth ministry">Youth ministry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Canada and United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_(Unitarian_Universalism)" title="Coming of Age (Unitarian Universalism)">COA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Our_Whole_Lives" title="Our Whole Lives">OWL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_Religious_Unitarian_Universalists" title="Young Religious Unitarian Universalists">YRUU</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Canada and United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/About_Your_Sexuality" title="About Your Sexuality">AYS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Religious_Youth" title="Liberal Religious Youth">LRY</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Christian_Union" title="Young People's Christian Union">YPCU</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Religious_Union" title="Young People's Religious Union">YPRU</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Canada and United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_(Unitarian_Universalism)" title="Coming of Age (Unitarian Universalism)">COA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meadville_Lombard_Theological_School" title="Meadville Lombard Theological School">MLTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Our_Whole_Lives" title="Our Whole Lives">OWL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Starr_King_School_for_the_Ministry" title="Starr King School for the Ministry">SKSM</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Canada and United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/About_Your_Sexuality" title="About Your Sexuality">AYS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crane_Theological_School" title="Crane Theological School">CTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theological_School_of_St._Lawrence_University" title="Theological School of St. Lawrence University">TSSLU</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Doctrine_and_ritual" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Doctrine and ritual</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_unitarianism" title="Biblical unitarianism">Biblical unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">Universal reconciliation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Christians_(Britain)" title="Free Christians (Britain)">Free Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Liberal religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-language_hymnals_by_denomination#Unitarian.2C_Universalist.2C_and_Unitarian_Universalist" title="List of English-language hymnals by denomination">List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist hymnals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_chalice" title="Flaming chalice">Flaming chalice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_Communion" title="Flower Communion">Flower Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Communion" title="Water Communion">Water Communion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_universalists" title="List of Christian universalists">List of Christian universalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarians,_Universalists,_and_Unitarian_Universalists" title="List of Unitarians, Universalists, and Unitarian Universalists">List of Unitarians, Universalists, and Unitarian Universalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian_martyrs" title="List of Unitarian martyrs">List of Unitarian martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unitarianism" title="History of Unitarianism">History of Unitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Unitarian Universalism and LGBTQ people">Unitarian Universalism and LGBTQ people</a></li></ul> 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