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<span>Subshells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subshells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_electrons_in_each_shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_electrons_in_each_shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Number of electrons in each shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_electrons_in_each_shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subshell_energies_and_filling_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subshell_energies_and_filling_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subshell energies and filling order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subshell_energies_and_filling_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_elements_with_electrons_per_shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_elements_with_electrons_per_shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of elements with electrons per shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_elements_with_electrons_per_shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronskil" title="Elektronskil – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektronskil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A4" title="غلاف تكافؤ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاف تكافؤ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Capa electrónica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Capa electrónica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_qab%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Elektron qabığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron qabığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0" title="ইলেকট্রনের শক্তিস্তর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রনের শক্তিস্তর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Електронен слой – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електронен слой" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_d%27electrons" title="Capa d'electrons – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Capa d'electrons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Электронлă йăлхах – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электронлă йăлхах" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronov%C3%BD_obal" title="Elektronový obal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronový obal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronskal" title="Elektronskal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronskal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomh%C3%BClle" title="Atomhülle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atomhülle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronkiht" title="Elektronkiht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektronkiht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτρονιακή στιβάδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονιακή στιβάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Capa electrónica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capa electrónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronkovra%C4%B5o" title="Elektronkovraĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektronkovraĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geruza_elektroniko" title="Geruza elektroniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Geruza elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لایه الکترونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لایه الکترونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couche_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Couche électronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couche électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EA%BB%8D%EC%A7%88" title="전자 껍질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자 껍질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन कोश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन कोश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_ljuska" title="Elektronska ljuska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronska ljuska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelopak elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קליפת אלקטרונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליפת אלקטרונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%82%D2%B1%D1%80%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Химиялық элементтердің периодтық жүйесін атом құрылысы тұрғысынан сипаттау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық элементтердің периодтық жүйесін атом құрылысы тұрғысынан сипаттау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzingo_elektroni" title="Mzingo elektroni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mzingo elektroni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegimen_electronicum" title="Tegimen electronicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tegimen electronicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronh%C3%A9j" title="Elektronhéj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektronhéj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електронска обвивка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електронска обвивка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petala_elektron" title="Petala elektron – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Petala elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%85%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Электрон бүрхүүл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электрон бүрхүүл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenschil" title="Elektronenschil – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronenschil" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AE%BB" title="電子殻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子殻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronskall" title="Elektronskall – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronskall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronskal" title="Elektronskal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektronskal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomdagi_elektronlarning_qobiqlari" title="Atomdagi elektronlarning qobiqlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atomdagi elektronlarning qobiqlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenschaal" title="Elektronenschaal – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektronenschaal" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow%C5%82oka_elektronowa" title="Powłoka elektronowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powłoka elektronowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADvel_eletr%C3%B4nico" title="Nível eletrônico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nível eletrônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enveli%C8%99_electronic" title="Înveliș electronic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Înveliș electronic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku_hawa" title="Iñuku hawa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku hawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Електронный обал – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електронный обал" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электронная оболочка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронная оболочка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A0" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන කවච – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන කවච" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electron shell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3nov%C3%BD_obal" title="Elektrónový obal – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrónový obal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_lupina" title="Elektronska lupina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronska lupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_ljuska" title="Elektronska ljuska – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Elektronska ljuska" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_ljuska" title="Elektronska ljuska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronska ljuska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikuori" title="Elektronikuori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektronikuori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF" title="Электрон сүрү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электрон сүрү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ระดับชั้นอิเล็กตรอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระดับชั้นอิเล็กตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Абри электронӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абри электронӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_kabu%C4%9Fu" title="Elektron kabuğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektron kabuğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електронна оболонка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронна оболонка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84" title="برقیہ خول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیہ خول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%82%DB%95%DB%8B%DB%95%D8%AA" title="ئېلېكترون قەۋەت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېلېكترون قەۋەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8F_electron" title="Vỏ electron – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vỏ electron" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%A4" title="電子層 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電子層" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%82" title="电子层 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子层" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AE%BC" title="電子殼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子殼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%A4" title="電子層 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電子層" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Principal energy levels in atomic physics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the orbits of electrons. For valence shell, see <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">Valence electron</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Atomic shell" redirects here. For the weapon, see <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_artillery" title="Nuclear artillery">Nuclear artillery</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"D-shell" redirects here. The term may also refer to the shield-connecting part of <a href="/wiki/D-sub" class="mw-redirect" title="D-sub">D-sub</a> connectors.</div> <p> In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">atomic physics</a>, an <b>electron shell</b> may be thought of as an <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> that <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> follow around an <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a>. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the "1 shell" (also called the "K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on further and further from the nucleus. The shells correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" title="Principal quantum number">principal quantum numbers</a> (<i>n</i> = 1, 2, 3, 4 ...) or are labeled alphabetically with the letters used in <a href="/wiki/X-ray_notation" title="X-ray notation">X-ray notation</a> (K, L, M, ...). A useful guide when understanding electron shells in atoms is to note that each row on the conventional <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> of elements represents an electron shell. </p><p>Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: the first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18, continuing as the general formula of the <i>n</i>th shell being able to hold up to 2(<a href="/wiki/Square_number" title="Square number"><i>n</i><sup>2</sup></a>) electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-madsci_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For an explanation of why electrons exist in these shells, see <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corrosionsource.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corrosionsource.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each shell consists of one or more <i>subshells</i>, and each subshell consists of one or more <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbitals</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a model of the atom, giving the arrangement of electrons in their sequential orbits. At that time, Bohr allowed the capacity of the inner orbit of the atom to increase to eight electrons as the atoms got larger, and "in the scheme given below the number of electrons in this [outer] ring is arbitrary put equal to the normal valency of the corresponding element". Using these and other constraints, he proposed configurations that are in accord with those now known only for the first six elements. "From the above we are led to the following possible scheme for the arrangement of the electrons in light atoms:"<sup id="cite_ref-Bohr_1913_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohr_1913-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Bohr's 1913 proposed configurations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Element</th> <th>Electrons per shell</th> <th>Element</th> <th>Electrons per shell</th> <th>Element</th> <th>Electrons per shell </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>9</td> <td>4, 4, 1</td> <td>17</td> <td>8, 4, 4, 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>10</td> <td>8, 2</td> <td>18</td> <td>8, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>2, 1</td> <td>11</td> <td>8, 2, 1</td> <td>19</td> <td>8, 8, 2, 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>2, 2</td> <td>12</td> <td>8, 2, 2</td> <td>20</td> <td>8, 8, 2, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>2, 3</td> <td>13</td> <td>8, 2, 3</td> <td>21</td> <td>8, 8, 2, 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>2, 4</td> <td>14</td> <td>8, 2, 4</td> <td>22</td> <td>8, 8, 2, 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>4, 3</td> <td>15</td> <td>8, 4, 3</td> <td>23</td> <td>8, 8, 4, 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>4, 2, 2</td> <td>16</td> <td>8, 4, 2, 2</td> <td>24</td> <td>8, 8, 4, 2, 2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The shell terminology comes from <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a>'s modification of the 1913 <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a>. During this period Bohr was working with <a href="/wiki/Walther_Kossel" title="Walther Kossel">Walther Kossel</a>, whose papers in 1914 and in 1916 called the orbits "shells".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sommerfeld retained Bohr's planetary model, but added mildly elliptical orbits (characterized by additional <a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">quantum numbers</a> <i>ℓ</i> and <i>m</i>) to explain the fine <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic spectrum">spectroscopic structure</a> of some elements.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multiple electrons with the same principal quantum number (<i>n</i>) had close orbits that formed a "shell" of positive thickness instead of the circular orbit of Bohr's model which orbits called "rings" were described by a plane.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existence of electron shells was first observed experimentally in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barkla" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Barkla">Charles Barkla</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> absorption studies. Moseley's work did not directly concern the study of electron shells, because he was trying to prove that the periodic table was not arranged by weight, but by the charge of the protons in the nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because the number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom equals the number of protons, this work was extremely important to Niels Bohr who mentioned Moseley's work several times in his 1962 interview.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moseley was part of Rutherford's group, as was Niels Bohr. Moseley measured the frequencies of X-rays emitted by every element between calcium and zinc and found that the frequencies became greater as the elements got heavier. This led to the theory that electrons were emitting X-rays when they were shifted to lower shells.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the conclusion that the electrons were in Kossel's shells with a definite limit per shell, labeling them with the letters K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of this terminology was alphabetic. Barkla, who worked independently from Moseley as an X-ray spectrometry experimentalist, first noticed two distinct types of scattering from shooting X-rays at elements in 1909 and named them "A" and "B". Barkla described these two types of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a>: the first was unconnected with the type of material used in the experiment and could be polarized. The second diffraction beam he called "fluorescent" because it depended on the irradiated material.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not known what these lines meant at the time, but in 1911 Barkla decided there might be scattering lines previous to "A", so he began at "K".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, later experiments indicated that the K absorption lines are produced by the innermost electrons. These letters were later found to correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" title="Principal quantum number"><i>n</i> values</a> 1, 2, 3, etc. that were used in the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a>. They are used in the spectroscopic <a href="/wiki/Siegbahn_notation" title="Siegbahn notation">Siegbahn notation</a>. </p><p>The work of assigning electrons to shells was continued from 1913 to 1925 by many chemists and a few physicists. Niels Bohr was one of the few physicists who followed the chemist's work<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of defining the periodic table, while <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> worked more on trying to make a relativistic working model of the atom that would explain the fine structure of the spectra from a classical orbital physics standpoint through the <i>Atombau</i> approach.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a> and Rutherford, who did not follow chemistry, were unaware of the chemists who were developing electron shell theories of the periodic table from a chemistry point of view, such as <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rugeley_Bury" title="Charles Rugeley Bury">Charles Bury</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J.J. Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert Lewis</a>, who all introduced corrections to Bohr's model such as a maximum of two electrons in the first shell, eight in the next and so on, and were responsible for explaining valency in the outer electron shells, and the building up of atoms by adding electrons to the outer shells.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So when Bohr outlined his electron shell atomic theory in 1922, there was no mathematical formula for the theory. So Rutherford said he was hard put "to form an idea of how you arrive at your conclusions".<sup id="cite_ref-Niels_Bohr_Collected_Works_p._740_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niels_Bohr_Collected_Works_p._740-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einstein said of Bohr's 1922 paper that his "electron-shells of the atoms together with their significance for chemistry appeared to me like a miracle – and appears to me as a miracle even today".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a>, who had followed the <i>Atombau</i> structure of electrons instead of Bohr who was familiar with the chemists' views of electron structure, spoke of Bohr's 1921 lecture and 1922 article on the shell model as "the greatest advance in atomic structure since 1913".<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niels_Bohr_Collected_Works_p._740_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niels_Bohr_Collected_Works_p._740-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the electron shell development of Niels Bohr was basically the same theory as that of the chemist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rugeley_Bury" title="Charles Rugeley Bury">Charles Rugeley Bury</a> in his 1921 paper.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As work continued on the electron shell structure of the Sommerfeld-Bohr Model, Sommerfeld had introduced three "quantum numbers <i>n</i>, <i>k</i>, and <i>m</i>, that described the size of the orbit, the shape of the orbit, and the direction in which the orbit was pointing."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because we use <i>k</i> for the <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Azimuthal_quantum_number" title="Azimuthal quantum number">azimuthal quantum number</a> was changed to <i>ℓ</i>. When the modern <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> theory was put forward based on Heisenberg's <a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">matrix mechanics</a> and Schrödinger's wave equation, these quantum numbers were kept in the current quantum theory but were changed to <i>n</i> being the <a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" title="Principal quantum number">principal quantum number</a>, and <i>m</i> being the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_quantum_number" title="Magnetic quantum number">magnetic quantum number</a>. </p><p>However, the final form of the electron shell model still in use today for the number of electrons in shells was discovered in 1923 by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stoner" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Stoner">Edmund Stoner</a>, who introduced the principle that the <i>n</i>th shell was described by 2(<a href="/wiki/Square_number" title="Square number"><i>n</i><sup>2</sup></a>). Seeing this in 1925, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> added a fourth quantum number, "spin", during the <a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">old quantum theory</a> period of the Sommerfeld-Bohr Solar System atom to complete the modern electron shell theory.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subshells">Subshells</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png/330px-Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png/495px-Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png/660px-Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>3D views of some <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-like_atom" title="Hydrogen-like atom">hydrogen-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbitals</a> showing probability density and phase (g orbitals and higher are not shown).</figcaption></figure> <p>Each shell is composed of one or more subshells, which are themselves composed of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbitals</a>. For example, the first (K) shell has one subshell, called 1s; the second (L) shell has two subshells, called 2s and 2p; the third shell has 3s, 3p, and 3d; the fourth shell has 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f; the fifth shell has 5s, 5p, 5d, and 5f and can theoretically hold more in the 5g subshell that is not occupied in the ground-state electron configuration of any known element.<sup id="cite_ref-corrosionsource.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corrosionsource.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various possible subshells are shown in the following table: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Subshell label</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Azimuthal_quantum_number" title="Azimuthal quantum number"><i>ℓ</i></a></th> <th>Max electrons</th> <th>Shells containing it</th> <th>Historical name </th></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>Every shell</td> <td align="left"> <b>s</b>harp </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td>1</td> <td>6</td> <td>2nd shell and higher</td> <td align="left"> <b>p</b>rincipal </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td>2</td> <td>10</td> <td>3rd shell and higher</td> <td align="left"> <b>d</b>iffuse </td></tr> <tr> <td>f</td> <td>3</td> <td>14</td> <td>4th shell and higher</td> <td align="left"> <b>f</b>undamental </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td>4</td> <td>18</td> <td>5th shell and higher (theoretically)</td> <td align="left"><i>(next in alphabet after f)</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The first column is the "subshell label", a lowercase-letter label for the type of subshell. For example, the "4s subshell" is a subshell of the fourth (N) shell, with the type (s) described in the first row.</li> <li>The second column is the <a href="/wiki/Azimuthal_quantum_number" title="Azimuthal quantum number">azimuthal quantum number</a> (ℓ) of the subshell. The precise definition involves <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, but it is a number that characterizes the subshell.</li> <li>The third column is the maximum number of electrons that can be put into a subshell of that type. For example, the top row says that each s-type subshell (1s, 2s, etc.) can have at most two electrons in it. Each of the following subshells (p, d, f, g) can have 4 more electrons than the one preceding it.</li> <li>The fourth column says which shells have a subshell of that type. For example, looking at the top two rows, every shell has an s subshell, while only the second shell and higher have a p subshell (i.e., there is no "1p" subshell).</li> <li>The final column gives the historical origin of the labels s, p, d, and f. They come from early studies of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectral_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic spectral line">atomic spectral lines</a>. The other labels, namely g, h, and i, are an alphabetic continuation following the last historically originated label of f.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_electrons_in_each_shell">Number of electrons in each shell</h2></div> <p>Each subshell is constrained to hold <span class="texhtml">4<i>ℓ</i> <b>+</b> 2</span> electrons at most, namely: </p> <ul><li>Each s subshell holds at most 2 electrons</li> <li>Each p subshell holds at most 6 electrons</li> <li>Each d subshell holds at most 10 electrons</li> <li>Each f subshell holds at most 14 electrons</li> <li>Each g subshell holds at most 18 electrons</li></ul> <p>Therefore, the K shell, which contains only an s subshell, can hold up to 2 electrons; the L shell, which contains an s and a p, can hold up to 2 + 6 = 8 electrons, and so forth; in general, the <a href="/wiki/Square_number#Properties" title="Square number"><i>n</i>th shell can hold up to 2<i>n</i><sup>2</sup></a> electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-madsci_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Shell<br />name</th> <th>Subshell<br />name</th> <th>Subshell<br />max<br />electrons</th> <th>Shell<br />max<br />electrons </th></tr> <tr> <td>K</td> <td>1s</td> <td>2</td> <td><b>2</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">L</td> <td>2s</td> <td>2</td> <td rowspan="2">2 + 6 = <b>8</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2p</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">M</td> <td>3s</td> <td>2</td> <td rowspan="3">2 + 6 + 10<br />= <b>18</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3p</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3d</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">N</td> <td>4s</td> <td>2</td> <td rowspan="4">2 + 6 +<br /> 10 + 14<br />= <b>32</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4p</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4d</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4f</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">O</td> <td>5s</td> <td>2</td> <td rowspan="5">2 + 6 +<br /> 10 + 14 +<br /> 18 = <b>50</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5p</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5d</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5f</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5g</td> <td>18 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although that formula gives the maximum in principle, that maximum is only <i>achieved</i> (in known elements) for the first four shells (K, L, M, N). No known element has more than 32 electrons in any one shell.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because the subshells are filled according to the <a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a>. The first elements to have more than 32 electrons in one shell would belong to the <a href="/wiki/G-block" class="mw-redirect" title="G-block">g-block</a> of <a href="/wiki/Period_8_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 8 element">period 8</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. These elements would have some electrons in their 5g subshell and thus have more than 32 electrons in the O shell (fifth principal shell). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subshell_energies_and_filling_order">Subshell energies and filling order</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_orbitals_as_triangles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Atomic_orbitals_as_triangles.svg/220px-Atomic_orbitals_as_triangles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Atomic_orbitals_as_triangles.svg/330px-Atomic_orbitals_as_triangles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Atomic_orbitals_as_triangles.svg/440px-Atomic_orbitals_as_triangles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>For multielectron atoms <i>n</i> is a poor indicator of electron's energy. Energy spectra of some shells interleave.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aufbau_Principle-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Aufbau_Principle-en.svg/220px-Aufbau_Principle-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Aufbau_Principle-en.svg/330px-Aufbau_Principle-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Aufbau_Principle-en.svg/440px-Aufbau_Principle-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>The states crossed by same red arrow have same <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n+\ell }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>ℓ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n+\ell }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1484081bc9976824b754e1d0f006172ff2409065" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.205ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n+\ell }"></span> value. The direction of the red arrow indicates the order of state filling.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although it is sometimes stated that all the electrons in a shell have the same energy, this is an approximation. However, the electrons in one <i>subshell</i> do have exactly the same level of energy, with later subshells having more energy per electron than earlier ones. This effect is great enough that the energy ranges associated with shells can overlap. </p><p>The filling of the shells and subshells with electrons proceeds from subshells of lower energy to subshells of higher energy. This follows the <i>n + ℓ rule</i> which is also commonly known as the Madelung rule. Subshells with a lower <i>n + ℓ</i> value are filled before those with higher <i>n + ℓ</i> values. In the case of equal <i>n + ℓ</i> values, the subshell with a lower <i>n</i> value is filled first. </p><p>Because of this, the later shells are filled over vast sections of the periodic table. The K shell fills in the first period (hydrogen and helium), while the L shell fills in the second (lithium to neon). However, the M shell starts filling at <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> (element 11) but does not finish filling till <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (element 29), and the N shell is even slower: it starts filling at <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> (element 19) but does not finish filling till <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> (element 70). The O, P, and Q shells begin filling in the known elements (respectively at <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">francium</a>), but they are not complete even at the heaviest known element, <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a> (element 118). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_elements_with_electrons_per_shell">List of elements with electrons per shell</h2></div> <p>The list below gives the elements arranged by increasing atomic number and shows the number of electrons per shell. At a glance, the subsets of the list show obvious patterns. In particular, every set of five elements (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0ffff; color:black;"> </span> electric blue</span>) before each <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> (group 18, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9; color:black;"> </span> yellow</span>) heavier than helium have successive numbers of electrons in the outermost shell, namely three to seven. </p><p>Sorting the table by chemical <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">group</a> shows additional patterns, especially with respect to the last two outermost shells. (Elements 57 to 71 belong to the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a>, while 89 to 103 are the <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a>.) </p><p>The list below is primarily consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a>. However, there are a number of exceptions to the rule; for example <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> (atomic number 46) has no electrons in the fifth shell, unlike other atoms with <i>lower</i> atomic number. The elements past 108 have such short <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-lives</a> that their electron configurations have not yet been measured, and so predictions have been inserted instead. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number"><i>Z</i></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Element</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">No. of electrons/shell</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a></td> <td>2, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a></td> <td>2, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a></td> <td>2, 3</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a></td> <td>2, 4</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></td> <td>2, 5</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></td> <td>2, 6</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></td> <td>2, 7</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a></td> <td>2, 8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 3</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 4</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td> <td>2, 8, 5</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></td> <td>2, 8, 6</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></td> <td>2, 8, 7</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 8, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 8, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 9, 2</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 10, 2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 11, 2</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 13, 1</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td> <td>2, 8, 13, 2</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></td> <td>2, 8, 14, 2</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></td> <td>2, 8, 15, 2</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></td> <td>2, 8, 16, 2</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 1</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 2</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 3</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 4</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 5</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 6</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 7</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 8, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 8, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 9, 2</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 10, 2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 12, 1</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 13, 1</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 13, 2</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 15, 1</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 16, 1</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 1</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 2</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>49</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 3</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 4</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 5</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 6</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>53</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 7</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>54</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>63</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>66</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>71</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>74</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>77</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>79</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>81</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>82</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>83</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>84</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>85</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>86</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>87</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>88</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>89</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>91</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>92</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>93</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>94</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>95</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>96</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>97</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>98</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>99</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>101</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>102</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>103</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 3</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>104</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>106</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>107</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>109</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2 (?)</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>110</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2 (?)</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>111</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2 (?)</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>112</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2 (?)</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>113</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3 (?)</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>114</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4 (?)</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>115</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5 (?)</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>116</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6 (?)</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>117</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7 (?)</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>118</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 (?)</td> <td>18 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electron_shell_diagrams" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electron shell diagrams">Electron shell diagrams</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Periodic table (electron configurations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_counting" title="Electron counting">Electron counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-electron_rule" title="18-electron rule">18-electron rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Core charge">Core charge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-madsci-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-madsci_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-madsci_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/1999-03/921736624.Ch.r.html">Re: Why do electron shells have set limits ?</a> madsci.org, 17 March 1999, Dan Berger, Faculty Chemistry/Science, Bluffton College</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corrosionsource.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corrosionsource.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-corrosionsource.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052723/http://www.corrosionsource.com/FreeContent/1/Periodic%20Table">Electron Subshells</a>. Corrosion Source.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohr_1913-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bohr_1913_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBohr1913" class="citation journal cs1">Bohr, N. (1913). "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part II. Systems containing only a Single Nucleus". <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. <b>26</b>: <span class="nowrap">476–</span>502.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+Constitution+of+Atoms+and+Molecules%2C+Part+II.+Systems+containing+only+a+Single+Nucleus&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E476-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectron+shell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kragh, Helge. "Niels Bohr’s Second Atomic Theory". Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, vol. 10, University of California Press, 1979, pp. 123–86, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/27757389">https://doi.org/10.2307/27757389</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Kossel, "Über Molekülbildung als Folge des Atombaues", Ann. Phys., 1916, 49, 229-362 (237).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated in Helge Kragh, Aarhus, LARS VEGARD, ATOMIC STRUCTURE, AND THE PERIODIC SYSTEM, Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 37, Number 1 (2012), p.43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Sadoway, <i>Introduction to Solid State Chemistry</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-091-introduction-to-solid-state-chemistry-fall-2004/video-lectures/embed05/">Lecture 5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132604/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-091-introduction-to-solid-state-chemistry-fall-2004/video-lectures/embed05/">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bohr, Niels (1913). On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I. _Philosophical Magazine_ 26:1--25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uhler, Horace Scudder. "On Moseley’s Law for X-Ray Spectra". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 3, no. 2, National Academy of Sciences, 1917, pp. 88–90, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/83748">http://www.jstor.org/stable/83748</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niels Bohr interview 1962 Session III <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4517-3">https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4517-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, Manjit. Quantum: Einstein, Bohr, and the great debate about the nature of reality / Manjit Kumar.—1st American ed., 2008. Chap.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkla1911" class="citation journal cs1">Barkla, Charles G. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1430862">"XXXIX.The spectra of the fluorescent Röntgen radiations"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. Series 6. <b>22</b> (129): <span class="nowrap">396–</span>412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440908637137">10.1080/14786440908637137</a>. <q>Previously denoted by letters B and A (...). The letters K and L are, however, preferable, as it is highly probable that series of radiations both more absorbable and more penetrating exist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=XXXIX.The+spectra+of+the+fluorescent+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiations&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=129&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E396-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440908637137&rft.aulast=Barkla&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1430862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectron+shell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Eckert, Disputed discovery: the beginnings of X-ray diffraction in crystals in 1912 and its repercussions, January 2011, Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography 68(1):30-39 This Laue centennial article has also been published in Zeitschrift für Kristallographie [Eckert (2012). Z. Kristallogr. 227 , 27–35].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles G. Barkla M.A. D.Sc. (1911) XXXIX. The spectra of the fluorescent Röntgen radiations, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 22:129, 396-412, DOI: 10.1080/14786440908637137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T.Hirosigeand S.Nisio,"Formation of Bohr's Theory of Atomic Constitution",Jap. Stud.Hist.Set.,No. 3(1964),6-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Periodic_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic Table">Periodic Table</a> for full history.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niels_Bohr_Collected_Works_p._740-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niels_Bohr_Collected_Works_p._740_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niels_Bohr_Collected_Works_p._740_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Niels Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 4, p. 740. Postcard from Arnold Sommerfeld to Bohr, 7 March 1921.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pais, Abraham (1991), Niels Bohr’s Times, in Physics, Philosophy, and Polity (Oxford: Clarendon Press), quoted p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schilpp, Paul A. (ed.) (1969), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (New York: MJF Books). Collection first published in 1949 as Vol. VII in the series The Library of Living Philosophers by Open Court, La Salle, IL, Einstein, Albert 'Autobiographical Notes', pp.45-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, Manjit. Quantum: Einstein, Bohr, and the great debate about the nature of reality / Manjit Kumar.—1st American ed., 2008. Chap.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, Charles R. (July 1921). "Langmuir's Theory of the Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 43 (7): 1602–1609. doi:10.1021/ja01440a023. ISSN 0002-7863.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Genesis of the Bohr Atom, John L. Heilbron and Thomas S. Kuhn, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 1 (1969), pp. vi, 211-290 (81 pages), University of California Press,p. 285-286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, Manjit. Quantum: Einstein, Bohr, and the great debate about the nature of reality / Manjit Kumar.—1st American ed., 2008. Chap.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJue2009" class="citation book cs1">Jue, T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-W1bL7s--igC&pg=PA33">"Quantum Mechanic Basic to Biophysical Methods"</a>. <i>Fundamental Concepts in Biophysics</i>. Berlin: Springer. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58829-973-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58829-973-4"><bdi>978-1-58829-973-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quantum+Mechanic+Basic+to+Biophysical+Methods&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Concepts+in+Biophysics&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58829-973-4&rft.aulast=Jue&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-W1bL7s--igC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectron+shell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_orbital.html">Orbitals</a>. Chem4Kids. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistry.patent-invent.com/chemistry/electron_configuration.html">Electron & Shell Configuration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228045933/http://www.chemistry.patent-invent.com/chemistry/electron_configuration.html">Archived</a> 28 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Chemistry.patent-invent.com. 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title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electron shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Atomic orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction to quantum mechanics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">Quantum numbers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" title="Principal quantum number">Principal quantum number (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>)</a></li> <li><a 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