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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes and use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes_and_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes and use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Late release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duke_Nukem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duke_Nukem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Duke Nukem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duke_Nukem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_announcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_announcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early announcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_announcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antitrust_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antitrust_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Antitrust allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antitrust_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wired_Magazine_Vaporware_Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wired_Magazine_Vaporware_Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span><i>Wired</i> Magazine Vaporware Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wired_Magazine_Vaporware_Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="برمجيات وهمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمجيات وهمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahtvara" title="Vahtvara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vahtvara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پوچ‌افزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوچ‌افزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%ED%8D%BC%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="베이퍼웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베이퍼웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Vonbúnaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vonbúnaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="ベーパーウェア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベーパーウェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เวเปอร์แวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวเปอร์แวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Vaporware" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%A7%E4%BB%B6" title="霧件 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="霧件" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%A7%E4%BB%B6" title="霧件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霧件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q281066#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Product announced but never released</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:360-91-panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/360-91-panel.jpg/280px-360-91-panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/360-91-panel.jpg/420px-360-91-panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/360-91-panel.jpg/560px-360-91-panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. Justice Department accused IBM of intentionally announcing its <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_91" title="IBM System/360 Model 91">IBM System/360 Model 91</a> computer (pictured) nearly two years early to hurt sales of its competitor's computer.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the computer industry, <b>vaporware</b> (or <b>vapourware</b>) is a product, typically computer <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> or <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, that is announced to the general public but is late, never actually manufactured, or officially cancelled. Use of the word has broadened to include products such as automobiles. </p><p>Vaporware is often announced months or years before its purported release, with few details about its development being released. Developers have been accused of intentionally promoting vaporware to keep customers from switching to competing products that offer more features.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Network_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Network World">Network World</a></i> magazine called vaporware an "epidemic" in 1989 and blamed the press for not investigating if developers' claims were true. Seven major companies issued a report in 1990 saying that they felt vaporware had hurt the industry's credibility. The United States accused several companies of announcing vaporware early enough to violate <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">antitrust laws</a>, but few have been found guilty. </p><p>"Vaporware" was coined by a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> engineer in 1982 to describe the company's <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix operating system</a> and appeared in print at least as early as the May 1983 issue of <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_User" title="Sinclair User">Sinclair User</a> magazine (spelled as 'Vapourware' in UK English).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became popular among writers in the industry as a way to describe products they felt took too long to be released. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i> magazine editor Stewart Alsop helped popularize it by lampooning <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> with a <i>Golden Vaporware</i> award for the late release of his company's first version of <a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">Windows</a> in 1985. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaporware&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Vaporware", sometimes synonymous with "vaportalk" in the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-Shea1984_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has no single definition. It is generally used to describe a hardware or software product that has been announced, but that the developer is unlikely to release any time soon, if ever.<sup id="cite_ref-BRJ2001-3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRJ2001-3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrenLang1994-11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrenLang1994-11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first reported use of the word was in 1982 by an engineer at the computer software company <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn1995-1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn1995-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ann_Winblad" title="Ann Winblad">Ann Winblad</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Open_Systems_Accounting_Software" title="Open Systems Accounting Software">Open Systems Accounting Software</a>, wanted to know if Microsoft planned to stop developing its <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> as some of Open System's products depended on it. She asked two Microsoft software engineers, John Ulett and Mark Ursino, who confirmed that development of Xenix had stopped. "One of them told me, 'Basically, it's vaporware'," she later said. Winblad compared the word to the idea of "selling smoke", implying Microsoft was selling a product it would soon not support.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea1984_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esther_Dyson_Monaco_Media_Forum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Esther_Dyson_Monaco_Media_Forum.jpg/220px-Esther_Dyson_Monaco_Media_Forum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Esther_Dyson_Monaco_Media_Forum.jpg/330px-Esther_Dyson_Monaco_Media_Forum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Esther_Dyson_Monaco_Media_Forum.jpg/440px-Esther_Dyson_Monaco_Media_Forum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Influential writer Esther Dyson (pictured here in 2008) popularized the term "vaporware" in her November 1983 issue of <i>RELease 1.0</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Winblad described the word to influential computer expert <a href="/wiki/Esther_Dyson" title="Esther Dyson">Esther Dyson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shea1984_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who published it for the first time in her monthly newsletter <i>RELease 1.0</i>. In an article titled "Vaporware" in the November 1983 issue of <i>RELease 1.0</i>, Dyson defined the word as "good ideas incompletely implemented". She described three software products shown at <a href="/wiki/COMDEX" title="COMDEX">COMDEX</a> in Las Vegas that year with bombastic advertisements. She stated that demonstrations of the "purported revolutions, breakthroughs and new generations" at the exhibition did not meet those claims.<sup id="cite_ref-BRJ2001-3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRJ2001-3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dyson1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyson1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice existed before Winblad's account. In a January 1982 review of the new <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BYTE" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE">BYTE</a></i> favorably noted that IBM "refused to acknowledge the existence of any product that is not ready to be put on dealers' shelves tomorrow. Although this is frustrating at times, it is a refreshing change from some companies' practice of announcing a product even before its design is finished".<sup id="cite_ref-williams198201_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams198201-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When discussing <a href="/wiki/Coleco" title="Coleco">Coleco</a>'s delay in releasing the <a href="/wiki/Coleco_Adam" title="Coleco Adam">Adam</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Creative_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Computing">Creative Computing</a></i> in March 1984 stated that the company "did not invent the common practice of debuting products before they actually exist. In microcomputers, to do so otherwise would be to break with a veritable tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-anderson198403_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson198403-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Dyson's article, the word "vaporware" became popular among writers in the personal computer software industry as a way to describe products they believed took too long to be released after their first announcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn1995-1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn1995-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i> magazine editor Stewart Alsop helped popularize its use by giving <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, then-CEO of Microsoft, with a <i>Golden Vaporware</i> award for Microsoft releasing <a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 1.0x">Windows</a> in 1985, 18 months late. Alsop presented it to Gates at a celebration for the release while the song "<a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_Dream_(The_Quest)" title="The Impossible Dream (The Quest)">The Impossible Dream</a>" played in the background.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BRJ2001-_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRJ2001--11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Vaporware" took another meaning when it was used to describe a product that did not exist. A new company named <a href="/wiki/Ovation_Technologies" title="Ovation Technologies">Ovation Technologies</a> announced its <a href="/wiki/Productivity_software#Office_suite" title="Productivity software">office suite</a> Ovation in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn1995-2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn1995-2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company invested in an advertising campaign that promoted Ovation as a "great innovation", and showed a demonstration of the program at computer trade shows.<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn1995-1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn1995-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jenkins1998_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins1998-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demonstration was well received by writers in the press, was featured in a cover story for an industry magazine, and reportedly created anticipation among potential customers.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins1998_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins1998-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Executives later revealed that Ovation never existed. The company created the fake demonstration in an unsuccessful attempt to raise money to finish their product,<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn1995-2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn1995-2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is "widely considered the mother of all vaporware," according to Laurie Flynn of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn1995-1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn1995-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of the term spread beyond the computer industry. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> magazine's <a href="/wiki/Allan_Sloan" title="Allan Sloan">Allan Sloan</a> described the manipulation of stocks by <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon.com</a> as "financial vaporware" in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-allan1997_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allan1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i> magazine uses a scale ranging from "vaporware" to "bet on it" to describe release dates of new consumer electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Car manufacturer <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>' plans to develop and sell an electric car were called vaporware by an advocacy group in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Car_and_Driver" title="Car and Driver">Car and Driver</a></i> magazine retroactively described the <a href="/wiki/Vector_W8" title="Vector W8">Vector W8</a> supercar as vaporware in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-ShittyVectors_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShittyVectors-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_and_use">Causes and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaporware&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_release">Late release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaporware&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Late release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The term is like a <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarlet letter">scarlet letter</a> hung around the neck of software developers. [...] Like any overused and abused word, vaporware has lost its meaning.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>James Fawcette, "Press' Vaporgate", 1985</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A product missing its announced release date, and the labeling of it as vaporware by the press, can be caused by its development taking longer than planned. Most software products are not released on time, according to researchers in 2001 who studied the causes and effects of vaporware;<sup id="cite_ref-BRJ2001-_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRJ2001--11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I hate to say yes, but yes", a Microsoft product manager stated in 1984, adding that "the problem isn't just at Microsoft". The phenomenon is so common that <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Development_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Development Corporation">Lotus</a>' release of <a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">1-2-3</a> on time in January 1983, three months after announcing it, amazed many.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea1984_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a> is a complex process, and developers are often uncertain how long it will take to complete any given project.<sup id="cite_ref-BRJ2001-_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRJ2001--11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johnston1995_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnston1995-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fixing errors in software, for example, can make up a significant portion of its development time, and developers are motivated not to release software with errors because it could damage their reputation with customers. Last-minute design changes are also common.<sup id="cite_ref-BRJ2001-_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRJ2001--11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large organizations seem to have more late projects than smaller ones, and may benefit from hiring individual programmers on contract to write software rather than using in-house development teams. Adding people to a late software project does not help; according to <a href="/wiki/Brooks%27_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooks' Law">Brooks' Law</a>, doing so increases the delay.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea1984_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all delays in software are the developers' fault. In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> as the standard database manipulation language. Software company <a href="/wiki/Ashton-Tate" title="Ashton-Tate">Ashton-Tate</a> was ready to release <a href="/wiki/DBase_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="DBase IV">dBase IV</a>, but pushed the release date back to add support for SQL. The company believed that the product would not be competitive without it.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins1998_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins1998-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the word became more commonly used by writers in the mid-1980s, <i>InfoWorld</i> magazine editor James Fawcette wrote that its negative connotations were unfair to developers because of these types of circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-fawcette1985_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fawcette1985-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duke_Nukem">Duke Nukem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaporware&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Duke Nukem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_Nukem_Forever_at_PAX_Prime_2010_(4956509224).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Duke_Nukem_Forever_at_PAX_Prime_2010_%284956509224%29.jpg/220px-Duke_Nukem_Forever_at_PAX_Prime_2010_%284956509224%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Duke_Nukem_Forever_at_PAX_Prime_2010_%284956509224%29.jpg/330px-Duke_Nukem_Forever_at_PAX_Prime_2010_%284956509224%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Duke_Nukem_Forever_at_PAX_Prime_2010_%284956509224%29.jpg/440px-Duke_Nukem_Forever_at_PAX_Prime_2010_%284956509224%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i>Duke Nukem Forever</i> booth at <a href="/wiki/PAX_Prime" class="mw-redirect" title="PAX Prime">PAX Prime</a> 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Vaporware also includes announced products that are never released because of financial problems, or because the industry changes during its development.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins1998_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins1998-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/3D_Realms" title="3D Realms">3D Realms</a> first announced <i><a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_Forever" title="Duke Nukem Forever">Duke Nukem Forever</a></i> in 1997, the video game was early in its development.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company's previous game released in 1996, <i><a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D" title="Duke Nukem 3D">Duke Nukem 3D</a></i>, was a critical and financial success, and customer anticipation for its sequel was high. As personal computer hardware speeds improved at a rapid pace in the late 1990s, it created an "arms race" between companies in the video game industry, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired News">Wired News</a></i>. 3D Realms repeatedly moved the release date back over the next 12 years to add new, more advanced features. By the time 3D Realms went out of business in 2009 with the game still unreleased, <i>Duke Nukem Forever</i> had become synonymous with the word "vaporware" among industry writers.<sup id="cite_ref-kesten2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kesten2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iwa2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwa2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The game was revived and released in 2011. However, due to a 13-year period of fan anticipation and design changes in the industry, the game received a mostly negative reception from critics and fans. </p><p>A company notorious for vaporware can improve its reputation. In the 1980s, video game maker <a href="/wiki/Westwood_Studios" title="Westwood Studios">Westwood Studios</a> was known for shipping products late. However, by 1993, it had so improved that <i>Computer Gaming World</i> reported "many publishers would assure [us] that a project was going to be completed on time <i>because</i> Westwood was doing it".<sup id="cite_ref-cgw199308_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgw199308-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_announcement">Early announcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaporware&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early announcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Announcing products early—months or years before their release date,<sup id="cite_ref-PrenLang1994-1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrenLang1994-1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called "preannouncing",<sup id="cite_ref-prentice1996-3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prentice1996-3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been an effective way by some developers to make their products successful. It can be seen as a legitimate part of their marketing strategy, but is generally not popular with industry press.<sup id="cite_ref-prentice1996-4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prentice1996-4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first company to release a product in a given market often gains an advantage. It can set the standard for similar future products, attract a large number of customers, and establish its brand before competitor's products are released.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins1998_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins1998-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public relations firm Coakley-Heagerty used an early announcement in 1984 to build interest among potential customers. Its client was <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a>, formerly of <a href="/wiki/Atari_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Atari Inc.">Atari Inc.</a> who wanted to promote the new <a href="/wiki/Sente_Technologies" title="Sente Technologies">Sente Technologies</a>, but his contract with Atari prohibited doing so until a later date. The firm created an advertising campaign—including brochures and a shopping-mall appearance—around a large ambiguous box covered in brown paper to increase curiosity until Sente could be announced.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea1984_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early announcements send signals not only to customers and the media, but also to providers of support products, <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">regulatory agencies</a>, financial analysts, investors, and other parties.<sup id="cite_ref-prentice1996-4_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prentice1996-4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, an early announcement can relay information to vendors, letting them know to prepare marketing and shelf space. It can signal third-party developers to begin work on their own products, and it can be used to persuade a company's investors that they are actively developing new, profitable ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-prentice1996-3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prentice1996-3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> announced its Professional Workstation computer in 1986, they noted the lack of third-party programs written for it at the time, signaling those developers to start preparing. Microsoft usually announces information about its operating systems early because third-party developers are dependent on that information to develop their own products.<sup id="cite_ref-prentice1996-3_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prentice1996-3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A developer can strategically announce a product that is in the early stages of development, or before development begins, to gain competitive advantage over other developers.<sup id="cite_ref-BRJ2001-4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRJ2001-4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the "vaporware" label, this is also called "<a href="/wiki/Ambush_marketing" title="Ambush marketing">ambush marketing</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty_and_doubt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear, uncertainty and doubt">fear, uncertainty and doubt</a>" (FUD) by the press.<sup id="cite_ref-prentice1996-3_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prentice1996-3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the announcing developer is a large company, this may be done to influence smaller companies to stop development of similar products. The smaller company might decide their product will not be able to compete, and that it is not worth the development costs.<sup id="cite_ref-BRJ2001-4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRJ2001-4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be done in response to a competitor's already released product. The goal is to make potential customers believe a second, better product will be released soon. The customer might reconsider buying from the competitor, and wait.<sup id="cite_ref-haan2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haan2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, as customer anticipation increased for Microsoft's new version of Windows (codenamed "<a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Chicago</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> announced a set of upgrades to its own <a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a> operating system that were not due to be released until nearly two years later. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> wrote that Apple did this to "blunt Chicago's momentum".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A premature announcement can cause others to respond with their own. When <a href="/wiki/VisiCorp" title="VisiCorp">VisiCorp</a> announced <a href="/wiki/Visi_On" title="Visi On">Visi On</a> in November 1982, it promised to ship the product by spring 1983. The news forced <a href="/wiki/Quarterdeck_Office_Systems" title="Quarterdeck Office Systems">Quarterdeck Office Systems</a> to announce in April 1983 that its <a href="/wiki/DESQ" class="mw-redirect" title="DESQ">DESQ</a> would ship in November 1983. Microsoft responded by announcing <a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">Windows 1.0</a> in fall 1983, and Ovation Technologies followed by announcing Ovation in November. <i>InfoWorld</i> noted in May 1984 that of the four products only Visi On had shipped, albeit more than a year late and with only two supported applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea1984_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>my own estimate is that at the time of announcement, 10% of software products don't actually exist [...] Vendors that are unwilling to [prove it exists] shouldn't announce their packages to the press</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Joe Mohen, "vaporware epidemic", 1989</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Industry publications widely accused companies of using early announcements intentionally to gain competitive advantage over others. In his 1989 <i>Network World</i> article, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Mohen" title="Joe Mohen">Joe Mohen</a> wrote the practice had become a "vaporware epidemic", and blamed the press for not investigating claims by developers. "If the pharmaceutical industry were this careless, I could announce a cure for cancer today – to a believing press."<sup id="cite_ref-mohen1989_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohen1989-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985 Stewart Alsop began publishing his influential monthly <i>Vaporlist</i>, a list of companies he felt announced their products too early, hoping to dissuade them from the practice;<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn1995-1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn1995-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among the entries in January 1988 were a <a href="/wiki/Verbatim_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Verbatim Corp.">Verbatim Corp.</a> <a href="/wiki/Optical_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical drive">optical drive</a> that was 30 months late, <a href="/wiki/WordPerfect" title="WordPerfect">WordPerfect</a> for Macintosh (12 months), IBM <a href="/wiki/OS/2_1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 1.1">OS/2 1.1</a> (nine months), and Lotus 1-2-3 for OS/2 and Macintosh (nine and three months late, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-alsop19880118_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsop19880118-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> Magazine began publishing a similar list in 1997. Seven major software developers—including Ashton-Tate, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sybase" title="Sybase">Sybase</a>—formed a council in 1990, and issued a report condemning the "vacuous product announcement dubbed vaporware and other misrepresentations of product availability" because they felt it had hurt the industry's credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-messmer1990_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-messmer1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antitrust_allegations">Antitrust allegations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaporware&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antitrust allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, announcing a product that does not exist to gain a competitive advantage is illegal via Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> of 1890, but few hardware or software developers have been found guilty of it. The section requires proof that the announcement is both provably false, and has actual or likely market impact.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> False or misleading announcements designed to influence stock prices are illegal under United States <a href="/wiki/Securities_fraud" title="Securities fraud">securities fraud</a> laws.<sup id="cite_ref-PrenLang1994-15_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrenLang1994-15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex and changing nature of the computer industry, marketing techniques, and lack of precedent for applying these laws to the industry can mean developers are not aware their actions are illegal. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> issued a statement in 1984 with the goal of reminding companies that securities fraud also applies to "statements that can reasonably be expected to reach investors and the trading markets".<sup id="cite_ref-PrenLang1994-17_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrenLang1994-17-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several companies have been accused in court of using knowingly false announcements to gain market advantage. In 1969, the United States Justice Department accused IBM of doing this in the case <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM#1960–1969:_The_System/360_era,_Unbundling_software_and_services" title="History of IBM">United States v. IBM</a></i>. After IBM's competitor, <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a> (CDC), released a computer, IBM announced the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_91" title="IBM System/360 Model 91">System/360 Model 91</a>. The announcement resulted in a significant reduction in sales of CDC's product. The Justice Department accused IBM of doing this intentionally because the System/360 Model 91 was not released until two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-gerlach2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerlach2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM avoided preannouncing products during the antitrust case, but after the case ended it resumed the practice. The company likely announced its <a href="/wiki/IBM_PCjr" title="IBM PCjr">PCjr</a> in November 1983—four months before general availability in March 1984—to hurt sales of rival home computers during the <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">important Christmas sales season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19831102_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19831102-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freiberger19840109_16_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freiberger19840109_16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985 <i>The New York Times</i> wrote<sup id="cite_ref-pollack19850120_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollack19850120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Because of its position in the industry, an announcement of a future I.B.M. product, or even a rumor of one, is enough to slow competitors' sales. Some critics say that I.B.M. is trying to lock out competitors when it issues statements outlining the general trend of future products. I.B.M. insists the practice is necessary to help customer planning.</p></blockquote> <p>The practice was not called "vaporware" at the time, but publications have since used the word to refer specifically to it. Similar cases have been filed against <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Kodak</a>, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Inc.">AT&T</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stern1995_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern1995-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>US District Judge <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sporkin" title="Stanley Sporkin">Stanley Sporkin</a> was a vocal opponent of the practice during his review of the settlement resulting from <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp._(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Microsoft Corp. (2001)">United States v. Microsoft Corp.</a></i> in 1994. "Vaporware is a practice that is deceitful on its face and everybody in the business community knows it," said Sporkin.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the accusations made during the trial was that Microsoft has illegally used early announcements. The review began when three anonymous companies protested the settlement, claiming the government did not thoroughly investigate Microsoft's use of the practice. Specifically, they claimed <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> announced its Quick Basic 3 program to slow sales of its competitor <a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a>'s recently released Turbo Basic program.<sup id="cite_ref-stern1995_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern1995-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review was dismissed for lack of explicit proof.<sup id="cite_ref-stern1995_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern1995-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaporware&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaporware" title="List of vaporware">List of vaporware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_failures_in_video_games" title="List of commercial failures in video games">List of commercial failures in video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_demonstration" title="Technology demonstration">Technology demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_effect" title="Osborne effect">Osborne effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_hell" title="Development hell">Development hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaporware&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vapour-ware">Vapour-ware definition of Vapour-ware in the Free Online Encyclopedia</a>. Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/sinclair-user-magazine-014"><i>Sinclair User Magazine Issue 014</i></a>. May 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinclair+User+Magazine+Issue+014&rft.date=1983-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsinclair-user-magazine-014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shea1984-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1984_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1984_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1984_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1984_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1984_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1984_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1984_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refShea">Shea (1984)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRJ2001-3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRJ2001-3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRJ2001-3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refBRJ">Bayus; Jain; Rao (2001)</a> p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrenLang1994-11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrenLang1994-11_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrenLang">Prentice; Langmore</a> (1994) p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flynn1995-1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn1995-1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn1995-1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn1995-1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn1995-1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn1995-1_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refFlynn">Flynn (1995)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dyson1983-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dyson1983_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDyson">Dyson (1983)</a>, pp. –6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams198201-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-williams198201_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Gregg1982" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Gregg (January 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n37/mode/2up">"A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BYTE" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE">BYTE</a></i>. p. 36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809042358/http://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=A+Closer+Look+at+the+IBM+Personal+Computer&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1982-01&rft.au=Williams%2C+Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1982-01%2F1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer%23page%2Fn37%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson198403-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson198403_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_John_J.1984" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Anderson" title="John J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creative+Computing&rft.atitle=Coleco&rft.pages=65-66&rft.date=1984-03&rft.au=Anderson%2C+John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcreativecomputing-1984-03%2FCreative_Computing_v10_n03_1984_Mar%23page%2Fn65%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garud (1997); Ichbiah cited in <a href="#refBRJ">Bayus; Jain; Rao (2001)</a> p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRJ2001--11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRJ2001-_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRJ2001-_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRJ2001-_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRJ2001-_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refBRJ">Bayus; Jain; Rao (2001)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flynn1995-2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn1995-2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn1995-2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refFlynn">Flynn (1995)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenkins1998-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1998_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1998_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1998_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1998_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1998_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refJenkins">Jenkins (1998)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allan1997-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allan1997_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refSloan">Sloan</a> (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVMLO1GM9uQC&q=vaporware&pg=PA15">"What's New"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>: 15. 1 March 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=What%27s+New&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVMLO1GM9uQC%26q%3Dvaporware%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBersinger2008" class="citation news cs1">Bersinger, Ken (5 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-garage5apr05,0,626587.story">"Road for electric car makers full of potholes"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327113807/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-garage5apr05%2C0%2C626587.story">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Road+for+electric+car+makers+full+of+potholes&rft.date=2008-04-05&rft.aulast=Bersinger&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-garage5apr05%2C0%2C626587.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShittyVectors-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShittyVectors_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsere2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Csere, Csaba (2 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caranddriver.com/features/the-story-of-when-we-mostly-tested-a-vector-w8-feature">"The Time We Tested a Vector W8 Highlights Why We Test Cars in the First Place"</a>. <i>Car and Driver</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Car+and+Driver&rft.atitle=The+Time+We+Tested+a+Vector+W8+Highlights+Why+We+Test+Cars+in+the+First+Place&rft.date=2017-12-02&rft.aulast=Csere&rft.aufirst=Csaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caranddriver.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-story-of-when-we-mostly-tested-a-vector-w8-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnston1995-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnston1995_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refJohnston">Johnston; Betts (1995)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fawcette1985-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fawcette1985_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refFawcette">Fawcette (1985)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refThompson">Thompson (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kesten2009-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kesten2009_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesten2009" class="citation news cs1">Kesten, Lou (14 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kentucky.com/news/business/technology/article43999164.html">"Developer's demise is death of 'Duke Nukem Forever'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Lexington Herald-Leader</i>. 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Dow Jones & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal+Blogs&rft.atitle=Duke+Nukem+Nuked&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Yukari+Iwatani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fdigits%2F2009%2F05%2F07%2Fduke-nukem-no-more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgw199308-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cgw199308_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=109">"Westwood Studios Partnership Hits Jackpot"</a>. <i>Computer Gaming World</i>. August 1993. p. 32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154744/http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=109">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Gaming+World&rft.atitle=Westwood+Studios+Partnership+Hits+Jackpot&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1993-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgwmuseum.org%2Fgalleries%2Findex.php%3Fyear%3D1993%26pub%3D2%26id%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrenLang1994-1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrenLang1994-1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrenLang">Prentice; Langmore</a> (1994) p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prentice1996-3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prentice1996-3_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prentice1996-3_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prentice1996-3_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prentice1996-3_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrentice">Prentice (1996)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prentice1996-4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prentice1996-4_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prentice1996-4_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrentice">Prentice (1996)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRJ2001-4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRJ2001-4_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRJ2001-4_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refBRJ">Bayus; Jain; Rao (2001)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haan2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haan2003_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refHaan">Haan (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refZachary">Zachary; Carlton</a> (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mohen1989-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mohen1989_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refMohen">Mohen (1989)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alsop19880118-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alsop19880118_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsop1988" class="citation journal cs1">Alsop, Stewart II (18 January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/PC-Letter_19880118.pdf">"The Official P.C. Letter Vaporlist"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>P.C. Letter</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P.C.+Letter&rft.atitle=The+Official+P.C.+Letter+Vaporlist&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1988-01-18&rft.aulast=Alsop&rft.aufirst=Stewart+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvintagecomputer.net%2Fcisc367%2FPC-Letter_19880118.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-messmer1990-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-messmer1990_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refMessmer">Messmer (1990)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refBRJ">Bayus; Jain; Rao (2001)</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrenLang1994-15-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrenLang1994-15_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrenLang">Prentice; Langmore</a> (1994) p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrenLang1994-17-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrenLang1994-17_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SEC (1994) cited in <a href="#refPrenLang">Prentice; Langmore</a> (1994) p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gerlach2004-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gerlach2004_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refGerlach">Gerlach (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408174629/http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/library/collections/manuscripts/findingaids/ibmantitrustpart2.ACC1980.htm">"IBM Antitrust Suit Records"</a>. Hagley Museum and Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/library/collections/manuscripts/findingaids/ibmantitrustpart2.ACC1980.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+Antitrust+Suit+Records&rft.pub=Hagley+Museum+and+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagley.lib.de.us%2Flibrary%2Fcollections%2Fmanuscripts%2Ffindingaids%2Fibmantitrustpart2.ACC1980.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt19831102-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt19831102_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/02/business/ibm-s-speedy-redirection.html">"I.B.M.'S Speedy Redirection"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 2 November 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916060236/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/02/business/ibm-s-speedy-redirection.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=I.B.M.%27S+Speedy+Redirection&rft.date=1983-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F11%2F02%2Fbusiness%2Fibm-s-speedy-redirection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freiberger19840109_16-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freiberger19840109_16_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreiberger,_Paul1984" class="citation news cs1">Freiberger, Paul (9–16 January 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ey4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20">"IBM indicates March as likely PCjr delivery date"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516072142/https://books.google.com/books?id=ey4EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&ots=qxysACmBMb&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=IBM+indicates+March+as+likely+PCjr+delivery+date&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1984-01-09%2F1984-01-16&rft.au=Freiberger%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dey4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollack19850120-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pollack19850120_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack1985" class="citation news cs1">Pollack, Andrew (20 January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/20/business/the-daunting-power-of-ibm.html">"The Daunting Power of I.B.M."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. p. Section 3, Page 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Daunting+Power+of+I.B.M.&rft.pages=Section+3%2C+Page+1&rft.date=1985-01-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F01%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-daunting-power-of-ibm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stern1995-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stern1995_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern1995_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern1995_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refStern">Stern (1995)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoder (1995) cited in <a href="#refBRJ">Bayus; Jain; Rao (2001)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaporware&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refFlynn" class="citation journal cs1">Flynn, Laurie (24 April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/24/business/information-technology-the-executive-computer.html?scp=5&sq=vaporware&st=cse">"The Executive Computer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Executive+Computer&rft.date=1995-04-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F04%2F24%2Fbusiness%2Finformation-technology-the-executive-computer.html%3Fscp%3D5%26sq%3Dvaporware%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refDyson" class="citation journal cs1">Dyson, Esther (28 November 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://downloads.oreilly.com/radar/r1/11-83.pdf">"Vaporware"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>RELease 1.0</i>: 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RELease+1.0&rft.atitle=Vaporware&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1983-11-28&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownloads.oreilly.com%2Fradar%2Fr1%2F11-83.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refShea" class="citation journal cs1">Shea, Tom (7 May 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ti4EAAAAMBAJ&q=vaporware&pg=PA48">"Developers Unveil 'Vaporware'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. <b>6</b> (19): 48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Software rivals vying to define how PCs work". <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (Eastern ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Software+rivals+vying+to+define+how+PCs+work&rft.date=1994-03-07&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Zachary&rft.aufirst=G.+Pascal&rft.au=Carlton%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaporware" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaporware&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_Memory" title="Community Memory">Community Memory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memex.org/cm-archive7.html">postings</a> from 1996 on the term's origins crediting <a href="/wiki/Ann_Winblad" title="Ann Winblad">Ann Winblad</a> and Stewart Alsop.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.oreillystatic.com/radar/r1/11-83.pdf"><i>RELease 1.0</i> November 1983</a> — a scanned copy of Esther Dyson's original article</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wired_Magazine_Vaporware_Awards"><i>Wired</i> Magazine Vaporware Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaporware&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wired Magazine Vaporware Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)"><i>Wired</i> (magazine)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1997/12/9431">Vaporware 1997: We Hardly Knew Ye</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1998/12/16974">Vaporware 1998: Windows NT Wins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2000/01/33142">Vaporware 1999: The 'Winners'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2000/12/40484?currentPage=all">Vaporware 2000: Missing Inaction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2002/01/49326">Vaporware 2001: Empty Promises</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2003/01/57023?currentPage=all">Vaporware 2002: Tech up in Smoke?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2004/01/61935?currentPage=all">Vaporware 2003: Nuke 'Em if Ya Got 'Em</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/01/66195?currentPage=all">Vaporware 2004: Phantom Haunts Us All</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/02/70143?currentPage=all">Vaporware 2005: Better Late Than Never</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/software/softwarereviews/news/2006/12/72350">Vaporware 2006: Return of the King</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/gadgets/gadgetreviews/multimedia/2007/12/YE_Vaporware">Vaporware 2007: Long Live the King</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/news/2008/12/YE8_vaporware?currentPage=all">Vaporware 2008: Crushing Disappointments, False Promises and Plain Old BS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2009/12/vaporware-2009-inhale-the-fail/">Vaporware 2009: Inhale the Fail</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/01/vaporware-2010-the-great-white-duke?viewall=true">Vaporware 2010: The Great White Duke</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_distribution" title="Template:Software distribution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_distribution" title="Template talk:Software distribution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_distribution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software distribution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_distribution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software_distribution" title="Software distribution">Software distribution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_licensing" title="Floating licensing">Floating licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freely_redistributable_software" title="Freely redistributable software">Freely redistributable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License-free_software" title="License-free software">License-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compensation models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_what_you_want" title="Pay what you want">Pay what you want</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Careware" title="Careware">Careware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donationware" title="Donationware">Donationware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcardware">Postcardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">Shareware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagware" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagware">Nagware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialware" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialware">Trialware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">On-premises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_software" title="Pre-installed software">Pre-installed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">Product bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">Sneakernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deceptive and/or illicit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unwanted_software_bundling" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwanted software bundling">Unwanted software bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovelware" title="Shovelware">Shovelware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" title="End-of-life product">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintainer" title="Software maintainer">Software maintainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_publisher" title="Software publisher">Software publisher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaporware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaporware" title="List of vaporware">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_protection_dongle" title="Software protection dongle">Software protection dongle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="License manager">License manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_activation" title="Product activation">Product activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_key" title="Product key">Product key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">Software copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_license_server" title="Software license server">Software license server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">Software patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrent_poisoning" title="Torrent poisoning">Torrent poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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