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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service-level_agreement_(SLA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Service-level agreement (SLA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service-level_agreement_(SLA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_and_open-source_software_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_and_open-source_software_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Free and open-source software licenses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Free_and_open-source_software_licenses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Free and open-source software licenses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Free_and_open-source_software_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_open-source_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_open-source_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Types of open-source licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_open-source_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Compatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enforceability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforceability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Enforceability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforceability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Software license</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رخصة البرمجيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رخصة البرمجيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llicencia_de_software" title="Llicencia de software – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llicencia de software" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proqram_lisenziyas%C4%B1" title="Proqram lisenziyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proqram lisenziyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="সফটওয়্যার লাইসেন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সফটওয়্যার লাইসেন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Ліцэнзія на праграмнае забеспячэнне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліцэнзія на праграмнае забеспячэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="सॉफ्टवेयर लाइसेंस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सॉफ्टवेयर लाइसेंस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softverska_licenca" title="Softverska licenca – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Softverska licenca" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llic%C3%A8ncia_de_programari" title="Llicència de programari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llicència de programari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarov%C3%A1_licence" title="Softwarová licence – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Softwarová licence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trwydded_meddalwedd" title="Trwydded meddalwedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trwydded meddalwedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarelicens" title="Softwarelicens – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Softwarelicens" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarelizenz" title="Softwarelizenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Softwarelizenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Άδεια λογισμικού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άδεια λογισμικού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licencia_de_software" title="Licencia de software – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Licencia de software" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_lizentzia" title="Software lizentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Software lizentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پروانه نرم‌افزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروانه نرم‌افزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_de_logiciel" title="Licence de logiciel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Licence de logiciel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAftguodlisinsje" title="Sêftguodlisinsje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sêftguodlisinsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EA%B6%8C" title="소프트웨어 사용권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소프트웨어 사용권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Ծրագրային ապահովման արտոնագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծրագրային ապահովման արտոնագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="सॉफ्टवेयर लाइसेंस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सॉफ्टवेयर लाइसेंस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softverska_licencija" title="Softverska licencija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Softverska licencija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisensi_perangkat_lunak" title="Lisensi perangkat lunak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lisensi perangkat lunak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugb%C3%BAna%C3%B0arleyfi" title="Hugbúnaðarleyfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugbúnaðarleyfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenza_(informatica)" title="Licenza (informatica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Licenza (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94" title="רישיון תוכנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רישיון תוכנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lis%C3%A8nsi_piranti_alus" title="Lisènsi piranti alus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lisènsi piranti alus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პროგრამული უზრუნველყოფის ლიცენზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროგრამული უზრუნველყოფის ლიცენზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8D%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%8C%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%8C" title="‍ໃບອະນຸຍາດຂອງຊອຟຕ໌ແວຣ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="‍ໃບອະນຸຍາດຂອງຊອຟຕ໌ແວຣ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmat%C5%ABras_licence" title="Programmatūras licence – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Programmatūras licence" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programos_licencija" title="Programos licencija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Programos licencija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ അനുമതിപത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ അനുമതിപത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesen_perisian" title="Lesen perisian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lesen perisian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဆော့ဖ်ဝဲလ်လိုင်စင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆော့ဖ်ဝဲလ်လိုင်စင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarelicentie" title="Softwarelicentie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Softwarelicentie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="ソフトウェアライセンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソフトウェアライセンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਲਸੰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਲਸੰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licencja_oprogramowania" title="Licencja oprogramowania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Licencja oprogramowania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licen%C3%A7a_de_software" title="Licença de software – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Licença de software" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licen%C8%9B%C4%83_software" title="Licență software – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Licență software" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Лицензия на программное обеспечение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лицензия на программное обеспечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="මෘදුකාංග වරපත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෘදුකාංග වරපත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licence" title="Software licence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Software licence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softv%C3%A9rov%C3%A1_licencia" title="Softvérová licencia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Softvérová licencia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programska_licenca" title="Programska licenca – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Programska licenca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenca_softvera" title="Licenca softvera – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Licenca softvera" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softverska_licenca" title="Softverska licenca – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Softverska licenca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvarulicens" title="Programvarulicens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Programvarulicens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மென்பொருள் உரிமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மென்பொருள் உரிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สัญญาอนุญาตซอฟต์แวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัญญาอนุญาตซอฟต์แวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Иҷозаномаи нармафзор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иҷозаномаи нармафзор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m_lisans%C4%B1" title="Yazılım lisansı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazılım lisansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ліцензія на програмне забезпечення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліцензія на програмне забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81" title="سافٹ ویئر اجازت نامہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سافٹ ویئر اجازت نامہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensa_(Informadega)" title="Licensa (Informadega) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Licensa (Informadega)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A5y_ph%C3%A9p_ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m" title="Giấy phép phần mềm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giấy phép phần mềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6%E6%8E%88%E6%AC%8A" title="軟件授權 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軟件授權" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Software_Categories_expanded.svg/260px-Software_Categories_expanded.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Software_Categories_expanded.svg/390px-Software_Categories_expanded.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Software_Categories_expanded.svg/520px-Software_Categories_expanded.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of software under various licenses according to the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</a> and their <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a>: on the left side "<a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>", on the right side "<a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>". On both sides, and therefore mostly <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a>, "free download" (<a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>software license</b> is a legal instrument governing the use or redistribution of software. </p><p>Since the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">software copyright</a> has been recognized in the United States. Despite the copyright being recognized, most companies prefer to sell licenses rather than copies of the software because it enables them to enforce stricter terms on redistribution. Very few purchasers read any part of the license, initially <a href="/wiki/Shrink-wrap_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrink-wrap contract">shrink-wrap contracts</a> and now most commonly encountered as <a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">clickwrap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Browsewrap" title="Browsewrap">browsewrap</a>. The enforceability of this kind of license is a matter of controversy and is limited in some jurisdictions. <a href="/wiki/Service-level_agreement" title="Service-level agreement">Service-level agreements</a> are another type of software license where the vendor agrees to provide a level of service to the purchaser, often backed by financial penalties. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a> is a type of free license that mandates <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a> to be licensed. The other types of free license lack this requirement: for <a href="/wiki/Permissive_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive license">permissive licenses</a>, attribution is typically the only requirement, and <a href="/wiki/Public-domain-equivalent_license" title="Public-domain-equivalent license">public-domain-equivalent licenses</a> have no restrictions. The proliferation of open-source licenses has compounded <a href="/wiki/License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">license compatibility</a> issues, but all share some features: allowing redistribution and <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a> under the same license, unrestricted access to the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, and nondiscrimination between different uses—in particular, allowing commercial use. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="3">Free and open </th> <th colspan="3">Non-free </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022403_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Public-domain-equivalent_license" title="Public-domain-equivalent license">equivalent licenses</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Permissive_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive license">Permissive license</a><sup id="cite_ref-OSIlicenses_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSIlicenses-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008212_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008212-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a><sup id="cite_ref-OSIlicenses_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSIlicenses-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008212_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008212-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_activity" title="Non-commercial activity">Noncommercial</a> license<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Free_and_Open_Source_Software_(FOSS)_Licensing_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Free_and_Open_Source_Software_(FOSS)_Licensing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary license">Proprietary license</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022394_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022394-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022396_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022396-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Description </th> <td>Waives copyright protection</td> <td>Grants use rights, including right to relicense (allows <a href="/wiki/Proprietization" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietization">proprietization</a>, <a href="/wiki/License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">license compatibility</a>)</td> <td>Grants use rights, forbids <a href="/wiki/Proprietization" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietization">proprietization</a></td> <td>Grants rights for noncommercial use only.</td> <td>Traditional use of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>; no rights need be granted</td> <td>No information made public </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Notable software licenses </th> <td>PD, <a href="/wiki/CC0" class="mw-redirect" title="CC0">CC0</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagundesPerzanowski2020524_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagundesPerzanowski2020524-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache license">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">AGPL</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_Research_License" title="Java Research License">JRL</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavila20156_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavila20156-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <meta 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title="Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing">Hyperlinking and framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_algorithms" title="Regulation of algorithms">Regulation of algorithms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Regulation of artificial intelligence">Regulation of AI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_law" title="Software law">Software law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Spamming</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Computing_law" title="Template:Computing law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computing_law" title="Template talk:Computing law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computing_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computing law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> (or compiled binaries in the form of <a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">object code</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle200345_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle200345-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> is protected by <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a> that vests the owner with the exclusive right to copy the code. The underlying ideas or algorithms are not protected by copyright law, but are often treated as a <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secret</a> and concealed by such methods as <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022394–396_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022394–396-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software copyright has been recognized since the mid-1970s and is vested in the company that makes the software, not the employees or <a href="/wiki/Independent_contracting_in_the_United_States" title="Independent contracting in the United States">contractors</a> who wrote it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022403_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Software licenses and rights granted in context of the copyright according to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Webbink" title="Mark Webbink">Mark Webbink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-redhat2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redhat2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expanded by freeware and sublicensing. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/License" title="License">Rights granted</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Public_domain_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Public domain software">Public domain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public-domain-equivalent_license" title="Public-domain-equivalent license">equivalent</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Permissive_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive license">Permissive</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">FOSS</a> license (e.g. <a href="/wiki/BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a>) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Copyleft_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyleft license">Copyleft</a> FOSS license (e.g. <a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">Shareware</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary license</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a> retained</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Performing_rights" title="Performing rights">Right to perform</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Right to display</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Right to copy</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Often</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lawsuits are filed by the owner against copyright infringement the most </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Derivative_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivative works">Right to modify</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Right to distribute</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Yes, under same license</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Yes, under same license</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Often</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Right to sublicense</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example software</td> <td><a href="/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a>, <a href="/wiki/ImageJ" title="ImageJ">ImageJ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apache_web_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache web server">Apache web server</a>, <a href="/wiki/ToyBox" class="mw-redirect" title="ToyBox">ToyBox</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_Broadcaster_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Broadcaster Software">OBS</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irfanview" class="mw-redirect" title="Irfanview">Irfanview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winamp" title="Winamp">Winamp</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, the majority of commercial video games and their <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRMs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, <a href="/wiki/XSplit" title="XSplit">xSplit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidal_(service)" title="Tidal (service)">TIDAL</a></td> <td>Server-side<br /><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a> programs and services,<br /> forensic applications, and other line-of-business work. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietary_software_licenses">Proprietary software licenses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proprietary software licenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohhh,_Shockwave_(117804940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ohhh%2C_Shockwave_%28117804940%29.jpg/220px-Ohhh%2C_Shockwave_%28117804940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ohhh%2C_Shockwave_%28117804940%29.jpg/330px-Ohhh%2C_Shockwave_%28117804940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ohhh%2C_Shockwave_%28117804940%29.jpg/440px-Ohhh%2C_Shockwave_%28117804940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A brief, written-out <a href="/wiki/Beta_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta test">beta test</a> software license issued by <a href="/wiki/Macromedia" title="Macromedia">Macromedia</a> in 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>The tendency to license <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>, rather than sell it, dates from the time period before the existence, then the scope of software copyright protection was <a href="/wiki/Legal_certainty" title="Legal certainty">clear</a>. These licenses have continued in use after software copyright was recognized in the courts, and are considered to grant the company extra protection compared to copyright law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013469_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013469-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal law">United States federal law</a>, a company can restrict the parties to which it sells but it cannot prevent a buyer from reselling the product. Software licensing agreements usually prohibit resale, enabling the company to maximize revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013469–470_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013469–470-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, software was distributed in the form of binary <a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">object code</a> that could not be understood or modified by the user,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle200345_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle200345-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but could be downloaded and run. The user bought a perpetual license to use a particular version of the software.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040–41_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040–41-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Software_as_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Software as service">Software as service</a> (SaaS) vendors—who have the majority <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> in <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20234_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20234-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—rarely offer perpetual licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS licenses are usually temporary and charged on a pay-per-usage or subscription basis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848,_57_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848,_57-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other revenue models such as <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a> are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201861–63_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201861–63-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For customers, the advantages of temporary licenses include reduced upfront cost, increased flexibility, and lower overall cost compared to a perpetual license.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040–41_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040–41-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, the steep one-time cost demanded by sellers of traditional software were out of the reach of <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">smaller businesses</a>, but pay-per-use SaaS models makes the software affordable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End-user_license_agreement_(EULA)"><span id="End-user_license_agreement_.28EULA.29"></span>End-user license agreement (EULA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: End-user license agreement (EULA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">End-user license agreement</a></div> <p>Initially, end-user license agreements (EULAs) were printed on either the shrinkwrap packaging encasing the product (see <a href="/wiki/Shrink-wrap_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrink-wrap contract">shrink-wrap contract</a>) or a piece of paper. The license often stipulated that a customer agreed if they did not return the product within a specified interval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2019455_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2019455-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, EULAs are most commonly found as <a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">clickwrap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Browsewrap" title="Browsewrap">browsewrap</a> where the user's clicks or continued browsing are taken as a sign of agreement. As a result of the end of physical constraints, length increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201612,_21_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201612,_21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most EULAs have been designed so that it is very difficult to read and understand them, but easy to agree to the licensing terms without reading them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013469_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013469-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2019455_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2019455-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of how easy it is to access, very few consumers read any part of the license agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakos_''et_al.''20141_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakos_''et_al.''20141-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-ShaharSchneider201468_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-ShaharSchneider201468-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most assume the terms are unobjectionable or barely notice agreeing while installing the software.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013485–486_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013485–486-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies take advantage of consumers' inattention to insert provisions into EULAs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2019456–457_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2019456–457-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proprietary software is usually offered under a restrictive license that bans copying and reuse and often limits the purchaser to using the software on one computer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022394_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022394-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Proprietary_Licensing_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Proprietary_Licensing-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">Source code</a> is rarely available. Derivative software works and <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> are usually explicitly prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Proprietary_Licensing_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Proprietary_Licensing-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many EULAs allow the vendor to collect information about the user and use it in unrestricted ways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023485–486_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023485–486-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some EULAs restrict the ability of users to exercise copyright over derivative work made using the software, such as creative creations in the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual worlds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhuja2016381_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhuja2016381-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2019456_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2019456-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most disclaim any <a href="/wiki/Software_product_liability" title="Software product liability">liability</a> for harms caused by the product,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023480–481_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023480–481-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prevent the purchaser from accessing the court system to seek a remedy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023481–482_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023481–482-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, many EULAs allow the vendor to change the terms at any time and the customer must choose between agreeing or ceasing use of the product, without getting a refund.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023485_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023485-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common for EULAs to allow unilateral termination by the vendor for any number of vague reasons or none at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023482–483_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023482–483-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EULAs, almost always offered on a <a href="/wiki/Standard_form_contract" title="Standard form contract">take-it-or-leave-it basis</a> as a non-negotiable condition for using the software,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023478_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter2023478-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are very far from the prototypical contract where both parties fully understand the terms and agree of their own free will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2019460_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2019460-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been substantial debate on to what extent the agreements can be considered binding. Before 1996 in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">clickwrap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Browsewrap" title="Browsewrap">browsewrap</a> licenses were not held to be binding, but since then they often have been.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013471_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013471-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201612,_21_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201612,_21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the New Digital Content Directive effective in the European Union, EULAs are only enforceable to the extent that they do not breach reasonable consumer expectations. The gap between expectations and the content of EULAs is especially wide when it comes to restrictions on copying and transferring ownership of digital content.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpryskSein2020620–621_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpryskSein2020620–621-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many EULAs contain stipulations that are likely unenforceable depending on the jurisdiction. Software vendors keep these unenforceable provisions in the agreements, perhaps because users rarely resort to the legal system to challenge them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2019461_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2019461-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service-level_agreement_(SLA)"><span id="Service-level_agreement_.28SLA.29"></span>Service-level agreement (SLA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Service-level agreement (SLA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Service-level_agreement" title="Service-level agreement">Service-level agreement</a></div> <p>Service-level agreements are often used for <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">enterprise software</a> and guarantee a level of service, such as software performance or time to respond to issue raised by the customer. Many stipulate financial penalties if the service falls short of the agreed standard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022151,_219,_224,_405_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022151,_219,_224,_405-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SLAs often cover such aspects as availability, reliability, price, and security using quantifiable metrics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQazi_''et_al.''2024Performance_evaluation_parameters_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQazi_''et_al.''2024Performance_evaluation_parameters-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multi-tier SLAs are common in <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> because of the use of different computing services that may be managed by different companies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanaZiegler2010188_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanaZiegler2010188-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SLAs in cloud computing are an area under active research as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQazi_''et_al.''2024Conclusion_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQazi_''et_al.''2024Conclusion-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Free_and_open-source_software_licenses">Free and open-source software licenses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Free and open-source software licenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Free software license</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></div> <p>Before the open-source movement in the 1980s, almost all software was proprietary and did not disclose its <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernelin202096_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernelin202096-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open-source licensing is intended to maximize openness and minimize barriers to software use, dissemination, and follow-on innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Free_and_Open_Source_Software_(FOSS)_Licensing_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Free_and_Open_Source_Software_(FOSS)_Licensing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open-source licenses share a number of key characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Free redistribution: Anyone can redistribute the software, for free or for cost, without the permission of or payment to the copyright holder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unrestricted, public access to the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—what the term <i>open source</i> refers to<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Open_Source_versus_Closed_Source_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Open_Source_versus_Closed_Source-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Users may modify the software and release <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a>, either under the same terms as the free software or, in some cases, under a different license.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nondiscrimination between different uses,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavila20156_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavila20156-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Free_and_Open_Source_Software_(FOSS)_Licensing_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Free_and_Open_Source_Software_(FOSS)_Licensing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> vets and approves new open-source licenses that comply with its <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008209-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_open-source_licenses">Types of open-source licenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of open-source licenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open-source-license-chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pie chart displays the most commonly used open source license as Apache at 30%, MIT at 26%, GPL at 18%, BSD at 8%, LGPL at 3%, MPL at 2%, and remaining 13% as licenses with below 1% market share each." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Open-source-license-chart.svg/220px-Open-source-license-chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Open-source-license-chart.svg/330px-Open-source-license-chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Open-source-license-chart.svg/440px-Open-source-license-chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>The most popular open source licenses as of 2022 are the <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> (permissive), the <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> (permissive), and the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> (copyleft).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>If software is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, the owner's copyright has been extinguished and anyone may use the work with no copyright restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022403_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Non-restrictive licenses allow free reuse of the work without restrictions on the licensing of <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008212_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008212-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them require attribution of the original creators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Permissive_versus_Copyleft_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Permissive_versus_Copyleft-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first open-source license was a non-restrictive license intended to facilitate scientific collaboration: the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a> (BSD), named after the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.2.1.1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.2.1.1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a> licenses (also known as "share-alike"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Permissive_versus_Copyleft_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Permissive_versus_Copyleft-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> require <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> to be distributed with software and require the source code be made available under a similar license.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008211–212_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008211–212-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Laurent200438–39_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Laurent200438–39-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copyleft represents the farthest that reuse can be restricted while still being considered free software.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavila20155_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavila20155-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strong copyleft licenses, such as the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL), allow for no reuse in proprietary software, while weak copyleft, such as the related <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> (LGPL), do allow reuse in some circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008212_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008212-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copyleft licenses are perceived by developers as a way of ensuring that their contributions do not create unfair advantages for others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008212_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008212-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavila20155–6_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavila20155–6-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another motivation for choosing copyleft is to promote open source through its requirements for derivative works:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Permissive_versus_Copyleft_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Permissive_versus_Copyleft-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stallman states that "the central idea of copyleft is to use copyright law, but flip it over to serve the opposite of its usual purpose: instead of a means of privatizing software, [copyright] becomes a means of keeping software free."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoy2022990–992_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoy2022990–992-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Outside of software, noncommercial-only <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> licenses have become popular among some artists who wish to prevent others from profiting excessively from their work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavila20155–6_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavila20155–6-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, software that is made available for <a href="/wiki/Noncommercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncommercial">noncommercial</a> use only is not considered open source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavila20156_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavila20156-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>' noncommercial-only <a href="/wiki/Java_Research_License" title="Java Research License">Java Research License</a> was rejected by the open-source community, and in 2006 the company released most of Java under the GPL.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavila20156_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavila20156-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compatibility">Compatibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compatibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">License compatibility</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPL-Compatible.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GPL-Compatible.svg/330px-GPL-Compatible.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GPL-Compatible.svg/495px-GPL-Compatible.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GPL-Compatible.svg/660px-GPL-Compatible.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Compatibility chart for some open-source software licenses</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernelin202096_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernelin202096-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a variety of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source licenses</a> for software have been created.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008208_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008208-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choosing an open-source software license has grown increasingly difficult due to the <a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">proliferation of licenses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlamoudi_''et_al.''2020537_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlamoudi_''et_al.''2020537-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernelin202094_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernelin202094-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of which are only trivially distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Compatibility,_Proliferation,_Fragmentation,_and_Directionality_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Compatibility,_Proliferation,_Fragmentation,_and_Directionality-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many licenses are incompatible with each other, hampering the goals of the free software movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernelin202098_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernelin202098-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Translation issues, ambiguity in licensing terms, and incompatibility of some licenses with the law in certain jurisdictions compounds the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernelin2020100,_102_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernelin2020100,_102-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although downloading an open-source module is quick and easy, complying with the licensing terms can be more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmbredanne2020105_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmbredanne2020105-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of software dependencies means that engineers working on complex projects must often rely on software license management software in order to help them achieve compliance with the licensing terms of open-source components.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmbredanne2020106_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmbredanne2020106-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many open-source software files do not unambiguously state the license, increasing the difficulties of compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmbredanne2020105_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmbredanne2020105-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When combining code bases, the original licenses can be maintained for separate components, and the larger work released under a compatible license.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Laurent2004159–163_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Laurent2004159–163-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compatibility is often one-way. Public domain content can be used anywhere as there is no copyright claim, but code acquired under almost any set of terms cannot be waved to the public domain. Permissive licenses can be used within copyleft works, but copyleft material cannot be released under a permissive license. Some weak copyleft licenses can be used under the GPL and are said to be GPL-compatible. GPL software can only be used under the GPL or AGPL.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforceability">Enforceability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Enforceability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Open_source_license_litigation" title="Open source license litigation">Open source license litigation</a></div> <p>Free and open-source software licenses have been successfully <a href="/wiki/Open_source_license_litigation" title="Open source license litigation">enforced in civil</a> court since the mid-2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courts have found that distributing software indicates acceptance of the license's terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022106_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022106-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, developers typically achieve compliance without lawsuits. <a href="/wiki/Social_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Social pressure">Social pressures</a>, such as the potential for community backlash, are often sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Laurent2004158–159_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Laurent2004158–159-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cease_and_desist" title="Cease and desist">Cease and desist</a> letters are a common method to bring companies back into compliance, especially in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallhausen2022127_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallhausen2022127-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A long-debated subject within the FOSS community is whether open-source licenses are "bare licenses" or <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalden2022§&nbsp;1.1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalden2022§&nbsp;1.1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bare license is a set of conditions under which actions otherwise restricted by <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> laws are permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the bare license interpretation, advocated by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF), a case is brought to court by the copyright holder as <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.1_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the contract interpretation, a case can be brought to court by an involved party as a <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">breach of contract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United States and French courts have tried cases under both interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Value">Value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 90 percent of companies use open-source software as a component of their proprietary software.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler_''et_al.''20221_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler_''et_al.''20221-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to use open-source software, or even engage with open-source projects to improve existing open-source software, is typically a pragmatic business decision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler_''et_al.''202211152_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler_''et_al.''202211152-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavila20157_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavila20157-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When proprietary software is in direct competition with an open-source alternative, research has found conflicting results on the effect of the competition on the proprietary product's price and quality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhouChoudhary2022731_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhouChoudhary2022731-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For decades, some companies have made servicing of an open-source software product for enterprise users as their business model. These companies control an open-source software product, and instead of charging for licensing or use, charge for improvements, integration, and other servicing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugust_''et_al.''20211–2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugust_''et_al.''20211–2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a> (SaaS) products based on open-source components are increasingly common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugust_''et_al.''20211_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugust_''et_al.''20211-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open-source software is preferred for scientific applications, because it increases transparency and aids in the validation and acceptance of scientific results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Compatibility,_Proliferation,_Fragmentation,_and_Directionality_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Compatibility,_Proliferation,_Fragmentation,_and_Directionality-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of free and open-source software licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-licensing">Dual-licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License-free_software" title="License-free software">License-free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="License manager">License manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_activation" title="Product activation">Product activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_key" title="Product key">Product key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_Expression_Language" title="Rights Expression Language">Rights Expression Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_metering" title="Software metering">Software metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">Terms of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_access" title="Perpetual access">Perpetual access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copyright_licenses" title="Category:Copyright licenses">Copyright licenses (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Software_by_license" title="Category:Software by license">Software by license (category)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022403-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022403_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022403_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022403_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Regan2022">O'Regan 2022</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSIlicenses-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSIlicenses_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSIlicenses_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.org/licenses">"Licenses"</a>. <i>Open Source Initiative</i>. 16 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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2020</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernelin2020100,_102-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernelin2020100,_102_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernelin2020">Bernelin 2020</a>, pp. 100, 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmbredanne2020105-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmbredanne2020105_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmbredanne2020105_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmbredanne2020">Ombredanne 2020</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmbredanne2020106-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmbredanne2020106_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmbredanne2020">Ombredanne 2020</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Laurent2004159–163-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Laurent2004159–163_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt._Laurent2004">St. Laurent 2004</a>, pp. 159–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.3-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.3_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2022">Smith 2022</a>, § 3.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.1_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.1_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.1_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2022">Smith 2022</a>, § 3.4.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022106-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022106_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2022">Smith 2022</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Laurent2004158–159-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Laurent2004158–159_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt._Laurent2004">St. Laurent 2004</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallhausen2022127-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallhausen2022127_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallhausen2022">Ballhausen 2022</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalden2022§&nbsp;1.1-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalden2022§&nbsp;1.1_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalden2022">Walden 2022</a>, § 1.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.2-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.2_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2022">Smith 2022</a>, § 3.4.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2022">Smith 2022</a>, § 3.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler_''et_al.''20221-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler_''et_al.''20221_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler_et_al.2022">Butler <i>et al.</i> 2022</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler_''et_al.''202211152-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler_''et_al.''202211152_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler_et_al.2022">Butler <i>et al.</i> 2022</a>, p. 11152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavila20157-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavila20157_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavila2015">Davila 2015</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhouChoudhary2022731-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhouChoudhary2022731_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhouChoudhary2022">Zhou & Choudhary 2022</a>, p. 731.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugust_''et_al.''20211–2-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugust_''et_al.''20211–2_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAugust_et_al.2021">August <i>et al.</i> 2021</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugust_''et_al.''20211-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugust_''et_al.''20211_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAugust_et_al.2021">August <i>et al.</i> 2021</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhuja2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ahuja, Neha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/johnmars16&div=22&id=&page=">"Commercial Creations: The Role of End User License Agreements in Controlling the Exploitation of User Generated Content"</a>. <i>John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law</i>. <b>16</b>: <span class="nowrap">381–</span>410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=John+Marshall+Review+of+Intellectual+Property+Law&rft.atitle=Commercial+Creations%3A+The+Role+of+End+User+License+Agreements+in+Controlling+the+Exploitation+of+User+Generated+Content&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E410&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ahuja&rft.aufirst=Neha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fjohnmars16%26div%3D22%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlamoudi_et_al.2020" class="citation book cs1">Alamoudi, Emad; Mehmood, Rashid; Aljudaibi, Wajdi; Albeshri, Aiiad; Hasan, Syed Hamid (2020). 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Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-07816-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-07816-3"><bdi>978-3-031-07816-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Guide+to+Software+Engineering%3A+From+Fundamentals+to+Application+Methods&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-031-07816-3&rft.aulast=O%27Regan&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQazi_et_al.2024" class="citation journal cs1">Qazi, Faiza; Kwak, Daehan; Khan, Fiaz Gul; Ali, Farman; Khan, Sami Ullah (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.iot.2024.101126">"Service Level Agreement in cloud computing: Taxonomy, prospects, and challenges"</a>. <i>Internet of Things</i>. <b>25</b>: 101126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.iot.2024.101126">10.1016/j.iot.2024.101126</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2542-6605">2542-6605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+of+Things&rft.atitle=Service+Level+Agreement+in+cloud+computing%3A+Taxonomy%2C+prospects%2C+and+challenges&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=101126&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.iot.2024.101126&rft.issn=2542-6605&rft.aulast=Qazi&rft.aufirst=Faiza&rft.au=Kwak%2C+Daehan&rft.au=Khan%2C+Fiaz+Gul&rft.au=Ali%2C+Farman&rft.au=Khan%2C+Sami+Ullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.iot.2024.101126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRanaZiegler2010" class="citation book cs1">Rana, Omer; Ziegler, Wolfgang (2010). "Research Challenges in Managing and Using Service Level Agreements". <i>Grids, P2P and Services Computing</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6793-0"><bdi>978-1-4419-6793-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Research+Challenges+in+Managing+and+Using+Service+Level+Agreements&rft.btitle=Grids%2C+P2P+and+Services+Computing&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-6793-0&rft.aulast=Rana&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSenSubramaniamNelson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Ravi; Subramaniam, Chandrasekar; Nelson, Matthew L. (2008). "Determinants of the Choice of Open Source Software License". <i>Journal of Management Information Systems</i>. <b>25</b> (3). Informa UK Limited: <span class="nowrap">207–</span>240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2Fmis0742-1222250306">10.2753/mis0742-1222250306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0742-1222">0742-1222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+the+Choice+of+Open+Source+Software+License&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2Fmis0742-1222250306&rft.issn=0742-1222&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Ravi&rft.au=Subramaniam%2C+Chandrasekar&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Matthew+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2022" class="citation book cs1">Smith, P McCoy (20 October 2022). "Copyright, Contract, and Licensing in Open Source". <i>Open Source Law, Policy and Practice</i>. Oxford University PressOxford. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198862345.003.0003">10.1093/oso/9780198862345.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-886234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Copyright%2C+Contract%2C+and+Licensing+in+Open+Source&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Law%2C+Policy+and+Practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=Oxford+University+PressOxford&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198862345.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-886234-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=P+McCoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._Laurent2004" class="citation book cs1">St. Laurent, Andrew M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freecomputerbooks.com/Understanding-Open-Source-and-Free-Software-Licensing.html"><i>Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0596005818" title="Special:BookSources/978-0596005818"><bdi>978-0596005818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Open+Source+and+Free+Software+Licensing&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0596005818&rft.aulast=St.+Laurent&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreecomputerbooks.com%2FUnderstanding-Open-Source-and-Free-Software-Licensing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerasaki2013" class="citation journal cs1">Terasaki, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/wsulr41&div=35&id=&page=">"Do End User License Agreements Bind Normal People"</a>. <i>Western State University Law Review</i>. <b>41</b>: 467.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+State+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Do+End+User+License+Agreements+Bind+Normal+People&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=467&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Terasaki&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fwsulr41%26div%3D35%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalden2022" class="citation book cs1">Walden, Ian (20 October 2022). "Open Source as Philosophy, Methodology, and Commerce: Using Law with Attitude". <i>Open Source Law, Policy and Practice</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198862345.003.0001">10.1093/oso/9780198862345.003.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-886234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Open+Source+as+Philosophy%2C+Methodology%2C+and+Commerce%3A+Using+Law+with+Attitude&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Law%2C+Policy+and+Practice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198862345.003.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-886234-5&rft.aulast=Walden&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatt2023" class="citation book cs1">Watt, Andy (2023). <i>Building Modern SaaS Applications with C# And . NET: Build, Deploy, and Maintain Professional SaaS Applications</i>. Packt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80461-087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80461-087-9"><bdi>978-1-80461-087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Modern+SaaS+Applications+with+C%23+And+.+NET%3A+Build%2C+Deploy%2C+and+Maintain+Professional+SaaS+Applications&rft.pub=Packt&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-80461-087-9&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhouChoudhary2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Zach Zhizhong; Choudhary, Vidyanand (2022). "Impact of Competition from Open Source Software on Proprietary Software". <i>Production and Operations Management</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">731–</span>742. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpoms.13575">10.1111/poms.13575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Production+and+Operations+Management&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Competition+from+Open+Source+Software+on+Proprietary+Software&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E731-%3C%2Fspan%3E742&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpoms.13575&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Zach+Zhizhong&rft.au=Choudhary%2C+Vidyanand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClassen2022" class="citation book cs1">Classen, H. Ward (2022). <i>The Practical Guide to Software Licensing and Cloud Computing</i>. American Bar Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64105-750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64105-750-9"><bdi>978-1-64105-750-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practical+Guide+to+Software+Licensing+and+Cloud+Computing&rft.pub=American+Bar+Association&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-64105-750-9&rft.aulast=Classen&rft.aufirst=H.+Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+license" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FOSS_Licensing" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:FOSS Licensing">FOSS Licensing</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_licensing" title="Floating licensing">Floating licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freely_redistributable_software" title="Freely redistributable software">Freely redistributable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License-free_software" title="License-free software">License-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compensation models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_what_you_want" title="Pay what you want">Pay what you want</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Careware" title="Careware">Careware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donationware" title="Donationware">Donationware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcardware">Postcardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">Shareware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagware" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagware">Nagware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialware" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialware">Trialware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">On-premises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_software" title="Pre-installed software">Pre-installed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">Product bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">Sneakernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deceptive and/or illicit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unwanted_software_bundling" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwanted software bundling">Unwanted software bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovelware" title="Shovelware">Shovelware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" title="End-of-life product">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintainer" title="Software maintainer">Software maintainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_publisher" title="Software publisher">Software publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware">Vaporware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaporware" title="List of vaporware">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_protection_dongle" title="Software protection dongle">Software protection 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.next-6554649787-vldmg","wgBackendResponseTime":189,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.004","walltime":"1.127","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9615,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":124119,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11038,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":154500,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 975.812 1 -total"," 30.28% 295.430 104 Template:Sfn"," 13.64% 133.143 18 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.61% 113.248 15 Template:Cite_book"," 10.86% 105.941 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.41% 91.853 1 Template:Computing_law"," 9.13% 89.082 1 Template:Sidebar"," 7.99% 77.943 2 Template:Cite_web"," 6.89% 67.266 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.26% 41.525 2 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[\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Regan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmbredanne2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpryskSein2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQazi_et_al.2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanaZiegler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenSubramaniamNelson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Laurent2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerasaki2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalden2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatt2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhouChoudhary2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Computing law\"] = 1,\n [\"Creative Commons text attribution notice\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Software License\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Maybe\"] = 4,\n [\"No\"] = 14,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 104,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Software distribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Yes\"] = 24,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.next-88cd69d45-b5wsd","timestamp":"20250305213707","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Software license","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Software_license","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207621","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207621","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-10T20:16:18Z","dateModified":"2025-03-03T13:10:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fb\/Software_Categories_expanded.svg","headline":"governs the use and\/or redistribution of software"}</script> </body> </html>