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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_1910" title="Black Friday 1910 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Black Friday 1910" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Freitag_(1910)" title="Schwarzer Freitag (1910) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzer Freitag (1910)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viernes_Negro_(1910)" title="Viernes Negro (1910) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Viernes Negro (1910)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Black Friday (1910)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday" title="Black Friday – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Black Friday" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B1%DB%B0_%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="توره جمعه (۱۹۱۰ زکال) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توره جمعه (۱۹۱۰ زکال)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(1910)" title="Чёрная пятница (1910) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная пятница (1910)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Black Friday (1910)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Women's suffrage event on 18 November 1910</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other events, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Black_Fridays" title="List of Black Fridays">List of Black Fridays</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Daily_Mirror,_19_November_1910,_front_page_(cleaned).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Daily_Mirror%2C_19_November_1910%2C_front_page_%28cleaned%29.png/260px-The_Daily_Mirror%2C_19_November_1910%2C_front_page_%28cleaned%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Daily_Mirror%2C_19_November_1910%2C_front_page_%28cleaned%29.png/390px-The_Daily_Mirror%2C_19_November_1910%2C_front_page_%28cleaned%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Daily_Mirror%2C_19_November_1910%2C_front_page_%28cleaned%29.png/520px-The_Daily_Mirror%2C_19_November_1910%2C_front_page_%28cleaned%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2954" data-file-height="3871" /></a><figcaption>The front page of <i>The Daily Mirror</i>, 19<span class="nowrap"> </span>November 1910, showing a suffragette on the ground.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Black Friday</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a> demonstration in London on 18<span class="nowrap"> </span>November 1910, in which 300 women marched to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a> as part of their campaign to secure <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">voting rights for women</a>. The day earned its name from the violence meted out to protesters, some of it sexual, by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> and male bystanders. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">January 1910 general election</a> campaign, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>—the Prime Minister and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>—promised to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Conciliation_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Conciliation Bill">Conciliation Bill</a> to allow a measure of women's suffrage in national elections. When he was returned to power, a committee made up of pro-women's suffrage <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MPs</a> from several political parties was formed; they proposed legislation that would have added a million women to the franchise. The <a href="/wiki/Suffrage_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffrage movement">suffrage movement</a> supported the legislation. Although MPs backed the bill and passed its <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom#First_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom#Second_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">second readings</a>, Asquith refused to grant it further parliamentary time. On 18<span class="nowrap"> </span>November 1910, following a breakdown in relations between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> over <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">that year's budget</a>, Asquith called another general election and said that parliament would be dissolved on 28<span class="nowrap"> </span>November. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> (WSPU) saw the move as a betrayal and organised a protest march to parliament from <a href="/wiki/Caxton_Hall" title="Caxton Hall">Caxton Hall</a> in Westminster. Lines of police and crowds of male bystanders met three hundred female protestors outside the Houses of Parliament; the women were attacked for the next six hours. Many women complained about the sexual nature of the assaults, which included having their breasts twisted and pinched. Police arrested four men and 115 women, although the following day all charges were dropped. The conciliation committee were angered by the accounts, and undertook interviews with 135 demonstrators, nearly all of whom described acts of violence against the women; 29 of the statements included details of sexual assault. Calls for a public inquiry were rejected by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>. </p><p>The violence may have caused the subsequent deaths of two suffragettes. The demonstration led to a change in approach: many members of the WSPU were unwilling to risk similar violence, so they resumed their previous forms of <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>—such as stone-throwing and window-breaking—which afforded time to escape. The police also changed their tactics; during future demonstrations they tried not to arrest too soon or too late. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_Social_and_Political_Union"><span id="Women.27s_Social_and_Political_Union"></span>Women's Social and Political Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Women's Social and Political Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg/170px-Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg/255px-Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg/340px-Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Banner of the Hammersmith branch of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> (WSPU) was formed in 1903 by the political activist <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a>. From around 1905—following the failure of a <a href="/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill" title="Private member's bill">private member's bill</a> to introduce the vote for women—the organisation increasingly began to use militant <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> to campaign for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women's suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolton2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolton2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003729_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2003729-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian Caroline Morrell, from 1905 "The basic pattern of WSPU activities over the next few years had been established—pre-planned militant tactics, imprisonment claimed as martyrdom, publicity and increased membership and funds."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198116_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198116-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1906 WSPU members adopted the name <i>suffragettes</i>, to differentiate from the <i>suffragists</i> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a>, who employed constitutional methods in their campaign for the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolton2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolton2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Suffragists_or_suffragettes",_BBC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Suffragists_or_suffragettes",_BBC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1907 WSPU demonstrations faced increasing police violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198118_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198118-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a>—the daughter of Emmeline and a member of the WSPU—described a demonstration in which she took part in February that year: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragettes,_Daily_Graphic,_14_February_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Suffragettes%2C_Daily_Graphic%2C_14_February_1907.jpg/170px-Suffragettes%2C_Daily_Graphic%2C_14_February_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Suffragettes%2C_Daily_Graphic%2C_14_February_1907.jpg/255px-Suffragettes%2C_Daily_Graphic%2C_14_February_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Suffragettes%2C_Daily_Graphic%2C_14_February_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Graphic" title="The Graphic">The Graphic</a></i> of suffragettes in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Central_Lobby" title="Palace of Westminster">Central Lobby</a> of the House of Commons, February 1907</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>Parliament was guarded by an army of police to prevent the women approaching its sacred precincts. The constables had their orders to drive them away, making as few arrests as possible. Mounted men scattered the marchers; foot police seized them by the back of the neck and rushed them along at arm's length, thumping them in the back, and bumping them with their knees in approved police fashion. ... Those who took refuge in doorways were dragged down the steps and hurled in front of the horses, then pounced upon by constables and beaten again. ... As night advanced the violence grew. Finally fifty-four women and two men had been arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20135003–5017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20135003–5017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After one demonstration in June 1908 in which "roughs appeared, organised gangs, who treated the women with every type of indignity",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20135591_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20135591-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylvia Pankhurst complained that "the ill-usage by the police and the roughs was greater than we had hitherto experienced".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20135591_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20135591-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a demonstration in June 1909 a deputation tried to force a meeting with <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, the Prime Minister; 3,000 police provided tight security to prevent the women from entering parliament, arresting 108 women and 14 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Wingerden199986–87_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Wingerden199986–87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20182709–2722_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20182709–2722-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the police violence used on that occasion, the WSPU began to shift to a strategy of breaking windows rather than attempting to rush into parliament. Sylvia Pankhurst wrote that "Since we must go to prison to obtain the vote, let it be the windows of the Government, not the bodies of women which shall be broken, was the argument".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20136011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20136011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forcefeeding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman in prison is tied to a chair while four members of staff force feed her" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Forcefeeding.jpg/170px-Forcefeeding.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Forcefeeding.jpg/255px-Forcefeeding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Forcefeeding.jpg/340px-Forcefeeding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>A suffragette being force-fed in <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Holloway" title="HM Prison Holloway">Holloway prison</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>At a demonstration in October 1909—at which the WSPU again attempted to rush into parliament—ten demonstrators were taken to hospital. The suffragettes did not complain about the rising level of police violence. <a href="/wiki/Lady_Constance_Bulwer-Lytton" title="Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton">Constance Lytton</a> wrote that "the word went round that we were to conceal as best we might, our various injuries. It was no part of our policy to get the police into trouble."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of violence in suffragette action increased throughout 1909: bricks were thrown at the windows of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> meetings; Asquith was attacked while leaving church; and roof tiles were thrown at police when another political rally was interrupted. Public opinion turned against the tactics and, according to Morrell, the government capitalised on the shifting public feeling to introduce stronger measures. Thus, in October 1909, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone,_1st_Viscount_Gladstone" title="Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone">Herbert Gladstone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, instructed that all prisoners on hunger strike should be <a href="/wiki/Force-feeding" title="Force-feeding">force fed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198121_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198121-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_situation">Political situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Votes_for_Women_-_1909_front_page.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Votes_for_Women_-_1909_front_page.png/170px-Votes_for_Women_-_1909_front_page.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Votes_for_Women_-_1909_front_page.png/255px-Votes_for_Women_-_1909_front_page.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Votes_for_Women_-_1909_front_page.png/340px-Votes_for_Women_-_1909_front_page.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>Front page of <i><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(newspaper)" title="Votes for Women (newspaper)">Votes for Women</a></i> showing a caricature of Asquith offering wider suffrage; the suffragettes were dismissive of the likelihood<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017162_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017162-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_government,_1905%E2%80%931915" title="Liberal government, 1905–1915">Liberal government</a> forme in 1905 was <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">a reforming one</a> which introduced legislation to combat poverty, deal with unemployment and establish pensions. The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> impeded much of the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1953_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1953-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909 the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, introduced the so-called <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a>, which had the expressed intent of redistributing wealth amongst the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray20096_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray20096-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This budget was passed by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, but rejected by the Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, on 3 December 1909, Asquith called a <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#General_elections" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">general election</a> for the new year to obtain a fresh <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">mandate</a> for the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1953_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1953-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavendish2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavendish2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the campaigning for <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">the January 1910 election</a>, Asquith—a known anti-suffragist—announced that should he be re-elected, he would introduce a <a href="/wiki/Conciliation_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Conciliation Bill">Conciliation Bill</a> to introduce a measure of female suffrage. The proposal was dismissed by suffrage campaigners as being unlikely to materialise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017161–162_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017161–162-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election produced a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>, with the Liberals' majority eliminated; although they won the largest number of seats, they returned only two more MPs than the Conservative Party. Asquith retained power after he was able to form a government with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoss1985118_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoss1985118-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 January 1910, in response to Asquith's statement, Pankhurst announced that the WSPU would pause all militant activity and focus on constitutional activities only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018212_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018212-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For six months the suffrage movement went into a propaganda drive, organising marches and meetings, and local councils passed resolutions supporting the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198122_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198122-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the new Parliament convened, a cross-party conciliation committee of pro-women's suffrage MPs was formed under the chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Bulwer-Lytton,_2nd_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton">Lord Lytton</a>, the brother of Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183545_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183545-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomes2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomes2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They proposed legislation that would have enfranchised female householders and those women that occupied a business premises; the bill was based on existing franchise laws for local government elections, under which some women had been able to vote since 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2016_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measure would have added approximately a million women to the franchise; it was kept to a relatively small number to make the bill as acceptable as possible to MPs, mostly Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201671_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201671-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the WSPU thought the scope of the bill too narrow—it excluded women lodgers and most wives and working-class women—they accepted it as an important step.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198122_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198122-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003144_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003144-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Conciliation Bill was introduced into Parliament as a <a href="/wiki/Private_members_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Private members bill">private members bill</a> on 14<span class="nowrap"> </span>June 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198123_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198123-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton19101202–1207_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton19101202–1207-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of women's suffrage was divisive within <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a>, and the bill was discussed at three separate meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh2000140_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2000140-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a Cabinet meeting on 23<span class="nowrap"> </span>June, Asquith stated that he would allow it to pass to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom#Second_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">second reading</a> stage, but no further parliamentary time would be allocated to it and it would therefore fail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018219_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018219-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 200 MPs signed a memorandum to Asquith asking for additional parliamentary time to debate the legislation, but he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1959159_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1959159-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill received its second reading on 11 and 12 July, which it passed 299 to 189. Both Churchill and Lloyd George voted against the measure; Churchill called it "anti-democratic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198123_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198123-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the month Parliament was <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prorogue" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:prorogue">prorogued</a> until November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183795_and_3881_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183795_and_3881-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WSPU decided to wait until Parliament reconvened before they decided if they were to return to militant action. They further decided that if no additional parliamentary time was given over to the Conciliation Bill, Christabel Pankhurst would lead a delegation to Parliament, demand the bill be made law, and refuse to leave until that was carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198123_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198123-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 November the Liberal Party politician <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Sir Edward Grey</a> announced that there would be no further parliamentary time given to the conciliation legislation that year. The WSPU announced that in protest they would undertake a militant demonstration to Parliament when it reconvened on 18<span class="nowrap"> </span>November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018226_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018226-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18_November">18 November</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18 November"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Garrett_Anderson;_Emmeline_Pankhurst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Elizabeth_Garrett_Anderson%3B_Emmeline_Pankhurst.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Garrett_Anderson%3B_Emmeline_Pankhurst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Elizabeth_Garrett_Anderson%3B_Emmeline_Pankhurst.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_Garrett_Anderson%3B_Emmeline_Pankhurst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Elizabeth_Garrett_Anderson%3B_Emmeline_Pankhurst.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_Garrett_Anderson%3B_Emmeline_Pankhurst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Garrett_Anderson" title="Elizabeth Garrett Anderson">Elizabeth Garrett Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> at the Houses of Parliament on Black Friday</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 November 1910, in an attempt to resolve the parliamentary impasse arising from the House of Lords veto on Commons legislation, Asquith called a general election, and said that parliament would be dissolved on 28 November; all remaining time was to be given over to official government business. He did not refer to the Conciliation Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018108–109_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018108–109-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At noon on the same day the WSPU held a rally at <a href="/wiki/Caxton_Hall" title="Caxton Hall">Caxton Hall</a>, Westminster. The event had been widely publicised, and the national press were prepared for the expected demonstration later in the day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017166_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017166-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Caxton Hall, approximately 300 members—divided into groups of ten to twelve by the WSPU organiser <a href="/wiki/Flora_Drummond" title="Flora Drummond">Flora Drummond</a>—marched to parliament to petition Asquith directly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183985_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183985-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017164_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017164-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deputation was led by Emmeline Pankhurst. The delegates in the lead group included Dr <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Garrett_Anderson" title="Elizabeth Garrett Anderson">Elizabeth Garrett Anderson</a>, Dr <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Garrett_Anderson" title="Louisa Garrett Anderson">Louisa Garrett Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertha_Ayrton" title="Hertha Ayrton">Hertha Ayrton</a> and Princess <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Duleep_Singh" title="Sophia Duleep Singh">Sophia Duleep Singh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20186630_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20186630-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first group arrived at St Stephen's entrance at 1:20 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Suffrage_Raiders",_''The_Times''_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Suffrage_Raiders",_''The_Times''-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were taken to Asquith's office where his <a href="/wiki/Private_secretary" title="Private secretary">private secretary</a> informed them that the prime minister refused to see them. They were escorted back to St Stephen's entrance, where they were left to watch the demonstration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198133_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198133-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previous demonstrations at the Houses of Parliament had been policed by the local A<span class="nowrap"> </span>Division, who understood the nature of the demonstrations and had managed to overcome the WSPU tactics without undue levels of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlow20151984_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarlow20151984-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylvia Pankhurst wrote that "During our conflicts with the A<span class="nowrap"> </span>Division they have gradually come to know us, and to understand our aims and objects, and for this reason, whilst obeying their orders, they came to treat the women, as far as possible, with courtesy and consideration".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1910121_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1910121-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day of the demonstration, police had been drafted in from <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End</a>; these men were inexperienced in policing suffragettes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018109_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018109-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184227_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184227-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sophia van Wingerden, in her history of the women's suffrage movement, writes that "the differing accounts of the event of that day make it difficult to determine the truth about what happened";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Wingerden1999123_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Wingerden1999123-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morrell similarly observes that the government, the press and the demonstrators all provide markedly different accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198132_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198132-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_May_Billinghurst_-_38666686576.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rosa_May_Billinghurst_-_38666686576.jpg/260px-Rosa_May_Billinghurst_-_38666686576.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rosa_May_Billinghurst_-_38666686576.jpg/390px-Rosa_May_Billinghurst_-_38666686576.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rosa_May_Billinghurst_-_38666686576.jpg/520px-Rosa_May_Billinghurst_-_38666686576.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5022" data-file-height="3732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rosa_May_Billinghurst" title="Rosa May Billinghurst">Rosa May Billinghurst</a>, a disabled suffragette, who was present on Black Friday</figcaption></figure> <p>Groups approaching <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a> were met at the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> entrance to the square by groups of bystanders, who manhandled the women. As they moved past the men, the suffragettes were met by lines of policemen who, instead of arresting them, subjected them to violence and insults, much of which was sexual in nature. The demonstration continued for six hours; police beat women attempting to enter parliament, then threw them into the crowds of onlookers, where they were subjected to further assaults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201450Holton2017Tickner1988121Kingsley_Kent1990180_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201450Holton2017Tickner1988121Kingsley_Kent1990180-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the suffragettes considered that the crowds of men who also assaulted them were plain clothes policemen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017167_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017167-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caxton Hall was used throughout the day as a medical post for suffragettes injured in the demonstration. Sylvia Pankhurst recorded that "We saw the women go out and return exhausted, with black eyes, bleeding noses, bruises, sprains and dislocations. The cry went round: 'Be careful; they are dragging women down the side streets!' We knew this always meant greater ill-usage."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20136656_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20136656-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of those taken down a side street was <a href="/wiki/Rosa_May_Billinghurst" title="Rosa May Billinghurst">Rosa May Billinghurst</a>, a disabled suffragette who campaigned from a wheelchair. Police pushed her into a side road, assaulted her and stole the <a href="/wiki/Valve_stem" title="Valve stem">valves</a> from the wheels, leaving her stranded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrueman2004_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrueman2004-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Harold Smith writes "it appeared to witnesses as well as the victims that the police had intentionally attempted to subject the women to sexual humiliation in a public setting to teach them a lesson".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201450_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201450-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Following_days">Following days</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Following days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 November, 4 men and 115 women were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198133_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198133-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017169_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017169-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following morning, when those arrested were brought up at <a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Police_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow Street Police Court">Bow Street Police Court</a>, the prosecution stated that <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, the Home Secretary, had decided that on the grounds of public policy "on this occasion no public advantage would be gained by proceeding with the prosecution"; all charges were dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katherine E. Kelly, in her examination of how the media reported the suffrage movement in the early 20th century, considers that by dropping the charges against the demonstrators Churchill implemented "a tacit quid pro quo ... [in which] he refused to inquire into the charges of police brutality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2004350_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2004350-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson198830_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson198830-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22<span class="nowrap"> </span>November Asquith announced that should the Liberals be returned to power at the next election, there would be parliamentary time for a Conciliation Bill to be put to parliament. The WSPU were angered that his promise was for within the next parliament, rather than the next session, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">200 suffragettes marched</a> on <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a>, where scuffles broke out with the police; 159 women and 3 men were arrested. The following day another march on parliament was met with a police presence, and 18 demonstrators were arrested. Charges against many of those arrested on 22<span class="nowrap"> </span>and 23<span class="nowrap"> </span>November were subsequently dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003151–152_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003151–152-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198145–46_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198145–46-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction">Reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flier_for_a_suffragette_demonstration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flier_for_a_suffragette_demonstration.jpg/170px-Flier_for_a_suffragette_demonstration.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flier_for_a_suffragette_demonstration.jpg/255px-Flier_for_a_suffragette_demonstration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flier_for_a_suffragette_demonstration.jpg/340px-Flier_for_a_suffragette_demonstration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> flier publicising the demonstration</figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 November 1910, newspapers reported on the events of the previous day. According to Morrell they "almost unanimously refrained from any mention of police brutality", and focussed instead on the behaviour of the suffragettes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198139_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198139-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The front page of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Mirror">The Daily Mirror</a></i> that day showed a large photograph of a suffragette on the ground, having been hit by a policeman during Black Friday; the image is probably that of <a href="/wiki/Ada_Wright" title="Ada Wright">Ada Wright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiley199316_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiley199316-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2004327_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2004327-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art editor of the newspaper forwarded the photograph to the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" title="Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Commissioner of Metropolitan Police</a> for comments. He initially tried to explain the image away by saying the woman had collapsed through exhaustion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiley199316–17_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiley199316–17-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2004328–329_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2004328–329-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image was also published in <i><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(newspaper)" title="Votes for Women (newspaper)">Votes for Women</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1910121_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1910121-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Suffragettes_at_the_House_of_Commons_Yesterday",_''The_Manchester_Guardian''_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Suffragettes_at_the_House_of_Commons_Yesterday",_''The_Manchester_Guardian''-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"A_Spectacle_for_the_Women_of_England",_''The_Daily_Express''_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"A_Spectacle_for_the_Women_of_England",_''The_Daily_Express''-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morrell observes that where sympathy was shown by newspapers, it was directed towards the policemen. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> reported that "Several of the police had their helmets knocked off in carrying out their duty, one was disabled by a kick on the ankle, one was cut on the face by a belt, and one had his hand cut";<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Daily Mirror</i> wrote that "the police displayed great good temper and tact throughout and avoided making arrests, but as usual many of the Suffragettes refused to be happy until they were arrested ... in one scuffle a constable got hurt and had to be led limping away by two colleagues."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to the suffragettes were in tones of disapproval for their actions; after Churchill decided not to prosecute the suffragettes, some newspapers criticised his decision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198140_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198140-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 March <a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Solomon" title="Georgiana Solomon">Georgiana Solomon</a>—a suffragette who had been present at the demonstration—wrote to <i>The Times</i> to say that police had assaulted her. She had been bed-ridden after their manhandling, and had not been able to make a complaint at the time. Instead, she had written to Churchill on 17 December with a full statement of what she had suffered, and the actions she had witnessed against others. She had received a formal acknowledgement, but no further letter from the government on the events. Her letter to Churchill had been printed in full in the suffragette newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(newspaper)" title="Votes for Women (newspaper)">Votes for Women</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Heyningen2006_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Heyningen2006-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon1911a1–5_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon1911a1–5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon1911b10_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon1911b10-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WSPU leadership were convinced that Churchill had given the police orders to manhandle the women, rather than arrest them quickly. Churchill denied the accusation in the House of Commons and was so angered he considered suing Christabel Pankhurst and <i>The Times</i>, who had reported the claim, for <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018241_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018241-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 25 November 1910 edition of <i>Votes for Women</i> stated that "The orders of the Home Secretary were, apparently, that the police were to be present both in uniform and in the crowd and that the women were to be thrown from one to the other".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"The_Outlook",_''Votes_for_Women''117_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"The_Outlook",_''Votes_for_Women''117-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her biography of Emmeline Pankhurst, <a href="/wiki/June_Purvis" title="June Purvis">June Purvis</a> writes that the police followed Churchill's orders to refrain from making arrests;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003150_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003150-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the historian Andrew Rosen considers that Churchill had not given any orders to the police to manhandle the demonstrators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2013140_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2013140-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murray_and_Brailsford_report">Murray and Brailsford report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Murray and Brailsford report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_policeman_tries_to_seize_a_banner_from_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/A_policeman_tries_to_seize_a_banner_from_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday.jpg/240px-A_policeman_tries_to_seize_a_banner_from_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/A_policeman_tries_to_seize_a_banner_from_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday.jpg/360px-A_policeman_tries_to_seize_a_banner_from_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/A_policeman_tries_to_seize_a_banner_from_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday.jpg/480px-A_policeman_tries_to_seize_a_banner_from_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>A policeman tries to seize a banner from a suffragette on Black Friday.</figcaption></figure> <p>When members of the conciliation committee heard the stories of the demonstrators' maltreatment, they demanded a public inquiry, which was rejected by Churchill. The committee's secretary—the journalist <a href="/wiki/H._N._Brailsford" title="H. N. Brailsford">Henry Brailsford</a>—and the <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotherapist">psychotherapist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Murray" title="Jessie Murray">Jessie Murray</a> collected 135 statements from demonstrators, nearly all of which described acts of violence against the women; 29 of the statements also included details of violence that included indecency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018109–110_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018109–110-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184451_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184451-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memorandum they published summarised their findings: </p> <blockquote><p>The action of which the most frequent complaint is made is variously described as twisting round, pinching, screwing, nipping, or wringing the breast. This was often done in the most public way so as to inflict the utmost humiliation. Not only was it an offence against decency; it caused in many cases intense pain ... The language used by some of the police while performing this action proves that it was consciously sensual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage19119_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage19119-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A woman, who gave her name as Miss H, stated that "One policeman ... put his arm round me and seized my left breast, nipping it and wringing it very painfully, saying as he did so, 'You have been wanting this for a long time, haven't you'";<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the American suffragette <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Freeman" title="Elisabeth Freeman">Elisabeth Freeman</a> reported that a policeman grasped her thigh. She stated "I demanded that he should cease doing such a hateful action to a woman. He said, 'Oh, my old dear, I can grip you wherever I like to-day'";<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another said "the policeman who tried to move me on did so by pushing his knees in between me from behind, with the deliberate intention of attacking my sex".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 February 1911 the memorandum prepared by Murray and Brailsford was presented to the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>, along with a formal request for a public inquiry. Churchill again refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2018112_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2018112-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 March, in response to a question in parliament, he informed the House of Commons that the memorandum: </p> <blockquote><p>contains a large number of charges against the police of criminal misconduct, which, if there were any truth in them, should have been made at the time and not after a lapse of three months. ... I have made inquiry of the Commissioner [of Metropolitan Police] with regard to certain general statements included in the memorandum and find them to be devoid of foundation. There is no truth in the statement that the police had instructions which led them to terrorise and maltreat the women. On the contrary, the superintendent in charge impressed upon them that as they would have to deal with women, they must act with restraint and moderation, using no more force than might be necessary, and maintaining under any provocation they might receive, control of temper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1911367–368_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1911367–368-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrest_of_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday1910-11-18_(22163159204).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arrest_of_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday1910-11-18_%2822163159204%29.jpg/170px-Arrest_of_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday1910-11-18_%2822163159204%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arrest_of_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday1910-11-18_%2822163159204%29.jpg/255px-Arrest_of_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday1910-11-18_%2822163159204%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arrest_of_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday1910-11-18_%2822163159204%29.jpg/340px-Arrest_of_a_suffragette_on_Black_Friday1910-11-18_%2822163159204%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2524" data-file-height="3487" /></a><figcaption>Arrest of a suffragette on Black Friday</figcaption></figure> <p>The deaths of two suffragettes have been attributed to the treatment they received on Black Friday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018112_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018112-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Clarke" title="Mary Jane Clarke">Mary Clarke</a>, Emmeline Pankhurst's younger sister, was present at both Black Friday and the demonstration in Downing Street on 22<span class="nowrap"> </span>November. After a month in prison for breaking windows in Downing Street, she was released on 23<span class="nowrap"> </span>December, and died on Christmas Day of a brain haemorrhage at age 48. Emmeline blamed her death on the maltreatment Clarke received at the two November demonstrations;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolton2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolton2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184168–4325_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184168–4325-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murray and Brailsford wrote that "we have no evidence which directly connects the death of Mrs Clarke" to the demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage19116_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage19116-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second victim the WSPU claimed had died from maltreatment was <a href="/wiki/Henria_Leech_Williams" title="Henria Leech Williams">Henria Leech Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had given evidence to Brailsford and Murray that "One policeman after knocking me about for a considerable time, finally took hold of me with his great strong hands like iron just over my heart. ... I knew that unless I made a strong effort ... he would kill me".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams died of a heart attack on 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 1911;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018113_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018113-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murray and Brailsford wrote "there is evidence to show that Miss Henria Williams ... had been used with great brutality, and was aware at the time of the effect upon her heart, which was weak".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage19116_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage19116-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her brother Llewellyn later stated that “She knowingly and willingly shortened her days in rendering services to the womanhood of the nation.”<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The events that took place between 18<span class="nowrap"> </span>and 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>November had an impact on the WSPU membership, many of whom no longer wanted to take part in the demonstrations. The deputations to parliament were stopped, and direct action, such as stone-throwing and window-breaking, became more common; this allowed women a chance to escape before the police could arrest them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201450_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201450-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184256_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184256-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Elizabeth Crawford considers the events of Black Friday determined the "image of the relations between the two forces and mark a watershed in the relationship between the militant suffrage movement and the police".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2005491_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2005491-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crawford identifies a change in the tactics used by the police after Black Friday. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Troup" title="Charles Edward Troup">Sir Edward Troup</a>, the under-secretary at the Home Office, wrote to the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police in January 1911 to say that "I think there can be no doubt that the least embarrassing course will be for the police not to arrest too soon or defer arresting too long", which became the normal procedure adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2005492_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2005492-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 November 2010 a vigil called "Remember the Suffragettes" took place on <a href="/wiki/College_Green,_London" title="College Green, London">College Green</a>, Parliament Square "in honour of direct action".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta20172_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta20172-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first such act was in October 1905. <a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annie_Kenney" title="Annie Kenney">Annie Kenney</a> interrupted a political rally in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> to ask the pro-women's suffrage <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Sir Edward Grey</a> "Will the Liberal government give votes to women?". The two women were arrested for <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">assault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obstructionism" title="Obstructionism">obstruction</a>; on refusing to pay the fines levied against them, they were sent to prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst195949–52_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst195949–52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles E. Hands, the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i> journalist, coined the name <i>suffragettes</i> to belittle members of the WSPU in 1906, but they adopted the label with pride.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Suffragists_or_suffragettes",_BBC_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Suffragists_or_suffragettes",_BBC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003452_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2003452-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The women arrested for window breaking began a hunger strike to be treated as First Division prisoners—reserved for political crimes—rather than Second or Third Division, the classifications for common criminals. They were released early, rather than being reclassified. First Division prisoners were those who had committed crimes for political reasons. They had open access to books and writing equipment, did not have to wear prison uniforms and could receive visitors. Prisoners in the Second and Third Divisions were managed under more restrictive prison regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2013120–121_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2013120–121-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198117_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198117-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the historian Bruce Murray, many of the measures introduced by the government were "mangled by amendments or rejected outright" by the House of Lords;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray20095_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray20095-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in total, ten parliamentary bills sent to them from the Commons were rejected by the Lords, who also amended over 40 per cent of the legislation they received.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESearle2005409_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle2005409-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rejection of the budget was a breach of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_conventions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom">constitutional convention</a> that the House of Lords were not supposed to interfere in financial bills from the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray20096_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray20096-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionists</a> gained 272 seats (up 116 from the previous parliament); the Liberals won 274 seats (down 123); the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> won 71 (down 11) and <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> won 40 (up 11).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERallingsThrasher201720_and_21_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERallingsThrasher201720_and_21-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The committee was composed of 25 Liberal MPs, 17 Conservative MPs, 6 Irish Nationalist MPs and 6 Labour MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183545_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183545-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The terms of the Conciliation Bill, officially named "A Bill to Extend the Parliamentary Franchise to Women Occupiers" were that the franchise should be extended to:<p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><ol><li>Every woman possessed of a household qualification, or of a ten-pound occupation qualification, within the meaning of the Representation of the People Act 1884, shall be entitled to be registered as a voter, and, when registered, to vote for the county or borough in which the qualifying premises are situate.<p class="mw-empty-elt"></p></li> <li>For the purposes of this Act, a woman shall not be disqualified by marriage for being registered as a voter, provided that a husband and wife shall not both be qualified in respect of the same property.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p></li></ol> £10 in 1910 equates to approximately £1,300 in 2024 pounds, according to calculations based on <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index_(United_Kingdom)" title="Consumer Price Index (United Kingdom)">Consumer Price Index</a> measure of inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2018_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2018-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sylvia Pankhurst, in her history of the women's militant suffrage movement, puts the number at 450 demonstrators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1911502_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1911502-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was the first woman to openly qualify in Britain as a physician and surgeon; Louisa Garrett Anderson, her daughter, was a surgeon; Hertha Ayrton was an engineer and mathematician; Sophia Duleep Singh was a princess of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> whose godmother was <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20186630_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20186630-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright was identified by <a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Solomon" title="Georgiana Solomon">Georgiana Solomon</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(newspaper)" title="Votes for Women (newspaper)">Votes for Women</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon1911a3_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon1911a3-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a> in her book <i>The Suffragette Movement</i> (1931).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20134098_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20134098-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a> identify the woman as possibly being <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Mills" title="Ernestine Mills">Ernestine Mills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Women's_Suffrage",_National_Archives_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Women's_Suffrage",_National_Archives-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosen gives as examples the suffragette newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(newspaper)" title="Votes for Women (newspaper)">Votes for Women</a></i> of 25 November 1910, which stated that "The orders of the Home Secretary were, apparently, that the police were to be present both in uniform and in the crowd and that the women were to be thrown from one to the other".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"The_Outlook",_''Votes_for_Women''117_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"The_Outlook",_''Votes_for_Women''117-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolton2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolton2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolton2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolton2017_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolton2017">Holton 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2003729-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003729_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2003">Crawford 2003</a>, p. 729.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst195949–52-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst195949–52_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankhurst1959">Pankhurst 1959</a>, pp. 49–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198116-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198116_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Suffragists_or_suffragettes",_BBC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Suffragists_or_suffragettes",_BBC_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Suffragists_or_suffragettes",_BBC_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Suffragists_or_suffragettes",_BBC">"Suffragists or suffragettes", BBC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2003452-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003452_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2003">Crawford 2003</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198118-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198118_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20135003–5017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20135003–5017_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankhurst2013">Pankhurst 2013</a>, 5003–5017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20135591-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20135591_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20135591_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankhurst2013">Pankhurst 2013</a>, 5591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Wingerden199986–87-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Wingerden199986–87_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wingerden1999">van Wingerden 1999</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20182709–2722-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20182709–2722_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2018">Atkinson 2018</a>, 2709–2722.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20136011-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20136011_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankhurst2013">Pankhurst 2013</a>, 6011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2013120–121-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2013120–121_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen2013">Rosen 2013</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198117-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198117_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLytton1914">Lytton 1914</a>, p. 50, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198121-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198121_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017162-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017162_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawksley2017">Hawksley 2017</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1953-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1953_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1953_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1953">Watson 1953</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray20095-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray20095_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray2009">Murray 2009</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle2005409-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESearle2005409_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSearle2005">Searle 2005</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray20096-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray20096_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray20096_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray2009">Murray 2009</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavendish2009-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavendish2009_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCavendish2009">Cavendish 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017161–162-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017161–162_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawksley2017">Hawksley 2017</a>, pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoss1985118-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoss1985118_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoss1985">Koss 1985</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERallingsThrasher201720_and_21-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERallingsThrasher201720_and_21_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRallingsThrasher2017">Rallings & Thrasher 2017</a>, pp. 20 and 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018212-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018212_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis2018">Purvis 2018</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198122-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198122_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198122_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183545-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183545_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183545_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2018">Atkinson 2018</a>, 3545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomes2008-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomes2008_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomes2008">Tomes 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2016-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2016_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis2016">Purvis 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, 1910 (180), 325, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFHume2016">Hume 2016</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2018-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2018_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2018">Clark 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201671-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201671_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume2016">Hume 2016</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003144-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003144_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis2003">Purvis 2003</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198123-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198123_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198123_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198123_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton19101202–1207-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton19101202–1207_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackleton1910">Shackleton 1910</a>, 1202–1207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2000140-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh2000140_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPugh2000">Pugh 2000</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018219-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018219_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis2018">Purvis 2018</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1959159-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1959159_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankhurst1959">Pankhurst 1959</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183795_and_3881-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183795_and_3881_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2018">Atkinson 2018</a>, 3795 and 3881.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018226-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018226_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis2018">Purvis 2018</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018108–109-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018108–109_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2018">Robinson 2018</a>, pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017166-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017166_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawksley2017">Hawksley 2017</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183985-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20183985_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2018">Atkinson 2018</a>, 3985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017164-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017164_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawksley2017">Hawksley 2017</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1911502-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1911502_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankhurst1911">Pankhurst 1911</a>, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20186630-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20186630_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20186630_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2018">Atkinson 2018</a>, 6630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Suffrage_Raiders",_''The_Times''-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Suffrage_Raiders",_''The_Times''_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Suffrage_Raiders",_The_Times">"Suffrage Raiders", <i>The Times</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198133-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198133_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198133_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarlow20151984-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlow20151984_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarlow2015">Marlow 2015</a>, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1910121-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1910121_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1910121_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankhurst1910">Pankhurst 1910</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018109-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018109_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2018">Robinson 2018</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184227-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184227_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2018">Atkinson 2018</a>, 4227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Wingerden1999123-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Wingerden1999123_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wingerden1999">van Wingerden 1999</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198132-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198132_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201450Holton2017Tickner1988121Kingsley_Kent1990180-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201450Holton2017Tickner1988121Kingsley_Kent1990180_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 50; <a href="#CITEREFHolton2017">Holton 2017</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTickner1988">Tickner 1988</a>, p. 121; <a href="#CITEREFKingsley_Kent1990">Kingsley Kent 1990</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017167-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017167_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawksley2017">Hawksley 2017</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20136656-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20136656_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankhurst2013">Pankhurst 2013</a>, 6656.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrueman2004-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrueman2004_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrueman2004">Trueman 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201450-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201450_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201450_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017169-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawksley2017169_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawksley2017">Hawksley 2017</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wingerden1999">van Wingerden 1999</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2004350-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2004350_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2004">Kelly 2004</a>, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson198830-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson198830_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson1988">Atkinson 1988</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003151–152-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003151–152_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis2003">Purvis 2003</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198145–46-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198145–46_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198139-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198139_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiley199316-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiley199316_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiley1993">Hiley 1993</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2004327-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2004327_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2004">Kelly 2004</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon1911a3-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon1911a3_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1911a">Solomon 1911a</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20134098-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst20134098_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankhurst2013">Pankhurst 2013</a>, 4098.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Women's_Suffrage",_National_Archives-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Women's_Suffrage",_National_Archives_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Women's_Suffrage",_National_Archives">"Women's Suffrage", National Archives</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiley199316–17-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiley199316–17_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiley1993">Hiley 1993</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2004328–329-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2004328–329_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2004">Kelly 2004</a>, pp. 328–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Suffragettes_at_the_House_of_Commons_Yesterday",_''The_Manchester_Guardian''-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Suffragettes_at_the_House_of_Commons_Yesterday",_''The_Manchester_Guardian''_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Suffragettes_at_the_House_of_Commons_Yesterday",_The_Manchester_Guardian">"Suffragettes at the House of Commons Yesterday", <i>The Manchester Guardian</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"A_Spectacle_for_the_Women_of_England",_''The_Daily_Express''-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"A_Spectacle_for_the_Women_of_England",_''The_Daily_Express''_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"A_Spectacle_for_the_Women_of_England",_The_Daily_Express">"A Spectacle for the Women of England", <i>The Daily Express</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Suffrage_Raiders",_The_Times">"Suffrage Raiders", <i>The Times</i></a>, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Ninety_Suffragettes_Arrested",_The_Daily_Mirror">"Ninety Suffragettes Arrested", <i>The Daily Mirror</i></a>, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrell198140-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrell198140_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrell1981">Morrell 1981</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Heyningen2006-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Heyningen2006_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Heyningen2006">van Heyningen 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon1911a1–5-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon1911a1–5_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1911a">Solomon 1911a</a>, pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon1911b10-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon1911b10_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1911b">Solomon 1911b</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018241-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2018241_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis2018">Purvis 2018</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"The_Outlook",_''Votes_for_Women''117-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"The_Outlook",_''Votes_for_Women''117_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"The_Outlook",_''Votes_for_Women''117_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"The_Outlook",_Votes_for_Women">"The Outlook", <i>Votes for Women</i></a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003150-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis2003150_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis2003">Purvis 2003</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2013140-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2013140_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen2013">Rosen 2013</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018109–110-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018109–110_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2018">Robinson 2018</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184451-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184451_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2018">Atkinson 2018</a>, 4451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage19119-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage19119_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage1911">Conciliation Committee for Woman Suffrage 1911</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage1911">Conciliation Committee for Woman Suffrage 1911</a>, p. 33, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFPurvis2002">Purvis 2002</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage1911">Conciliation Committee for Woman Suffrage 1911</a>, pp. 28–29, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2018">Robinson 2018</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage1911">Conciliation Committee for Woman Suffrage 1911</a>, p. 32, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMulvey_RobertsMizuta1994">Mulvey Roberts & Mizuta 1994</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2018112-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2018112_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2018">Atkinson 2018</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1911367–368-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1911367–368_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurchill1911">Churchill 1911</a>, 367–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018112-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018112_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2018">Robinson 2018</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184168–4325-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184168–4325_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2018">Atkinson 2018</a>, 4168–4325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage19116-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage19116_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage19116_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage1911">Conciliation Committee for Woman Suffrage 1911</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFhurdler462014" class="citation web cs1">hurdler46 (28 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upminsterhistory.net/2014/11/28/upminsters-tragic-link-to-black-friday/">"Upminster's Tragic Link to Black Friday"</a>. <i>Old Upminster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+Upminster&rft.atitle=Upminster%27s+Tragic+Link+to+Black+Friday&rft.date=2014-11-28&rft.au=hurdler46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupminsterhistory.net%2F2014%2F11%2F28%2Fupminsters-tragic-link-to-black-friday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage1911">Conciliation Committee for Woman Suffrage 1911</a>, p. 30, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2018">Robinson 2018</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018113-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018113_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2018">Robinson 2018</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/news/people/insight-scots-grave-leads-fascinating-story-forgotten-suffragette-2956787">"Insight: A Scots grave leads to fascinating story of a forgotten suffragette"</a>. <i>www.scotsman.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scotsman.com&rft.atitle=Insight%3A+A+Scots+grave+leads+to+fascinating+story+of+a+forgotten+suffragette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Finsight-scots-grave-leads-fascinating-story-forgotten-suffragette-2956787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184256-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20184256_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2018">Atkinson 2018</a>, 4256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2005491-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2005491_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2005">Crawford 2005</a>, p. 491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2005492-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2005492_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2005">Crawford 2005</a>, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta20172-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta20172_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta2017">Gupta 2017</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diane_Atkinson" title="Diane Atkinson">Atkinson, Diane</a> (2018). <i>Rise Up Women!: The Remarkable Lives of the Suffragettes</i> (Kindle ed.). London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-4406-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-4406-9"><bdi>978-1-4088-4406-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+Up+Women%21%3A+The+Remarkable+Lives+of+the+Suffragettes&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-4406-9&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diane_Atkinson" title="Diane Atkinson">Atkinson, Diane</a> (1988). <i>Votes for Women</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-1044-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-1044-4"><bdi>978-0-5213-1044-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Votes+for+Women&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-5213-1044-4&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConciliation_Committee_for_Woman_Suffrage1911" class="citation book cs1">Conciliation Committee for Woman Suffrage (1911). <i>The Treatment of the Women's Deputations of November 18th, 22nd and 23rd, 1910 by the Police</i>. London: Conciliation Committee for Woman Suffrage. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/559672609">559672609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treatment+of+the+Women%27s+Deputations+of+November+18th%2C+22nd+and+23rd%2C+1910+by+the+Police&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conciliation+Committee+for+Woman+Suffrage&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F559672609&rft.au=Conciliation+Committee+for+Woman+Suffrage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2003" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Elizabeth (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2EK9P7-ZMsC&pg=PP1"><i>The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866–1928</i></a>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-43402-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-43402-1"><bdi>978-1-135-43402-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement%3A+A+Reference+Guide+1866%E2%80%931928&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-135-43402-1&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da2EK9P7-ZMsC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2017" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Kat (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIMlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Representation of the British Suffrage Movement</i></a>. London: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-03666-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-03666-6"><bdi>978-1-350-03666-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representation+of+the+British+Suffrage+Movement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-350-03666-6&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIMlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawksley2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Hawksley" title="Lucinda Hawksley">Hawksley, Lucinda</a> (2017). <i>March, Women, March</i>. London: Andre Deutsch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-00525-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-00525-6"><bdi>978-0-233-00525-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=March%2C+Women%2C+March&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-233-00525-6&rft.aulast=Hawksley&rft.aufirst=Lucinda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_P._Hume" title="Leslie P. Hume">Hume, Leslie</a> (2016) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFTlCwAAQBAJ"><i>The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies 1897-1914</i></a>. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-21327-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-21327-7"><bdi>978-1-317-21327-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Union+of+Women%27s+Suffrage+Societies+1897-1914&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-21327-7&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUFTlCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsley_Kent1990" class="citation book cs1">Kingsley Kent, Susan (1990). <i>Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860–1914</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-5520-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-5520-8"><bdi>978-0-4150-5520-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Suffrage+in+Britain%2C+1860%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-4150-5520-8&rft.aulast=Kingsley+Kent&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoss1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Koss" title="Stephen Koss">Koss, Stephen</a> (1985). <i>Asquith</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06155-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06155-1"><bdi>978-0-231-06155-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asquith&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06155-1&rft.aulast=Koss&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLytton1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Constance_Bulwer-Lytton" title="Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton">Lytton, Constance</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/prisonsprisoners00lyttrich#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Prisons & Prisoners: Some Personal Experiences</i></a>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/444703386">444703386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisons+%26+Prisoners%3A+Some+Personal+Experiences&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F444703386&rft.aulast=Lytton&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fprisonsprisoners00lyttrich%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlow2015" class="citation book cs1">Marlow, Joyce, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=St71CQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Suffragettes: The Fight for Votes for Women</i></a> (Kindle ed.). London: Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-00775-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-00775-5"><bdi>978-0-349-00775-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suffragettes%3A+The+Fight+for+Votes+for+Women&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-349-00775-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSt71CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrell1981" class="citation book cs1">Morrell, Caroline (1981). <i><span></span>'Black Friday': Violence Against Women in the Suffragette Movement</i>. London: Women's Research and Resources Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905969-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905969-08-4"><bdi>978-0-905969-08-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Black+Friday%27%3A+Violence+Against+Women+in+the+Suffragette+Movement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Women%27s+Research+and+Resources+Centre&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-905969-08-4&rft.aulast=Morrell&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvey_RobertsMizuta1994" class="citation book cs1">Mulvey Roberts, Marie; Mizuta, Tamae, eds. (1994). <i>The Militants: Suffragette Activism</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10352-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10352-7"><bdi>978-0-415-10352-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Militants%3A+Suffragette+Activism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10352-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Pankhurst, Christabel</a> (1959). <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence, Frederick</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500484/2015.500484.Unshackled#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Story of How we Won the Vote</i></a>. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/562868150">562868150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+How+we+Won+the+Vote&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F562868150&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Christabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.500484%2F2015.500484.Unshackled%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst, Sylvia</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/suffragettehisto00pankuoft#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>The Suffragette: The History of the Women's Militant Suffrage Movement</i></a>. New York: Sturgis & Walton Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/66118841">66118841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suffragette%3A+The+History+of+the+Women%27s+Militant+Suffrage+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sturgis+%26+Walton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F66118841&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsuffragettehisto00pankuoft%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst, Sylvia</a> (2013) [1931]. <i>The Suffragette Movement – An Intimate Account of Persons and Ideals</i> (Kindle ed.). London: Wharton Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027059219">1027059219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suffragette+Movement+%E2%80%93+An+Intimate+Account+of+Persons+and+Ideals&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Wharton+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1027059219&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Pugh_(historian)" title="Martin Pugh (historian)">Pugh, Martin</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr0l-ugTy4IC&pg=PP1"><i>The March of the Women: A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women's Suffrage, 1866–1914</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820775-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820775-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820775-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+March+of+the+Women%3A+A+Revisionist+Analysis+of+the+Campaign+for+Women%27s+Suffrage%2C+1866%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820775-7&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHr0l-ugTy4IC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/June_Purvis" title="June Purvis">Purvis, June</a> (2002). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Deeds not Words'. Daily Life in the Women's Social and Political Union in Edwardian Britain". In Purvis, June; Holton, Sandra (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TlmGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135"><i>Votes For Women</i></a>. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61065-5"><bdi>978-1-134-61065-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Deeds+not+Words%27.+Daily+Life+in+the+Women%27s+Social+and+Political+Union+in+Edwardian+Britain&rft.btitle=Votes+For+Women&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-61065-5&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlmGAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/June_Purvis" title="June Purvis">Purvis, June</a> (2003). <i>Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography</i>. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-2593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-2593-6"><bdi>978-0-4153-2593-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emmeline+Pankhurst%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-4153-2593-6&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/June_Purvis" title="June Purvis">Purvis, June</a> (2018). <i>Christabel Pankhurst: A Biography</i>. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-7149-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-7149-6"><bdi>978-0-8153-7149-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christabel+Pankhurst%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-7149-6&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRallingsThrasher2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Rallings" title="Colin Rallings">Rallings, Colin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Thrasher" title="Michael Thrasher">Thrasher, Michael</a>, eds. (2017). <i>British Electoral Facts, 1832–1999</i> (Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1387-3792-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1387-3792-1"><bdi>978-1-1387-3792-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Electoral+Facts%2C+1832%E2%80%931999&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-1387-3792-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Robinson_(historian)" title="Jane Robinson (historian)">Robinson, Jane</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvelDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Hearts and Minds: The Untold Story of the Great Pilgrimage and How Women Won the Vote</i></a>. London: Transworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4735-4086-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4735-4086-6"><bdi>978-1-4735-4086-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearts+and+Minds%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Great+Pilgrimage+and+How+Women+Won+the+Vote&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Transworld&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4735-4086-6&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvelDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2013" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5XurnRG_BAC&pg=PP1"><i>Rise Up, Women!: The Militant Campaign of the Women's Social and Political Union, 1903–1914</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-24754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-24754-5"><bdi>978-1-136-24754-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+Up%2C+Women%21%3A+The+Militant+Campaign+of+the+Women%27s+Social+and+Political+Union%2C+1903%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-24754-5&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5XurnRG_BAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._R._Searle" title="G. R. Searle">Searle, G. R.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZ83DwAAQBAJ"><i>A New England?: Peace and War 1886-1918</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-254398-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-254398-1"><bdi>978-0-19-254398-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+England%3F%3A+Peace+and+War+1886-1918&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-254398-1&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZ83DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Harold L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WraOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>The British Women's Suffrage Campaign 1866–1928</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86225-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86225-3"><bdi>978-1-317-86225-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Women%27s+Suffrage+Campaign+1866%E2%80%931928&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86225-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWraOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTickner1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Tickner" title="Lisa Tickner">Tickner, Lisa</a> (1988). <i>The Spectacle of Women</i>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2268-0245-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2268-0245-9"><bdi>978-0-2268-0245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spectacle+of+Women&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-2268-0245-9&rft.aulast=Tickner&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wingerden1999" class="citation book cs1">van Wingerden, Sophia A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oLxK_NHI6kC&pg=PP1"><i>The Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain, 1866–1928</i></a>. Basingstoke, Hants: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21853-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21853-9"><bdi>978-0-312-21853-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement+in+Britain%2C+1866%E2%80%931928&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hants&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-21853-9&rft.aulast=van+Wingerden&rft.aufirst=Sophia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0oLxK_NHI6kC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journals">Journals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cavendish, Richard (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/house-lords-rejects-1909-people’s-budget">"The House of Lords Rejects the 1909 People's Budget"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>59</b> (11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+House+of+Lords+Rejects+the+1909+People%27s+Budget&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2009-11&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Frichard-cavendish%2Fhouse-lords-rejects-1909-people%E2%80%99s-budget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a>, Home Secretary (1 March 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1911/mar/01/metropolitan-police-and-suffragettes">"Metropolitan Police and Suffragettes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. col. 367–368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Police+and+Suffragettes&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-367-368&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1911-03-01&rft.au=Churchill%2C+Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1911%2Fmar%2F01%2Fmetropolitan-police-and-suffragettes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2005" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Elizabeth (2005). "Police, Prisons and Prisoners: the View from the Home Office". <i>Women's History Review</i>. <b>14</b> (3 & 4): 487–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612020500200435">10.1080/09612020500200435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145395717">145395717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=Police%2C+Prisons+and+Prisoners%3A+the+View+from+the+Home+Office&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3+%26+4&rft.pages=487-505&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612020500200435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145395717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiley1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hiley, Nicholas (8 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/nicholas-hiley/candid-camera-edwardian-tabloids">"The Candid Camera of the Edwardian Tabloids"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>43</b> (8): 16–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Candid+Camera+of+the+Edwardian+Tabloids&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=16-21&rft.date=1993-08-08&rft.aulast=Hiley&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fnicholas-hiley%2Fcandid-camera-edwardian-tabloids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holton, Sandra Stanley (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/95579">"Women's Social and Political Union (act. 1903–1914)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F95579">10.1093/ref:odnb/95579</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Social+and+Political+Union+%28act.+1903%E2%80%931914%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F95579&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F95579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Katherine E. (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1350506804044466">"Seeing Through Spectacles: The Woman Suffrage Movement and London Newspapers, 1906–13"</a></span>. <i>European Journal of Women's Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 327–353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1350506804044466">10.1177/1350506804044466</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143436264">143436264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Seeing+Through+Spectacles%3A+The+Woman+Suffrage+Movement+and+London+Newspapers%2C+1906%E2%80%9313&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=327-353&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1350506804044466&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143436264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Katherine+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1350506804044466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Bruce (Autumn 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/64_Murray_Peoples_Budget.pdf">"The 'People's Budget' a Century on"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Liberal History</i> (64). Liberal Democrat History Group: 4–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Liberal+History&rft.atitle=The+%27People%27s+Budget%27+a+Century+on&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=64&rft.pages=4-13&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberalhistory.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2F64_Murray_Peoples_Budget.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleton1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Shackleton" title="David Shackleton">Shackleton, David</a>, MP (14 June 1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1910/jun/14/parliamentaey-franchise-women">"Parliamentary Franchise (Women)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. col. 1202–1207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parliamentary+Franchise+%28Women%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-1202-1207&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1910-06-14&rft.au=Shackleton%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1910%2Fjun%2F14%2Fparliamentaey-franchise-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomes2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tomes, Jason (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32169">"Lytton, Victor Alexander George Robert Bulwer-, second earl of Lytton (1876–1947)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32169">10.1093/ref:odnb/32169</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lytton%2C+Victor+Alexander+George+Robert+Bulwer-%2C+second+earl+of+Lytton+%281876%E2%80%931947%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32169&rft.aulast=Tomes&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F32169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrueman2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Trueman, Hayley (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63834">"Billinghurst, (Rosa) May (1875–1953)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F63834">10.1093/ref:odnb/63834</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Billinghurst%2C+%28Rosa%29+May+%281875%E2%80%931953%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F63834&rft.aulast=Trueman&rft.aufirst=Hayley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F63834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Heyningen2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">van Heyningen, Elizabeth (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/56252">"Solomon [née Thomson], Georgiana Margaret (1844–1933)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F56252">10.1093/ref:odnb/56252</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Solomon+%5Bn%C3%A9e+Thomson%5D%2C+Georgiana+Margaret+%281844%E2%80%931933%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F56252&rft.aulast=van+Heyningen&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F56252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1953" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Steven (April 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/steven-watson/budget-and-lords-crisis-1910-11">"The Budget and the Lords: The Crisis of 1910–11"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>3</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Budget+and+the+Lords%3A+The+Crisis+of+1910%E2%80%9311&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1953-04&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fsteven-watson%2Fbudget-and-lords-crisis-1910-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="News_articles">News articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: News articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Ninety_Suffragettes_Arrested",_The_Daily_Mirror" class="citation news cs1">"Ninety Suffragettes Arrested". <i>The Daily Mirror</i>. 19 November 1910. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=Ninety+Suffragettes+Arrested&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1910-11-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"The_Outlook",_Votes_for_Women" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7HM9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZisMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3334%2C14817533">"The Outlook"</a>. <i>Votes for Women</i>. 25 November 1910. pp. 117–118<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Votes+for+Women&rft.atitle=The+Outlook&rft.pages=117-118&rft.date=1910-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D7HM9AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DZisMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3334%252C14817533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1910" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst, Sylvia</a> (25 November 1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7HM9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZisMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3334%2C14817533">"Miss Sylvia Pankhurst's Account"</a>. <i>Votes for Women</i>. pp. 120–121<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Votes+for+Women&rft.atitle=Miss+Sylvia+Pankhurst%27s+Account&rft.pages=120-121&rft.date=1910-11-25&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D7HM9AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DZisMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3334%252C14817533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon1911a" class="citation news cs1">Solomon, Georgiana (1911a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023220609/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/black-friday-pamphlet">"Black Friday"</a>. <i>Votes for Women</i>. pp. 1–5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/black-friday-pamphlet">the original</a> on 23 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Votes+for+Women&rft.atitle=Black+Friday&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Georgiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollection-items%2Fblack-friday-pamphlet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon1911b" class="citation news cs1">Solomon, Georgiana (3 March 1911b). "Treatment of the Women's Deputations by the Police". <i>The Times</i>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+the+Women%27s+Deputations+by+the+Police&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1911-03-03&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Georgiana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"A_Spectacle_for_the_Women_of_England",_The_Daily_Express" class="citation news cs1">"A Spectacle for the Women of England". <i>The Daily Express</i>. 19 November 1910. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Express&rft.atitle=A+Spectacle+for+the+Women+of+England&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1910-11-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Suffrage_Raiders",_The_Times" class="citation news cs1">"Suffrage Raiders". <i>The Times</i>. 19 November 1910. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Suffrage+Raiders&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1910-11-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Suffragettes_at_the_House_of_Commons_Yesterday",_The_Manchester_Guardian" class="citation news cs1">"Suffragettes at the House of Commons Yesterday". <i>The Manchester Guardian</i>. 19 November 1910. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=Suffragettes+at+the+House+of+Commons+Yesterday&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1910-11-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Suffragists_or_suffragettes",_BBC" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-42879161">"Suffragists or suffragettes – who won women the vote?"</a>. BBC. 6 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Suffragists+or+suffragettes+%E2%80%93+who+won+women+the+vote%3F&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-42879161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Websites">Websites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2018" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. MeasuringWorth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.pub=MeasuringWorth&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/June_Purvis" title="June Purvis">Purvis, June</a> (3 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledgehistoricalresources.com/feminism/essays/the-campaign-for-womens-suffrage-in-britain">"The Campaign for Women's Suffrage in Britain"</a>. <i>Routledge History of Feminism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781138641839-HOF9-1">10.4324/9781138641839-HOF9-1</a> (inactive 1 November 2024)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge+History+of+Feminism&rft.atitle=The+Campaign+for+Women%27s+Suffrage+in+Britain&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781138641839-HOF9-1&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledgehistoricalresources.com%2Ffeminism%2Fessays%2Fthe-campaign-for-womens-suffrage-in-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Women's_Suffrage",_National_Archives" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/womens-suffrage/">"Women's Suffrage"</a>. <i>National Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Suffrage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fhelp-with-your-research%2Fresearch-guides%2Fwomens-suffrage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Friday+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to run for office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><i>Elizabeth Cady Stanton</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)"><i>Forward</i> statue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett"><i>Millicent Fawcett</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)"><i>Great Petition</i> (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All"><i>The Mother of Us All</i> (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)"><i>Votes for Women</i> (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder"><i>Shoulder to Shoulder</i> (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone"><i>Not for Ourselves Alone</i> (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels"><i>Iron Jawed Angels</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women"><i>Up the Women</i> (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)"><i>Suffragette</i> (2015 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a></i> (2018 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a></i> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" title="Lioness (upcoming film)"><i>Lioness</i> (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emmeline_Pankhurst" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Template:Emmeline Pankhurst"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Template talk:Emmeline Pankhurst"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emmeline Pankhurst"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emmeline_Pankhurst" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Franchise_League" title="Women's Franchise League">Women's Franchise League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Party_(UK)" title="Women's Party (UK)">Women's Party</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmeline_Pankhurst,_seated_(1913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg/90px-Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg/135px-Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg/180px-Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="4122" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">1906 WSPU march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Friday (1910)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre (home and museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">Sister Suffragette</a>" (1964 song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder">Shoulder to Shoulder</a></i> (1974 BBC serial)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)">Suffragette</a></i> (2015 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu:_Mrs._Pankhurst%27s_Amazons" title="Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons">Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons</a></i> (2015 graphic novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a></i> (2018 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Goulden" title="Sophia Goulden">Sophia Goulden (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Clarke" title="Mary Jane Clarke">Mary Jane Clarke (sister, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(politician)" title="Richard Pankhurst (politician)">Richard Pankhurst (husband, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst (daughter, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst (daughter, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Adela Pankhurst (daughter, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(Ethiopianist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (Ethiopianist)">Richard Pankhurst (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alula_Pankhurst" title="Alula Pankhurst">Alula Pankhurst (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Pankhurst" title="Helen Pankhurst">Helen Pankhurst (great-granddaughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&oldid=1254884055">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(1910)&oldid=1254884055</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1910_in_London" title="Category:1910 in London">1910 in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1910_protests" title="Category:1910 protests">1910 protests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a 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