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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Women's suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_suffragettes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_suffragettes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>British suffragettes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_suffragettes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_WSPU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_WSPU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Formation of the WSPU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_WSPU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WSPU_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WSPU_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>WSPU campaigns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-WSPU_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle WSPU campaigns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-WSPU_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Imprisonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunger_strikes_and_force-feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunger_strikes_and_force-feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hunger strikes and force-feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunger_strikes_and_force-feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bodyguard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bodyguard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Bodyguard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bodyguard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918_general_election,_women_members_of_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918_general_election,_women_members_of_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1918 general election, women members of parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918_general_election,_women_members_of_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Suffragette</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9" title="ناشطة حق تصويت المرأة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناشطة حق تصويت المرأة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufrajistl%C9%99r" title="Sufrajistlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sufrajistlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="নারী ভোটাধিকার আন্দোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নারী ভোটাধিকার আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Суфражысткі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суфражысткі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Суфражетки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суфражетки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufra%C5%BEetka" title="Sufražetka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sufražetka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swffrag%C3%A9t" title="Swffragét – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swffragét" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragetten" title="Suffragetten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Suffragetten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufra%C5%BEett" title="Sufražett – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sufražett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Σουφραζέτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουφραζέτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufrageto" title="Sufrageto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sufrageto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%AA" title="سافرجت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سافرجت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrazjette" title="Suffrazjette – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Suffrazjette" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufraig%C3%A9id" title="Sufraigéid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sufraigéid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0%EA%B6%8C%EB%A1%A0%EC%9E%90" title="여성선거권론자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여성선거권론자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սուֆրաժիստներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուֆրաժիստներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufra%C5%BEetkinje" title="Sufražetkinje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sufražetkinje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejuang_hak_suara_perempuan" title="Pejuang hak suara perempuan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pejuang hak suara perempuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%98" title="סופרג'ט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סופרג'ט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სუფრაჟისტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუფრაჟისტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Суфражизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суфражизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufra%C5%BEist%C4%97s" title="Sufražistės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sufražistės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC" title="വനിതാ സമ്മതിദാനാവകാശ പ്രവർത്തകർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വനിതാ സമ്മതിദാനാവകാശ പ്രവർത്തകർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ناشطة حق تصويت الست – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناشطة حق تصويت الست" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejuang_hak_mengundi_untuk_wanita" title="Pejuang hak mengundi untuk wanita – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pejuang hak mengundi untuk wanita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="サフラジェット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サフラジェット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufrajist_ayol" title="Sufrajist ayol – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sufrajist ayol" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%BA%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_(%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AB%DB%90%D9%BC)" title="د رای حق غوښتونکی (سفراګېټ) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د رای حق غوښتونکی (سفراګېټ)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufraget%C4%83" title="Sufragetă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sufragetă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Суфражистки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суфражистки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Suffragette" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufra%C5%BEetky" title="Sufražetky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sufražetky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Сифражеткиње – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сифражеткиње" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufra%C5%BEetkinje" title="Sufražetkinje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sufražetkinje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragetti" title="Suffragetti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suffragetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragetter" title="Suffragetter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Suffragetter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCfrajet" title="Süfrajet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süfrajet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Суфражистки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суфражистки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%87%E5%A5%B3%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85" title="妇女参政论者 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="妇女参政论者" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British movement for women's suffrage</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> in Great Britain and Ireland. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)"><i>Suffragette</i> (film)</a>. For the American movement, see <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a>. Not to be confused with the bands <a href="/wiki/Suffrajett" title="Suffrajett">Suffrajett</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Suffrajets" title="The Suffrajets">The Suffrajets</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Suffragette</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="966" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Kenney" title="Annie Kenney">Annie Kenney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">WSPU</a> in 1906<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data">Suffragist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">10 October 1903<span class="noprint">; 121 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1903-10-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> (WSPU)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Votes for women</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data">Marches, heckling, <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">First suffragettes</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Later groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Freedom_League" title="Women's Freedom League">Women's Freedom League</a> (founded 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Federation" title="Workers' Socialist Federation">East London Federation of Suffragettes</a> (founded 1914)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Billington-Greig" title="Teresa Billington-Greig">Teresa Billington-Greig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davison" title="Emily Davison">Emily Davison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Despard" title="Charlotte Despard">Charlotte Despard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_Drummond" title="Flora Drummond">Flora Drummond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Kenney" title="Annie Kenney">Annie Kenney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constance_Lytton" class="mw-redirect" title="Constance Lytton">Constance Lytton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence">Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evaline_Hilda_Burkitt" title="Evaline Hilda Burkitt">Evaline Hilda Burkitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson" title="Mary Richardson">Mary Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Lenton" title="Lilian Lenton">Lilian Lenton</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>suffragette</b> was a member of an activist women's organisation in the early 20th century who, under the banner "Votes for Women", fought for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">the right to vote in public elections</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The term refers in particular to members of the British <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> (WSPU), a women-only movement founded in 1903 by <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a>, which engaged in <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906, a reporter writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i> coined the term <i>suffragette</i> for the WSPU, derived from <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom#Pressure_groups" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">suffragist</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Alpha"><a href="#endnote_Alpha">α</a></sup> (any person advocating for voting rights), in order to belittle the women advocating women's suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-TheNationalArchives_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheNationalArchives-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The militants embraced the new name, even <a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">adopting</a> it for use as the title of the newspaper published by the WSPU.<sup id="cite_ref-TheNationalArchives_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheNationalArchives-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragette_flag_(United_Kingdom).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Suffragette_flag_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg/220px-Suffragette_flag_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Suffragette_flag_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg/330px-Suffragette_flag_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Suffragette_flag_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg/440px-Suffragette_flag_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Colours of the suffragette movement. Purple represents loyalty and dignity, white for purity, and green for hope.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSPU_Flag_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSPU_Flag-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Votes_for_women_1909_card_back_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Votes_for_women_1909_card_back_design.jpg/220px-Votes_for_women_1909_card_back_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Votes_for_women_1909_card_back_design.jpg/330px-Votes_for_women_1909_card_back_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Votes_for_women_1909_card_back_design.jpg/440px-Votes_for_women_1909_card_back_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_La_Rue" title="De La Rue">De La Rue</a> playing cards back from 1910<sup id="cite_ref-WSPU_deck_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSPU_deck-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Women had won the right to vote in several countries by the end of the 19th century; in 1893, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> became the first self-governing country to grant the vote to all women over the age of 21.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When by 1903 women in Britain had not been <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">enfranchised</a>, Pankhurst decided that women had to "do the work ourselves";<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the WSPU motto became "deeds, not words". The suffragettes heckled politicians, tried to storm parliament, were attacked and sexually assaulted during battles with the police, chained themselves to railings, smashed windows, carried out a <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">nationwide bombing and arson campaign</a>, and faced anger and ridicule in the media. When imprisoned they went on <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a>, not eating for days or even a week, to which the government responded by <a href="/wiki/Force-feeding" title="Force-feeding">force-feeding</a> them. The first suffragette to be force fed was <a href="/wiki/Evaline_Hilda_Burkitt" title="Evaline Hilda Burkitt">Evaline Hilda Burkitt</a>. The death of one suffragette, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davison" title="Emily Davison">Emily Wilding Davison</a>, when she ran in front of <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">the king</a>'s horse at the <a href="/wiki/1913_Epsom_Derby" title="1913 Epsom Derby">1913 Epsom Derby</a>, made headlines around the world. The WSPU campaign had varying levels of support from within the suffragette movement; breakaway groups formed, and within the WSPU itself not all members supported the direct action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolton2011832_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolton2011832-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suffragette campaign was suspended when <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in 1914. After the war, the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a> gave the vote to women over the age of 30 who met certain property qualifications. Ten years later, women gained electoral equality with men when the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928</a> gave all women the right to vote at age 21. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_suffrage"><span id="Women.27s_suffrage"></span>Women's suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Women's suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (a British Crown dependency) had enfranchised women who owned property to vote in parliamentary (<a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Tynwald</a>) elections in 1881, New Zealand was the first self-governing country to grant <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">all women the right to vote</a> in 1893, when women over the age of 21 were permitted to vote in all parliamentary elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> achieved the same right and became the first to obtain the right to stand for parliament in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, women over the age of 21 were allowed to vote in the <a href="/wiki/Western_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Western territories">western territories</a> of Wyoming from 1869 and Utah from 1870, as well as in the states of Colorado and Idaho from 1893 and 1896 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_suffragettes">British suffragettes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British suffragettes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1865 <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> was elected to Parliament on a platform that included votes for women, and in 1869 he published his essay in favour of equality of the sexes <i><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a></i>. Also in 1865, a women's discussion group, <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Society_(women%27s_discussion_group)" title="Kensington Society (women's discussion group)">The Kensington Society</a>, was formed. Following discussions on the subject of women's suffrage, the society formed a committee to draft a petition and gather signatures, which Mill agreed to present to Parliament once they had gathered 100 signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-J_S_Mill_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_S_Mill-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1866, amateur scientist <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Becker" title="Lydia Becker">Lydia Becker</a> attended a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science" title="National Association for the Promotion of Social Science">National Association for the Promotion of Social Science</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and heard one of the organisors of the petition, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bodichon" title="Barbara Bodichon">Barbara Bodichon</a>, read a paper entitled <i>Reasons for the Enfranchisement of Women</i>. Becker was inspired to help gather signatures around Manchester and to join the newly formed Manchester committee. Mill presented the petition to Parliament in 1866, by which time the supporters had gathered 1499 signatures, including those of <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Butler" title="Josephine Butler">Josephine Butler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Somerville" title="Mary Somerville">Mary Somerville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1867, Becker wrote an article for the <i>Contemporary Review</i>, in which she said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It surely will not be denied that women have, and ought to have, opinions of their own on subjects of public interest, and on the events which arise as the world wends on its way. But if it be granted that women may, without offence, hold political opinions, on what ground can the right be withheld of giving the same expression or effect to their opinions as that enjoyed by their male neighbours?<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Two further petitions were presented to parliament in May 1867 and Mill also proposed an amendment to the 1867 Reform Act to give women the same political rights as men, but the amendment was treated with derision and defeated by 196 votes to 73.<sup id="cite_ref-Spartacus_Mill_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spartacus_Mill-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Society_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" title="Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage">The Manchester Society for Women's suffrage</a> was formed in January 1867, when <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bright" title="Jacob Bright">Jacob Bright</a>, Rev. S. A. Steinthal, Mrs. Gloyne, Max Kyllman and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Clarke_Wolstenholme_Elmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy">Elizabeth Wolstenholme</a> met at the house of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Borchardt" title="Louis Borchardt">Louis Borchardt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Becker" title="Lydia Becker">Lydia Becker</a> was made Secretary of the Society in February 1867 and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(politician)" title="Richard Pankhurst (politician)">Richard Pankhurst</a> was one of the earliest members of the executive committee.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1874 speaking event in Manchester organised by Becker, was attended by 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Goulden</a>, who was to become an ardent campaigner for women's rights, and later married Pankhurst becoming known as <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sky_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sky-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer of 1880, Becker visited the Isle of Man to address five public meetings on the subject of women's suffrage to audiences mainly composed of women. These speeches instilled in the <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx women</a> a determination to secure the franchise, and on 31 January 1881, women on the island who owned property in their own right were given the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-IOM_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOM-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_WSPU">Formation of the WSPU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation of the WSPU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmeline_Pankhurst2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emmeline_Pankhurst2.jpg/220px-Emmeline_Pankhurst2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emmeline_Pankhurst2.jpg/330px-Emmeline_Pankhurst2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emmeline_Pankhurst2.jpg/440px-Emmeline_Pankhurst2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> founded the WSPU in 1903 and became the most prominent of Britain's suffragettes.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Manchester, the Women's Suffrage Committee had been formed in 1867<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to work with the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> (ILP) to secure votes for women, but, although the local ILP were very supportive, nationally the party were more interested in securing the franchise for working-class men and refused to make women's suffrage a priority. In 1897, the Manchester Women's Suffrage committee had merged with the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a> (NUWSS) but Emmeline Pankhurst, who was a member of the original Manchester committee, and her eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel</a> had become impatient with the ILP, and on 10 October 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst held a meeting at her home in Manchester to form a breakaway group, the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). From the outset, the WSPU was determined to move away from the staid campaign methods of NUWSS and instead take more positive action:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was on October 10, 1903 that I invited a number of women to my house in Nelson Street, Manchester, for purposes of organisation. We voted to call our new society the Women's Social and Political Union, partly to emphasise its democracy, and partly to define its object as political rather than propagandist. We resolved to limit our membership exclusively to women, to keep ourselves absolutely free from party affiliation, and to be satisfied with nothing but action on our question. 'Deeds, not words' was to be our permanent motto.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Emmeline Pankhurst<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The term "suffragette" was first used in 1906 as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E. Hands in the London <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i> to describe activists in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">movement for women's suffrage</a>, in particular members of the WSPU.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_1999_452_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford_1999_452-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the women he intended to ridicule embraced the term, saying "suffraGETtes" (hardening the 'g'), implying not only that they wanted the vote, but that they intended to 'get' it.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-militant suffragists found favour in the press, as they were not hoping to get the franchise through 'violence, crime, arson and open rebellion'.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="WSPU_campaigns">WSPU campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: WSPU campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragette_bombings" title="List of suffragette bombings">list of suffragette bombings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs_Lilian_Metge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mrs_Lilian_Metge.jpg/220px-Mrs_Lilian_Metge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mrs_Lilian_Metge.jpg/330px-Mrs_Lilian_Metge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mrs_Lilian_Metge.jpg/440px-Mrs_Lilian_Metge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Mannequin of <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Metge" title="Lillian Metge">Lilian Metge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At a political meeting in Manchester in 1905, Christabel Pankhurst and millworker, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Kenney" title="Annie Kenney">Annie Kenney</a>, disrupted speeches by prominent Liberals <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Sir Edward Grey</a>, asking where Churchill and Grey stood with regards to women's political rights. At a time when political meetings were only attended by men and speakers were expected to be given the courtesy of expounding their views without interruption, the audience were outraged, and when the women unfurled a "Votes for Women" banner they were both arrested for a technical assault on a policeman. When Pankhurst and Kenney appeared in court they both refused to pay the fine imposed, preferring to go to prison to gain publicity for their cause.<sup id="cite_ref-trueman_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trueman-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1908 the WSPU hosted a large demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Heaton_Park" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Park</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> with speakers on 13 separate platforms including Emmeline, Christabel and Adela Pankhurst. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Friends of the women suffrage movement are entitled to reckon the great demonstration at Heaton Park yesterday, arranged by the Women's Social and Political Union, as somewhat of a triumph. With fine weather as an ally the women suffragists were able to bring together an immense body of people. These people were not all sympathisers with the object, and much service to the cause must have been rendered by merely collecting so many people and talking over the subject with them. The organisation, too, was creditable to the promoters...The police were few and inconspicuous. The speakers went by special [tram]car to the Bury Old Road entrance, and were escorted by a few police to several platforms. Here the escorts waited till the speaking was over, and then accompanied their respective charges back to the special car. There was little need, apparently, for the escort. Even the opponents of the suffrage claim who made themselves heard were perfectly friendly towards the speakers, and the only crowding about them as they left was that of curiosity on the part of those who wished to have a good look at the missioners in the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_Daily_Mirror%22_Frontpage,_March_21,_1907,_with_headline_%22Suffragettes_Storm_The_House%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%22The_Daily_Mirror%22_Frontpage%2C_March_21%2C_1907%2C_with_headline_%22Suffragettes_Storm_The_House%22.jpg/220px-%22The_Daily_Mirror%22_Frontpage%2C_March_21%2C_1907%2C_with_headline_%22Suffragettes_Storm_The_House%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%22The_Daily_Mirror%22_Frontpage%2C_March_21%2C_1907%2C_with_headline_%22Suffragettes_Storm_The_House%22.jpg/330px-%22The_Daily_Mirror%22_Frontpage%2C_March_21%2C_1907%2C_with_headline_%22Suffragettes_Storm_The_House%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%22The_Daily_Mirror%22_Frontpage%2C_March_21%2C_1907%2C_with_headline_%22Suffragettes_Storm_The_House%22.jpg/440px-%22The_Daily_Mirror%22_Frontpage%2C_March_21%2C_1907%2C_with_headline_%22Suffragettes_Storm_The_House%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>Frontpage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i>, 21 March 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Stung by the stereotypical image of the strong minded woman in masculine clothes created by newspaper cartoonists, the suffragettes resolved to present a fashionable, feminine image when appearing in public. In 1908, the co-editor of the WSPU's <i>Votes for Women</i> newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pethick-Lawrence,_Baroness_Pethick-Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, Baroness Pethick-Lawrence">Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed the suffragettes' colour scheme of purple for loyalty and dignity, white for purity, and green for hope.<sup id="cite_ref-ChertseyMuseum_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChertseyMuseum-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fashionable London shops <a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)" title="Liberty (department store)">Liberty</a> sold tricolour-striped ribbon for hats, rosettes, badges and belts, as well as coloured garments, underwear, handbags, shoes, slippers and toilet soap.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackman_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As membership of the WSPU grew it became fashionable for women to identify with the cause by wearing the colours, often discreetly in a small piece of jewellery or by carrying a heart-shaped <a href="/wiki/Vesta_case" title="Vesta case">vesta case</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blackman_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in December 1908 the London jewellers, <a href="/wiki/Mappin_%26_Webb" title="Mappin & Webb">Mappin & Webb</a>, issued a catalogue of suffragette jewellery in time for the Christmas season.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a> said at the time: "Many suffragists spend more money on clothes than they can comfortably afford, rather than run the risk of being considered outré, and doing harm to the cause".<sup id="cite_ref-Blackman_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909 the WSPU presented specially commissioned pieces of jewellery to leading suffragettes, Emmeline Pankhurst and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Eates" title="Louise Eates">Louise Eates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suffragettes also used other methods to publicise and raise money for the cause and from 1909, the "<a href="/wiki/Pank-a-Squith" title="Pank-a-Squith">Pank-a-Squith</a>" board game was sold by the WSPU. The name was derived from Pankhurst and the surname of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, who was largely hated by the movement. The board game was set out in a spiral, and players were required to lead their suffragette figure from their home to parliament, past the obstacles faced from Prime Minister H. H. Asquith and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1909, suffragettes Daisy <a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Solomon" title="Georgiana Solomon">Solomon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elspeth_Douglas_McClelland" title="Elspeth Douglas McClelland">Elspeth McClelland</a> tried an innovative method of potentially obtaining a meeting with Asquith by sending themselves by Royal Mail courier post; however, <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">Downing Street</a> did not accept the parcel.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911 suffragette organisations urged women and supporters of women's enfranchisement to boycott the <a href="/wiki/1911_United_Kingdom_census" title="1911 United Kingdom census">1911 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some wrote "Votes for Women" or other slogans on their census returns and others evaded the census by hiding overnight. Most famously, Emily Wilding Davison hid in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> overnight so that she could be enumerated in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emily_Wilding_Davison_by_Andrew_William_Dron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Emily_Wilding_Davison_by_Andrew_William_Dron.jpg/220px-Emily_Wilding_Davison_by_Andrew_William_Dron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Emily_Wilding_Davison_by_Andrew_William_Dron.jpg/330px-Emily_Wilding_Davison_by_Andrew_William_Dron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Emily_Wilding_Davison_by_Andrew_William_Dron.jpg/440px-Emily_Wilding_Davison_by_Andrew_William_Dron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="4496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emily_Davison" title="Emily Davison">Emily Davison</a> became known in the WSPU for her daring militant action.</figcaption></figure> <p>1912 was a turning point for the suffragettes, as they turned to using more militant tactics and began a window-smashing campaign. Some members of the WSPU, including Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and her husband Frederick, disagreed with this strategy but Christabel Pankhurst ignored their objections. In response to this, the Government ordered the arrest of the WSPU leaders and, although Christabel Pankhurst escaped to France, the Pethick-Lawrences were arrested, tried and sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. On their release, the Pethick-Lawrences began to speak out publicly against the window-smashing campaign, arguing that it would lose support for the cause, and eventually they were expelled from the WSPU. Having lost control of <i>Votes for Women</i> the WSPU began to publish their own newspaper under the title <i>The Suffragette</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-spartacus_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spartacus-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign was then escalated, with the suffragettes chaining themselves to railings, setting fire to post box contents, smashing windows and eventually detonating bombs, as part of a wider <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">bombing campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some radical techniques used by the suffragettes were learned from Russian exiles from <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">tsarism</a> who had escaped to England.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant_2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign#1914_attacks" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">at least seven churches were bombed or set on fire</a> across the United Kingdom, including <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, where an explosion aimed at destroying the 700-year-old <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Chair" title="Coronation Chair">Coronation Chair</a>, only caused minor damage.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Places that wealthy people, typically men, frequented were also burnt and destroyed whilst left unattended so that there was little risk to life, including cricket pavilions, horse-racing pavilions, churches, castles and the second homes of the wealthy. They also burnt the slogan "Votes for Women" into the grass of golf courses.<sup id="cite_ref-London_Walks_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London_Walks-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pinfold_Manor" title="Pinfold Manor">Pinfold Manor</a> in Surrey, which was being built for the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, was targeted with two bombs on 19 February 1913, only one of which exploded, causing significant damage; in her memoirs, Sylvia Pankhurst said that <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davison" title="Emily Davison">Emily Davison</a> had carried out the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-London_Walks_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London_Walks-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 250 arson or destruction attacks in a six-month period in 1913<sup id="cite_ref-London_Walks_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London_Walks-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in April the newspapers reported "What might have been the most serious outrage yet perpetrated by the Suffragettes": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Policemen discovered inside the railings of the Bank of England a bomb timed to explode at midnight. It contained 3oz of powerful explosive, some metal, and a number of hairpins – the last named constituent no doubt to make known the source of the intended sensation. The bomb was similar to that used in the attempt to blow up Oxted Railway Station. It contained a watch with attachment for explosion, but was clumsily fitted. If it had exploded when the streets were crowded a number of people would probably have been injured.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragette,-Emily-Wi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Suffragette%2C-Emily-Wi.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption><i>The Suffragette</i> newspaper edited by <a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst</a>, Emily Davison memorial issue, 13 June 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>There are reports in the Parliamentary Papers which include lists of the 'incendiary devices', explosions, artwork destruction (including an axe attack upon a painting of <a href="/wiki/The_Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duke of Wellington">The Duke of Wellington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>), arson attacks, window-breaking, postbox burning and telegraph cable cutting, that took place during the most militant years, from 1910 to 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both suffragettes and police spoke of a "Reign of Terror"; newspaper headlines referred to "Suffragette Terrorism".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One suffragette, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davison" title="Emily Davison">Emily Davison</a>, died under <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">the King</a>'s horse, Anmer, at <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">The Derby</a> on 4 June 1913. It is debated whether she was trying to pull down the horse, attach a suffragette scarf or banner to it, or commit suicide to become a martyr to the cause. However, recent analysis of the film of the event suggests that she was merely trying to attach a scarf to the horse, and the suicide theory seems unlikely as she was carrying a return train ticket from Epsom and had holiday plans with her sister in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_realistic_picture._Suffragettes_in_Prison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_realistic_picture._Suffragettes_in_Prison.jpg/220px-A_realistic_picture._Suffragettes_in_Prison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_realistic_picture._Suffragettes_in_Prison.jpg/330px-A_realistic_picture._Suffragettes_in_Prison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_realistic_picture._Suffragettes_in_Prison.jpg/440px-A_realistic_picture._Suffragettes_in_Prison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of three women in a prison uniform.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century until the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, approximately one thousand suffragettes were imprisoned in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Purvis_1995a_103_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purvis_1995a_103-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most early incarcerations were for public order offences and failure to pay outstanding fines. While incarcerated, suffragettes lobbied to be considered political prisoners; with such a designation, suffragettes would be placed in the First Division as opposed to the Second or Third Division of the prison system, and as political prisoners would be granted certain freedoms and liberties not allotted to other prison divisions, such as being allowed frequent visits and being allowed to write books or articles.<sup id="cite_ref-Purvis_Deeds_1995_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purvis_Deeds_1995-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of a lack of consistency between the different courts, suffragettes would not necessarily be placed in the First Division and could be placed in the Second or Third Division, which enjoyed fewer liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This cause was taken up by the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), a large organisation in Britain, that lobbied for women's suffrage led by militant suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst.<sup id="cite_ref-Purvis_1995a_104_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purvis_1995a_104-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WSPU campaigned to get imprisoned suffragettes recognised as political prisoners. However, this campaign was largely unsuccessful. Citing a fear that the suffragettes becoming political prisoners would make for easy martyrdom,<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2001_285_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2001_285-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with thoughts from the courts and the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> that they were abusing the freedoms of the First Division to further the agenda of the WSPU,<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_2008_81_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_2008_81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suffragettes were placed in the Second Division, and in some cases the Third Division, in prisons, with no special privileges granted to them as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunger_strikes_and_force-feeding">Hunger strikes and force-feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hunger strikes and force-feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Force-feeding_(suffragettes).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Force-feeding_%28suffragettes%29.jpeg/220px-Force-feeding_%28suffragettes%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Force-feeding_%28suffragettes%29.jpeg/330px-Force-feeding_%28suffragettes%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Force-feeding_%28suffragettes%29.jpeg/440px-Force-feeding_%28suffragettes%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Suffragette being force-fed</figcaption></figure> <p>Suffragettes were not recognised as <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>, and many of them staged <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strikes</a> while they were imprisoned. The first woman to refuse food was <a href="/wiki/Marion_Wallace_Dunlop" title="Marion Wallace Dunlop">Marion Wallace Dunlop</a>, a militant suffragette who was sentenced to a month in Holloway for vandalism in July 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-Purvis_Deeds_1995_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purvis_Deeds_1995-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without consulting suffragette leaders such as Pankhurst,<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2009_360_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2009_360-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dunlop refused food in protest at being denied political prisoner status. After a 92-hour hunger strike, and for fear of her becoming a martyr,<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2009_360_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2009_360-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Gladstone">Herbert Gladstone</a> decided to release her early on medical grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_2008_81_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_2008_81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dunlop's strategy was adopted by other suffragettes who were incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2009_361_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2009_361-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became common practice for suffragettes to refuse food in protest for not being designated as political prisoners, and as a result they would be released after a few days and could return to the "fighting line".<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_2008_82_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_2008_82-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a public backlash regarding the prison status of suffragettes, the rules of the divisions were amended. In March 1910, Rule 243A was introduced by the Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, allowing prisoners in the Second and Third Divisions to be allowed certain privileges of the First Division, provided they were not convicted of a serious offence, effectively ending hunger strikes for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_2008_84~85_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_2008_84~85-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunger strikes began again when Pankhurst was transferred from the Second Division to the First Division, inciting the other suffragettes to demonstrate regarding their prison status.<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_2008_85_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_2008_85-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Force-feeding_poster_(suffragettes).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Force-feeding_poster_%28suffragettes%29.jpg/220px-Force-feeding_poster_%28suffragettes%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Force-feeding_poster_%28suffragettes%29.jpg/330px-Force-feeding_poster_%28suffragettes%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Force-feeding_poster_%28suffragettes%29.jpg/440px-Force-feeding_poster_%28suffragettes%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>A 1910 poster by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pearce" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Pearce">Alfred Pearce</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">WSPU</a> showing a suffragette being force-fed</figcaption></figure> <p>Militant suffragette demonstrations subsequently became more aggressive,<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_2008_81_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_2008_81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the British Government took action. Unwilling to release all the suffragettes refusing food in prison,<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2009_361_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2009_361-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the autumn of 1909, the authorities began to adopt more drastic measures to manage the hunger-strikers. In September 1909, the Home Office became unwilling to release hunger-striking suffragettes before their sentence was served.<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_2008_82_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_2008_82-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suffragettes became a liability because, if they were to die in custody, the prison would be responsible for their death. Prisons began the practice of <a href="/wiki/Force-feeding" title="Force-feeding">force-feeding</a> the hunger strikers through a tube, most commonly via a <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">nostril</a> or stomach tube or a stomach pump.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2009_361_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2009_361-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Force-feeding had previously been practised in Britain but its use had been exclusively for patients in hospitals who were too unwell to eat or swallow food. Despite the practice being deemed safe by medical practitioners for sick patients, it posed health issues for the healthy suffragettes.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2009_360_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2009_360-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forcible_feeding_illustration_from_WSPU_prisoners_scrapbook.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Forcible_feeding_illustration_from_WSPU_prisoners_scrapbook.png/220px-Forcible_feeding_illustration_from_WSPU_prisoners_scrapbook.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Forcible_feeding_illustration_from_WSPU_prisoners_scrapbook.png/330px-Forcible_feeding_illustration_from_WSPU_prisoners_scrapbook.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Forcible_feeding_illustration_from_WSPU_prisoners_scrapbook.png/440px-Forcible_feeding_illustration_from_WSPU_prisoners_scrapbook.png 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Memories of <a href="/wiki/Winson_Green_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Winson Green Prison">Winson Green Gaol</a>, 18 September 1909; illustration from Mabel Capper's WSPU prisoner's scrapbook</figcaption></figure> <p>The process of tube-feeding was strenuous without the consent of the hunger strikers, who were typically strapped down and force-fed via stomach or nostril tube, often with a considerable amount of force.<sup id="cite_ref-Purvis_Deeds_1995_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purvis_Deeds_1995-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was painful, and after the practice was observed and studied by several physicians, it was deemed to cause both short-term damage to the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> and long-term damage to the physical and mental health of the suffragettes.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first suffragette to be forcibly-fed was <a href="/wiki/Evaline_Hilda_Burkitt" title="Evaline Hilda Burkitt">Evaline Hilda Burkitt</a>, who, between 1909 and 1914 was force-fed 292 times.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson" title="Mary Richardson">Mary Richardson</a> was recognized as the second suffragette to be force fed while imprisoned, describing her experience as "torture" and an "immoral assault."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some suffragettes who were force-fed developed <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> as a result of a misplaced tube.<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_2008_83_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_2008_83-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women who had gone on hunger strike in prison received a <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a> from the WSPU on their release.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_and_Mouse_Act_Poster_-_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cat_and_Mouse_Act_Poster_-_1914.jpg/220px-Cat_and_Mouse_Act_Poster_-_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cat_and_Mouse_Act_Poster_-_1914.jpg/330px-Cat_and_Mouse_Act_Poster_-_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Cat_and_Mouse_Act_Poster_-_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cat_and_Mouse_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat and Mouse Act">Cat and Mouse Act</a> WSPU poster (1914)</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1913, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a> of the Home Office passed the <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_(Temporary_Discharge_for_Ill_Health)_Act_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913">Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913</a>, or the Cat and Mouse Act as it was commonly known. The act made the hunger strikes legal, in that a suffragette would be temporarily released from prison when their health began to diminish, only to be readmitted when she regained her health to finish her sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-Purvis_Deeds_1995_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purvis_Deeds_1995-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act enabled the British Government to be absolved of any blame resulting from death or harm due to the self-starvation of the striker and ensured that the suffragettes would be too ill and too weak to participate in demonstrative activities while not in custody.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2009_361_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2009_361-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most women continued hunger striking when they were readmitted to prison following their leave.<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_2008_88_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_2008_88-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Act was introduced, force-feeding on a large scale was stopped and only women convicted of more serious crimes and considered likely to repeat their offences if released were force-fed.<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_2008_89_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_2008_89-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bodyguard">The Bodyguard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Bodyguard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1913 and in response to the Cat and Mouse Act, the WSPU instituted a secret society of women known as the "Bodyguard" whose role was to physically protect Emmeline Pankhurst and other prominent suffragettes from arrest and assault. Known members included <a href="/wiki/Katherine_%22Kitty%22_Marshall" title="Katherine "Kitty" Marshall">Katherine Willoughby Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonora_Cohen" title="Leonora Cohen">Leonora Cohen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Harding" title="Gertrude Harding">Gertrude Harding</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edith_Margaret_Garrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Margaret Garrud">Edith Margaret Garrud</a> was their <a href="/wiki/Jujitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jujitsu">jujitsu</a> trainer. </p><p>The origin of the "Bodyguard" can be traced to a WSPU meeting at which Garrud spoke. As suffragettes speaking in public increasingly found themselves the target of violence and attempted assaults, learning jujitsu was a way for women to defend themselves against angry hecklers.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inciting incidents included <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday</a>, during which a deputation of 300 suffragettes were physically prevented by police from entering the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, sparking a near-riot and allegations of both common and sexual assault.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the "Bodyguard" orchestrated the "escapes" of a number of fugitive suffragettes from police surveillance during 1913 and early 1914. They also participated in several violent actions against the police in defence of their leaders, notably including the "Battle of Glasgow" on 9 March 1914, when a group of about 30 Bodyguards brawled with about 50 police constables and detectives on the stage of St Andrew's Hall in Glasgow. The fight was witnessed by an audience of some 4500 people.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the commencement of World War I, the suffragette movement in Britain moved away from suffrage activities and focused on the war effort, and as a result, hunger strikes largely stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1914, the British Government released all prisoners who had been incarcerated for suffrage activities on an amnesty,<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_2008_92_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_2008_92-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Pankhurst ending all militant suffrage activities soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-Purvis_1995a_123_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purvis_1995a_123-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suffragettes' focus on war work turned public opinion in favour of their eventual partial enfranchisement in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Women eagerly volunteered to take on many traditional male roles – leading to a new view of what women were capable of. The war also caused a split in the British suffragette movement; the mainstream, represented by Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst's WSPU calling a ceasefire in their campaign for the duration of the war, while more <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">radical</a> suffragettes, represented by <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Suffrage Federation">Women's Suffrage Federation</a> continued the struggle.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countess_Constance_Markiewicz-1.1.2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Countess_Constance_Markiewicz-1.1.2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Countess_Constance_Markiewicz-1.1.2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Countess_Constance_Markiewicz-1.1.2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Countess_Constance_Markiewicz-1.1.2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Countess_Constance_Markiewicz-1.1.2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Countess_Constance_Markiewicz-1.1.2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="3297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Countess Markiewicz</a> (1868–1927)</figcaption></figure> <p>Prominent British-Indian suffragette <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Duleep_Singh" title="Sophia Duleep Singh">Sophia Duleep Singh</a>, the third daughter of the exiled Sikh Maharajah <a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a>, campaigned for support for the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">lascars</a> working in the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(United_Kingdom)" title="Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)">Merchant Navy</a>. She also joined a 10,000-woman protest march against the prohibition of a volunteer female force. Singh volunteered as a <a href="/wiki/British_Red_Cross" title="British Red Cross">British Red Cross</a> <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Aid_Detachment" title="Voluntary Aid Detachment">Voluntary Aid Detachment</a> nurse, serving at an auxiliary military hospital in <a href="/wiki/Isleworth" title="Isleworth">Isleworth</a> from October 1915 to January 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarna_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarna-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VAD_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAD-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a>, which had always employed "constitutional" methods, continued to lobby during the war years and compromises were worked out between the NUWSS and the coalition government.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawood_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawood-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 February, the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a> was passed, enfranchising all men over 21 years of age and women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fawcett_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fawcett-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gaining the right to vote for about 8.4 million women.<sup id="cite_ref-Fawcett_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fawcett-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_(Qualification_of_Women)_Act_1918" title="Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918">Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918</a> was passed, allowing women to be elected into parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Fawcett_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fawcett-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of the People Act 1928">Representation of the People Act 1928</a> extended the voting franchise to all women over the age of 21, granting women the vote on the same terms that men had gained ten years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1918_general_election,_women_members_of_parliament"><span id="1918_general_election.2C_women_members_of_parliament"></span>1918 general election, women members of parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1918 general election, women members of parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918 general election</a>, the first general election to be held after the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a>, was the first in which some women (property owners older than 30) could vote. At that election, the first woman to be elected an MP was <a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Constance Markievicz</a> but, in line with <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionist</a> policy, she declined to take her seat in the British House of Commons. The first woman to do so was <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Astor,_Viscountess_Astor" title="Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor">Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor</a>, following a by-election in November 1919. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmeline_Pankhurst_addresses_crowd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Emmeline_Pankhurst_addresses_crowd.jpg/220px-Emmeline_Pankhurst_addresses_crowd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Emmeline_Pankhurst_addresses_crowd.jpg/330px-Emmeline_Pankhurst_addresses_crowd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Emmeline_Pankhurst_addresses_crowd.jpg/440px-Emmeline_Pankhurst_addresses_crowd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Emmeline Pankhurst travelled constantly, giving speeches throughout Britain and the US. One of her most famous speeches, "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Freedom_or_death" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Freedom or death">Freedom or death</a>", was delivered in Connecticut in 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the autumn of 1913, Emmeline Pankhurst had sailed to the US to embark on a lecture tour to publicise the message of the WSPU and to raise money for the treatment of her son, Harry, who was gravely ill. By this time the suffragettes' tactics of civil disorder were being used by American militants <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a>, both of whom had campaigned with the WSPU in London. As in the UK, the suffrage movement in America was divided into two disparate groups, with the <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> representing the more militant campaign and the <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Suffrage_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Women's Suffrage Alliance">International Women's Suffrage Alliance</a> taking a more cautious and pragmatic approach<sup id="cite_ref-Bartley_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartley-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the publicity surrounding Pankhurst's visit and the militant tactics used by her followers gave a welcome boost to the campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-Weapon_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weapon-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the majority of women in the US preferred the more respected label of "suffragist" to the title "suffragette" adopted by the militants.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Votes_for_Women%22,_a_penny_defaced_by_Suffragettes,_UK,_1930_or_later._One_penny_of_Edward_VII,_obverse,_copper,_1903._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%22Votes_for_Women%22%2C_a_penny_defaced_by_Suffragettes%2C_UK%2C_1930_or_later._One_penny_of_Edward_VII%2C_obverse%2C_copper%2C_1903._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg/220px-%22Votes_for_Women%22%2C_a_penny_defaced_by_Suffragettes%2C_UK%2C_1930_or_later._One_penny_of_Edward_VII%2C_obverse%2C_copper%2C_1903._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%22Votes_for_Women%22%2C_a_penny_defaced_by_Suffragettes%2C_UK%2C_1930_or_later._One_penny_of_Edward_VII%2C_obverse%2C_copper%2C_1903._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg/330px-%22Votes_for_Women%22%2C_a_penny_defaced_by_Suffragettes%2C_UK%2C_1930_or_later._One_penny_of_Edward_VII%2C_obverse%2C_copper%2C_1903._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%22Votes_for_Women%22%2C_a_penny_defaced_by_Suffragettes%2C_UK%2C_1930_or_later._One_penny_of_Edward_VII%2C_obverse%2C_copper%2C_1903._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg/440px-%22Votes_for_Women%22%2C_a_penny_defaced_by_Suffragettes%2C_UK%2C_1930_or_later._One_penny_of_Edward_VII%2C_obverse%2C_copper%2C_1903._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="1730" /></a><figcaption>"Votes for Women", a penny defaced by suffragettes in the UK, 1930 or later. One penny of Edward VII, <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a>, copper, 1903. On display at the British Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many suffragists at the time, and some historians since, have argued that the actions of the militant suffragettes damaged their cause.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents at the time saw evidence that women were too emotional and could not think as logically as men.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_2013_176_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_2013_176-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pedersen_2004_124_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedersen_2004_124-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolt_1993_191_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolt_1993_191-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians generally argue that the first stage of the militant suffragette movement under the Pankhursts in 1906 had a dramatic mobilising effect on the suffrage movement. Women were thrilled and supportive of an actual revolt in the streets. The membership of the militant WSPU and the older NUWSS overlapped and were mutually supportive. However, a system of publicity, Ensor argues, had to continue to escalate to maintain its high visibility in the media. The hunger strikes and force-feeding did that, but the Pankhursts refused any advice and escalated their tactics. They turned to systematic disruption of Liberal Party meetings as well as physical violence in terms of damaging public buildings and arson. Searle says the methods of the suffragettes harmed the Liberal Party but failed to advance women's suffrage. When the Pankhursts decided to stop their militancy at the start of the war and enthusiastically support the war effort, the movement split and their leadership role ended. Suffrage came four years later, but the feminist movement in Britain permanently abandoned the militant tactics that had made the suffragettes famous.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue_Victoria_Tower_Gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue_Victoria_Tower_Gardens.jpg/300px-Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue_Victoria_Tower_Gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue_Victoria_Tower_Gardens.jpg/450px-Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue_Victoria_Tower_Gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue_Victoria_Tower_Gardens.jpg/600px-Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue_Victoria_Tower_Gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5206" data-file-height="3474" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a> at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tower_Gardens" title="Victoria Tower Gardens">Victoria Tower Gardens</a> which is adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Emmeline_Pankhurst,_Gardens,_Westminster_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Statue_Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_Gardens%2C_Westminster_%283%29.jpg/300px-Statue_Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_Gardens%2C_Westminster_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="534" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Statue_Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_Gardens%2C_Westminster_%283%29.jpg/450px-Statue_Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_Gardens%2C_Westminster_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Statue_Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_Gardens%2C_Westminster_%283%29.jpg/600px-Statue_Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_Gardens%2C_Westminster_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p> After Emmeline Pankhurst's death in 1928, money was raised to commission a statue, and on 6 March 1930 <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">the statue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tower_Gardens" title="Victoria Tower Gardens">Victoria Tower Gardens</a> was unveiled. A crowd of radicals, former suffragettes and national dignitaries gathered as former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> presented the memorial to the public. In his address, Baldwin declared:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "I say with no fear of contradiction, that whatever view posterity may take, Mrs. Pankhurst has won for herself a niche in the Temple of Fame which will last for all time".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In 1929 a portrait of Emmeline Pankhurst was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery</a>'s collection. In 1987 her former home at 62 Nelson Street, Manchester, the birthplace of the WSPU, and the adjoining Edwardian villa (no. 60) were opened as the <a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">women-only space</a> and museum dedicated to the suffragette movement.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christabel Pankhurst was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander" title="Knight Commander">Dame Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> in 1936, and after her death in 1958 a permanent memorial was installed next to the statue of her mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memorial to Christabel Pankhurst consists of a low stone screen flanking her mother's statue with a bronze medallion plaque depicting her profile at one end of the screen paired with a second plaque depicting the "prison brooch" or "badge" of the WSPU at the other end.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unveiling of this dual memorial was performed on 13 July 1959 by the Lord Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">Lord Kilmuir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pankhurst's name and image and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters are etched on the <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett">statue of Millicent Fawcett</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, London that was unveiled in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, the Australian suffragist <a href="/wiki/Vida_Goldstein" title="Vida Goldstein">Vida Goldstein</a> adopted the WSPU colours for her campaign for the Senate in 1910 but got them slightly wrong since she thought that they were purple, green and lavender. Goldstein had visited England in 1911 at the behest of the WSPU. Her speeches around the country drew huge crowds and her tour was touted as "the biggest thing that has happened in the women movement for sometime in England".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The correct colours were used for her campaign for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Kooyong" title="Division of Kooyong">Kooyong</a> in 1913 and also for the flag of the Women's Peace Army, which she established during World War I to oppose conscription. During <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Year" title="International Women's Year">International Women's Year</a> in 1975 the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> series about the suffragettes, <i><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder">Shoulder to Shoulder</a></i>, was screened across Australia and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anne_Reid" title="Elizabeth Anne Reid">Elizabeth Reid</a>, Women's Adviser to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> directed that the WSPU colours be used for the International Women's Year symbol. They were also used for a <a href="/wiki/First-day_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="First-day cover">first-day cover</a> and postage stamp released by <a href="/wiki/Australia_Post" title="Australia Post">Australia Post</a> in March 1975. The colours have since been adopted by government bodies such as the National Women's Advisory Council and organisations such as Women's Electoral Lobby and other women's services such as domestic violence refuges and are much in evidence each year on <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_day" class="mw-redirect" title="International Women's day">International Women's day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MAAS_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAAS-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colours of green and heliotrope (purple) were commissioned into a new coat of arms for <a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill_University" title="Edge Hill University">Edge Hill University</a> in Lancashire in 2006, symbolising the university's early commitment to the equality of women through its beginnings as a women-only college.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s, the memory of the suffragettes was kept alive in the public consciousness by portrayals in film, such as the character <a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)#Mrs._Winifred_Banks" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mrs Winifred Banks</a> in the 1964 Disney musical film <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mary Poppins</a></i> who sings the song "<a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">Sister Suffragette</a>" and Maggie DuBois in the 1965 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Race" title="The Great Race">The Great Race</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974 the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> TV series <i>Shoulder to Shoulder</i> portraying events in the British militant suffrage movement and concentrating on the lives of members of the Pankhurst family, was shown around the world. And in the 21st century the story of the suffragettes was brought to a new generation in the BBC television series <i><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women">Up the Women</a></i>, the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> trilogy <i><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu:_Mrs._Pankhurst%27s_Amazons" title="Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons">Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons</a></i> and the 2015 film <i><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)">Suffragette</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recognition of having meetings at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> in London, the Suffragettes were inducted into the Hall's Walk of Fame in 2018, making them one of the first eleven recipients of a star on the walk, joining <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, among others who were viewed as "key players" in the building's history.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2019, female <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> members of the US Congress dressed predominantly in white when attending <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">President Trump's</a> <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address. The choice of one of the colours associated with the suffragettes was to signify the women's solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2020s, the Suffragette flag began to be increasingly used by British feminists protesting <a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">against</a> <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">transgender rights</a>; Ria Patel, the spokesperson on diversity and equality for the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a>, argued that this use "claims a lineage that goes back to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, who authored <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Vindication of the Rights of Women</a></i> (and like most writers of the time used 'sex' to describe both biology, sexual orientation and gender expression), but often uses the language of Suffragette and post-Suffragette feminism".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Aldersley" title="Margaret Aldersley">Margaret Aldersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Aldham" title="Mary Ann Aldham">Mary Ann Aldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Allen" title="Doreen Allen">Doreen Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janie_Allan" title="Janie Allan">Janie Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ansell" title="Gertrude Ansell">Gertrude Ansell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beauchamp" title="Joan Beauchamp">Joan Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Marian_Begbie" title="Edith Marian Begbie">Edith Marian Begbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_May_Billinghurst" title="Rosa May Billinghurst">Rosa May Billinghurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Bowerman" title="Elsie Bowerman">Elsie Bowerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Boyd" title="Janet Boyd">Janet Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Constance_Bulwer-Lytton" title="Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton">Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaline_Hilda_Burkitt" title="Evaline Hilda Burkitt">Evaline Hilda Burkitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Capper" title="Mabel Capper">Mabel Capper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Fanny_Cheffins" title="Georgina Fanny Cheffins">Georgina Fanny Cheffins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Nield_Chew" title="Ada Nield Chew">Ada Nield Chew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cobden-Sanderson" title="Anne Cobden-Sanderson">Anne Cobden-Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Cohen" title="Leonora Cohen">Leonora Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Cohen_(feminist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Cohen (feminist)">Rose Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Craigen" title="Jessie Craigen">Jessie Craigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Wilding_Davison" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Wilding Davison">Emily Wilding Davison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Mary_Doudney" title="Violet Mary Doudney">Violet Mary Doudney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Douglas_Smith" title="Katherine Douglas Smith">Katherine Douglas Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Drummond" title="Flora Drummond">Flora Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Duleep_Singh" title="Sophia Duleep Singh">Sophia Duleep Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norah_Elam" title="Norah Elam">Norah Elam</a> also known as Norah Dacre Fox<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Garrett_Fawcett" class="mw-redirect" title="Millicent Garrett Fawcett">Millicent Garrett Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Margaret_Garrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Margaret Garrud">Edith Margaret Garrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Edith_Gliddon" title="Katie Edith Gliddon">Katie Edith Gliddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely_Hamilton" title="Cicely Hamilton">Cicely Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Jane Ellen Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Holme" title="Vera Holme">Vera Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_How-Martyn" title="Edith How-Martyn">Edith How-Martyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemence_Housman" title="Clemence Housman">Clemence Housman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Inglis" title="Elsie Inglis">Elsie Inglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Kenney" title="Annie Kenney">Annie Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Kimmins" title="Grace Kimmins">Grace Kimmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Lenton" title="Lilian Lenton">Lilian Lenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lowndes" title="Mary Lowndes">Mary Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Macfarlane" title="Florence Macfarlane">Florence Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Macfarlane" title="Margaret Macfarlane">Margaret Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Martel" title="Nellie Martel">Nellie Martel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Martin" title="Selina Martin">Selina Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Adela Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Parker" title="Frances Parker">Frances Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence">Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasance_Pendred" title="Pleasance Pendred">Pleasance Pendred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Potbury" title="Isabella Potbury">Isabella Potbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson" title="Mary Richardson">Mary Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Rigby" title="Edith Rigby">Edith Rigby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Ryland" title="Bertha Ryland">Bertha Ryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Sadd_Brown" title="Myra Sadd Brown">Myra Sadd Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genie_Sheppard" title="Genie Sheppard">Genie Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Maud_Shipley" title="Alice Maud Shipley">Alice Maud Shipley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Short" title="Jane Short">Jane Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Smyth" title="Ethel Smyth">Ethel Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Snowden" title="Ethel Snowden">Ethel Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janie_Terrero" title="Janie Terrero">Janie Terrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Thewlis" title="Dora Thewlis">Dora Thewlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Tolson" title="Catherine Tolson">Catherine Tolson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tolson" title="Helen Tolson">Helen Tolson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Tunks" title="Florence Tunks">Florence Tunks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Tyson" title="Leonora Tyson">Leonora Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Veale" title="Laura Veale">Laura Veale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Wentworth" title="Vera Wentworth">Vera Wentworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Wharry" title="Olive Wharry">Olive Wharry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Wilkinson" title="Gertrude Wilkinson">Gertrude Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetitia_Withall" title="Laetitia Withall">Laetitia Withall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Wray" title="Celia Wray">Celia Wray</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louie_Bennett" title="Louie Bennett">Louie Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fleetwood_Berry" title="Mary Fleetwood Berry">Mary Fleetwood Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chenevix" title="Helen Chenevix">Helen Chenevix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Elizabeth_Cousins" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Elizabeth Cousins">Margaret "Gretta" Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Despard" title="Charlotte Despard">Charlotte Despard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norah_Elam" title="Norah Elam">Norah Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Gatty" title="Katharine Gatty">Katharine Gatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Gore-Booth" title="Eva Gore-Booth">Eva Gore-Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Haslam" title="Anna Haslam">Anna Haslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hayden" title="Mary Hayden">Mary Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Lynn" title="Kathleen Lynn">Kathleen Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Constance Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McCoubrey" title="Margaret McCoubrey">Margaret McCoubrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_McCracken" title="Mary Ann McCracken">Mary Ann McCracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_MacSwiney" title="Mary MacSwiney">Mary MacSwiney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Molony" title="Helena Molony">Helena Molony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Moon" title="Florence Moon">Florence Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Donovan_O%27Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Donovan O'Sullivan">Mary Donovan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Persse" title="Sarah Persse">Sarah Persse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wyse_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenny Wyse Power">Jenny Wyse Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Sheehy-Skeffington" title="Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington">Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Tod" title="Isabella Tod">Isabella Tod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wheeler_(author)" title="Anna Wheeler (author)">Anna Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WSPU_Hunger_Strike_Medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="UK WSPU Hunger Strike Medal 30 July 1909 including the bar 'Fed by Force 17 September 1909'. The Medal awarded to Mabel Capper records the first instance of forcible feeding of Suffragette prisoners in England at Winson Green Prison."><img alt="UK WSPU Hunger Strike Medal 30 July 1909 including the bar 'Fed by Force 17 September 1909'. The Medal awarded to Mabel Capper records the first instance of forcible feeding of Suffragette prisoners in England at Winson Green Prison." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/WSPU_Hunger_Strike_Medal.jpg/120px-WSPU_Hunger_Strike_Medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/WSPU_Hunger_Strike_Medal.jpg/180px-WSPU_Hunger_Strike_Medal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/WSPU_Hunger_Strike_Medal.jpg/240px-WSPU_Hunger_Strike_Medal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">UK WSPU <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a> 30 July 1909 including the bar 'Fed by Force 17 September 1909'. The Medal awarded to <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Capper" title="Mabel Capper">Mabel Capper</a> records the first instance of forcible feeding of Suffragette prisoners in England at <a href="/wiki/Winson_Green_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Winson Green Prison">Winson Green Prison</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Badge_of_Emmeline_Pankhurst_-_c1909_-_Museum_of_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait badge of Emmeline Pankhurst (c. 1909) sold in large numbers by the WSPU to raise funds"><img alt="Portrait badge of Emmeline Pankhurst (c. 1909) sold in large numbers by the WSPU to raise funds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Portrait_Badge_of_Emmeline_Pankhurst_-_c1909_-_Museum_of_London.jpg/100px-Portrait_Badge_of_Emmeline_Pankhurst_-_c1909_-_Museum_of_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Portrait_Badge_of_Emmeline_Pankhurst_-_c1909_-_Museum_of_London.jpg/149px-Portrait_Badge_of_Emmeline_Pankhurst_-_c1909_-_Museum_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Portrait_Badge_of_Emmeline_Pankhurst_-_c1909_-_Museum_of_London.jpg/199px-Portrait_Badge_of_Emmeline_Pankhurst_-_c1909_-_Museum_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait badge of Emmeline Pankhurst (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1909</span>) sold in large numbers by the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">WSPU</a> to raise funds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SuffrageteCalendar_HAGAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1910 Suffragette calendar held in the collections of the Herbert Art Gallery & Museum, Coventry"><img alt="1910 Suffragette calendar held in the collections of the Herbert Art Gallery & Museum, Coventry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/SuffrageteCalendar_HAGAM.jpg/80px-SuffrageteCalendar_HAGAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/SuffrageteCalendar_HAGAM.jpg/119px-SuffrageteCalendar_HAGAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/SuffrageteCalendar_HAGAM.jpg/159px-SuffrageteCalendar_HAGAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1910 Suffragette calendar held in the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Art_Gallery_and_Museum" title="Herbert Art Gallery and Museum">Herbert Art Gallery & Museum, Coventry</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suffragette Banner (c. 1910)"><img alt="Suffragette Banner (c. 1910)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg/120px-Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg/180px-Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg/240px-Suffragette_Banner_-_Museum_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Suffragette Banner (c. 1910)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Votes_For_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Votes for Women poster (1909)"><img alt="Votes for Women poster (1909)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Votes_For_Women.jpg/81px-Votes_For_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Votes_For_Women.jpg/121px-Votes_For_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Votes_For_Women.jpg/162px-Votes_For_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1243" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Votes for Women poster (1909)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rivista_suffragette.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="7 October 1913 edition of The Suffragette"><img alt="7 October 1913 edition of The Suffragette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rivista_suffragette.tif/lossy-page1-84px-Rivista_suffragette.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rivista_suffragette.tif/lossy-page1-126px-Rivista_suffragette.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rivista_suffragette.tif/lossy-page1-168px-Rivista_suffragette.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">7 October 1913 edition of <i>The Suffragette</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_ear_rings_in_suffragette_colours.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold earrings in suffragette colours"><img alt="Gold earrings in suffragette colours" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gold_ear_rings_in_suffragette_colours.jpg/109px-Gold_ear_rings_in_suffragette_colours.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gold_ear_rings_in_suffragette_colours.jpg/164px-Gold_ear_rings_in_suffragette_colours.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gold_ear_rings_in_suffragette_colours.jpg/219px-Gold_ear_rings_in_suffragette_colours.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2165" data-file-height="2375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Gold earrings</a> in suffragette colours</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fifth_Wheel_(1916,_Prouty),_3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An illustration of a suffragette on a horse, waving an American flag, in the 1916 novel The Fifth Wheel by Olive Higgins Prouty"><img alt="An illustration of a suffragette on a horse, waving an American flag, in the 1916 novel The Fifth Wheel by Olive Higgins Prouty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Fifth_Wheel_%281916%2C_Prouty%29%2C_3.png/86px-The_Fifth_Wheel_%281916%2C_Prouty%29%2C_3.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Fifth_Wheel_%281916%2C_Prouty%29%2C_3.png/130px-The_Fifth_Wheel_%281916%2C_Prouty%29%2C_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Fifth_Wheel_%281916%2C_Prouty%29%2C_3.png/173px-The_Fifth_Wheel_%281916%2C_Prouty%29%2C_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1989" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An illustration of a suffragette on a horse, waving an American flag, in the 1916 novel <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Wheel_(Prouty)" class="extiw" title="s:The Fifth Wheel (Prouty)">The Fifth Wheel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Olive_Higgins_Prouty" title="Olive Higgins Prouty">Olive Higgins Prouty</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragette_Amethyst,_Pearl,_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Necklace.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An Art Nouveau era Suffragette necklace with amethyst, pearl, and peridot set in 9K gold."><img alt="An Art Nouveau era Suffragette necklace with amethyst, pearl, and peridot set in 9K gold." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Necklace.png/120px-Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Necklace.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Necklace.png/180px-Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Necklace.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Necklace.png/240px-Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Necklace.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Art Nouveau era Suffragette necklace with amethyst, pearl, and peridot set in 9K gold.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragette_Amethyst,_Pearl,_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Brooch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A 9K gold Art Nouveau era Suffragette brooch with amethyst, pearl, and peridot."><img alt="A 9K gold Art Nouveau era Suffragette brooch with amethyst, pearl, and peridot." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Brooch.png/120px-Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Brooch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Brooch.png/180px-Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Brooch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Brooch.png/240px-Suffragette_Amethyst%2C_Pearl%2C_%26_Peridot_Dangle_Brooch.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="789" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 9K gold Art Nouveau era Suffragette brooch with amethyst, pearl, and peridot.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#Major_suffrage_organizations" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Women's suffrage organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">List of women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragetto" title="Suffragetto">Suffragetto</a>, a board game</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Women's suffrage in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Women's suffrage in Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragette_bombings" title="List of suffragette bombings">List of suffragette bombings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Alpha"><b><a href="#ref_Alpha">^α</a></b></span> The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> has this, "Originally a generic term, <i>suffragist</i> came to refer specifically to those advocates of women's suffrage who campaigned through peaceful, constitutional measures, in distinction to the <i>suffragettes</i> who employed direct action and civil disobedience." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/womens-suffrage/">"Women's suffrage"</a>. <i>The National Archives</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Women%27s+suffrage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fhelp-with-your-research%2Fresearch-guides%2Fwomens-suffrage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton2011" class="citation journal cs1">Holton, Sandra Stanley (November 2011). "Challenging Masculinism: personal history and microhistory in feminist studies of the women's suffrage movement". <i>Women's History Review</i>. <b>20</b> (5): (829–841), 832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612025.2011.622533">10.1080/09612025.2011.622533</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143600876">143600876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=Challenging+Masculinism%3A+personal+history+and+microhistory+in+feminist+studies+of+the+women%27s+suffrage+movement&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%28829-841%29%2C+832&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612025.2011.622533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143600876%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strachey, Ray (1928). <i>The Cause: A Short History of the Women's Movement in Great Britain</i>. p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheNationalArchives-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheNationalArchives_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNationalArchives_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/suffragettes-on-file/">"Suffragettes on file"</a>. The National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630080902/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/suffragettes-on-file/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suffragettes+on+file&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fsuffragettes-on-file%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackman_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackman_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackman_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackman_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackman2015" class="citation news cs1">Blackman, Cally (8 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/oct/08/suffragette-style-movement-embraced-fashion-branding">"How the Suffragettes used fashion to further the cause"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217023943/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/oct/08/suffragette-style-movement-embraced-fashion-branding">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+Suffragettes+used+fashion+to+further+the+cause&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft.aulast=Blackman&rft.aufirst=Cally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffashion%2F2015%2Foct%2F08%2Fsuffragette-style-movement-embraced-fashion-branding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSPU_Flag-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSPU_Flag_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/parliamentary-collections/collections-suffragettes/flag/">"WSPU Flag"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625073831/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/parliamentary-collections/collections-suffragettes/flag/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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IOM Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123349/http://www.iomtoday.co.im/article.cfm?id=37567&headline=The%20struggle%20behind%20quest%20to%20secure%20the%20vote%20for%20women&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2017">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+struggle+behind+the+quest+to+secure+the+vote+for+women&rft.pub=IOM+Today&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iomtoday.co.im%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3D37567%26headline%3DThe%2520struggle%2520behind%2520quest%2520to%2520secure%2520the%2520vote%2520for%2520women%26sectionIs%3Dnews%26searchyear%3D2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon" class="citation web cs1">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepankhurstcentre.org.uk/museum-2/suffragette-history">"Suffragette history"</a>. 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London: Virago Limited, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86068-057-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86068-057-6">0-86068-057-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford_1999_452-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_1999_452_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1999">Crawford 1999</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walsh, Ben. <i>GCSE Modern World History</i> 2nd ed., (Hodder Murray, 2008) p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mr. Balfour and the 'Suffragettes.' Hecklers Disarmed by the Ex-Premier's Patience." <i>Daily Mail</i>, 10 January 1906, p. 5.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton2002" class="citation book cs1">Holton, Sandra Stanley (2002). <i>Suffrage Days: Stories From the Women's Suffrage Movement</i>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suffrage+Days%3A+Stories+From+the+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colmore, Gertrude. <i>Suffragette Sally</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chertsey+Museum&rft.atitle=Dress+%26+the+Suffragettes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchertseymuseum.org%2Fsuffragette_dress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1999">Crawford 1999</a>, pp. 136–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes,_Ivor2009" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Ivor (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111135747/http://www.antiquesjournal.com/Pages04/Monthly_pages/march09/jewelry.html">"Suffragette Jewelry, Or Is It?"</a>. <i>Antiques Journal</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antiques+Journal&rft.atitle=Suffragette+Jewelry%2C+Or+Is+It%3F&rft.date=2009-03&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Ivor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquesjournal.com%2FPages04%2FMonthly_pages%2Fmarch09%2Fjewelry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221095116/http://www.phm.org.uk/our-collection/pank-a-squith-board-game/"><i>Collection Highlights, Pank-A-Squith Board Game</i></a>, People's History Museum, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phm.org.uk/our-collection/pank-a-squith-board-game/">the original</a> on 21 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collection+Highlights%2C+Pank-A-Squith+Board+Game&rft.pub=People%27s+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phm.org.uk%2Four-collection%2Fpank-a-squith-board-game%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2017" class="citation news cs1">Stokes, Tim (21 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-42272052">"The strangest things sent in the post"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171221030037/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-42272052">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-888-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-888-6"><bdi>978-1-84779-888-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanishing+for+the+vote%3A+Suffrage%2C+citizenship+and+the+battle+for+the+census&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84779-888-6&rft.aulast=Liddington&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GW5DwAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D1%26newbks_redir%3D0%26dq%3Dsuffragette%2B1911%2Bcensus%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/case-studies-women-parliament/ewd/">"Emily Wilding Davison and Parliament"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spartacus-educational.com&rft.atitle=The+Suffragette&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FWsuffragetteJ.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253869">"Suffragettes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register_(Adelaide)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Register (Adelaide)">The Register</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Bomb+explosion+in+Westminster+Abbey%3B+Coronation+Chair+damaged%3B+Suffragette+outrage&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1914-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fww1-archive%2F10879207%2FDaily-Telegraph-June-12-1914.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-London_Walks-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-London_Walks_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-London_Walks_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-London_Walks_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://londontownwalks.com/2013/02/19/suffragette-attack-on-lloyd-george/">"Suffragette attack on Lloyd-George"</a>. <i>London walks</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+walks&rft.atitle=Suffragette+attack+on+Lloyd-George&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flondontownwalks.com%2F2013%2F02%2F19%2Fsuffragette-attack-on-lloyd-george%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1913" class="citation news cs1">Anon (16 April 1913). "Suffragettes. Bomb and the Bank of England". <i>Adelaide Register</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adelaide+Register&rft.atitle=Suffragettes.+Bomb+and+the+Bank+of+England&rft.date=1913-04-16&rft.au=Anon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Diane (2018). <i>Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes</i>. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 187–510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408844045" title="Special:BookSources/9781408844045"><bdi>9781408844045</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1016848621">1016848621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+up%2C+women%21+%3A+the+remarkable+lives+of+the+suffragettes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=187-510&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1016848621&rft.isbn=9781408844045&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-44210012">"Kitty Marion: The actress who became a 'terrorist'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527005204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-44210012">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kitty+Marion%3A+The+actress+who+became+a+%27terrorist%27&rft.date=2018-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fstories-44210012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2013" class="citation news cs1">Thorpe, Vanessa (26 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/may/26/emily-davison-suffragette-death-derby-1913">"Truth behind the death of suffragette Emily Davison is finally revealed"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713044551/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/may/26/emily-davison-suffragette-death-derby-1913">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Truth+behind+the+death+of+suffragette+Emily+Davison+is+finally+revealed&rft.date=2013-05-26&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2013%2Fmay%2F26%2Femily-davison-suffragette-death-derby-1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purvis_1995a_103-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1995a_103_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis1995a">Purvis 1995a</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purvis_Deeds_1995-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_Deeds_1995_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_Deeds_1995_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_Deeds_1995_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_Deeds_1995_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis1995b" class="citation journal cs1">Purvis, June (March–April 1995b). "Deeds, not words: The daily lives of militant suffragettes in Edwardian Britain". <i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Studies_International_Forum" title="Women's Studies International Forum">Women's Studies International Forum</a></i>. <b>18</b> (2): 97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-5395%2895%2980046-R">10.1016/0277-5395(95)80046-R</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+International+Forum&rft.atitle=Deeds%2C+not+words%3A+The+daily+lives+of+militant+suffragettes+in+Edwardian+Britain&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97&rft.date=1995-03%2F1995-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0277-5395%2895%2980046-R&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fletcher, Ian Christopher (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/176002">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Star Chamber of the Twentieth Century': Suffragettes, Liberals, and the 1908 'Rush the Commons' Case"</a>. <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 504–530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F386120">10.1086/386120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9371">0021-9371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/176002">176002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159712596">159712596</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910132328/https://www.jstor.org/stable/176002">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=%27A+Star+Chamber+of+the+Twentieth+Century%27%3A+Suffragettes%2C+Liberals%2C+and+the+1908+%27Rush+the+Commons%27+Case&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=504-530&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0021-9371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159712596%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F176002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F386120&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Ian+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F176002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purvis_1995a_104-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1995a_104_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis1995a">Purvis 1995a</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_2001_285-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_2001_285_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geddes_2008_81-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geddes_2008_81_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geddes_2008_81_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geddes_2008_81_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeddes2008">Geddes 2008</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Elizabeth (December 2008). "Gags, funnels and tubes: forced feeding of the insane and of suffragettes". <i>Endeavour</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 134–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2008.09.001">10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19019439">19019439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endeavour&rft.atitle=Gags%2C+funnels+and+tubes%3A+forced+feeding+of+the+insane+and+of+suffragettes&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=134-140&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2008.09.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19019439&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_2009_360-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2009_360_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2009_360_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2009_360_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2009">Miller 2009</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_2009_361-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2009_361_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2009_361_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2009_361_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2009_361_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2009">Miller 2009</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geddes_2008_82-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geddes_2008_82_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geddes_2008_82_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeddes2008">Geddes 2008</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geddes_2008_84~85-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geddes_2008_84~85_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeddes2008">Geddes 2008</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geddes_2008_85-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geddes_2008_85_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeddes2008">Geddes 2008</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, "Gags, funnels and tubes", 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Crawford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygXwlK_mj50C&pg=PT266"><i>The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866–1928</i></a>, University College London Press (1999) – Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKean2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kean, Hilda (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/56251">"Richardson, Mary Raleigh"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F56251">10.1093/ref:odnb/56251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richardson%2C+Mary+Raleigh&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F56251&rft.aulast=Kean&rft.aufirst=Hilda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F56251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geddes_2008_83-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geddes_2008_83_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeddes2008">Geddes 2008</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beverley Cook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-suffragette-hunger-strikes">Six things you should know about the Suffragette hunger strikes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603080129/https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-suffragette-hunger-strikes">Archived</a> 3 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geddes_2008_88-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geddes_2008_88_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeddes2008">Geddes 2008</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geddes_2008_89-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geddes_2008_89_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeddes2008">Geddes 2008</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuzParkinson2015" class="citation news cs1">Ruz, Camila; Parkinson, Justin (5 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34425615">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Suffrajitsu': How the suffragettes fought back using martial arts"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151108211227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34425615">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Suffrajitsu%27%3A+How+the+suffragettes+fought+back+using+martial+arts&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft.aulast=Ruz&rft.aufirst=Camila&rft.au=Parkinson%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-34425615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives2019" class="citation web cs1">Archives, The National (18 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/suffragettes-and-the-black-friday-protests-18-november-1910/">"The National Archives – Suffragettes and the Black Friday protests: 18 November 1910"</a>. <i>The National Archives blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318031218/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/suffragettes-and-the-black-friday-protests-18-november-1910/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives+blog&rft.atitle=The+National+Archives+%E2%80%93+Suffragettes+and+the+Black+Friday+protests%3A+18+November+1910&rft.date=2019-11-18&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fsuffragettes-and-the-black-friday-protests-18-november-1910%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Gretchen <i>With All Her Might: The Life of Gertrude Harding, Militant Suffragette</i> (Holmes & Meier Publishing, 1998)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, "Gags, funnels and tubes", 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geddes_2008_92-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geddes_2008_92_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeddes2008">Geddes 2008</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purvis_1995a_123-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1995a_123_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis1995a">Purvis 1995a</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, J. Graham. "Lloyd George and the Suffragettes", <i>National Library of Wales Journal</i> (2003) 33#1 pp. 1–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarna-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarna_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarna2015" class="citation web cs1">Sarna, Navtej (23 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sophia-princess-suffragette-revolutionary-anita-anand-review-navtej-sarna-anita-anand/1/414844.html">"The princess dares: Review of Anita Anand's book 'Sophia'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>India Today News Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225204541/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20150202-sophia-princess-suffragette-revolutionary-anita-anand-review-navtej-sarna-anita-anand-817330-2015-01-23">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today+News+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+princess+dares%3A+Review+of+Anita+Anand%27s+book+%27Sophia%27&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.aulast=Sarna&rft.aufirst=Navtej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Fsophia-princess-suffragette-revolutionary-anita-anand-review-navtej-sarna-anita-anand%2F1%2F414844.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2015/12/31/461512217/with-sophia-a-forgotten-suffragette-is-back-in-the-headlines">"With 'Sophia,' A Forgotten Suffragette Is Back In The Headlines"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101194255/http://www.npr.org/2015/12/31/461512217/with-sophia-a-forgotten-suffragette-is-back-in-the-headlines">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=With+%27Sophia%2C%27+A+Forgotten+Suffragette+Is+Back+In+The+Headlines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2015%2F12%2F31%2F461512217%2Fwith-sophia-a-forgotten-suffragette-is-back-in-the-headlines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historysheroes.e2bn.org/hero/timeline/3521">"Princess Sophia Duleep Singh – Timeline"</a>. History Heroes organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225204525/http://historysheroes.e2bn.org/hero/timeline/3521">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Princess+Sophia+Duleep+Singh+%E2%80%93+Timeline&rft.pub=History+Heroes+organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorysheroes.e2bn.org%2Fhero%2Ftimeline%2F3521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VAD-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VAD_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vad.redcross.org.uk/Card?fname=sophia&sname=singh&id=190300&first=true">"Princess Sophia Duleep Singh"</a>. <i>Vad.redcross.org.uk</i>. 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Routledge <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21736160-women-turned-out-lean-more-tory-men-britain-marks-century-votes-women">"Britain marks a century of votes for women"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 3 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204192003/https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21736160-women-turned-out-lean-more-tory-men-britain-marks-century-votes-women">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Britain+marks+a+century+of+votes+for+women&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbritain%2F21736160-women-turned-out-lean-more-tory-men-britain-marks-century-votes-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fawcett-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fawcett_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fawcett_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fawcett_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fawcett, Millicent Garrett. <i>The Women's Victory – and After</i>. p. 170. Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stearns, Peter N. (2008). In 1979 the first British women prime minister Margaret came. <i>The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern world</i>, Vol. 7. p. 160. Oxford University Press, 2008 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartley-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartley_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartley2012" class="citation book cs1">Bartley, Paula (2012). <i>Emmeline Pankhurst</i>. Routledge. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135120962" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135120962"><bdi>978-1135120962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emmeline+Pankhurst&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1135120962&rft.aulast=Bartley&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weapon-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weapon_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon" class="citation web cs1">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/pankhurstcivilwarwagedbywomen.html">"When Civil War is Waged by Women"</a>. <i>History is a lesson</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180530211243/http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/pankhurstcivilwarwagedbywomen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+is+a+lesson&rft.atitle=When+Civil+War+is+Waged+by+Women&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyisaweapon.com%2Fdefcon1%2Fpankhurstcivilwarwagedbywomen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Steinmetz, Katy (22 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4079176/suffragette-word-history-film/">"Everything You Need to Know About the Word 'Suffragette'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026222608/https://time.com/4079176/suffragette-word-history-film/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+the+Word+%27Suffragette%27&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4079176%2Fsuffragette-word-history-film%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2010" class="citation book cs1">Howell, Georgina (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekb4b0Js98EC&pg=PA71"><i>Gertrude Bell: Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429934015" title="Special:BookSources/9781429934015"><bdi>9781429934015</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517050558/https://books.google.com/books?id=ekb4b0Js98EC&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gertrude+Bell%3A+Queen+of+the+Desert%2C+Shaper+of+Nations&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781429934015&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dekb4b0Js98EC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison_2013_176-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_2013_176_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison2013">Harrison 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDqPHnM7BoMC&pg=PA176">176</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedersen_2004_124-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pedersen_2004_124_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPedersen2004">Pedersen 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXUH0d8XaPoC&pg=PA124">124</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolt_1993_191-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bolt_1993_191_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBolt1993">Bolt 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mql1tnHVnwMC&pg=PA191">191</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johndclare.net/Women2_DidSuffragettesHelp.htm">"Did the Suffragettes Help?"</a>. Claire. John D. (2002/2010), Greenfield History Site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118221133/http://www.johndclare.net/Women2_DidSuffragettesHelp.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+the+Suffragettes+Help%3F&rft.pub=Claire.+John+D.+%282002%2F2010%29%2C+Greenfield+History+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johndclare.net%2FWomen2_DidSuffragettesHelp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/education/suffragettes.pdf">"The Suffragettes: Deeds not words"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111208001440/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/education/suffragettes.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Suffragettes%3A+Deeds+not+words&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Feducation%2Fsuffragettes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ensor, Robert, <i>England: 1870–1914</i> (1936) pp. 398–399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Searley, G.R., <i>A New England? Peace and War 1886–1918</i> (2004) pp. 456–470. quote p. 468</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis2002" class="citation book cs1">Purvis, June (2002). <i>Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography</i>. London: Routledge. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23978-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23978-8"><bdi>0-415-23978-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emmeline+Pankhurst%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-23978-8&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartley2002" class="citation book cs1">Bartley, Paula (2002). <i>Emmeline Pankhurst</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Millicent+Fawcett+statue+unveiling%3A+the+women+and+men+whose+names+will+be+on+the+plinth&rft.pub=iNews&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finews.co.uk%2Finews-lifestyle%2Fwomen%2Fmillicent-fawcett-statue-parliament-square-london-caroline-criado-perez%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry, Alice (1911) Vida Goldstein Papers, 1902–1919. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purple%2C+Green+and+White%3A+An+Australian+History&rft.pub=MAAS&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaas.museum%2Fmagazine%2F2015%2F10%2Fpurple-green-and-white-an-australian-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/about/history/colours-crest-mace/">"Colours, Crest & Mace"</a>. Edge Hill University. 31 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100623/http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/about/history/colours-crest-mace/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo&rft.atitle=Clapton%2C+Churchill+among+those+honoured+by+Royal+Albert+Hall+%27Walk+of+Fame%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Fclapton-churchill-among-those-honoured-royal-albert-hall-125347984.html%3Fguccounter%3D1%26guce_referrer%3DaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvLnVrLw%26guce_referrer_sig%3DAQAAAFXXAI6ns0rFC_N5Rnbz0xyc68toy51NbA9yIj6objCSzY0jcnG-4vj3QTFr9k8gnFzmddMw87WXrLtLoWMTNJH2wPaQCmSPX_J86MUPpvJOV1i9Q4JX-ZftpO0irhEwrveNh1KZA6n7o87jXG5OsCPxYphrDqzGBjkyNg4NXEZR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2019" class="citation news cs1">Singer, Melissa (6 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/why-did-the-democrat-women-wear-white-to-the-state-of-the-union-20190206-p50w0o.html">"Why did the Democrat women wear white to the State of the Union?"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190206081811/https://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/why-did-the-democrat-women-wear-white-to-the-state-of-the-union-20190206-p50w0o.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Why+did+the+Democrat+women+wear+white+to+the+State+of+the+Union%3F&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Flifestyle%2Ffashion%2Fwhy-did-the-democrat-women-wear-white-to-the-state-of-the-union-20190206-p50w0o.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakefield2021" class="citation web cs1">Wakefield, Lily (3 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepinknews.com/2021/09/03/nicola-sturgeon-anti-trans-protest-suffragette-holyrood-edinburgh/">"Anti-trans protesters in suffragette colours boo Nicola Sturgeon without irony"</a>. <i>PinkNews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Feminist+campaigner+charged+with+%27hate+crime%27&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F19349054.feminist-campaigner-charged-hate-crime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lgbtiqa.greenparty.org.uk/2022/06/06/prides-history-is-key-to-liberation-today/">"Pride's History is Key to Liberation Today"</a>. <i>LGBTIQA+ Greens</i>. [[Green Party of England and Wales][. 6 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LGBTIQA%2B+Greens&rft.atitle=Pride%27s+History+is+Key+to+Liberation+Today&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flgbtiqa.greenparty.org.uk%2F2022%2F06%2F06%2Fprides-history-is-key-to-liberation-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhersonMcPherson,_Susan2011" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, Angela; McPherson, Susan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113154415/http://www.oldsuffragette.co.uk/"><i>Mosley's Old Suffragette – A Biography of Norah Elam</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4466-9967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4466-9967-6"><bdi>978-1-4466-9967-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldsuffragette.co.uk">the original</a> on 13 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosley%27s+Old+Suffragette+%E2%80%93+A+Biography+of+Norah+Elam&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4466-9967-6&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft.au=McPherson%2C+Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldsuffragette.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolt1993" class="citation book cs1">Bolt, Christine (1993). <i>The Women's Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s</i>. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-870-23866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-870-23866-6"><bdi>978-0-870-23866-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Movements+in+the+United+States+and+Britain+from+the+1790s+to+the+1920s&rft.place=Amherst%2C+MA&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-870-23866-6&rft.aulast=Bolt&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1999" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Elizabeth (1999). <i>The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928</i>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-841-42031-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-841-42031-8"><bdi>978-1-841-42031-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement%3A+A+Reference+Guide%2C+1866%E2%80%931928&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-841-42031-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeddes2008" class="citation journal cs1">Geddes, J. F. (2008). "Culpable Complicity: the medical profession and the forcible feeding of suffragettes, 1909–1914". <i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Review" title="Women's History Review">Women's History Review</a></i>. <b>17</b> (1): 79–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612020701627977">10.1080/09612020701627977</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145175769">145175769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=Culpable+Complicity%3A+the+medical+profession+and+the+forcible+feeding+of+suffragettes%2C+1909%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-94&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612020701627977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145175769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Geddes&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2011" class="citation journal cs1">Grant, Kevin (2011). "British suffragettes and the Russian method of hunger strike". <i><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Studies_in_Society_and_History" title="Comparative Studies in Society and History">Comparative Studies in Society and History</a></i>. <b>53</b> (1): 113–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417510000642">10.1017/S0010417510000642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143476849">143476849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=British+suffragettes+and+the+Russian+method+of+hunger+strike&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-143&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417510000642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143476849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2013" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Brian (2013) [1978]. <i>Separate Spheres: The Opposition to Women's Suffrage in Britain</i>. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62336-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62336-0"><bdi>978-0-415-62336-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separate+Spheres%3A+The+Opposition+to+Women%27s+Suffrage+in+Britain&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-62336-0&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Ian (2009). "Necessary Torture? Vivisection, Suffragette Force-Feeding, and Responses to Scientific Medicine in Britain c. 1870–1920". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Medicine_and_Allied_Sciences" title="Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences">Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences</a></i>. <b>64</b> (3): 333–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fjrp008">10.1093/jhmas/jrp008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19357183">19357183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41978888">41978888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Medicine+and+Allied+Sciences&rft.atitle=Necessary+Torture%3F+Vivisection%2C+Suffragette+Force-Feeding%2C+and+Responses+to+Scientific+Medicine+in+Britain+c.+1870%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-372&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41978888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19357183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fjrp008&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Pedersen_(historian)" title="Susan Pedersen (historian)">Pedersen, Susan</a> (2004). <i>Eleanor Rathbone and the Politics of Conscience</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10245-1"><bdi>978-0-300-10245-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleanor+Rathbone+and+the+Politics+of+Conscience&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10245-1&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis1995a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/June_Purvis" title="June Purvis">Purvis, June</a> (1995a). "The Prison Experiences of the Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain". <i>Women's History Review</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 103–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612029500200073">10.1080/09612029500200073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Prison+Experiences+of+the+Suffragettes+in+Edwardian+Britain&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-133&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612029500200073&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, John (2001). "Hunger Strikes: A Prisoner's Right or a 'Wicked Folly'?". <i><a href="/wiki/Howard_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Journal">Howard Journal</a></i>. <b>40</b> (3): 285–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2311.00208">10.1111/1468-2311.00208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Howard+Journal&rft.atitle=Hunger+Strikes%3A+A+Prisoner%27s+Right+or+a+%27Wicked+Folly%27%3F&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-296&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2311.00208&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diane_Atkinson" title="Diane Atkinson">Atkinson, Diane</a> (1992). <i>The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London, 1906–14</i>. London: Museum of London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904-81853-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904-81853-6"><bdi>978-0-904-81853-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Purple%2C+White+and+Green%3A+Suffragettes+in+London%2C+1906%E2%80%9314&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Museum+of+London&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-904-81853-6&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dangerfield, George. <i>The Strange Death of Liberal England</i> (1935), pp 133–205, 349–373; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175390">online free</a>; classic account of how the Liberal Party ruined itself in dealing with the House of Lords, suffragettes, the Irish question, and labour unions, 1906–1914.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannam2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hannam, June (2005). "International Dimensions of Women's Suffrage: 'at the crossroads of several interlocking identities'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Women's History Review</i>. <b>14</b> (3–4): 543–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612020500200438">10.1080/09612020500200438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144792299">144792299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=International+Dimensions+of+Women%27s+Suffrage%3A+%27at+the+crossroads+of+several+interlocking+identities%27&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=543-560&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612020500200438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144792299%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hannam&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIglikowski-Broad2018" class="citation web cs1">Iglikowski-Broad, Vicky (20 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/hosting-the-suffrage-flag/">"Hosting the Suffrage flag"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625091433/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/hosting-the-suffrage-flag/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Hosting+the+Suffrage+flag&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft.aulast=Iglikowski-Broad&rft.aufirst=Vicky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fhosting-the-suffrage-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeneman1995" class="citation book cs1">Leneman, Leah (1995). <i>A Guid Cause: The Women's Suffrage Movement in Scotland</i> (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Mercat Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873-64448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873-64448-5"><bdi>978-1-873-64448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guid+Cause%3A+The+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement+in+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mercat+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-873-64448-5&rft.aulast=Leneman&rft.aufirst=Leah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddingtonNorris2000" class="citation book cs1">Liddington, Jill; Norris, Jill (2000). <i>One Hand Tied Behind Us: The Rise of the Women's Suffrage Movement</i> (2nd ed.). London: Rivers Oram Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-854-89110-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-854-89110-5"><bdi>978-1-854-89110-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hand+Tied+Behind+Us%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rivers+Oram+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-854-89110-5&rft.aulast=Liddington&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.au=Norris%2C+Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayhall2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mayhall, Laura E. Nym (2000). "Reclaiming the Political: Women and the Social History of Suffrage in Great Britain, France, and the United States". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Women%27s_History" title="Journal of Women's History">Journal of Women's History</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 172–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjowh.2000.0023">10.1353/jowh.2000.0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143508331">143508331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women%27s+History&rft.atitle=Reclaiming+the+Political%3A+Women+and+the+Social+History+of+Suffrage+in+Great+Britain%2C+France%2C+and+the+United+States&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=172-181&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjowh.2000.0023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143508331%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mayhall&rft.aufirst=Laura+E.+Nym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayhall2003" class="citation book cs1">Mayhall, Laura E. Nym (2003). <i>The Militant Suffrage Movement: Citizenship and Resistance in Britain, 1860–1930</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-15993-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-15993-6"><bdi>978-0-195-15993-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Militant+Suffrage+Movement%3A+Citizenship+and+Resistance+in+Britain%2C+1860%E2%80%931930&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-195-15993-6&rft.aulast=Mayhall&rft.aufirst=Laura+E.+Nym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst, Sylvia</a> (1911). <i>The suffragette; the history of the women's militant suffrage movement, 1905–1910</i>. New York: Sturgis & Walton Company.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/June_Purvis" title="June Purvis">Purvis, June</a> (2002). <i>Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23978-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23978-3"><bdi>978-0-415-23978-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emmeline+Pankhurst%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23978-3&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvisSandra2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/June_Purvis" title="June Purvis">Purvis, June</a>; Sandra, Stanley Holton, eds. (2000). <i>Votes For Women</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21458-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21458-2"><bdi>978-0-415-21458-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Votes+For+Women&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21458-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern_Riddell" title="Fern Riddell">Riddell, Fern</a>."Sanitising the Suffragettes: Why is it so easy to forget an unsavoury aspect of Britain's recent past?" <i>History Today</i> (2018) 68#2 pp 8–11.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2013" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Andrew (2013) [1974]. <i>Rise Up Women!: The Militant Campaign of the Women's Social and Political Union, 1903–1914</i> (Reprint ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62384-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62384-1"><bdi>978-0-415-62384-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+Up+Women%21%3A+The+Militant+Campaign+of+the+Women%27s+Social+and+Political+Union%2C+1903%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-62384-1&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Harold L. (2010). <i>The British Women's Suffrage Campaign, 1866–1928</i> (Revised 2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-408-22823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-408-22823-4"><bdi>978-1-408-22823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Women%27s+Suffrage+Campaign%2C+1866%E2%80%931928&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.edition=Revised+2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-408-22823-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2020" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Simon (2020). <i>Suffragette fascists: Emmeline Pankhurst and her right-wing followers</i>. Philadelphia: Pen & Sword History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526756886" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526756886"><bdi>978-1526756886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suffragette+fascists%3A+Emmeline+Pankhurst+and+her+right-wing+followers&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+History&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1526756886&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingerden1999" class="citation book cs1">Wingerden, Sophia A. van (1999). <i>The Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain, 1866–1928</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66911-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66911-2"><bdi>978-0-333-66911-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement+in+Britain%2C+1866%E2%80%931928&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-333-66911-2&rft.aulast=Wingerden&rft.aufirst=Sophia+A.+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffragette" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women%27s_suffrage_activists" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Women's suffrage activists">Women's suffrage activists</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/suffragettes">The Suffragettes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/parliamentary-collections/collections-suffragettes/">The Suffragettes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202014102/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-42875095">Collection of Suffrage posters housed at Cambridge University.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209034142/http://www.northallertoncoll.org.uk/history/Suffrage%20website%202/Suffragists%20vs.%20Suffragettes.htm">Suffragettes versus Suffragists</a> – website comparing aims and methods of Women's Social and Political Union (Suffragettes) to National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (Suffragists)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017214031/http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/womens-social-and-political-union-w-s-p-u">Women's Social and Political Union (W.S.P.U.)</a>. Exploring 20th Century London, Renaissance London. (Archive)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/collection-highlights/womens-suffrage">Women's suffrage</a>. Murphy, Gillian. <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="London School of Economics and Political Science">London School of Economics and Political Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/dlSearch.do?vid=BLVU1&institution=BL&search_scope=LSCOP-WEBSITE&tab=website_tab&query=any,contains,Suffragette">Explore the British Library: Suffragette</a> – <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> resource pages about the suffragette movement</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women">Votes For Women: Explore the campaign for women’s suffrage in the UK</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111135747/http://www.antiquesjournal.com/Pages04/Monthly_pages/march09/jewelry.html"><i>Antiques Journal</i></a> Information on Suffragette jewellery</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-pank-a-squith-board-game/">Museum of Australian Democracy: <i>Pank-a-Squith</i></a> Information on the 1913 board game</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/iminerva/sets/72157604177179029/">UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suffrage" title="Template talk:Suffrage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suffrage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to run for office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><i>Elizabeth Cady Stanton</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)"><i>Forward</i> statue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett"><i>Millicent Fawcett</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)"><i>Great Petition</i> (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All"><i>The Mother of Us All</i> (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)"><i>Votes for Women</i> (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder"><i>Shoulder to Shoulder</i> (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone"><i>Not for Ourselves Alone</i> (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels"><i>Iron Jawed Angels</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women"><i>Up the Women</i> (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)"><i>Suffragette</i> (2015 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a></i> (2018 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a></i> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" title="Lioness (upcoming film)"><i>Lioness</i> (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies"><span class="wrap">Movements and ideologies</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emmeline_Pankhurst" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Template:Emmeline Pankhurst"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Template talk:Emmeline Pankhurst"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emmeline Pankhurst"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emmeline_Pankhurst" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Franchise_League" title="Women's Franchise League">Women's Franchise League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Party_(UK)" title="Women's Party (UK)">Women's Party</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmeline_Pankhurst,_seated_(1913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg/90px-Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg/135px-Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg/180px-Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="4122" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">1906 WSPU march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre (home and museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">Sister Suffragette</a>" (1964 song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder">Shoulder to Shoulder</a></i> (1974 BBC serial)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)">Suffragette</a></i> (2015 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu:_Mrs._Pankhurst%27s_Amazons" title="Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons">Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons</a></i> (2015 graphic novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a></i> (2018 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Goulden" title="Sophia Goulden">Sophia Goulden (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Clarke" title="Mary Jane Clarke">Mary Jane Clarke (sister, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(politician)" title="Richard Pankhurst (politician)">Richard Pankhurst (husband, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst (daughter, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst (daughter, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Adela Pankhurst (daughter, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(Ethiopianist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (Ethiopianist)">Richard Pankhurst (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alula_Pankhurst" title="Alula Pankhurst">Alula Pankhurst (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Pankhurst" title="Helen Pankhurst">Helen Pankhurst (great-granddaughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suffragette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322170#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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8.59% 125.934 3 Template:Excerpt"," 8.03% 117.770 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.75% 98.945 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.59% 96.639 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.821","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9681909,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnastas,_Katie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFAnon1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArchives2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolt1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCulbertson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcher1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeddes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGettell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannam2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes,_Ivor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIglikowski-Broad2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKean2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeneman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddington2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddingtonNorris2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayhall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayhall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPhersonMcPherson,_Susan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurvis1995a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurvis1995b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurvis2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPurvisSandra2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuzParkinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarna2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimkin\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinmetz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrueman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWakefield2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard-Jackson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWingerden1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 37,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Closed access\"] = 6,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Emmeline Pankhurst\"] = 1,\n [\"Feminism\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 20,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox organisation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"Page?\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain list\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Suffrage\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tc56n","timestamp":"20241124161507","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Suffragette","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suffragette","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q322170","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q322170","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-09T10:19:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T00:54:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/92\/Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"member of the Woman's Social and Political Union who advocated for women's right to vote"}</script> </body> </html>