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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions_of_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions_of_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions of activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions_of_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of activism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Animal rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libertarian_and_conservative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libertarian_and_conservative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Libertarian and conservative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libertarian_and_conservative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Political activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Internet activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Economic activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Art activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Science activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activism_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Activism industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivismus" title="Aktivismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aktivismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نشاطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نشاطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activismu" title="Activismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Activismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivizm" title="Aktivizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aktivizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সক্রিয়তাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সক্রিয়তাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktibismo" title="Aktibismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aktibismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Активизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Активизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activisme" title="Activisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Activisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivismus" title="Aktivismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aktivismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hushingairi" title="Hushingairi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hushingairi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivisme" title="Aktivisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aktivisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivismus" title="Aktivismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aktivismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivism" title="Aktivism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aktivism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ακτιβισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακτιβισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activismo" title="Activismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Activismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivismo" title="Aktivismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aktivismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktibismo" title="Aktibismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aktibismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کنشگری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنشگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militantisme" title="Militantisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Militantisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivisme" title="Aktivisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aktivisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheerloayrtys" title="Sheerloayrtys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheerloayrtys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iomairteachd" title="Iomairteachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iomairteachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activismo" title="Activismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Activismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="활동주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="활동주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ակտիվիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակտիվիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सक्रियतावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सक्रियतावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivizam" title="Aktivizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aktivizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivisme" title="Aktivisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aktivisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activismo" title="Activismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Activismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akt%C3%ADvismi" title="Aktívismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aktívismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attivismo" title="Attivismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attivismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אקטיביזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקטיביזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakati" title="Harakati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Harakati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87alakvan%C3%AE" title="Çalakvanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çalakvanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Активизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Активизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activismus" title="Activismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Activismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akt%C4%ABvisms" title="Aktīvisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aktīvisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktyvizmas" title="Aktyvizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aktyvizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Активизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Активизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B7" title="ناشط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناشط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivisme" title="Aktivisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aktivisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%91%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တက်ကြွထက်သန်သူများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တက်ကြွထက်သန်သူများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek_activisme" title="Politiek activisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiek activisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E6%A5%B5%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="積極行動主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="積極行動主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivisme" title="Aktivisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aktivisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivisme" title="Aktivisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aktivisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivizm" title="Aktivizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aktivizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਐਕਟਿਵਿਜ਼ਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਕਟਿਵਿਜ਼ਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktywizm" title="Aktywizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aktywizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ativismo" title="Ativismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ativismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism" title="Activism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Activism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivismo" title="Aktivismo – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Aktivismo" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Активизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Активизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism" title="Activism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Activism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivizmus" title="Aktivizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aktivizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ھەڵسووڕاوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵسووڕاوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Активизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Активизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivizam" title="Aktivizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aktivizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivismi" title="Aktivismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aktivismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivism" title="Aktivism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aktivism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktibismo" title="Aktibismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aktibismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1" title="คตินิยมการมีส่วนร่วม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คตินิยมการมีส่วนร่วม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivizm" title="Aktivizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aktivizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Активізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Активізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="فعالیت پسندی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فعالیت پسندی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%E1%BA%A1t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Hoạt động xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hoạt động xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%A1%E8%AD%B0%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="倡議行動 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="倡議行動" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="行动主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="行动主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Efforts to make change in society toward a perceived greater good</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Activist" redirects here. For similar titles, see <a href="/wiki/The_Activist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Activist (disambiguation)">The Activist (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barricade18March1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/220px-Barricade18March1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/330px-Barricade18March1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/440px-Barricade18March1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, March 1871.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1963_march_on_washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1963_march_on_washington.jpg/220px-1963_march_on_washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1963_march_on_washington.jpg/330px-1963_march_on_washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1963_march_on_washington.jpg/440px-1963_march_on_washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Civil rights activists at the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in August 1963.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC.jpg/220px-Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC.jpg/330px-Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC.jpg/440px-Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4535" data-file-height="3012" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">women's liberation</a> march in Washington, D.C., August 1970.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Activism</b> (or <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocacy</a>) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microeconomic_reform" title="Microeconomic reform">economic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental</a> <a href="/wiki/Reform" title="Reform">reform</a> with the desire to make <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">changes in society</a> toward a perceived <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">common good</a>. Forms of activism range from <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">mandate</a> building in a community (including writing letters to newspapers), <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petitioning</a> <a href="/wiki/Elected_officials" class="mw-redirect" title="Elected officials">elected officials</a>, running or contributing to a <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">political campaign</a>, preferential <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a>) of businesses, and demonstrative forms of activism like <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (protest)">rallies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">street marches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strikes</a>. </p><p>Activism may be performed on a day-to-day basis in a wide variety of ways, including through the creation of art (<a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">artivism</a>), computer hacking (<a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">hacktivism</a>), or simply in how one chooses to spend their money (<a href="/wiki/Economic_activism" title="Economic activism">economic activism</a>). For example, the refusal to buy clothes or other merchandise from a company as a protest against the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of workers</a> by that company could be considered an expression of activism. However, the term commonly refers to a form of <a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">collective action</a>, in which numerous individuals coordinate an act of protest together.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collective action that is purposeful, organized, and sustained over a period of time becomes known as a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, activists have used literature, including <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlets</a>, tracts, and books to disseminate or propagate their messages and attempt to persuade their readers of the <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">justice</a> of their cause. Research has now begun to explore how contemporary activist groups use social media to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Civic_engagement" title="Civic engagement">civic engagement</a> and collective action combining <a href="/wiki/Politics_and_technology" title="Politics and technology">politics with technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Advocacy_2.0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advocacy_2.0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obar_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> online activists often use different tactics. <a href="/wiki/Hashtag_activism" title="Hashtag activism">Hashtag activism</a> and offline protest are more common on the left. Working strategically with partisan media, migrating to <a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">alternative platforms</a>, and manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a> are more common on the right (in the United States).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the perception of increased left-wing activism in science and academia may decrease conservative <a href="/wiki/Institutional_trust_(social_sciences)" title="Institutional trust (social sciences)">trust</a> in science and motivate some forms of conservative activism, including on college campuses.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have also shown how the <a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">influence</a> of very wealthy Americans is a form of activism.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Separating activism and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> can be difficult and has been described as a 'fine line'.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_of_activism">Definitions of activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions of activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i> records the English words "activism" and "activist" as in use in the political sense from the year 1920<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1915<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively. The history of the word <i>activism</i> traces back to earlier understandings of <a href="/wiki/Collective_behavior" title="Collective behavior">collective behavior</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Social_action_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Social action theory">social action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as 1969 <i>activism was</i> defined as "the policy or practice of doing things with decision and energy", without regard to a political signification, whereas <i>social action was</i> defined as "organized action taken by a group to improve social conditions", without regard to normative status. Following the surge of "new social movements" in the United States during the 1960s, activism came to be understood as a rational and legitimate democratic form of protest or appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the history of the existence of <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">revolt</a> through organized or unified protest in recorded history dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave revolts</a> of the 1st century BC(E) in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, where under the leadership of former gladiator <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a> 6,000 slaves rebelled and were crucified from Capua to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English history, the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> erupted in response to the imposition of a <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_riots" title="Poll tax riots">poll tax</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been paralleled by other rebellions and revolutions in Hungary, Russia, and more recently, for example, <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella Revolution">Hong Kong</a>. In 1930 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> thousands of protesting Indians participated in the <a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a protest against the oppressive taxes of their government, resulting in the imprisonment of 60,000 people and eventually independence of their nation. In nations throughout Asia, Africa and South America, the prominence of activism organized by <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a> and especially under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil activists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolutionaries</a> has pushed for increasing national self-reliance or, in some parts of the developing world, collectivist communist or socialist organization and affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activism has had major impacts on Western societies as well, particularly over the past century through social movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_activism">Types of activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activism has often been thought to address either <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> or <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental</a> concerns, but <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_right_in_the_United_States" title="Religious right in the United States">religious right</a> activism are also important types.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human rights and environmental issues have historically been treated separately both within international law and as activist movements;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to the 21st century, most human rights movements did not explicitly treat environmental issues, and likewise, human rights concerns were not typically integrated into early environmental activism.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, the intersection between human rights and environmentalism has become increasingly important, leading to criticism of the mainstream environmentalist movement<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">climate justice</a> movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_movement" title="Human rights movement">Human rights movement</a></div> <p>Human rights activism seeks to protect basic rights such as those laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> including such liberties as: <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a>; constitutional <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedoms of thought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">peaceful assembly</a>; and others.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundations of the global human rights movement involve resistance to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segregation_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregation laws">segregation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> of indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></div> <p>Environmental activism takes quite a few forms: </p> <ul><li>the protection of nature or the natural environment <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism#Preservation_and_conservation" title="Environmentalism">driven by a utilitarian conservation ethic or a nature oriented preservationist ethic</a></li> <li>the protection of the human environment (by pollution prevention or the protection of <a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation-restoration of cultural heritage">cultural</a> heritage or quality of life)</li> <li>the conservation of depletable <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a></li> <li>the protection of the function of critical <a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">earth system</a> elements or processes such as the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_rights">Animal rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animal rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Rights Movement">Animal Rights Movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libertarian_and_conservative">Libertarian and conservative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Libertarian and conservative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activism is increasingly important on the political right in the United States and other countries, and some scholars have found: "the main split in conservatism has not been the long-standing one between economic and social conservatives detected in previous surveys (i.e., approximately the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian right">Libertarian right</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>). Instead, it is between an emergent group (Activists) that fuses <i>both ideologies</i> and a less ideological category of 'somewhat conservative' Establishment Republicans."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of this activism is the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> identified a "group of 'Staunch Conservatives' (11 percent of the electorate) who are strongly religious, across-the-board socially and economically conservative, and more politically active than other groups on the Right. They support the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a> at 72 percent, far higher than the next most favorable group."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One analysis found a group estimated to be 4% of the electorate who identified both as libertarians and staunch religious <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> "to be the core of this group of high-engagement voters" and labeled this group "Activists."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PeacePark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PeacePark.jpg/220px-PeacePark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PeacePark.jpg/330px-PeacePark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PeacePark.jpg/440px-PeacePark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The longest running <a href="/wiki/White_House_Peace_Vigil" title="White House Peace Vigil">peace vigil</a> in U.S. history, started by activist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a> in 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>Activists employ many different methods, or tactics, in pursuit of their goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tactics chosen are significant because they can determine how activists are perceived and what they are capable of accomplishing. For example, nonviolent tactics generally tend to garner more public sympathy than violent ones.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are more than twice as effective in achieving stated goals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, most activism has focused on creating substantive changes in the policy or practice of a government or industry. Some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly (see also <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>), rather than to persuade governments to change laws.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative movement">cooperative movement</a> seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Other activists try to persuade people or government policy to remain the same, in an effort to <a href="/wiki/Countermovement" title="Countermovement">counter change</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Charles Tilly</a> developed the concept of a "<a href="/wiki/Repertoire_of_contention" title="Repertoire of contention">repertoire of contention</a>", which describes the full range of tactics available to activists at a given time and place.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This repertoire consists of all of the tactics which have been proven to be successful by activists in the past, such as boycotts, petitions, marches, and sit-ins, and can be drawn upon by any new activists and social movements. Activists may also innovate new tactics of protest. These may be entirely novel, such as Douglas Schuler's idea of an "activist road trip",<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or may occur in response to police <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> or <a href="/wiki/Countermovement" title="Countermovement">countermovement</a> resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New tactics then spread to others through a social process known as <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">diffusion</a>, and if successful, may become new additions to the activist repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Activism is not an activity always performed by those who profess activism as a profession.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "activist" may apply broadly to anyone who engages in activism, or narrowly limited to those who choose political or social activism as a vocation or characteristic practice. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helena_Alviar_Garcia" title="Helena Alviar Garcia">Helena Alviar Garcia</a> has combined activism with her work as a legal scholar, resulting in academia being seen as activism.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">Political movement</a></div> <p>Judges may employ <a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism" title="Judicial activism">judicial activism</a> to promote their own conception of the social good. The definition of judicial activism and whether a specific decisions is activist are controversial political issues.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal systems of different nations vary in the extent that judicial activism may be permitted. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial activist">Judicial activist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial activism in Canada">Judicial activism in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial activism in India">Judicial activism in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial activism in the European Union">Judicial activism in the European Union</a></div> <p>Activists can also be public <a href="/wiki/Consumer_organization" title="Consumer organization">watchdogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whistle_blower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistle blower">whistle blowers</a> by holding government agencies accountable to oversight and transparency.<sup id="cite_ref-pat_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pat-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political activism may also include <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">political campaigning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petitioning</a>. </p><p>Political activism does not depend on a specific ideology or national history, as can be seen, for example, in the importance of conservative British women in the 1920s on issues of tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political activism, although often identified with young adults, occurs across peoples entire life-courses.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political activism on college campuses has been influential in left-wing politics since the 1960s, and recently there has been "a rise in conservative activism on US college campuses" and "it is common for conservative political organizations to donate money to relatively small conservative students groups".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While people's motivations for political activism may vary, one model examined activism in the British Conservative party and found three primary motivations: (1) "incentives, such as ambitions for elective office", (2) "a desire for the party to achieve policy goals" and (3) "expressive concerns, as measured by the strength of the respondent's partisanship".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, very wealthy Americans can exercise political activism through massive financial support of political causes, and one study of the 400 richest Americans found "substantial evidence of liberal or right-wing activism that went beyond making contributions to political candidates."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study also found, in general, "old money is, if anything, more uniformly conservative than new money."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study examined how "activism of the wealthy" has often increased inequality but is now sometimes used to decrease <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_activism">Internet activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internet activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet activism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_social_movement" title="Online social movement">Online social movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous (group)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_activism" title="Category:Internet activism">Category:Internet activism</a></div> <p>The power of <a href="/wiki/Internet_Activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Activism">Internet activism</a> came into a global lens with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> protests starting in late 2010. People living in the Middle East and North African countries that were experiencing revolutions used social networking to communicate information about protests, including videos recorded on smart phones, which put the issues in front of an international audience.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was one of the first occasions in which social networking technology was used by citizen-activists to circumvent state-controlled media and communicate directly with the rest of the world. These types of practices of Internet activism were later picked up and used by other activists in subsequent mass mobilizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">15-M Movement</a> in Spain in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Occupy Gezi</a> in Turkey in 2013, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Online "left- and right-wing activists use digital and legacy media differently to achieve political goals".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left-wing online activists are usually more involved in traditional "hashtag activism" and offline protest, while right-wing activists may "manipulate legacy media, migrate to alternative platforms, and work strategically with partisan media to spread their messages".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research suggests right-wing online activists are more likely to use "strategic disinformation and conspiracy theories".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internet activism may also refer to activism which focuses on protecting or changing the Internet itself, also known as <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">digital rights</a>. The Digital Rights movement<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consists of activists and organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>, who work to protect the rights of people in relation to new technologies, particularly concerning the Internet and other <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technologies</a>. </p><p>Many contemporary activists now utilize new tactics through the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICTs), also known as <a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet activism</a> or cyber-activism. Some scholars argue that many of these new tactics are digitally analogous to the traditional offline tools of contention.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other digital tactics may be entire new and unique, such as certain types of <a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">hacktivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together they form a new "digital repertoire of contention" alongside the existing offline one.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rising use of digital tools and platforms by activists<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has also increasingly led to the creation of decentralized networks of activists that are self-organized<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Leaderless_resistance" title="Leaderless resistance">leaderless</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or what is known as <a href="/wiki/Franchise_activism" title="Franchise activism">franchise activism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_activism">Economic activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_activism" title="Economic activism">Economic activism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Economic_activism" title="Economic activism">Economic activism</a> involves using the economic power of government, consumers, and businesses for social and economic policy change.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both conservative and liberal groups use economic activism as a form of pressure to influence companies and organizations to oppose or support particular political, religious, or social values and behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be done through <a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">ethical consumerism</a> to reinforce "good" behavior and support companies one would like to succeed, or through boycott or <a href="/wiki/Divestment" title="Divestment">divestment</a> to penalize "bad" behavior and pressure companies to change or go out of business. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brand_activism" title="Brand activism">Brand activism</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the type of activism in which business plays a leading role in the processes of <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a>. Applying brand activism, businesses show concern for the communities they serve, and their economic, social, and environmental problems, which allows businesses to build sustainable and long-term relationships with the customers and prospects. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kotler" title="Philip Kotler">Kotler</a> and Sarkar defined the phenomenon as an attempt by firms to solve the global problems its future customers and employees care about.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Consumer_activism" title="Consumer activism">Consumer activism</a> consists of activism carried out on behalf of consumers for <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer protection</a> or by consumers themselves. For instance, activists in the <a href="/wiki/Free_produce_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free produce movement">free produce movement</a> of the late 1700s protested against <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> by boycotting goods produced with slave labor. Today, vegetarianism, <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">freeganism</a> are all forms of consumer activism which boycott certain types of products. Other examples of consumer activism include <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a>, a minimalist lifestyle intended to reduce <a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">materialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> in opposition to the government that is imposing the tax, to government policy, or as <a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_theft" title="Taxation as theft">opposition to taxation in itself</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shareholder_activism" title="Shareholder activism">Shareholder activism</a> involves <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a> using an <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> stake in a corporation to put pressure on its management.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goals of activist shareholders range from financial (increase of <a href="/wiki/Shareholder_value" title="Shareholder value">shareholder value</a> through changes in corporate policy, financing structure, cost cutting, etc.) to non-financial (<a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">disinvestment</a> from particular countries, adoption of <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentally friendly</a> policies, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_activism">Art activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Art activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Design activism locates design at the center of promoting social change, raising awareness on social/political issues, or questioning problems associated with mass production and <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>. Design Activism is not limited to one type of design.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Art activism or <a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">artivism</a> utilizes the medium of visual art as a method of social or political commentary. Art activism can activate <a href="/wiki/Utopian_thinking" title="Utopian thinking">utopian thinking</a>, which is imagining about an ideal society that is different from the current society, which is found to be effective for increasing collective action intentions. </p><p>Fashion activism was coined by Celine Semaan.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fashion activism is a type of activism that ignites awareness by giving consumers tools to support change, specifically in the fashion industry.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been used as an umbrella term for many social and political movements that have taken place in the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fashion Activism uses a participatory approach to a political activity.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Craft activism or <a href="/wiki/Craftivism" title="Craftivism">craftivism</a> is a type of visual activism that allows people to bring awareness to political or social discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a creative approach to activism as it allows people to send short and clear messages to society.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who contribute to craftivism are called "craftivists".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Activism in literature may publish written works that express intended or advocated reforms. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Literary_activism" title="Literary activism">literary activism</a> may also seek to reform perceived corruption or entrenched systems of power within the publishing industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_activism">Science activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Science activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Science activism may include efforts to better <a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">communicate the benefits of science</a> or ensure continued funding for scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also include efforts to increase perceived legitimacy of particular scientific fields or respond to the politicization of particular fields.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/March_for_Science" title="March for Science">March for Science</a> held around the world in 2017 and 2018 were notable examples of science activism. Approaches to science activism vary from protests to more psychological, marketing-oriented approaches that takes into account such factors as individual sense of self, aversion to solutions to problems, and social perceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_methods">Other methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_building" title="Community building">Community building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Communities of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">Cooperative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Peace_Vigil" title="White House Peace Vigil">Peace vigil</a></li></ul></li> <li>Propaganda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li></ul></li> <li>Protest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_for_development" title="Theatre for development">Performance Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest songs">Protest songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">Sit-in</a></li></ul></li> <li>Strike action <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strike</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism_industry">Activism industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Activism industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some groups and organizations participate in activism to such an extent that it can be considered as an industry. In these cases, activism is often done full-time, as part of an organization's <a href="/wiki/Core_business" title="Core business">core business</a>. Many organizations in the activism industry are either <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit organizations</a> or non-governmental organizations with specific aims and objectives in mind. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but rather mobilize personnel to recruit funds and gain media coverage. </p><p>The term <i>activism industry</i> has often been used to refer to outsourced <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a> operations. However, activist organizations engage in other activities as well.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Lobbying</a>, or the influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic. Many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">tax</a> relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax-exempt organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_evaluation" title="Advocacy evaluation">Advocacy evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Advocacy group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_activism" title="Asian American activism">Asian American activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_leader" title="Community leader">Community leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_activism" title="Cultural activism">Cultural activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (protest)">Demonstration (protest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">Dissident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activists">Human rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of activists">List of activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">Slacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering (political science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_activism" title="Spiritual activism">Spiritual activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">Student activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protectors" title="Water protectors">Water protectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth activism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTarrow1998" class="citation book cs1">Tarrow, Sidney (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerinmovements0000tarr"><i>Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139076807" title="Special:BookSources/9781139076807"><bdi>9781139076807</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/727948411">727948411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+in+Movement%3A+Social+Movements+and+Contentious+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F727948411&rft.isbn=9781139076807&rft.aulast=Tarrow&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerinmovements0000tarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwinJasper2009" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Jeff; Jasper, James (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialmovementsr2edunse"><i>The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). 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Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Collective+Action%3A+Public+Goods+and+the+Theory+of+Groups&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Mancur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flogicofcollectiv0124olso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamson1975" class="citation book cs1">Gamson, William A. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strategyofsocial0000gams"><i>The Strategy of Social Protest</i></a></span>. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780256016840" title="Special:BookSources/9780256016840"><bdi>9780256016840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strategy+of+Social+Protest&rft.place=Homewood%2C+IL&rft.pub=Dorsey+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780256016840&rft.aulast=Gamson&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrategyofsocial0000gams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1978" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommobilization00till"><i>From Mobilization to Revolution</i></a></span>. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780201075717" title="Special:BookSources/9780201075717"><bdi>9780201075717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mobilization+to+Revolution&rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780201075717&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrommobilization00till&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzech1994" class="citation web cs1">Czech, Kenneth P. (April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/spartacus.htm">"Ancient History: Spartacus and the Slave Rebellion"</a>. <i>HistoryNet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102642/https://www.historynet.com/spartacus.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryNet&rft.atitle=Ancient+History%3A+Spartacus+and+the+Slave+Rebellion&rft.date=1994-04&rft.aulast=Czech&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fspartacus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Peasants-Revolt">"Peasants' Revolt"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190909022504/https://www.britannica.com/event/Peasants-Revolt">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Peasants%27+Revolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FPeasants-Revolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pletcher, Kenneth (14 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March">"Salt March"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salt+March&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FSalt-March&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2001" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Jeff (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff"><i>No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Way+Out%3A+States+and+Revolutionary+Movements%2C+1945%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnootherwayout00jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerTarrow1998" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, David; Tarrow, Sidney (1998). <i>The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century</i>. Rowman & Littlefield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Movement+Society%3A+Contentious+Politics+for+a+New+Century&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Tarrow%2C+Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKecklerRozell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Keckler, Charles; Rozell, Mark J. (3 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10457097.2015.1011476">"The Libertarian Right and the Religious Right"</a>. <i>Perspectives on Political Science</i>. <b>44</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">92–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10457097.2015.1011476">10.1080/10457097.2015.1011476</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1045-7097">1045-7097</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145428669">145428669</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629163034/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10457097.2015.1011476">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Libertarian+Right+and+the+Religious+Right&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145428669%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1045-7097&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10457097.2015.1011476&rft.aulast=Keckler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Rozell%2C+Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F10457097.2015.1011476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2012" class="citation journal cs1">Boyle, Alan (11 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894">"Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next?"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Law</i>. <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">613–</span>642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs054">10.1093/ejil/chs054</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180605004937/https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span> – via Oxford Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+and+the+Environment%3A+Where+Next%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E613-%3C%2Fspan%3E642&rft.date=2012-10-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs054&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fejil%2Farticle%2F23%2F3%2F613%2F399894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110100149/https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/archive/dialogue/2_11/index/_res/id=Attachments/index=0/Human_Rights_Dialogue_Environment.pdf">"Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Rights Dialogue</i>. <b>2</b> (11): 2. Spring 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/archive/dialogue/2_11/index/_res/id=Attachments/index=0/Human_Rights_Dialogue_Environment.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Dialogue&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegiecouncil.org%2Fpublications%2Farchive%2Fdialogue%2F2_11%2Findex%2F_res%2Fid%3DAttachments%2Findex%3D0%2FHuman_Rights_Dialogue_Environment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritton-Purdy2016" class="citation news cs1">Britton-Purdy, Jedediah (7 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/12/how-the-environmental-movement-can-recover-its-soul/509831/">"Environmentalism Was Once a Social-Justice Movement"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019041533/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/12/how-the-environmental-movement-can-recover-its-soul/509831/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Environmentalism+Was+Once+a+Social-Justice+Movement&rft.date=2016-09-07&rft.aulast=Britton-Purdy&rft.aufirst=Jedediah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2016%2F12%2Fhow-the-environmental-movement-can-recover-its-soul%2F509831%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. United Nations. 1948. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504133757/http://www.un.org:80/en/documents/udhr/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fudhr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clapham, <i>Human Rights</i> (2007), p. 19. "In fact, the modern <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and the complex normative international framework have grown out of a number of transnational and widespread movements. Human rights were invoked and claimed in the contexts of anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism, anti-slavery, anti-apartheid, anti-racism, and feminist and indigenous struggles everywhere."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZunesAsherKurtz1999" class="citation book cs1">Zunes, Stephen; Asher, Sarah Beth; Kurtz, Lester (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nonviolentsocial0000unse"><i>Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective</i></a></span>. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1577180753" title="Special:BookSources/978-1577180753"><bdi>978-1577180753</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40753886">40753886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonviolent+Social+Movements%3A+A+Geographical+Perspective&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40753886&rft.isbn=978-1577180753&rft.aulast=Zunes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Asher%2C+Sarah+Beth&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnonviolentsocial0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenowethStephan2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erica_Chenoweth" title="Erica Chenoweth">Chenoweth, Erica</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maria_Stephan" title="Maria Stephan">Stephan, Maria J.</a> (2013). <i>Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231156837" title="Special:BookSources/9780231156837"><bdi>9780231156837</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/810145714">810145714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Civil+Resistance+Works%3A+The+Strategic+Logic+of+Nonviolent+Conflict&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F810145714&rft.isbn=9780231156837&rft.aulast=Chenoweth&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft.au=Stephan%2C+Maria+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.activisthandbook.org/en/tactics/direct-action">"Direct action"</a>. <i>Activist Handbook</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713071802/https://www.activisthandbook.org/en/tactics/direct-action">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Activist+Handbook&rft.atitle=Direct+action&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.activisthandbook.org%2Fen%2Ftactics%2Fdirect-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillyTarrow2015" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles; Tarrow, Sidney (2015). <i>Contentious Politics</i> (Second revised ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Home+and+Politics%3A+Women+and+Conservative+Activism+in+Early+Twentieth-Century+Britain&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E826-%3C%2Fspan%3E848&rft.date=2010-10&rft.issn=1545-6986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27993371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20941876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F654913&rft.aulast=Thackeray&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-british-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fhome-and-politics-women-and-conservative-activism-in-early-twentiethcentury-britain%2F61F919C0C2F8F8FB8179E6BB5BFC495A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolasVarvantakisAruldoss2019" class="citation book cs1">Nolas, Sevasti-Melissa; Varvantakis, Christos; Aruldoss, Vinnarasan, eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Activism+across+the+Life+Course&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781351201797&rft.isbn=9781351201797&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781351201797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteleySeydRichardsonBissell1994" class="citation journal cs1">Whiteley, Paul F.; Seyd, Patrick; Richardson, Jeremy; Bissell, Paul (January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/explaining-party-activism-the-case-of-the-british-conservative-party/4DBBB9C3276D3C71071BAE596341AED0">"Explaining Party Activism: The Case of the British Conservative Party"</a>. <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123400006797">10.1017/S0007123400006797</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-2112">1469-2112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154681634">154681634</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127121606/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/explaining-party-activism-the-case-of-the-british-conservative-party/4DBBB9C3276D3C71071BAE596341AED0">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Explaining+Party+Activism%3A+The+Case+of+the+British+Conservative+Party&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1994-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154681634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-2112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123400006797&rft.aulast=Whiteley&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft.au=Seyd%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Bissell%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fbritish-journal-of-political-science%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fexplaining-party-activism-the-case-of-the-british-conservative-party%2F4DBBB9C3276D3C71071BAE596341AED0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSliwinski2016" class="citation web cs1">Sliwinski, Michael (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130020535/http://lawstreetmedia.com/issues/politics/evolution-activism-streets-social-media/">"The Evolution of Activism: From the Streets to Social Media"</a>. <i>Law Street</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawstreetmedia.com/issues/politics/evolution-activism-streets-social-media/">the original</a> on 30 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+Street&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Activism%3A+From+the+Streets+to+Social+Media&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Sliwinski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawstreetmedia.com%2Fissues%2Fpolitics%2Fevolution-activism-streets-social-media%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeynep2017" class="citation book cs1">Zeynep, Tufekci (2017). <i>Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300215120" title="Special:BookSources/9780300215120"><bdi>9780300215120</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/961312425">961312425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twitter+and+Tear+Gas%3A+The+Power+and+Fragility+of+Networked+Protest&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F961312425&rft.isbn=9780300215120&rft.aulast=Zeynep&rft.aufirst=Tufekci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHector2012" class="citation book cs1">Hector, Postigo (2012). <i>The digital rights movement : the role of technology in subverting digital copyright</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262305334" title="Special:BookSources/9780262305334"><bdi>9780262305334</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/812346336">812346336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+digital+rights+movement+%3A+the+role+of+technology+in+subverting+digital+copyright&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812346336&rft.isbn=9780262305334&rft.aulast=Hector&rft.aufirst=Postigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeikle2002" class="citation book cs1">Meikle, Graham (2002). <i>Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet</i>. Annandale, N.S.W.: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1864031485" title="Special:BookSources/978-1864031485"><bdi>978-1864031485</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50165391">50165391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+Active%3A+Media+Activism+and+the+Internet&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50165391&rft.isbn=978-1864031485&rft.aulast=Meikle&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2004" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Alexandra (2004). <i>Hacktivism and the Future of Political Participation</i>. Harvard University: Doctoral Dissertation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hacktivism+and+the+Future+of+Political+Participation&rft.place=Harvard+University&rft.pub=Doctoral+Dissertation&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarlKimport2011" class="citation book cs1">Earl, Jennifer; Kimport, Katrina (2011). <i>Digitally Enabled Social Change: Activism in the Internet Age</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262295352" title="Special:BookSources/9780262295352"><bdi>9780262295352</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/727948420">727948420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digitally+Enabled+Social+Change%3A+Activism+in+the+Internet+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F727948420&rft.isbn=9780262295352&rft.aulast=Earl&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Kimport%2C+Katrina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolfe2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rolfe, Brett (2005). "Building an Electronic Repertoire of Contention". <i>Social Movement Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.457.9077">10.1.1.457.9077</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14742830500051945">10.1080/14742830500051945</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-2837">1474-2837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10619520">10619520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Movement+Studies&rft.atitle=Building+an+Electronic+Repertoire+of+Contention&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.457.9077%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10619520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1474-2837&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14742830500051945&rft.aulast=Rolfe&rft.aufirst=Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fuchs, Christian (2006). "The Self-Organization of Social Movements". <i>Systemic Practice and Action Research</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11213-005-9006-0">10.1007/s11213-005-9006-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-429X">1094-429X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38385359">38385359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systemic+Practice+and+Action+Research&rft.atitle=The+Self-Organization+of+Social+Movements&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38385359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1094-429X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11213-005-9006-0&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay2008" class="citation book cs1">Clay, Shirky (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir"><i>Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594201530" title="Special:BookSources/9781594201530"><bdi>9781594201530</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/168716646">168716646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+Comes+Everybody%3A+The+Power+of+Organizing+without+Organizations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F168716646&rft.isbn=9781594201530&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Shirky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherecomeseverybo0000shir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastells2015" class="citation book cs1">Castells, Manuel (2015). <i>Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745695754" title="Special:BookSources/9780745695754"><bdi>9780745695754</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896126968">896126968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+of+Outrage+and+Hope%3A+Social+Movements+in+the+Internet+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F896126968&rft.isbn=9780745695754&rft.aulast=Castells&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarne2013" class="citation book cs1">Carne, Ross (2013). <i>The Leaderless Revolution: How Ordinary People will Take Power and Change Politics in the 21st Century</i>. New York: Plume. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780452298941" title="Special:BookSources/9780452298941"><bdi>9780452298941</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795168105">795168105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leaderless+Revolution%3A+How+Ordinary+People+will+Take+Power+and+Change+Politics+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795168105&rft.isbn=9780452298941&rft.aulast=Carne&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lin, Tom C. W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=3294317">Incorporating Social Activism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201044724/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3294317">Archived</a> 1 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1 December 2018). 98 Boston University Law Review 1535 (2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Ben and Romm, Tony, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/corporate-america-challenges-trump-234704">Corporate America Tackles Trump</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104083709/https://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/corporate-america-challenges-trump-234704">Archived</a> 4 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Politico</i>, (6 February 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkarKotler2018" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Christian; Kotler, Philip (October 2018). <i>Brand Activism: From Purpose to Action</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9905767-9-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9905767-9-2"><bdi>978-0-9905767-9-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brand+Activism%3A+From+Purpose+to+Action&rft.date=2018-10&rft.isbn=978-0-9905767-9-2&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Kotler%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.activistbrands.com/what-is-brand-activism/">"WHAT IS BRAND ACTIVISM? – ActivistBrands.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129134906/http://www.activistbrands.com/what-is-brand-activism/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHAT+IS+BRAND+ACTIVISM%3F+%E2%80%93+ActivistBrands.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.activistbrands.com%2Fwhat-is-brand-activism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Tom C. W. (18 March 2015). "Reasonable Investor(s)". Rochester, NY. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2579510">2579510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reasonable+Investor%28s%29&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2579510%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Tom+C.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carriedin.com/activist-investor">"Activist Investor Definition"</a>. <i>Carried Interest</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625230601/https://www.carriedin.com/activist-investor">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carried+Interest&rft.atitle=Activist+Investor+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carriedin.com%2Factivist-investor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkussen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Markussen, T (2013). "The Disruptive Aesthetics of Design Activism: Enacting Design Between Art and Politics". <i>Design Issues</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FDESI_a_00195">10.1162/DESI_a_00195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17301556">17301556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+Issues&rft.atitle=The+Disruptive+Aesthetics+of+Design+Activism%3A+Enacting+Design+Between+Art+and+Politics&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FDESI_a_00195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17301556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Markussen&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Bieling (Ed.): Design (&) Activism – Perspectives on Design as Activism and Activism as Design. Mimesis, Milano, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6977-241-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6977-241-2">978-88-6977-241-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peacockplume.fr/fashion/fashion-activism-changing-world-one-trend-time">"Fashion Activism: Changing the World One Trend at a Time | Peacock Plume"</a>. <i>peacockplume.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123193406/http://peacockplume.fr/fashion/fashion-activism-changing-world-one-trend-time">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peacockplume.fr&rft.atitle=Fashion+Activism%3A+Changing+the+World+One+Trend+at+a+Time+%7C+Peacock+Plume&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeacockplume.fr%2Ffashion%2Ffashion-activism-changing-world-one-trend-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirscher2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hirscher, Anja-Lisa (2013). "Fashion Activism Evaluation and Application of Fashion Activism Strategies to Ease Transition Towards Sustainable Consumption Behaviour". <i>Research Journal of Textile and Apparel</i>. <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">23–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FRJTA-17-01-2013-B003">10.1108/RJTA-17-01-2013-B003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Journal+of+Textile+and+Apparel&rft.atitle=Fashion+Activism+Evaluation+and+Application+of+Fashion+Activism+Strategies+to+Ease+Transition+Towards+Sustainable+Consumption+Behaviour&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FRJTA-17-01-2013-B003&rft.aulast=Hirscher&rft.aufirst=Anja-Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzarellaStoreyWilliams2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzarella, Francesco; Storey, Helen; Williams, Dilys (1 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14606925.2019.1595402">"Counter-narratives Towards Sustainability in Fashion. Scoping an Academic Discourse on Fashion Activism through a Case Study on the Centre for Sustainable Fashion"</a>. <i>The Design Journal</i>. <b>22</b> (sup1): <span class="nowrap">821–</span>833. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14606925.2019.1595402">10.1080/14606925.2019.1595402</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-6925">1460-6925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Design+Journal&rft.atitle=Counter-narratives+Towards+Sustainability+in+Fashion.+Scoping+an+Academic+Discourse+on+Fashion+Activism+through+a+Case+Study+on+the+Centre+for+Sustainable+Fashion&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=sup1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E821-%3C%2Fspan%3E833&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14606925.2019.1595402&rft.issn=1460-6925&rft.aulast=Mazzarella&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Storey%2C+Helen&rft.au=Williams%2C+Dilys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14606925.2019.1595402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuad-Lake2009" class="citation book cs1">Fuad-Lake, Alastair (2009). <i>Design activism : beautiful strangeness for a sustainable world</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Why+Some+Scientists+Are+Embracing+Activism&rft.date=2017-04-22&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fwhy-some-scientists-are-embracing-activism-1492862410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheitle2018" class="citation journal cs1">Scheitle, Christopher P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2378023118769544">"Politics and the Perceived Boundaries of Science: Activism, Sociology, and Scientific Legitimacy"</a>. <i>Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World</i>. <b>4</b>: 237802311876954. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2378023118769544">10.1177/2378023118769544</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socius%3A+Sociological+Research+for+a+Dynamic+World&rft.atitle=Politics+and+the+Perceived+Boundaries+of+Science%3A+Activism%2C+Sociology%2C+and+Scientific+Legitimacy&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=237802311876954&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2378023118769544&rft.aulast=Scheitle&rft.aufirst=Christopher+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2378023118769544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Campbell, Troy H. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2019/07/team-science-building-better-science-activists-with-insights-from-disney-marketing-and-psychological-research/">"Team Science: Building Better Science Activists with Insights from Disney, Marketing, and Psychological Research"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. Vol. 43, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>39<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Team+Science%3A+Building+Better+Science+Activists+with+Insights+from+Disney%2C+Marketing%2C+and+Psychological+Research&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Troy+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2019%2F07%2Fteam-science-building-better-science-activists-with-insights-from-disney-marketing-and-psychological-research%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2006" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Dana R. (14 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prospect.org/article/activism-industry">"The Activism Industry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205162211/http://prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11993">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=The+Activism+Industry&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Dana+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprospect.org%2Farticle%2Factivism-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711095632/http://www.gklaw.com/publication.cfm?publication_id=724">"Do Pay-For-Placement Search Engines engage in Trademark "Use"?, IP Law360 – Godfrey and Kahn"</a>. 11 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gklaw.com/publication.cfm?publication_id=724">the original</a> on 11 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Pay-For-Placement+Search+Engines+engage+in+Trademark+%22Use%22%3F%2C+IP+Law360+%E2%80%93+Godfrey+and+Kahn&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gklaw.com%2Fpublication.cfm%3Fpublication_id%3D724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Activism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Activism">Activism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rogat_Loeb" title="Paul Rogat Loeb">Paul Rogat Loeb</a>, <i>Soul of a Citizen: Living With Conviction in a Cynical Time</i> (<a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="St Martin's Press">St Martin's Press</a>, 2010). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-59537-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-59537-1">978-0-312-59537-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Martin_(social_scientist)" title="Brian Martin (social scientist)">Brian Martin</a> with Wendy Varney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jarZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Nonviolence Speaks: Communicating against Repression</i></a>, (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2003).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Shaw" title="Randy Shaw">Randy Shaw</a>, <i>The Activist's Handbook: A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond</i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20317-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20317-8">0-520-20317-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walls_(academic)" title="David Walls (academic)">David Walls</a>, <i>The Activist's Almanac: The Concerned Citizen's Guide to the Leading Advocacy Organizations in America</i> (Simon & Schuster/Fireside, 1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-74634-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-74634-0">0-671-74634-0</a>.</li> <li>Deflem, Mathieu. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deflem.blogspot.com/2022/02/celebrity-activism-racial-justice.html">"Celebrity Activism on Racial Justice during COVID-19: The Death of George Floyd, the Rise of Naomi Osaka, and the Celebritization of Race in Pandemic Times."</a> <i>International Review of Sociology</i> (Published online: March 16, 2022). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03906701.2022.2052457">10.1080/03906701.2022.2052457</a></li> <li>Deflem, Mathieu. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deflem.blogspot.com/2019/01/the-new-ethics-of-pop-celebrity.html">"The New Ethics of Pop: Celebrity Activism Since Lady Gaga."</a> pp. 113–129 in <i>Pop Cultures: Sconfinamenti Alterdisciplinari</i>, edited by Massimiliano Stramaglia. Lecce-Rovato, Italy: Pensa Multimedia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788867606092" title="Special:BookSources/9788867606092">9788867606092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gold_(journalist)" title="Victor Gold (journalist)">Victor Gold</a>, <i>Liberwocky</i> (Thomas Nelson, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7852-6057-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7852-6057-8">978-0-7852-6057-8</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/">Commons Social Change Library</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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