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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transnational_advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transnational_advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transnational advocacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transnational_advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9)" title="دعوة (سياسة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دعوة (سياسة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCdafi%C9%99_etm%C9%99k" title="Müdafiə etmək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müdafiə etmək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adbokasiya" title="Adbokasiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Adbokasiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Advocacy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huvikaitse" title="Huvikaitse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Huvikaitse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Συνηγορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνηγορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidencia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Incidencia política – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Incidencia política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="وکالت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وکالت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaidoyer_(politique)" title="Plaidoyer (politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plaidoyer (politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advokasi" title="Advokasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Advokasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Advocacy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ವಕಾಲತ್ತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಕಾಲತ್ತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchechemuzi" title="Uchechemuzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchechemuzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizst%C4%81v%C4%ABbas_kampa%C5%86a" title="Aizstāvības kampaņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aizstāvības kampaņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%9C%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC" title="アドボカシー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アドボカシー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Advocacy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общественная кампания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общественная кампания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokimi" title="Avokimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Avokimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Advocacy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Заступање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Заступање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikuttaminen" title="Vaikuttaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaikuttaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savunuculuk" title="Savunuculuk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Savunuculuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Адвокація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адвокація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%A1%E8%AD%B0" title="倡議 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="倡議" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about promotion of a cause or point of view. For legal representation, see <a href="/wiki/Advocate" title="Advocate">Advocate</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For Wikipedia's guidelines on advocacy, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advocacy" title="Wikipedia:Advocacy">Wikipedia:Advocacy</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Advocacy" title="Special:EditPage/Advocacy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Advocacy%22">"Advocacy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Advocacy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Advocacy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Advocacy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Advocacy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Advocacy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Advocacy</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">activity</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a> that aims to influence <a href="/wiki/Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">decisions</a> within political, economic, and social institutions. Advocacy includes activities and publications to influence public policy, laws and budgets by using facts, their relationships, the media, and messaging to educate government officials and the public. Advocacy can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes, including <a href="/wiki/Media_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Media campaign">media campaigns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">public speaking</a>, commissioning and publishing research. <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Lobbying</a> (often by <a href="/wiki/Lobby_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobby groups">lobby groups</a>) is a form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">legislators</a> on a specific issue or specific piece of legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2019)">whose?</span></a></i>]</sup> has started to address how advocacy groups in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-obarusa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obarusa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Canada<sup id="cite_ref-Obar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are using social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several forms of advocacy, each representing a different approach in a way to initiate changes in the society. One of the most popular forms is <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> advocacy.<sup id="cite_ref-cdlvw_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdlvw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cohen, de la Vega, and Watson (2001) state that this definition does not encompass the notions of power relations, people's participation, and a vision of a just society as promoted by social justice advocates. For them, advocacy represents the series of actions taken and issues highlighted to change the "what is" into a "what should be", considering that this "what should be" is a more decent and a more just society <sup id="cite_ref-cdlvw_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdlvw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those actions, which vary with the political, economic and social environment in which they are conducted, have several points in common.<sup id="cite_ref-cdlvw_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdlvw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, they: </p> <ul><li>Question the way policy is administered</li> <li>Participate in the agenda-setting as they raise significant issues</li> <li>Target political systems "because those systems are not responding to people's needs"</li> <li>Are inclusive and engaging</li> <li>Propose policy solutions</li> <li>Open up space for public argumentation</li></ul> <p>Other forms of advocacy include: </p> <ul><li>Budget advocacy: another aspect of advocacy that ensures proactive engagement of Civil Society Organizations with the government budget to make the government more accountable to the people and promote transparency. Budget advocacy also enables citizens and social action groups to compel the government to be more alert to the needs and aspirations of people in general and the deprived sections of the community.</li> <li>Bureaucratic advocacy: people considered "experts" have more chance to succeed at presenting their issues to decision-makers. They use bureaucratic advocacy to influence the agenda, although at a slower pace.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_advocacy_ads" title="Issue advocacy ads">Express versus issue advocacy</a>: These two types of advocacy when grouped together usually refers to a debate in the United States whether a group is expressly making their desire known that voters should cast ballots in a particular way, or whether a group has a long-term issue that isn't campaign and election season specific.</li> <li>Health, environment and climate change negotiations advocacy: supports and promotes patients' health care rights as well as enhance community health and policy initiatives that focus on the availability, safety and quality of care.</li> <li>Ideological advocacy: in this approach, groups fight, sometimes during protests, to advance their ideas in the decision-making circles.</li> <li>Interest-group advocacy: lobbying is the main tool used by interest groups doing mass advocacy. It is a form of action that does not always succeed at influencing political decision-makers as it requires resources and organization to be effective.</li> <li>Legislative advocacy: the "reliance on the state or federal legislative process" as part of a strategy to create change.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mass advocacy: any type of action taken by large groups (petitions, demonstrations, etc.)</li> <li>Media advocacy: "the strategic use of the mass media as a resource to advance a social or public policy initiative" (Jernigan and Wright, 1996). In Canada, for example, the Manitoba Public Insurance campaigns illustrate how media advocacy was used to fight alcohol and tobacco-related health issues. We can also consider the role of health advocacy and the media in "the enactment of municipal smoking bylaws in Canada between 1970 and 1995." <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Special education advocacy: advocacy with a "specific focus on the educational rights of students with disabilities."</li></ul> <p>Different contexts in which advocacy is used: </p> <ul><li>In a legal/law context: An "<a href="/wiki/Advocate" title="Advocate">advocate</a>" is the title of a specific person who is authorized/appointed in some way to speak on behalf of a person in a legal process.</li> <li>In a political context: An "<a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy group</a>" is an organized collection of people who seek to influence political decisions and policy, without seeking election to public office.</li> <li>In a social care context: Both terms (and more specific ones such as "independent advocacy") are used in the UK in the context of a network of interconnected organisations and projects which seek to benefit people who are in difficulty (primarily in the context of disability and mental health).</li> <li>In the context of inclusion: <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Advocacy_organisations" title="Citizen Advocacy organisations">Citizen Advocacy organisations</a> (or programmes) seek to cause benefit by reconnecting people who have become isolated. Their practice was defined in two key documents: CAPE, and Learning from Citizen Advocacy Programs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics">Tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Margaret_E._Keck" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret E. Keck">Margaret E. Keck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Sikkink" title="Kathryn Sikkink">Kathryn Sikkink</a> have observed four types of advocacy tactics: </p> <ol><li>Information politics: quickly and credibly generating politically usable information and moving it to where it will have the most impact.</li> <li>Symbolic politics: calling upon symbols, actions, or stories that make sense of a situation for an audience that is frequently far away.</li> <li>Leverage politics: calling upon powerful actors to affect a situation where weaker members of a network are unlikely to have influence.</li> <li>Accountability politics: efforts to hold powerful actors to their previously stated policies or principles.<sup id="cite_ref-Keck_&_Sikkink_1998_16_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keck_&_Sikkink_1998_16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>These tactics have been also observed within advocacy organizations outside the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-Kremers_2014_733_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kremers_2014_733-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_the_Internet">Use of the Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use of the Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groups involved in advocacy work have been using the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> to accomplish organizational goals. It has been argued that the Internet helps to increase the speed, reach and effectiveness of advocacy-related communication as well as mobilization efforts, suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> are beneficial to the advocacy community.<sup id="cite_ref-Obar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obarusa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obarusa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advocacy activities may include conducting an <a href="/wiki/Exit_poll" title="Exit poll">exit poll</a> or the filing of an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus brief</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics">Topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_issue" title="Social issue">social issue</a></div> <p>People advocate for a large number and variety of topics. Some of these are clear-cut <a href="/wiki/Social_issue" title="Social issue">social issues</a> that are universally agreed to be problematic and worth solving, such as <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>. Others—such as <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>—are much more divisive and inspire strongly held opinions on both sides. There may never be a consensus on this latter type of issues, but intense advocacy is likely to remain. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, any issue of widespread debate and deeply divided opinion can be referred to as a social issue. The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> has assembled an extensive list of social issues in the United States, ranging from vast ones like abortion to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> to smaller ones like <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacking</a> and academic <a href="/wiki/Cheating" title="Cheating">cheating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Topics that appear to involve advancing a certain positive ideal are often known as causes. A particular cause may be very expansive in nature — for instance, increasing <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> or fixing a broken political system. For instance in 2008, U.S. presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> utilized such a meaning when he said, "this was the moment when we tore down barriers that have divided us for too long; when we rallied people of all parties and ages to a common cause."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Change.org" title="Change.org">Change.org</a> and <a href="/wiki/Causes_(company)" title="Causes (company)">Causes</a> are two popular websites that allow people to organize around a common cause. </p><p>Topics upon which there is universal agreement that they need to be solved include, for example, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, water and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Right_to_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to water">human right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Social issues" as referred to in the United States also include topics (also known as "causes") intended by their advocates to advance certain ideals (such as <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a>) include: <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transnational_advocacy">Transnational advocacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transnational advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advocates and advocacy groups represent a wide range of categories and support several issues as listed on worldadvocacy.com.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Advocacy Institute,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a US-based global organization, is dedicated to strengthening the capacity of political, social, and economic justice advocates to influence and change public policy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> draws a special attention to advocacy beyond countries’ borders. The core existence of networks such as World Advocacy or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advocacy Institute (page does not exist)">Advocacy Institute</a> demonstrates the increasing importance of transnational advocacy and international advocacy. Transnational advocacy networks are more likely to emerge around issues where external influence is necessary to ease the communication between internal groups and their own government. Groups of advocates willing to further their mission also tend to promote networks and to meet with their internal counterparts to exchange ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Keck_&_Sikkink_1998_16_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keck_&_Sikkink_1998_16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transnational advocacy is increasingly playing a role in advocacy for <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families">migrants rights</a>, and migrant <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy organizations">advocacy organizations</a> have strategically called upon governments and international organizations for leverage.<sup id="cite_ref-Kremers_2014_733_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kremers_2014_733-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transnational advocates spend time with local interest groups in order to better understand their views and wishes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Advocacy group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_lawyer" title="Cause lawyer">Cause lawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_advocacy" title="Cycling advocacy">Cycling advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_advocacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability advocacy">Disability advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_advocacy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ advocacy">LGBTQ advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_advocacy" title="Patient advocacy">Patient advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaxing" title="Quaxing">Quaxing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402225054/http://www.npaction.org/article/articleview/76/1/248">"Lobbying Versus Advocacy: Legal Definitions"</a>. 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"Manufacturing Community in an Online Activity Organization: The Rhetoric of MoveOn.org's E-mails". <i>Information, Communication & Society</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">174–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13691180902890125">10.1080/13691180902890125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141971731">141971731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information%2C+Communication+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Manufacturing+Community+in+an+Online+Activity+Organization%3A+The+Rhetoric+of+MoveOn.org%27s+E-mails&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13691180902890125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141971731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvocacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0516/2005018778.html">"Table of contents for Social issues in America"</a>. <i>loc.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=Table+of+contents+for+Social+issues+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatdir.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Ftoc%2Fecip0516%2F2005018778.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvocacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/03/us/politics/03obama-transcript.html">"Barack Obama's Caucus Speech"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 3 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%27s+Caucus+Speech&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F01%2F03%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F03obama-transcript.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvocacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unicef-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unicef_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNICEF2010" class="citation book cs1">UNICEF (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/evaluation/files/Advocacy_Toolkit.pdf"><i>Advocacy toolkit - A guide to influencing decisions that improve children's lives</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. p. 144<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advocacy+toolkit+-+A+guide+to+influencing+decisions+that+improve+children%27s+lives&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft.date=2010&rft.au=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fevaluation%2Ffiles%2FAdvocacy_Toolkit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvocacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldadvocacy.com">"World Advocacy - The world's premier source of advocacy groups"</a>. <i>worldadvocacy.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldadvocacy.com&rft.atitle=World+Advocacy+-+The+world%27s+premier+source+of+advocacy+groups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldadvocacy.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvocacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advocacyinstitute.org/index.shtml">"The Advocacy Institute"</a>. <i>advocacyinstitute.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=advocacyinstitute.org&rft.atitle=The+Advocacy+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocacyinstitute.org%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvocacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohende_la_VegaWatson2001" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, D.; de la Vega, R.; Watson, G. 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id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>24 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div 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