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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prominent theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_demographic_shifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_demographic_shifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Global demographic shifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_demographic_shifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gendered_patterns_of_work_and_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gendered_patterns_of_work_and_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gendered patterns of work and care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gendered_patterns_of_work_and_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Social change</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="تغير اجتماعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تغير اجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camb%C3%A9u_social" title="Cambéu social – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cambéu social" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_d%C9%99yi%C5%9Fiklik" title="Sosial dəyişiklik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial dəyişiklik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvi_social" title="Canvi social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canvi social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bna" title="Sociální změna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální změna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servodatrievdan" title="Servodatrievdan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Servodatrievdan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialer_Wandel" title="Sozialer Wandel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialer Wandel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AE" title="Κοινωνική αλλαγή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινωνική αλλαγή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambio_social" title="Cambio social – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cambio social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte_aldaketa" title="Gizarte aldaketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte aldaketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="دگرگونی اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دگرگونی اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changement_social" title="Changement social – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Changement social" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8" title="સામાજિક પરિવર્તન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સામાજિક પરિવર્તન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C_%EB%B3%80%EC%B2%9C" title="사회 변천 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회 변천" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սոցիալական փոփոխություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալական փոփոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="सामाजिक परिवर्तन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामाजिक परिवर्तन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubahan_sosial" title="Perubahan sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perubahan sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutamento_(sociologia)" title="Mutamento (sociologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mutamento (sociologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התפתחות חברתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התפתחות חברתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewahan_sosial" title="Ewahan sosial – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ewahan sosial" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2" title="सामाजिक बदल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सामाजिक बदल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Нийгмийн өөрчлөлт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нийгмийн өөрчлөлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociale_verandering" title="Sociale verandering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociale verandering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%89%E5%8B%95%E8%AB%96" title="社会変動論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会変動論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_endring" title="Sosial endring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosial endring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samfunnsendring" title="Samfunnsendring – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samfunnsendring" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਪਰਿਵਰਤਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਪਰਿਵਰਤਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmiana_spo%C5%82eczna" title="Zmiana społeczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zmiana społeczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudan%C3%A7a_social" title="Mudança social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mudança social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социальные изменения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальные изменения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Друштвене промене – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друштвене промене" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalni_razvoj" title="Socijalni razvoj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Socijalni razvoj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samh%C3%A4llsf%C3%B6r%C3%A4ndring" title="Samhällsförändring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samhällsförändring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplumsal_de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fme" title="Toplumsal değişme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toplumsal değişme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Соціальна зміна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальна зміна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B2%DA%AF%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%B4%D9%89" title="جەمئىيەت ئۆزگىرىشى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جەمئىيەت ئۆزگىرىشى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BA%BFn_%C4%91%E1%BB%95i_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Biến đổi xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biến đổi xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuriyay%C4%B1%C5%9Fo_sosyal" title="Vuriyayışo sosyal – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vuriyayışo sosyal" 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For social adjustments as part of an individual's gender transition, see <a href="/wiki/Gender_transition#Social,_psychological,_and_aesthetic_aspects" title="Gender transition">Gender transition § Social, psychological, and aesthetic aspects</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Social_change" title="Special:EditPage/Social change">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Social+change%22">"Social change"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Social+change%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Social+change%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Social+change%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Social+change%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Social+change%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_tipping_dynamics_for_stabilizing_Earth%E2%80%99s_climate_by_2050_-_Figure_3_-_Social_tipping_elements_and_associated_social_tipping_interventions_with_the_potential_to_drive_rapid_decarbonization_in_the_World%E2%80%93Earth_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Social_tipping_dynamics_for_stabilizing_Earth%E2%80%99s_climate_by_2050_-_Figure_3_-_Social_tipping_elements_and_associated_social_tipping_interventions_with_the_potential_to_drive_rapid_decarbonization_in_the_World%E2%80%93Earth_system.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Social_tipping_dynamics_for_stabilizing_Earth%E2%80%99s_climate_by_2050_-_Figure_3_-_Social_tipping_elements_and_associated_social_tipping_interventions_with_the_potential_to_drive_rapid_decarbonization_in_the_World%E2%80%93Earth_system.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Social_tipping_dynamics_for_stabilizing_Earth%E2%80%99s_climate_by_2050_-_Figure_3_-_Social_tipping_elements_and_associated_social_tipping_interventions_with_the_potential_to_drive_rapid_decarbonization_in_the_World%E2%80%93Earth_system.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>A set of social changes proposed for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_by_country" title="Category:Sociology by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology" title="Template:Sociology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology" title="Template talk:Sociology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Social change</b> is the alteration of the <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> which may include changes in <a href="/wiki/Social_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Social institution">social institutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Social behaviour">social behaviours</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Social relations">social relations</a>. Sustained at a larger scale, it may lead to <a href="/wiki/Social_transformation" title="Social transformation">social transformation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Societal_transformation" title="Societal transformation">societal transformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_change&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social change may not refer to the notion of <a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">social progress</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">sociocultural evolution</a>, the philosophical idea that society moves forward by evolutionary means. It may refer to a <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigmatic</a> change in the socio-economic structure, for instance the transition from <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, or hypothetical future transition to some form of <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">post-capitalism</a>. </p><p><b>Social development</b> is the people that develop social and emotional skills across the lifespan, with particular attention to childhood and adolescence. Healthy social development allows us to form positive relationships with family, friends, teachers, and other people in our lives.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, it may also refer to <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a> revolution presented in <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, or to other <a href="/wiki/Social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Social movements">social movements</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. Social change may be driven through cultural, religious, economic, environmental, scientific or technological forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_theories">Prominent theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_change&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prominent theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Change comes from two sources. One source is unique factors such as climate, weather, or the presence of specific groups of people. Another source is systematic factors. For example, successful development generally has the same requirements, such as a stable and flexible government, enough free and available resources, and a diverse <a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">social organization</a> of society. On the whole, social change is usually a combination of systematic factors along with some random or unique factors.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many theories attempt to explain social change. One view suggests that a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of change">theory of change</a> should include elements such as structural aspects of change (like population shifts), processes and mechanisms of social change, and directions of change.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Christian</b>: In Christianity & Judaism social change is seen in terms of God's blessings on faithfulness or curses on disobedience. See <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> chapter 28.</li> <li><b>Hegelian</b>: The classic <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a> dialectic model of change is based on the interaction of opposing forces. Starting from a point of momentary stasis, <i>Thesis</i> countered by <i>Antithesis </i>first yields conflict, then it subsequently results in a new <i>Synthesis</i>.</li> <li><b>Marxist</b>: <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> presents a <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical and materialist</a> concept of history, seeing humankind's history as a fundamental "struggle between <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Kuhnian</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Philosopher_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher of science">philosopher of science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a> argues in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a></i> with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernican</a> Revolution that people are likely to continue utilizing an apparently unworkable paradigm until a better paradigm is commonly accepted. A Kuhnian approach to the study of societies is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory" title="Critical juncture theory">critical juncture</a> approach to social order and change.</li> <li><b>Heraclitan</b>: The Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> used the metaphor of a river to speak of change thus: "On those stepping into rivers staying the same other and other waters flow" (DK22B12). What Heraclitus seems to be suggesting here, later interpretations notwithstanding, is that, in order for the river to remain the river, change must constantly be taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus one may think of the Heraclitan model as parallel to that of a living organism, which, in order to remain alive, must constantly change. A contemporary application of this approach is shown in the social-change theory <a href="/wiki/SEED-SCALE" title="SEED-SCALE">SEED-SCALE</a> which builds off of the <a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">complexity theory</a> subfield of <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergence</a>.</li> <li><b>Daoist</b>: The Chinese philosophical work <i><a href="/wiki/Dao_De_Jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao De Jing">Dao De Jing</a></i>, I.8 and II.78 uses the metaphor of water as the ideal agent of change. Water, although soft and yielding, will eventually wear away stone. Change, in this model, is to be natural, harmonious and steady, albeit imperceptible.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_change">Types of change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_change&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social changes can vary according to speed and scope and impetus.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some research on the various types of social change focuses on social organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>. </p><p>Different manifestations of change include: </p> <ul><li>Fabian change<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – gradual and reformist incremental amelioration after the manner of the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a></li> <li>radical change<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – improvements root and branch in the style of <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (politics)">political radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutionary</a> change<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – abrupt, radical and drastic change, with implications of <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> and of starting afresh (perhaps most popular as a political <a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">bogeyman</a>)</li> <li>transformational change<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a <a href="/wiki/New-age" class="mw-redirect" title="New-age">New-age</a> version of radical change, and thus difficult to define</li> <li>continuous change, open-ended change – change (allegedly) for the sake of change<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>top-down change – reliance on <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>bottom-up change<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – reliance on the huddled masses</li> <li>socio-tectonic change<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – postulated deep-seated fundamental social shifts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_examples">Current examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_change&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_demographic_shifts">Global demographic shifts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_change&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Global demographic shifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></div> <p>One of the most obvious changes currently occurring is the change in the relative global population distribution between countries. In recent decades, developing countries have become a larger proportion of the world population, increasing from 68% in 1950 to 82% in 2010, and the population of the developed countries has declined from 32% of the total world population in 1950 to 18% in 2010. <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> continue to be the largest countries, followed by the US as a distant third. However, population growth throughout the world is slowing. Population growth among developed countries has been slowing since the 1950s and is now at 0.3% annual growth. Population growth among the less developed countries excluding the least developed ones has also been slowing since 1960 and is now at 1.3% annually. Population growth among the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> has slowed relatively little; as of 2022, the annual growth rate is 2.33%.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gendered_patterns_of_work_and_care">Gendered patterns of work and care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_change&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gendered patterns of work and care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In much of the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a>, changes from distinct men's work and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_work" title="Women's work">women's work</a> to more gender equal patterns have been economically important since the mid-20th century. Both men and women are considered to be great contributors<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to social change worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_change&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_movement" title="Alternative movement">Alternative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative historical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory" title="Critical juncture theory">Critical juncture theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">Decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Social_Change_Research_Project" title="Global Social Change Research Project">Global Social Change Research Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">Lifestyle (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_degeneration" title="Social degeneration">Social degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_development_theory" title="Social development theory">Social development theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">Social movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">Social relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_transformation" title="Social transformation">Social transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_transformation" title="Societal transformation">Societal transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_change&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKavanaghLightfootLilley2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanagh, Donncha; Lightfoot, Geoff; Lilley, Simon (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2021.120856">"Are we living in a time of particularly rapid social change? And how might we know?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Technological_Forecasting_and_Social_Change" title="Technological Forecasting and Social Change">Technological Forecasting and Social Change</a></i>. <b>169</b>: 120856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2021.120856">10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120856</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technological+Forecasting+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=Are+we+living+in+a+time+of+particularly+rapid+social+change%3F+And+how+might+we+know%3F&rft.volume=169&rft.pages=120856&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2021.120856&rft.aulast=Kavanagh&rft.aufirst=Donncha&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+Geoff&rft.au=Lilley%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.techfore.2021.120856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStine-MorrowParisi2010" class="citation book cs1">Stine-Morrow, E. A. L.; Parisi, J.M. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080448947004747">"The Adult Development of Cognition and Learning"</a>. <i>Social development</i>. Elsevier. pp. 225–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-044894-7.00474-7">10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.00474-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080448947" title="Special:BookSources/9780080448947"><bdi>9780080448947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Adult+Development+of+Cognition+and+Learning&rft.btitle=Social+development&rft.pages=225-230&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-044894-7.00474-7&rft.isbn=9780080448947&rft.aulast=Stine-Morrow&rft.aufirst=E.+A.+L.&rft.au=Parisi%2C+J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780080448947004747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shackman, Gene; Ya-Lin Liu and George (Xun) Wang (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/summary2.htm">"Why does a society develop the way it does?":</a> "[...] successful development generally requires a basic degree of social mobilization, structural differentiation, development of free resources, specialization and diversity of social organization, and a stable and flexible governmental system. Social, political and economic change can best be understood by combining systematic with more unique, random or coincidental factors."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haferkamp, Hans, and Neil J. Smelser, editors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft6000078s/">"Social Change and Modernity."</a> Berkeley: University of California Press, c1992 1991. Page 2: "In our view any theory of change must contain three main elements that must stand in definite relation to one another:<br /> 1. Structural determinants of social change, such as population changes, the dislocation occasioned by war, or strains and contradictions. <br /> 2. Processes and mechanisms of social change, including precipitating mechanisms, social movements, political conflict and accommodation, and entrepreneurial activity. <br /> 3. Directions of social change, including structural changes, effects, and consequences."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1998" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Sharon (1998). "Divisions and Difference". In Alcock, Pete; Haux, Tina; May, Margaret; Wright, Sharon (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MF5YCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Student's Companion to Social Policy</i></a> (5 ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons (published 2016). p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118965979" title="Special:BookSources/9781118965979"><bdi>9781118965979</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>Marx believed the struggle between social classes would drive social change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divisions+and+Difference&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Companion+to+Social+Policy&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=222&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781118965979&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMF5YCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2014" class="citation book cs1">Warren, James (5 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLLCBQAAQBAJ"><i>Presocratics</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 72–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49337-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49337-2"><bdi>978-1-317-49337-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presocratics&rft.pages=72-74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49337-2&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLLCBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2007" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Lesley (2 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Y1bF42HQ44C"><i>Managing Change</i></a>. Amsterdam: Routledge (published 2007). p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136385827" title="Special:BookSources/9781136385827"><bdi>9781136385827</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>The pressures for change influence the type of change experienced – its speed and scope, and how it is introduced and planned. Change can be anywhere on a scale from radical to gradual. It may be imposed from above or initiated from below.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Change&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft.isbn=9781136385827&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Y1bF42HQ44C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltov2012" class="citation book cs1">Baltov, Victor Alexander (18 September 2012). "The Overseas Progressive New World Order March". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KX3Qoyd51voC"><i>Reclaiming the Strike Zone: Do It American</i></a>. Author House (published 2012). p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477254868" title="Special:BookSources/9781477254868"><bdi>9781477254868</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>The only choice would be to accept <i>Fabian</i> change, whether it was desirable or not [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Overseas+Progressive+New+World+Order+March&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+the+Strike+Zone%3A+Do+It+American&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Author+House&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft.isbn=9781477254868&rft.aulast=Baltov&rft.aufirst=Victor+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKX3Qoyd51voC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2003" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Cynthia (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_FwvDAAAQBAJ"><i>Ideas for Action: Relevant Theory for Radical Change</i></a> (2 ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press (published 2016). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781629632544" title="Special:BookSources/9781629632544"><bdi>9781629632544</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas+for+Action%3A+Relevant+Theory+for+Radical+Change&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781629632544&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_FwvDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chalmers_Johnson" title="Chalmers Johnson">Johnson, Chalmers A.</a> (1966). "Revolution: The Implications of a Political Concept". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYmfmDa6MUEC"><i>Revolutionary Change</i></a>. Volume 47 of SP (Standford University) (2 ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press (published 1982). p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804711456" title="Special:BookSources/9780804711456"><bdi>9780804711456</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>Revolutionary change is a special kind of social change, one that involves the intrusion of violence into civil social relations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolution%3A+The+Implications+of+a+Political+Concept&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Change&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.series=Volume+47+of+SP+%28Standford+University%29&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780804711456&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Chalmers+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYmfmDa6MUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownHarris2014" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Valerie A.; Harris, John A. (24 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6jpAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Human Capacity for Transformational Change: Harnessing the collective mind</i></a>. Abingdon: Routledge (published 2014). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136263514" title="Special:BookSources/9781136263514"><bdi>9781136263514</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>Transformational change is always stochastic: it is the outcome of established systems having been disturbed by n unpredictable change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Capacity+for+Transformational+Change%3A+Harnessing+the+collective+mind&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.isbn=9781136263514&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Valerie+A.&rft.au=Harris%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df6jpAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2007" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Lesley (2 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Y1bF42HQ44C"><i>Managing Change</i></a>. Amsterdam: Routledge (published 2007). p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136385827" title="Special:BookSources/9781136385827"><bdi>9781136385827</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>Open-ended change is characterised by a radical change, followed soon by another, and perhaps more to come.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Change&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft.isbn=9781136385827&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Y1bF42HQ44C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabrizi2007" class="citation book cs1">Tabrizi, Behnam N. (18 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRZiCbiNK44C"><i>Rapid Transformation: A 90-Day Plan for Fast and Effective Change</i></a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press (published 2007). pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781422163467" title="Special:BookSources/9781422163467"><bdi>9781422163467</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>[...] leaders who impose top-down change tend to overestimate both their ability to spread change through [an] entire organization without getting adequate buy-in and their ability to fully assess the scope of problems [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapid+Transformation%3A+A+90-Day+Plan+for+Fast+and+Effective+Change&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+School+Press&rft.date=2007-10-18&rft.isbn=9781422163467&rft.aulast=Tabrizi&rft.aufirst=Behnam+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRZiCbiNK44C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchermerhorn1996" class="citation book cs1">Schermerhorn, John R. (1996). "Organization Culture and Change". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rk4xL2XNrocC"><i>Management</i></a> (11 ed.). John Wiley & Sons (published 2010). p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470530511" title="Special:BookSources/9780470530511"><bdi>9780470530511</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>Bottom-up change tries to unlock ideas and initiative at lower organizational levels and let them percolate upward.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Organization+Culture+and+Change&rft.btitle=Management&rft.pages=272&rft.edition=11&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780470530511&rft.aulast=Schermerhorn&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drk4xL2XNrocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavey2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Davey" title="Andrew Davey">Davey, Andrew</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZivgUxDZbIC">"Editorial"</a>. <i>Crucible</i>. <b>43</b>: 4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-2100">0011-2100</a>. <q>[...] changes that happen in London are the harbingers of changes that will soon come to other towns and cities [...]. [...] One of London's most attractive yet puzzling features is the way that poverty and 'posherty' can co-exist on opposite sides of the same street. But if you think of that tarmac divide as some sort of socio-tectonic fault-line, along which various neighbourhoods have split and slid, then it all suddenly makes sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crucible&rft.atitle=Editorial&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0011-2100&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZivgUxDZbIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumkar2018" class="citation book cs1">Kumkar, Nils C. (21 March 2018). "The Demographics of the Mobilized: The Core Constituency of the Protests". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UK9SDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Tea Party, Occupy Wall Street, and the Great Recession</i></a>. Critical Political Theory and Radical Practice. Cham, Zug: Springer Nature. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319736884" title="Special:BookSources/9783319736884"><bdi>9783319736884</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>[...] I will use the available data from surveys and my own observations to delineate the class-generational units that form the core constituencies of the respective protest mobilizations and their <i>corridors of experience</i> or the large socio-tectonic shifts that affected these class-generational units.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Demographics+of+the+Mobilized%3A+The+Core+Constituency+of+the+Protests&rft.btitle=The+Tea+Party%2C+Occupy+Wall+Street%2C+and+the+Great+Recession&rft.place=Cham%2C+Zug&rft.series=Critical+Political+Theory+and+Radical+Practice&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft.isbn=9783319736884&rft.aulast=Kumkar&rft.aufirst=Nils+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUK9SDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SPPOPGROWLDC">"Population Growth for Least Developed Countries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</a>. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Growth+for+Least+Developed+Countries&rft.pub=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+St.+Louis&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FSPPOPGROWLDC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Bandura, A.</a> & <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Inst. of Mental Health</a> (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc., p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjørnholt2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margunn_Bj%C3%B8rnholt" title="Margunn Bjørnholt">Bjørnholt, M.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.margunnbjornholt.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Changing-men-changing-times-fathers-and-sons-from-an-experimental-gender-equality-study.pdf">"Changing men, changing times; fathers and sons from an experimental gender equality study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sociological_Review" title="The Sociological Review">The Sociological Review</a></i>. <b>62</b> (2): 295–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-954X.12156">10.1111/1467-954X.12156</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143048732">143048732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Changing+men%2C+changing+times%3B+fathers+and+sons+from+an+experimental+gender+equality+study&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=295-315&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-954X.12156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143048732%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rnholt&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.margunnbjornholt.no%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F04%2FChanging-men-changing-times-fathers-and-sons-from-an-experimental-gender-equality-study.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_change&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt,_S._N." class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenstadt, S. N.">Eisenstadt, S. N.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ_ZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Tradition, Change, and Modernity</i></a>. Krieger Publishing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddens,_Anthony" class="mw-redirect" title="Giddens, Anthony">Giddens, Anthony</a> (2006). <i>Sociology</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity Press">Polity Press</a>.</li> <li>Haralambos, Michael and Holborn, Martin (2008). <i>Sociology: Themes and Perspectives</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0007245955" title="Special:BookSources/0007245955">0007245955</a></li> <li>Harper, C. L. (1993). <i>Exploring Social Change</i>. New Jersey: Engelwood Cliffs.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOesterdiekhoff2014" class="citation journal cs1">Oesterdiekhoff, Georg W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3844%2Fjssp.2014.185.195">"The Role of Developmental Psychology to Understanding History, Culture and Social Change"</a>. <i>Journal of Social Sciences</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 185–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3844%2Fjssp.2014.185.195">10.3844/jssp.2014.185.195</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Developmental+Psychology+to+Understanding+History%2C+Culture+and+Social+Change&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=185-195&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3844%2Fjssp.2014.185.195&rft.aulast=Oesterdiekhoff&rft.aufirst=Georg+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3844%252Fjssp.2014.185.195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milstein" title="Milstein">Milstein</a>, T. & Castro-Sotomayor, J. (2020). "Routledge Handbook of Ecocultural Identity." London, UK: Routledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351068840">https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351068840</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a>, The Social System (1951). New York: The Free Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi, Karl</a> (1944). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i>. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Tilly, Charles</a> (1988). "Misreading, then Rereading, Nineteenth-Century Social Change." Pp. 332–58 in <i>Social Structures: A Network Approach</i>, eds. <a href="/wiki/Barry_Wellman" title="Barry Wellman">Barry Wellman</a> and S. D. Berkowitz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Tilly, Charles (2004). <i>Social Movements, 1768-2004</i>. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59451-043-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-59451-043-1">1-59451-043-1</a>.</li> <li>Vago, Steven (1999). <i>Social Change</i>, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-679416-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-679416-5">0-13-679416-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_change&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Social_change" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Social change">Social change</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsociology.icaap.org">Understanding The World Today</a> – reports about global social, political, economic, demographic and technological change</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/schange">Social Change Collection</a> from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_change" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Social change">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Social_change" class="extiw" title="q:Social change">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Evolving_Governments" class="extiw" title="v:Evolving Governments">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Changement social"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318461j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Changement social"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318461j">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sociální změna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125820&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cambio social"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525190">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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