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</button> <ul id="toc-Ancestral_Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_Cape_Colony/Cape_Colony/Cape_Province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Cape_Colony/Cape_Colony/Cape_Province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Dutch Cape Colony/Cape Colony/Cape Province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Cape_Colony/Cape_Colony/Cape_Province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Griqua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Griqua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Griqua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Griqua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colony_of_Natal/Natal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colony_of_Natal/Natal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Colony of Natal/Natal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colony_of_Natal/Natal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apartheid_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apartheid_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Apartheid regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apartheid_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Zimbabwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-apartheid_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-apartheid_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-apartheid era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-apartheid_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apartheid_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apartheid_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Apartheid era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apartheid_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-apartheid_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-apartheid_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-apartheid era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-apartheid_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coloureds_in_other_countries_of_Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coloureds_in_other_countries_of_Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Coloureds in other countries of Southern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coloureds_in_other_countries_of_Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cultural aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Economic activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Coloureds</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruin_mense" title="Bruin mense – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bruin mense" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="ملونون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملونون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0" title="বর্ণসংকর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বর্ণসংকর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Цветнокожи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цветнокожи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured" title="Coloured – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coloured" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barevn%C3%AD" title="Barevní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barevní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makaradhi" title="Makaradhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Makaradhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured" title="Coloured – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Coloured" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rvilised" title="Värvilised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Värvilised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured" title="Coloured – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coloured" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloruloj" title="Koloruloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koloruloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رنگین‌پوستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگین‌پوستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured" title="Coloured – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coloured" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloureds_na_hAfraice_Theas" title="Coloureds na hAfraice Theas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coloureds na hAfraice Theas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%AC%EB%9F%AC%EB%93%9C" title="컬러드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컬러드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obojeni" title="Obojeni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obojeni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-orang_kulit_berwarna" title="Orang-orang kulit berwarna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang-orang kulit berwarna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmaKhaladi" title="AmaKhaladi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="AmaKhaladi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_(%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="צבעוניים (קבוצה אתנית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבעוניים (קבוצה אתנית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleurling" title="Kleurling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kleurling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89_(%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD)" title="カラード (南アフリカ共和国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラード (南アフリカ共和国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured" title="Coloured – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Coloured" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured" title="Coloured – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Coloured" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloredzi" title="Koloredzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koloredzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured" title="Coloured – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coloured" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured" title="Coloured – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coloured" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Цветные Южной Африки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цветные Южной Африки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Coloureds" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bammala" title="Bammala – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Bammala" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MaKhaladi" title="MaKhaladi – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="MaKhaladi" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multiracial ethnic group of Southern Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Coloured" redirects here. For the component ethnic group originating in the Cape, see <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a>. For usage of the term outside Southern Africa, see <a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">Colored</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Color_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Color (disambiguation)">Color (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Coloureds</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coloured-family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coloured-family.jpg/250px-Coloured-family.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coloured-family.jpg/375px-Coloured-family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coloured-family.jpg/500px-Coloured-family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="630" /></a></span><br />An extended Coloured family with roots in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">5,600,000~ in Southern Africa</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">5,052,349 (2022 census)<sup id="cite_ref-Census2022_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Namibia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">107,855 (2023 census)<sup id="cite_ref-Census2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Zimbabwe"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">14,130 (2022 census)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Zambia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000 (2012 census)<sup id="cite_ref-Shadow_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/IsiXhosa" class="mw-redirect" title="IsiXhosa">IsiXhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Setswana">Setswana</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity</a>, minority <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White South Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Malay">Cape Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griquas" class="mw-redirect" title="Griquas">Griquas</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritians" title="Mauritians">Mauritians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rehoboth_Basters" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehoboth Basters">Rehoboth Basters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg/250px-South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg/375px-South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg/500px-South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Coloured people as a proportion of the total population in South Africa. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EDF8E9; color:black;"> </span> 0–20%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BAE4B3; color:black;"> </span> 20–40%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#74C476; color:black;"> </span> 40–60%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#31A354; color:black;"> </span> 60–80%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006D2C; color:white;"> </span> 80–100%</div></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_density_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_density_map.svg/250px-South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_density_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_density_map.svg/375px-South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_density_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_density_map.svg/500px-South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_density_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Density of the Coloured population in South Africa. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394559"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:black;"> </span> <1 /km<sup>2</sup></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffeda0; color:black;"> </span> 1–3 /km<sup>2</sup></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fed976; color:black;"> </span> 3–10 /km<sup>2</sup></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#feb24c; color:black;"> </span> 10–30 /km<sup>2</sup></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fd8d3c; color:black;"> </span> 30–100 /km<sup>2</sup></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fc4e2a; color:black;"> </span> 100–300 /km<sup>2</sup></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e31a1c; color:white;"> </span> 300–1000 /km<sup>2</sup></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bc0026; color:white;"> </span> 1000–3000 /km<sup>2</sup></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800026; color:white;"> </span> >3000 /km<sup>2</sup></div></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Coloureds</b> (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <i lang="af">Kleurlinge</i>) are <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">multiracial people</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and to a less extent, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>. Their ancestry descends from the <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Interracial marriages">interracial marriages</a>/<a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Interracial unions</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>. </p><p>Interracial unions in South Africa began from the 17th century in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> where the Dutch married the <a href="/wiki/Khoi_Khoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoi Khoi">Khoi Khoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asians</a> and mixed-race children were conceived. Eventually, interracial unions happened throughout South Africa and the rest of Southern Africa with various other European nationals that also contributed to the growing mixed-race people, who would later be officially classified as 'Coloured' by the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> government in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Posel2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posel2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> regards race as a <a href="/wiki/Social_construct" title="Social construct">social construct</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a> which is assigned based on rules made by society. While partly based on physical similarities within groups, race does not have an inherent physical or biological meaning. The concept of race is foundational to <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, the belief that humans can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. </p><p><i>Coloured</i> was a legally defined <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial classification</a> during <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> referring to anyone not white or of the black <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> tribes, which effectively largely meant people of colour.<sup id="cite_ref-Posel2001_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posel2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pillay2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pillay2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The apartheid-era <a href="/wiki/Population_Registration_Act,_1950" title="Population Registration Act, 1950">Population Registration Act, 1950</a> and subsequent amendments, codified the Coloured identity and defined its subgroups, including Cape Coloureds and Malays. <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian South Africans</a> were initially classified under the act as a subgroup of Coloured.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of Apartheid policies and despite the abolition of the Population Registration Act in 1991, Coloureds are regarded as one of four race groups in South Africa. These groups (<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa#Black_South_Africans" title="Ethnic groups in South Africa">blacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">whites</a>, Coloureds and Indians) still tend to have strong racial identities and to classify themselves and others as members of these race groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Pillay2019_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pillay2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Posel2001_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posel2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classification continues to persist in government policy, to an extent, as a result of attempts at redress such as <a href="/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment" title="Black Economic Empowerment">Black Economic Empowerment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action#South_Africa" title="Affirmative action">Employment Equity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Posel2001_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posel2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc2011RaceElections_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2011RaceElections-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloured</a> and affiliated <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Malay">Cape Malay</a> culture developed. Genetic studies suggest the group has the highest levels of mixed ancestry in the world. </p><p>The majority of Coloureds are found in the Western Cape but are prevalent throughout the country. In <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, they form 43.2% of the total population, according to the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Census_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="South African National Census of 2011">South African National Census of 2011</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wc-muni-report_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wc-muni-report-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11, 57">: 11, 57 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestral_Background">Ancestral Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancestral Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Africa is known as a "<a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow Nation">Rainbow Nation</a>" because of its massive diversity with so many different <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">regions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">cultures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Ethnic groups in South Africa">tribes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Ethnic groups in South Africa">races</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">nationalities</a>. Due to this massive diversity, Coloured people have different ancestries as they come from different regions in South Africa that has different groups of people that went through different phases of history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_Cape_Colony/Cape_Colony/Cape_Province"><span id="Dutch_Cape_Colony.2FCape_Colony.2FCape_Province"></span>Dutch Cape Colony/Cape Colony/Cape Province</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dutch Cape Colony/Cape Colony/Cape Province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Coloured">Cape Coloured</a></div> <p>The first and the largest phase of <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Interracial marriages">interracial marriages</a>/<a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a> in South Africa happened in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> which began from the 17th century, shortly after the arrival of Dutch settlers, who were led by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a>. When the Dutch settled in the Cape in 1652, they met the <a href="/wiki/Khoi_Khoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoi Khoi">Khoi Khoi</a> who were the natives of the area<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEmindwhoarethecapecolouredsofsouthafrica_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEmindwhoarethecapecolouredsofsouthafrica-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. After settling in the Cape, the Dutch established farms that required intensive labour therefore, they enforced slavery in the Cape. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Khoi_Khoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoi Khoi">Khoi Khoi</a> became labourers in the Cape. Despite this, there was resistance by the Khoi Khoi, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi-Dutch_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi-Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi-Dutch Wars</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsundries26760capecolonykhoidutchwarshtml_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEsundries26760capecolonykhoidutchwarshtml-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. As a result of this resistance, the Dutch imported slaves from other parts of the world, especially the Bantu people from other parts of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malay people</a> from present-day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. To a smaller extent, slaves were also imported from <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzaarticlehistoryslaveryandearlycolonisationsouthafrica_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEzaarticlehistoryslaveryandearlycolonisationsouthafrica-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Because most of the Dutch settlers in the Cape were men, many of them married and conceived mixed-race children with the Khoi Khoi, the Southern African Bantu, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay</a> from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and other enslaved ethnic groups in the Cape. There was also interracial mixing between the slaves and mixed-race children were also conceived from these unions as well because the slaves were of different races (<a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEacademylessoncapecolouredsoriginsculture_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEacademylessoncapecolouredsoriginsculture-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a> in the <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">USA</a>, mixed-race children in the Cape were not viewed as "white enough to be white", "black enough to be black" nor "asian enough to be asian", therefore, mixed race children from all these interracial unions in the Cape grew up and got married amongst themselves, forming a community that would later be known as the "<a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Coloured">Cape Coloured</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEmindwhoarethecapecolouredsofsouthafrica_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEmindwhoarethecapecolouredsofsouthafrica-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>The first interracial marriage in the Cape was between <a href="/wiki/Krotoa" title="Krotoa">Krotoa</a> (a Khoi Khoi woman who was a servant, a translator and a crucial negotiator between the Dutch and the Khoi Khoi. Her Dutch name was "Eva Van Meerhof") and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Havgard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Havgard (page does not exist)">Peter Havgard</a> (a Danish surgeon whom the Dutch renamed as "Pieter Van Meerhof")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEaczaapclovetimeimperialismkrotoaevavanmeerhof_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEaczaapclovetimeimperialismkrotoaevavanmeerhof-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Having conceived 3 mixed-race children, Krotoa was known as the mother that gave birth to the Coloured community in South Africa. </p><p>With the arrival of more Europeans (such as the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">Germans</a>) and the arrival of more African and Asian slaves in the Cape Colony, there were more interracial unions, whose mixed-race children got absorbed into the Cape Coloured community<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsahistoryorgzadatedeventfirstlargegroupfrenchhuguenotsarrivecape_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEsahistoryorgzadatedeventfirstlargegroupfrenchhuguenotsarrivecape-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. The predominant Asian slaves in the Cape were the <a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay</a> that came from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Although most of them got interracially mixed into the Cape Coloured community, a small minority of them have retained their community and culture, therefore, they became known as the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Malay">Cape Malay</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsahistoryorgzaarticlecapemalay_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEsahistoryorgzaarticlecapemalay-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. However, during the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid regime</a>, the Cape Malays were classified as a sub-group of the Cape Coloured due to similar ancestries and because South Africa's population was grouped into 4 races under the <a href="/wiki/Population_Registration_Act,_1950" title="Population Registration Act, 1950">Population Registration Act, 1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coloured</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian</a>. Therefore, many Cape Malays were forced to live in Coloured townships of Cape Town<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEcorejournalsafricanresearchanddocumentationarticleabscapemalaysanimaginedcommunityinsouthafricaabibliographicalessay9415F535F50AF79E6474D25D1ECE8024_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEcorejournalsafricanresearchanddocumentationarticleabscapemalaysanimaginedcommunityinsouthafricaabibliographicalessay9415F535F50AF79E6474D25D1ECE8024-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>During the 17th century (in this case, from 1652-1700), the Dutch Cape Colony consisted only of present-day <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> with its surrounding areas such as <a href="/wiki/Paarl" title="Paarl">Paarl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franschhoek" title="Franschhoek">Franschhoek</a>. However, from the 18th century until the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> in the year 1910, the territory of the Cape expanded gradually to the North and to the East. This happened, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Trekboers" title="Trekboers">Trekboers</a> migrated into the <a href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">Karoo</a> during the 18th century and after British annexation of the Cape in the 19th century. By the mid 18th century, the territory of the Dutch Cape Colony had reached to present-day <a href="/wiki/Swellendam" title="Swellendam">Swellendam</a> and by the end of the Dutch rule (after British annexation in 1814), the territory of the Cape had already reached certain parts of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzaarticlepoliticalchanges17501820_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEzaarticlepoliticalchanges17501820-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. With the gradual expansion of the Cape and the additional arrival of various European nationalities (such as the British, Irish etc.), there were more interracial unions, this time between the white and the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> and between the white and the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a> in the Eastern Cape with more mixed race children being conceived, adding on to the Coloured population of the entire Cape<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEplaceSouthernAfricaEuropeanandAfricaninteractioninthe19thcentury_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEplaceSouthernAfricaEuropeanandAfricaninteractioninthe19thcentury-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>After British annexation in the early 19th century, slavery was abolished in the Cape, which lead to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boere</a> left the Cape as <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a> and migrated into the interior of South Africa to form the <a href="/wiki/Boer_republics" title="Boer republics">Boer republics</a>. Most of the freed slaves(who became Cape Coloureds) remained behind. Many freed slaves moved to an area in Cape Town that became known as <a href="/wiki/District_Six" title="District Six">District Six</a> and by the turn of the 20th century, District six became more established and populated. Although its population was predominantly Cape Coloured, District Six (just like many places in the Cape) was diverse with different ethnicities, races and nationalities living there (this includes Blacks, Whites, Asians etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Many of these groups got absolved into the Cape coloured community. The Cape also attracted many European immigrants of which many of them got married into the Cape Coloured, adding on to the ancestry of the Cape Coloured. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfricaMiddleEastCapeColouredsHistoryandCulturalRelationshtml_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfricaMiddleEastCapeColouredsHistoryandCulturalRelationshtml-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barplots_of_ancestry_proportions_South_African_Coloured_population_estimated_using_genome-wide_data.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Barplots_of_ancestry_proportions_South_African_Coloured_population_estimated_using_genome-wide_data.png/250px-Barplots_of_ancestry_proportions_South_African_Coloured_population_estimated_using_genome-wide_data.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Barplots_of_ancestry_proportions_South_African_Coloured_population_estimated_using_genome-wide_data.png/375px-Barplots_of_ancestry_proportions_South_African_Coloured_population_estimated_using_genome-wide_data.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Barplots_of_ancestry_proportions_South_African_Coloured_population_estimated_using_genome-wide_data.png/500px-Barplots_of_ancestry_proportions_South_African_Coloured_population_estimated_using_genome-wide_data.png 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>A genetic clustering of South African Coloured and five source populations.<sup id="cite_ref-CalafellDaya2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CalafellDaya2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each vertical bar represents individual.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result, the Cape Coloureds ended up having the most diverse ancestry in the world with a blend of so many different cultures mixed together. However, not all Coloureds in the Cape region have the same ancestry. At least one genetic study indicates that most Cape Coloureds have ancestries from the following ethnic groups:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a>: (32–43%)</li> <li>Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a>: (20-36%)</li> <li>Peoples from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>: (21–28%)</li> <li>Peoples from <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>: (30- 35%).<sup id="cite_ref-cell.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cell.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fynn1991_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fynn1991-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It is important to note here that genetic reference cluster term "Khoisan" itself refers to a colonially admixed population cluster, hence the concatenation, and is not a straightforward reference to ancient African pastoralist and hunter ancestry, which is often demarcated by the L0 haplogroup ancestry common in the general South African native population which is also integral part of other aboriginal genetic reference cluster terms like "South-East African Bantu".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, Coloured people constitute a plurality of the population in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> (48.8%), and a large minority in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> (40.3%), both areas of centuries of mixing among the populations. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>, they make up 8.3% of the population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Griqua">Griqua</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Griqua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_kok_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Adam_kok_III.jpg/220px-Adam_kok_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Adam_kok_III.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kok_III" title="Adam Kok III">Adam Kok III</a>, leader of the Coloured Griqua People</figcaption></figure> <p>Interracial unions solely between the European men and Khoi Khoi women in the Cape formed mixed race descendants that became the <a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griqua</a> people. Most of the Griqua people moved from the Cape (present-day <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>) to other areas in South Africa, especially in present-day <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> where they established a Griqua state called <a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> during the mid 19th century. They also established another state called <a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> in between present-day <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kokstad" title="Kokstad">Kokstad</a> being its capital. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzaplacegriqualandeast_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEzaplacegriqualandeast-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Griqua were subjected to an ambiguity of other <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">creole</a> people within Southern African social order. According to Nurse and Jenkins (1975), the leader of this "mixed" group, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Kok_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Kok I (page does not exist)">Adam Kok I</a>, was a former slave of the Dutch governor who was <a href="/wiki/Manumitted" class="mw-redirect" title="Manumitted">manumitted</a> and provided land outside Cape Town in the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With territories beyond the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>'s administration, Kok provided refuge to deserting soldiers, runaway slaves, and remaining members of various <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer2015_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Africa and many neighbouring countries, the white minority governments historically segregated Africans from Europeans after settlement had progressed, and increasingly classified all <i>mixed race</i> people together into a third group, despite their numerous ethnic and national differences in ancestry. The imperial and <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> governments categorized them as Coloured. In addition, other distinctly homogeneous ethnic groups also traditionally viewed the mixed-race populations as a separate group, and a growing number of mixed-race people also embraced a shared identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colony_of_Natal/Natal"><span id="Colony_of_Natal.2FNatal"></span>Colony of Natal/Natal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colony of Natal/Natal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another phase of interracial marriages/miscegenation in South Africa happened in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>) during the 19th century and early 20th century. This time, it was mainly between <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a>, with an addition of British intermixing with <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a>. </p><p>After the Boer republic <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia</a> got annexed by the British rulers, it became <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> in 1845. When the British started settling in Natal from the mid-19th century, they established sugarcane plantations especially in the coastal regions (such as <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/KwaDukuza" title="KwaDukuza">Stanger</a> etc.) and these plantations required intensive labour as well<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEcitypressTrendingThebitterstoryofSouthAfricansugar20150802_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEcitypressTrendingThebitterstoryofSouthAfricansugar20150802-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Struggling to find labour from the local <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a>, the British decided to import thousands of labourers from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to work on the sugarcane plantations of Natal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzanewsABriefHistoryofDurbansSugarCane_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEzanewsABriefHistoryofDurbansSugarCane-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Just like the Dutch settlers in the Cape, most of the British settlers in Natal were men, therefore, many of them got married to the Zulu while some got married to the Indians and mixed-race children were also conceived. </p><p>Some of the British men with interracial marriages in Natal practised polygamy, having multiple Zulu wives while others had multiple Zulu concubines. The perfect example of this is <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Dunn" title="John Robert Dunn">John Robert Dunn</a>, a white trader with Scottish parents who became a Zulu chief with 48 Zulu wives and 118 mixed race children; and most of his mixed-race descendants (who became 'Coloureds' in Natal) still live in present-day <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEjohnrobertdunn_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEjohnrobertdunn-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Another British man who practised polygamy was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Francis_Fynn" title="Henry Francis Fynn">Henry Fynn</a> who had 4 Zulu wives and multiple mixed-race children. Although <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Ogle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Ogle (page does not exist)">Henry Ogle</a> (a British trader from <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>) married an English wife named Janie and had a son named Henry, he also fathered multiple mixed-race children with his Zulu concubines at his kraal near <a href="/wiki/Umkomaas" title="Umkomaas">Umkomaas</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEprojectsOGLEsettlerdescendantsinNatalandSouthAfrica4495738_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEprojectsOGLEsettlerdescendantsinNatalandSouthAfrica4495738-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Eventually, mixed race people in Natal also became 'coloured'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEaczaserverapicorebitstreams5e1a0e775ac646d6bc028b6c29c47f79content_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEaczaserverapicorebitstreams5e1a0e775ac646d6bc028b6c29c47f79content-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzaFiles4Natalia%20v04%20article%20p1417%20Cpdf_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEzaFiles4Natalia%2520v04%2520article%2520p1417%2520Cpdf-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apartheid_regime">Apartheid regime</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apartheid regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_in_the_apartheid_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa in the apartheid era">apartheid era</a> in South Africa of the second half of the 20th century, the government used the term "Coloured" to describe one of the four main racial groups it defined by law (the fourth was "Asian," later "Indian"). This was an effort to impose <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> and maintain racial divisions. Individuals were classified as <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White South Africans</a> (formally classified as "European"), <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">Black South Africans</a> (formally classified as "Native", "Bantu" or simply "African" and constituting the majority of the population), Coloureds (mixed-race) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a> (formally classified as "Asian").<sup id="cite_ref-Posel2001_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posel2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The census in South Africa during 1911 played a significant role in defining racial identities in the country. One of the most noteworthy aspects of this census was the instructions given to enumerators on how to classify individuals into different racial categories. The category of "Coloured persons" was used to refer to all people of mixed race, and this category included various ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Hottentot_(racial_term)" title="Hottentot (racial term)">Hottentots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen">Bushmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griquas" class="mw-redirect" title="Griquas">Griquas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoemana" title="Khoemana">Korannas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Negroes">Negroes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a>. </p><p>Of particular importance is the fact that the instruction to classify "coloured persons" as a distinct racial group included individuals of African descent, commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Negroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Negroes">Negroes</a>. Therefore, it is important to note that Cape Coloureds, as a group of mixed-race individuals, also have African ancestry and can be considered as part of the broader <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the apartheid government recognised various Coloured subgroups, including the Cape Malays and Cape Coloureds, the Coloured population, was for many purposes treated as a single group, despite their varying ancestries and cultures. Also during apartheid, many Griqua began to self-identify as <i>Coloureds</i> during the apartheid era, because of the benefits of such classification. For example, Coloureds did not have to carry a <i><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">dompas</a></i> (a pass, an identity document designed to limit the movements of the black population), while the Griqua, who were seen as an indigenous African group, though heavily mixed, did. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zimbabwean Coloureds are descended from <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ndebele_people_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndebele people (Zimbabwe)">Ndebele</a>, British and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> settlers, as well as Arab and Asian people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-apartheid_era">Pre-apartheid era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pre-apartheid era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coloured people played an important role in the struggle against apartheid and its predecessor policies. The <a href="/wiki/African_Political_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="African Political Organisation">African Political Organisation</a>, established in 1902, had an exclusively Coloured membership; its leader <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abdurahman" title="Abdullah Abdurahman">Abdullah Abdurahman</a> rallied Coloured political efforts for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Coloured people later joined the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">United Democratic Front</a>. Whether in these organisations or others, many Coloured people were active in the fight against apartheid. </p><p>The political rights of Coloured people varied by location and over time. In the 19th century they theoretically had similar rights to Whites in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (though income and property qualifications affected them disproportionately). In the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republic</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>, they had few rights. Coloured members were elected to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>'s municipal authority (including, for many years, Abdurahman). The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> gave Coloured people the franchise, although by 1930 they were restricted to electing White representatives. They conducted frequent voting boycotts in protest. Such boycotts may have contributed to the victory of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> in 1948. It carried out an apartheid programme that stripped Coloured people of their remaining voting powers. </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(racial_term)" title="Kaffir (racial term)">kaffir</a>" is a racial slur used to refer to Black African people in South Africa. While it is still used against black people, it is not as prevalent as it is against coloured people.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apartheid_era">Apartheid era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Apartheid era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ApartheidPopulationGroups.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ApartheidPopulationGroups.jpg/220px-ApartheidPopulationGroups.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ApartheidPopulationGroups.jpg/330px-ApartheidPopulationGroups.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ApartheidPopulationGroups.jpg/440px-ApartheidPopulationGroups.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2247" data-file-height="3371" /></a><figcaption>Explanation of South African identity numbers in an identity document during apartheid in terms of official White, Coloured and Indian population subgroups</figcaption></figure> <p>Coloured people were subject to forced relocation. For instance, the government relocated Coloured from the urban Cape Town areas of <a href="/wiki/District_Six" title="District Six">District Six</a>, which was later bulldozed. Other areas they were forced to leave included <a href="/wiki/Constantia,_Cape_Town" title="Constantia, Cape Town">Constantia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claremont,_Cape_Town" title="Claremont, Cape Town">Claremont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town" title="Simon's Town">Simon's Town</a>. Inhabitants were moved to racially designated sections of the metropolitan area on the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats" title="Cape Flats">Cape Flats</a>. Additionally, under apartheid, Coloured people received education inferior to that of Whites. It was, however, better than that provided to Black South Africans. </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._G._Strijdom" title="J. G. Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a>, known as "the Lion of the North", continued the impetus to restrict Coloured rights, in order to entrench the new-won <a href="/wiki/Nasionale_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasionale Party">National Party</a> majority. Coloured participation on juries was removed in 1954, and efforts to <a href="/wiki/Coloured_vote_constitutional_crisis" title="Coloured vote constitutional crisis">abolish their participation on</a> the common voters' roll in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a> escalated drastically; it was <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_Amendment_Act,_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa Act Amendment Act, 1956">accomplished in 1956</a> by a supermajority amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Separate_Representation_of_Voters_Act,_1951" title="Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951">1951 Separate Representation of Voters Act</a>, passed by Malan but held back by the judiciary as unconstitutional under the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act,_1909" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa Act, 1909">South Africa Act</a>, the Union's effective constitution. In order to bypass this safeguard, enforced since 1909 to ensure <a href="/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">Coloured political rights in the then-British Cape Colony</a>, Strijdom's government passed legislation to expand the number of Senate seats from 48 to 89. All of the additional 41 members hailed from the National Party, increasing its representation in the Senate to 77 in total. The Appellate Division Quorum Bill increased the number of judges necessary for constitutional decisions in the Appeal Court from five to eleven. Strijdom, knowing that he had his two-thirds majority, held a joint sitting of parliament in May 1956. The entrenchment clause regarding the Coloured vote, known as the South Africa Act, were thus eliminated and the Separate Representation of Voters Act passed, now successfully. </p><p>Coloureds were placed on a separate voters' roll from the 1958 election to the House of Assembly and forward. They could elect four Whites to represent them in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly of South Africa">House of Assembly</a>. Two Whites would be elected to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Provincial_Council" title="Cape Provincial Council">Cape Provincial Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_the_Union_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of the Union of South Africa">governor general</a> could appoint one <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa" title="Senate of South Africa">senator</a>. Both blacks and Whites opposed this measure, particularly from the <a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a> and more liberal opposition. The <a href="/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a> was very prominent, while the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a> (White women, uniformly dressed, standing on street corners with placards) also made themselves heard. In this way, the question of the Coloured vote became one of the first measures of the regime's unscrupulous nature and flagrant willingness to manipulate its inherited <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. It would remain in power until 1994. </p><p>Many Coloureds refused to register for the new voters' roll and the number of Coloured voters dropped dramatically. In the next election, only 50.2% of them voted. They had no interest in voting for White representatives — an activity which many of them saw as pointless, and only persisted for ten years. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Population_Registration_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Population Registration Act">Population Registration Act</a>, as amended, Coloureds were formally classified into various subgroups, including <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a> and "other coloured". A portion of the small <a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese South African">Chinese South African</a> community was also classified as a coloured subgroup.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, the government established the Department of Coloured Affairs, followed in 1959 by the Union for Coloured Affairs. The latter had 27 members and served as an advisory link between the government and the Coloured people. </p><p>The 1964 <a href="/wiki/Coloured_Persons_Representative_Council" title="Coloured Persons Representative Council">Coloured Persons Representative Council</a> turned out to be a constitutional hitch<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which never really got going. In 1969, the Coloureds elected forty onto the council to supplement the twenty nominated by the government, taking the total number to sixty. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/South_African_constitutional_reform_referendum,_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="South African constitutional reform referendum, 1983">1983 referendum</a>, in which 66.3% of White voters supported the change, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1983" title="South African Constitution of 1983">Constitution</a> was reformed to allow the Coloured and <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian</a> minorities limited participation in separate and subordinate Houses in a <a href="/wiki/Tricameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricameral">tricameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a>. This was part of a change in which the Coloured minority was to be allowed limited rights and self-governance in "Coloured areas", but continuing the policy of denationalising the Black majority and making them involuntary citizens of independent homelands. The internal rationale was that South African whites, more numerous at the time than Coloureds and Indians combined, could bolster its popular support and divide the democratic opposition while maintaining a working majority. The effort largely failed, with the 1980s seeing increased disintegration of civil society and numerous states of emergency, with violence increasing from all racial groups. The separate arrangements were removed by the negotiations which took place from 1990 to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_general_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa general election, 1994">hold the first universal election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-apartheid_era">Post-apartheid era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-apartheid era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coloureds" title="Special:EditPage/Coloureds">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Coloureds%22">"Coloureds"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Coloureds%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Coloureds%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Coloureds%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Coloureds%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Coloureds%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the 1994 all-race elections, Coloured people voted heavily for the white <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a>, which in its first contest with a non-white majority won 20% of the vote and a majority in the new <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> province – much due to Cape Coloured support. The National Party recast itself as the <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a> after De Klerk's departure in 1996, partly to attract non-White voters, and grew closer to the ANC. This political alliance, often perplexing to outsiders, has sometimes been explained in terms of the culture and language shared by White and Coloured New National Party members, who both spoke Afrikaans. In addition, both groups opposed affirmative action programmes that might give preference to Black South Africans, and some Coloured people feared giving up older privileges, such as access to municipal jobs, if <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> gained leadership in the government. After the absorption of the NNP into the ANC in 2005, Coloured voters have generally drawn to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a>, with some opting for minor parties such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">Vryheidsfront</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patricia_de_Lille" title="Patricia de Lille">Patricia de Lille</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">Independent Democrats</a>, with lukewarm support for the ANC. </p><p>Since the late 20th century, Coloured <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a> have grown in influence. The Western Cape has been a site of the rise of opposition parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> (DA). The Western Cape is considered as an area in which this party might gain ground against the dominant African National Congress. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> drew in some former New National Party voters and won considerable Coloured support. The New National Party collapsed in the 2004 elections. Coloured support aided the Democratic Alliance's victory in the 2006 Cape Town municipal elections. </p><p>Patricia de Lille, who became mayor of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> in 2011 on the platform of the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">Independent Democrats</a>, does not use the label Coloured but many observers would consider her as Coloured by visible appearance. The Independent Democrats party sought the Coloured vote and gained significant ground in the municipal and local elections in 2006, particularly in districts in the Western Cape with high proportions of Coloured residents. The firebrand <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marais" title="Peter Marais">Peter Marais</a> (formerly a provincial leader of the New National Party) has sought to portray his <a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">New Labour Party</a> as the political voice for Coloured people. </p><p>Coloured people supported and were members of the African National Congress before, during and after the apartheid era: notable politicians include <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Rasool" title="Ebrahim Rasool">Ebrahim Rasool</a> (previously Western Cape premier), <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Marshoff" title="Beatrice Marshoff">Beatrice Marshoff</a>, John Schuurman, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Hendrickse" title="Allan Hendrickse">Allan Hendrickse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Manuel" title="Trevor Manuel">Trevor Manuel</a>, longtime Minister of Finance. The Democratic Alliance won control over the Western Cape during the 2009 National and Provincial Elections and subsequently brokered an alliance with the Independent Democrats. </p><p>The ANC has had some success in winning Coloured votes, particularly among labour-affiliated and middle-class Coloured voters. Some Coloureds express distrust of the ANC with the comment, saying that the Coloured were considered "not white enough under apartheid and not black enough under the ANC."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2004 election, voter apathy was high in historically Coloured areas.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ANC faces the dilemma of having to balance the increasingly nationalistic economic aspirations of its core black African support base, with its ambition to regain control of the Western Cape, which would require support from Coloureds.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2011RaceElections_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2011RaceElections-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coloureds_in_other_countries_of_Southern_Africa">Coloureds in other countries of Southern Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coloureds in other countries of Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coloureds" title="Special:EditPage/Coloureds">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Coloureds%22">"Coloureds"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Coloureds%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Coloureds%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Coloureds%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Coloureds%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Coloureds%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_racial_map,_1979.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/South_Africa_racial_map%2C_1979.gif/350px-South_Africa_racial_map%2C_1979.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/South_Africa_racial_map%2C_1979.gif/525px-South_Africa_racial_map%2C_1979.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/South_Africa_racial_map%2C_1979.gif/700px-South_Africa_racial_map%2C_1979.gif 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Racial-demographic map of South Africa published by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> in 1979, with data from the 1970 South African census.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Coloured_People_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured People in Namibia">Coloured</a> is also used in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, to describe persons of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed race">mixed race</a>, specifically part Khoisan, and part European. The <i><a href="/wiki/Baster" class="mw-redirect" title="Baster">Basters</a></i> of Namibia constitute a separate <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> that are sometimes considered a sub-group of the Coloured population of that country. Under South African rule, the policies and laws of apartheid were extended to what was then called <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>. In Namibia, <a href="/wiki/Coloured_People_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured People in Namibia">Coloureds</a> were treated by the government in a way comparable to that of South African Coloureds. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, the term Coloured or <i><a href="/wiki/Goffal" title="Goffal">Goffal</a></i> was used to refer to people of mixed race. Most are descended from mixed African and British, or African and Indian, progenitors. Some Coloured families descended from Cape Coloured migrants from South Africa who had children with local women. Under <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>'s predominantly white government, Coloureds had more privileges than black Africans, including full voting rights, but still faced social discrimination. The term Coloured is also used in <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coloureds" title="Special:EditPage/Coloureds">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Coloureds%22">"Coloureds"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Coloureds%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Coloureds%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Coloureds%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Coloureds%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Coloureds%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As far as family life, housing, eating habits, clothing and so on are concerned, the Christian Coloureds generally maintain a Western lifestyle. Marriages are strictly monogamous, although extramarital and premarital sexual relationships can occur and are perceived differently from family to family. Among the working and agrarian classes, permanent relationships are often officially ratified only after a while if at all. </p><p>The average family size of six does not differ from those of other Western families and, as with the latter, is generally related to socio-economic status. Extended families are common. Coloured children are often expected to refer to any extended relatives as their "auntie" or "uncle" as a formality. </p><p>While many affluent families live in large, modern, and sometimes luxurious homes, many urban coloured people rely on state-owned economic and sub-economic housing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_aspects">Cultural aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many singing and choir associations as well as orchestras in the Coloured community. The Eoan Group Theatre Company performs opera and ballet in Cape Town. The <a href="/wiki/Kaapse_Klopse" title="Kaapse Klopse">Kaapse Klopse</a> carnival, held annually on 2 January in Cape Town, and the Cape Malay choir and orchestral performances are an important part of the city's holiday season. Kaapse Klopse consists of several competing groups that have been singing and dancing through Cape Town's streets on New Year's Day earlier this year. Nowadays the drumlines in cheerful, brightly Coloured costumes perform in a stadium. Christmas festivities take place in a sacred atmosphere but are no less vivid, mainly including choirs and orchestras that sing and play Christmas songs in the streets. In the field of performing arts and literature, several Coloureds performed with the CAPAB (Cape Performing Arts Board) ballet and opera company, and the community yielded three major Afrikaans poets the well-known poets, Adam Small, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Vernon_Petersen" title="Sydney Vernon Petersen">S.V. Petersen</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=P.J._Philander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P.J. Philander (page does not exist)">P.J. Philander</a>. In 1968, the Culture and Recreation Council was established to promote the cultural activities of the Coloured Community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1841 missionary societies provided all the school facilities for Coloured children. </p><p>All South African children are expected to attend school from the age of seven to sixteen years, at the minimum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_activities">Economic activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economic activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coloureds" title="Special:EditPage/Coloureds">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Initially, Coloureds were mainly semi-skilled and unskilled labourers who, as builders, masons, carpenters and painters, made an important contribution to the early construction industry in the Cape. Many were also fishermen and farm workers, and the latter had an important share in the development of the wine, fruit and grain farms in the Western Cape. </p><p>The Malays were, and still are, skilled furniture makers, dressmakers and coopers. In recent years, more and more Coloureds have been working in the manufacturing and construction industry. There are still many Coloured fishermen, and most Coloureds in the countryside are farm workers and even farmers. The largest percentage of economically active Coloureds is found in the manufacturing industry. About 35% of the economically active Coloured women are employed in clothing, textile, food and other factories. </p><p>Another important field of work is the service sector, while an ever-increasing number of Coloureds operate in administrative, clerical and sales positions. All the more professional and managerial posts are. In order to stimulate the economic development of Coloureds, the Coloured Development Corporation was established in 1962. The corporation provided capital to businessmen, offered training courses and undertook the establishment of shopping centres, factories and the like. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A majority of those who identify as Coloured live in the Western Cape, where they make up almost half of the province's population. In the 2022 South African census the distribution of the group per province was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Census2022_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% of Coloureds </th> <th>% of province </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005547741000000000♠">547,741</span> </td> <td align="right">10.84 </td> <td align="right">7.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(South_African_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State (South African province)">Free State</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004781410000000000♠">78,141</span> </td> <td align="right">1.55 </td> <td align="right">2.64 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005443857000000000♠">443,857</span> </td> <td align="right">8.79 </td> <td align="right">2.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005183019000000000♠">183,019</span> </td> <td align="right">3.62 </td> <td align="right">1.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004184090000000000♠">18,409</span> </td> <td align="right">0.36 </td> <td align="right">0.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004321000000000000♠">32,100</span> </td> <td align="right">0.64 </td> <td align="right">0.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004607200000000000♠">60,720</span> </td> <td align="right">1.20 </td> <td align="right">1.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005563605000000000♠">563,605</span> </td> <td align="right">11.16 </td> <td align="right">41.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006312475700000000♠">3,124,757</span> </td> <td align="right">61.85 </td> <td align="right">42.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006505234900000000♠">5,052,349</span> </td> <td align="right">100.0 </td> <td align="right">8.15 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of Coloureds in South Africa speak <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> as their home language, while a smaller minority of the Coloureds speak <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as their home language. Most English-speaking Coloureds live in <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>(especiallly in its biggest city, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>) mainly because of their partial British heritage that is mainly mixed with Zulu and because of the extreme <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a> of Natal. English-speaking Coloureds are also found in a few other areas in SA. Almost all Coloureds that come from <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> speak English as their home language as well due to similar heritage and history with the Coloureds of Natal. </p><p>While the history behind the English-speaking Coloureds is straightforward, the history behind the Afrikaans-speaking Coloureds is more complicated because Afrikaans has a history that is more detailed, more complex and more controversial. During the 17th and 18th century in the Dutch Cape colony, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> was obviously the official language that had to be spoken by everyone living there<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzaarticleafrikaner_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEzaarticleafrikaner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Despite colonialism and slavery, the population of the Cape was extremely diverse with so many different ethnic groups and Nationalities that spoke their own languages such as the Dutch settlers, French Huguenots, Germans, Khoi Khoi, Bantu, Indonesians, etc<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE40384124ABriefHistoryoftheAfrikaansLanguage_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE40384124ABriefHistoryoftheAfrikaansLanguage-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/220px--Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="23311" data-mwtitle="Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Colin speaking Afrikaans.</figcaption></figure> <p>With this massive diversity in the Cape, most people could not speak Dutch fluently, so Dutch got mixed with other languages (like <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> etc.) and new dialects were formed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEcorebooksabslanguageinsouthafricaafrikaansconsideringoriginsD3738714720F48E55096C620FB870CF2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEcorebooksabslanguageinsouthafricaafrikaansconsideringoriginsD3738714720F48E55096C620FB870CF2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. As a way to break the language barrier between the different groups of people living in the Cape, Creolised Dutch evolved through different dialects throughout many years until a new language was eventually born: Afrikaans<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEthehistoryandevolutionofafrikaans_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEthehistoryandevolutionofafrikaans-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. It is because of this mixture that Afrikaans borrowed many words from different languages despite being the daughter language of Dutch. This is why Afrikaans is very common in the Western region of South Africa and the reason why most Coloureds speak Afrikaans as their home language. And it is the reason why there are more Afrikaans-speaking Coloureds than the Afrikaans-speaking whites. This is also the reason why the type of Afrikaans that is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> (spoken mainly by the Cape Coloureds, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Malay">Cape Malay</a> and fewer Blacks from that region) is a bit different than the Afrikaans that is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> in other parts of SA as it is spoken in a dialect called <a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a> with more influence from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoegowab" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoekhoegowab">Khoekhoegowab</a> and other languages<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEkaapsanoldlanguageembracedbyanewgeneration_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEkaapsanoldlanguageembracedbyanewgeneration-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kaaps is viewed as the older dialect of Afrikaans because it was spoken by the slaves of the Cape from the 17th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEreadarticle202111november2021kaapsthislanguagecalledkaapsanintroductionoliviamcoe_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEreadarticle202111november2021kaapsthislanguagecalledkaapsanintroductionoliviamcoe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it is also important to note that not every Afrikaans-speaking coloured has a Dutch/Afrikaner ancestor within their bloodline, nor do they have ancestry from the slaves in the Cape Colony. Some Coloureds (especially from the late 19th and early 20th century) have got totally different ancestries (other European nationalities that got interracially mixed with other African tribes) but because they moved to predominantly Afrikaans-speaking communities or they were born and bred in predominantly Afrikaans-speaking communities, they ended up speaking Afrikaans as their home language as well. Afrikaans-speaking Coloureds are also found in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, especially in the southern region of the country. </p><p>Although its very rare, there are also Coloureds that can speak <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">bantu languages</a> of SA(such as <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> etc.) and the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan languages</a> of Southern Africa (such as <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoegowab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoemana" title="Khoemana">Khoemana</a> etc.). The Coloureds that can speak Khoisan languages mostly live in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Number in 2011 </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006344216400000000♠">3,442,164</span></td> <td align="right">74.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005945847000000000♠">945,847</span></td> <td align="right">20.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Setswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Setswana">Setswana</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004403510000000000♠">40,351</span></td> <td align="right">0.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IsiXhosa" class="mw-redirect" title="IsiXhosa">isiXhosa</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004253400000000000♠">25,340</span></td> <td align="right">0.55% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IsiZulu" class="mw-redirect" title="IsiZulu">isiZulu</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004237970000000000♠">23,797</span></td> <td align="right">0.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho">Sesotho</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004232300000000000♠">23,230</span></td> <td align="right">0.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004118910000000000♠">11,891</span></td> <td align="right">0.26% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">isiNdebele</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003822500000000000♠">8,225</span></td> <td align="right">0.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sepedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepedi">Sepedi</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003564200000000000♠">5,642</span></td> <td align="right">0.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SiSwati" class="mw-redirect" title="SiSwati">siSwati</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003405600000000000♠">4,056</span></td> <td align="right">0.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tshivenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshivenda">Tshivenda</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003284700000000000♠">2,847</span></td> <td align="right">0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xitsonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Xitsonga">Xitsonga</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003226800000000000♠">2,268</span></td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sign language</td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003570200000000000♠">5,702</span></td> <td align="right">0.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not applicable</td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004740430000000000♠">74,043</span></td> <td align="right">1.60% </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Total</b></th> <th align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006461640100000000♠">4,616,401</span></th> <th align="right"><b>100.0%</b> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African cuisine</a></div> <p>Numerous South African cuisines can be traced back to Coloured people. <a href="/wiki/Bobotie" title="Bobotie">Bobotie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyrsites" title="Thyrsites">snoek</a> based dishes, <a href="/wiki/Koe%27sister" title="Koe'sister">koe'sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato_bredie" title="Tomato bredie">bredies</a>, Malay <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatsby_(sandwich)" title="Gatsby (sandwich)">gatsbies</a> are staple diets of Coloureds and other South Africans as well.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output 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title="Sandra Laing">Sandra Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">Mestiço</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing (racial identity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil_test_(South_Africa)" title="Pencil test (South Africa)">Pencil test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">Person of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes 45,629 <a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Census2022-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2022_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2022_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf">"Census 2022 Statistical Release"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistics South Africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2022+Statistical+Release&rft.pub=Statistics+South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensus.statssa.gov.za%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2F2022%2FP03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2023_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf">"Namibia 2023 Population and Housing Census Main Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Namibia Statistics Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namibia+2023+Population+and+Housing+Census+Main+Report&rft.pub=Namibia+Statistics+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensus.nsanamibia.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F10%2F2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241001155012/https://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/Demography/Census/2022_PHC_Report_27012023_Final.pdf">"Zimbabwe 2022 Population and Housing Census Report, vol. 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ZimStat</i>. Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency. p. 122. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/Demography/Census/2022_PHC_Report_27012023_Final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZimStat&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+2022+Population+and+Housing+Census+Report%2C+vol.+1&rft.pages=122&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zimstat.co.zw%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDemography%2FCensus%2F2022_PHC_Report_27012023_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shadow-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shadow_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner-Thornton2012" class="citation book cs1">Milner-Thornton, Juliette Bridgette (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncc6sOUexo8C&pg=PA9"><i>The Long Shadow of the British Empire: The Ongoing Legacies of Race and Class in Zambia</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 9–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-34284-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-34284-6"><bdi>978-1-349-34284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Shadow+of+the+British+Empire%3A+The+Ongoing+Legacies+of+Race+and+Class+in+Zambia&rft.pages=9-15&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-349-34284-6&rft.aulast=Milner-Thornton&rft.aufirst=Juliette+Bridgette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcc6sOUexo8C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2019" class="citation web cs1">Alexander, Mary (2019-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southafrica-info.com/infographics/languages-black-coloured-indian-white-south-africans-speak/">"What languages do black, coloured, Indian and white South Africans speak?"</a>. <i>South Africa Gateway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Africa+Gateway&rft.atitle=What+languages+do+black%2C+coloured%2C+Indian+and+white+South+Africans+speak%3F&rft.date=2019-06-09&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthafrica-info.com%2Finfographics%2Flanguages-black-coloured-indian-white-south-africans-speak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309100643/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/coloured?q=coloured">"coloured"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/coloured?q=coloured">the original</a> on March 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=coloured&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fcoloured%3Fq%3Dcoloured&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Posel2001-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Posel2001_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Posel2001_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Posel2001_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Posel2001_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Posel2001_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosel2001" class="citation journal cs1">Posel, Deborah (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108101109/http://www.transformation.und.ac.za/issue%2047/47%20posel1.pdf">"What's in a name? Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transformation</i>: 50–74. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-7696">0258-7696</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transformation.und.ac.za/issue%2047/47%20posel1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transformation&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+Racial+categorisations+under+apartheid+and+their+afterlife&rft.pages=50-74&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0258-7696&rft.aulast=Posel&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transformation.und.ac.za%2Fissue%252047%2F47%2520posel1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pillay2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pillay2019_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pillay2019_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillay2019" class="citation book cs1">Pillay, Kathryn (2019). "Indian Identity in South Africa". <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity</i>. pp. 77–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-13-2898-5_9">10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2897-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2897-8"><bdi>978-981-13-2897-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Identity+in+South+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Ethnicity&rft.pages=77-92&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-13-2898-5_9&rft.isbn=978-981-13-2897-8&rft.aulast=Pillay&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01828/05lv01829/06lv01838.htm">"1950. Population Registration Act No 30 - the O'Malley Archives"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1950.+Population+Registration+Act+No+30+-+the+O%27Malley+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomalley.nelsonmandela.org%2Fomalley%2Findex.php%2Fsite%2Fq%2F03lv01538%2F04lv01828%2F05lv01829%2F06lv01838.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/article/2011-02-24-coloureds-overconcentrated-in-wcape-says-manyi/">"Manyi: 'Over-supply' of coloureds in Western Cape"</a>. February 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manyi%3A+%27Over-supply%27+of+coloureds+in+Western+Cape&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2011-02-24-coloureds-overconcentrated-in-wcape-says-manyi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2011RaceElections-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc2011RaceElections_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc2011RaceElections_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13144324">"BBC News - How race still colours South African elections"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. April 20, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141120130536/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13144324">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News+-+How+race+still+colours+South+African+elections&rft.date=2011-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13144324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wc-muni-report-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wc-muni-report_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151113165154/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/WC_Municipal_Report.pdf"><i>Census 2011 Municipal report: Western Cape</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistics South Africa. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-621-41459-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-621-41459-2"><bdi>978-0-621-41459-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/WC_Municipal_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+2011+Municipal+report%3A+Western+Cape&rft.pub=Statistics+South+Africa&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-621-41459-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2Fcensus%2Fcensus_2011%2Fcensus_products%2FWC_Municipal_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEmindwhoarethecapecolouredsofsouthafrica-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEmindwhoarethecapecolouredsofsouthafrica_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEmindwhoarethecapecolouredsofsouthafrica_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFmindwho">mind & who</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFmindwho (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFarethe">are & the</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFarethe (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFcapecoloureds">cape & coloureds</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcapecoloureds (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFofsouth">of & south</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFofsouth (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFafrica">africa</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFafrica (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEsundries26760capecolonykhoidutchwarshtml-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsundries26760capecolonykhoidutchwarshtml_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFsundries26760">sundries & 26760</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFsundries26760 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFcapecolony">cape & colony</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcapecolony (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFkhoidutch">khoi & dutch</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFkhoidutch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFwarshtml">wars & html</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFwarshtml (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEzaarticlehistoryslaveryandearlycolonisationsouthafrica-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzaarticlehistoryslaveryandearlycolonisationsouthafrica_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFzaarticle">za & article</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFzaarticle (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFhistoryslavery">history & slavery</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFhistoryslavery (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFandearly">and & early</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFandearly (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFcolonisationsouth">colonisation & south</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcolonisationsouth (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFafrica">africa</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFafrica (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEacademylessoncapecolouredsoriginsculture-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEacademylessoncapecolouredsoriginsculture_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFacademylesson">academy & lesson</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFacademylesson (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFcapecoloureds">cape & coloureds</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcapecoloureds (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREForiginsculture">origins & culture</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREForiginsculture (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEaczaapclovetimeimperialismkrotoaevavanmeerhof-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEaczaapclovetimeimperialismkrotoaevavanmeerhof_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFacza">ac & za</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFacza (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFapclove">apc & love</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFapclove (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFtimeimperialism">time & imperialism</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFtimeimperialism (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFkrotoaeva">krotoa & eva</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFkrotoaeva (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFvanmeerhof">van & meerhof</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFvanmeerhof (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEsahistoryorgzadatedeventfirstlargegroupfrenchhuguenotsarrivecape-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsahistoryorgzadatedeventfirstlargegroupfrenchhuguenotsarrivecape_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFsahistoryorg">sahistory & org</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFsahistoryorg (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFzadated">za & dated</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFzadated (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFeventfirst">event & first</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFeventfirst (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFlargegroup">large & group</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFlargegroup (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFfrenchhuguenots">french & huguenots</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFfrenchhuguenots (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFarrivecape">arrive & cape</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFarrivecape (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEsahistoryorgzaarticlecapemalay-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsahistoryorgzaarticlecapemalay_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFsahistoryorg">sahistory & org</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFsahistoryorg (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFzaarticle">za & article</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFzaarticle (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFcapemalay">cape & malay</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcapemalay (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEcorejournalsafricanresearchanddocumentationarticleabscapemalaysanimaginedcommunityinsouthafricaabibliographicalessay9415F535F50AF79E6474D25D1ECE8024-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEcorejournalsafricanresearchanddocumentationarticleabscapemalaysanimaginedcommunityinsouthafricaabibliographicalessay9415F535F50AF79E6474D25D1ECE8024_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFcorejournals">core & journals</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcorejournals (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFafricanresearch">african & research</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFafricanresearch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFanddocumentation">and & documentation</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFanddocumentation (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFarticleabs">article & abs</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFarticleabs (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFcapemalays">cape & malays</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcapemalays (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFanimagined">an & imagined</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFanimagined (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFcommunityin">community & in</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcommunityin (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFsouthafrica">south & africa</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFsouthafrica (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFabibliographical">a & bibliographical</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFabibliographical (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFessay9415F535F50AF79E6474D25D1ECE8024">essay & 9415F535F50AF79E6474D25D1ECE8024</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFessay9415F535F50AF79E6474D25D1ECE8024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEzaarticlepoliticalchanges17501820-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzaarticlepoliticalchanges17501820_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFzaarticle">za & article</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFzaarticle (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFpoliticalchanges">political & changes</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFpoliticalchanges (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREF17501820">1750 1820</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREF17501820 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEplaceSouthernAfricaEuropeanandAfricaninteractioninthe19thcentury-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEplaceSouthernAfricaEuropeanandAfricaninteractioninthe19thcentury_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFplaceSouthern">place & Southern</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFplaceSouthern (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAfricaEuropean">Africa & European</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFAfricaEuropean (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFandAfrican">and & African</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFandAfrican (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFinteractionin">interaction & in</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFinteractionin (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFthe19th">the & 19th</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFthe19th (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFcentury">century</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcentury (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>FOOTNOTE</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfricaMiddleEastCapeColouredsHistoryandCulturalRelationshtml-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfricaMiddleEastCapeColouredsHistoryandCulturalRelationshtml_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAfricaMiddle">Africa & Middle</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFAfricaMiddle (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFEastCape">East & Cape</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFEastCape (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFColouredsHistory">Coloureds & History</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFColouredsHistory (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFandCultural">and & Cultural</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFandCultural (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFRelationshtml">Relations & html</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFRelationshtml (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CalafellDaya2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CalafellDaya2013_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalafellDayavan_der_MerweGalal2013" class="citation journal cs1">Calafell, Francesc; Daya, Michelle; van der Merwe, Lize; Galal, Ushma; Möller, Marlo; Salie, Muneeb; Chimusa, Emile R.; Galanter, Joshua M.; van Helden, Paul D.; Henn, Brenna M.; Gignoux, Chris R.; Hoal, Eileen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3869660">"A Panel of Ancestry Informative Markers for the Complex Five-Way Admixed South African Coloured Population"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (12): e82224. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...882224D">2013PLoSO...882224D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0082224">10.1371/journal.pone.0082224</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3869660">3869660</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24376522">24376522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Panel+of+Ancestry+Informative+Markers+for+the+Complex+Five-Way+Admixed+South+African+Coloured+Population&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e82224&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3869660%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...882224D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24376522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0082224&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Calafell&rft.aufirst=Francesc&rft.au=Daya%2C+Michelle&rft.au=van+der+Merwe%2C+Lize&rft.au=Galal%2C+Ushma&rft.au=M%C3%B6ller%2C+Marlo&rft.au=Salie%2C+Muneeb&rft.au=Chimusa%2C+Emile+R.&rft.au=Galanter%2C+Joshua+M.&rft.au=van+Helden%2C+Paul+D.&rft.au=Henn%2C+Brenna+M.&rft.au=Gignoux%2C+Chris+R.&rft.au=Hoal%2C+Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3869660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_WitDelportRugamikaMeintjes2010" class="citation journal cs1">de Wit, E; Delport, W; Rugamika, CE; Meintjes, A; Möller, M; van Helden, PD; Seoighe, C; Hoal, EG (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-010-0836-1">"Genome-wide analysis of the structure of the South African Coloured Population in the Western Cape"</a>. <i>Human Genetics</i>. <b>128</b> (2): 145–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-010-0836-1">10.1007/s00439-010-0836-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20490549">20490549</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24696284">24696284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+analysis+of+the+structure+of+the+South+African+Coloured+Population+in+the+Western+Cape&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-53&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24696284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20490549&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-010-0836-1&rft.aulast=de+Wit&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Delport%2C+W&rft.au=Rugamika%2C+CE&rft.au=Meintjes%2C+A&rft.au=M%C3%B6ller%2C+M&rft.au=van+Helden%2C+PD&rft.au=Seoighe%2C+C&rft.au=Hoal%2C+EG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00439-010-0836-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cell.com-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cell.com_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintana-MurciHarmantHBalanovsky2010" class="citation journal cs1">Quintana-Murci, L; Harmant, C; H, Quach; Balanovsky, O; Zaporozhchenko, V; Bormans, C; van Helden, PD; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850426">"Strong maternal Khoisan contribution to the South African coloured population: a case of gender-biased admixture"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>86</b> (4): 611–620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2010.02.014">10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850426">2850426</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20346436">20346436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Strong+maternal+Khoisan+contribution+to+the+South+African+coloured+population%3A+a+case+of+gender-biased+admixture&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611-620&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2850426%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20346436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2010.02.014&rft.aulast=Quintana-Murci&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Harmant%2C+C&rft.au=H%2C+Quach&rft.au=Balanovsky%2C+O&rft.au=Zaporozhchenko%2C+V&rft.au=Bormans%2C+C&rft.au=van+Helden%2C+PD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2850426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlebuschNaidooSoodyall2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schlebusch, CM; Naidoo, T; Soodyall, H (2009). "SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa". <i>Electrophoresis</i>. <b>30</b> (21): 3657–3664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Felps.200900197">10.1002/elps.200900197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19810027">19810027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19515426">19515426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrophoresis&rft.atitle=SNaPshot+minisequencing+to+resolve+mitochondrial+macro-haplogroups+found+in+Africa&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=3657-3664&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19515426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19810027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Felps.200900197&rft.aulast=Schlebusch&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Naidoo%2C+T&rft.au=Soodyall%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fynn1991-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fynn1991_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFynn1991" class="citation thesis cs1">Fynn, Lorraine Margaret (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10413/6802/Fynn_Lorraine_Margaret_1991.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>The "Coloured" Community of Durban: A Study of Changing Perceptions of Identity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Master of Social Science). Durban: University of Natal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+%22Coloured%22+Community+of+Durban%3A+A+Study+of+Changing+Perceptions+of+Identity&rft.inst=University+of+Natal&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Fynn&rft.aufirst=Lorraine+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchspace.ukzn.ac.za%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10413%2F6802%2FFynn_Lorraine_Margaret_1991.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer2015-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer2015_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer2015_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Palmer, Fileve T. (2015). <i>Through a Coloured Lens: Post-Apartheid Identity amongst Coloureds in KZN</i> (PhD). Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2022%2F19854">2022/19854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Through+a+Coloured+Lens%3A+Post-Apartheid+Identity+amongst+Coloureds+in+KZN&rft.inst=Indiana+University&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2022%2F19854&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Fileve+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbieriVicenteRochaMpoloka2013" class="citation journal cs1">Barbieri, Chiara; Vicente, Mário; Rocha, Jorge; Mpoloka, Sununguko W.; Stoneking, Mark; Pakendorf, Brigitte (2013-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567273">"Ancient Substructure in Early mtDNA Lineages of Southern Africa"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>92</b> (2): 285–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2012.12.010">10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.12.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567273">3567273</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23332919">23332919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Ancient+Substructure+in+Early+mtDNA+Lineages+of+Southern+Africa&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=285-292&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3567273%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23332919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2012.12.010&rft.aulast=Barbieri&rft.aufirst=Chiara&rft.au=Vicente%2C+M%C3%A1rio&rft.au=Rocha%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Mpoloka%2C+Sununguko+W.&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft.au=Pakendorf%2C+Brigitte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3567273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEzaplacegriqualandeast-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzaplacegriqualandeast_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFzaplace">za & place</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFzaplace (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFgriqualandeast">griqualand & east</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFgriqualandeast (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nurse 1975:71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEcitypressTrendingThebitterstoryofSouthAfricansugar20150802-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEcitypressTrendingThebitterstoryofSouthAfricansugar20150802_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFcitypressTrending">citypress & Trending</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcitypressTrending (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFThebitter">The & bitter</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFThebitter (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFstoryof">story & of</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFstoryof (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFSouthAfrican">South & African</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFSouthAfrican (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFsugar20150802">sugar & 20150802</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFsugar20150802 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEzanewsABriefHistoryofDurbansSugarCane-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzanewsABriefHistoryofDurbansSugarCane_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFzanews">za & news</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFzanews (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFABrief">A & Brief</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFABrief (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFHistoryof">History & of</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFHistoryof (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFDurbansSugar">Durbans & Sugar</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFDurbansSugar (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFCane">Cane</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFCane (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEjohnrobertdunn-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEjohnrobertdunn_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFjohnrobert">john & robert</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFjohnrobert (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFdunn">dunn</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFdunn (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEprojectsOGLEsettlerdescendantsinNatalandSouthAfrica4495738-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEprojectsOGLEsettlerdescendantsinNatalandSouthAfrica4495738_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFprojectsOGLE">projects & OGLE</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFprojectsOGLE (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFsettlerdescendants">settler & descendants</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFsettlerdescendants (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFinNatal">in & Natal</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFinNatal (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFandSouth">and & South</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFandSouth (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAfrica4495738">Africa & 4495738</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFAfrica4495738 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEaczaserverapicorebitstreams5e1a0e775ac646d6bc028b6c29c47f79content-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEaczaserverapicorebitstreams5e1a0e775ac646d6bc028b6c29c47f79content_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFacza">ac & za</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFacza (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFserverapi">server & api</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFserverapi (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFcorebitstreams">core & bitstreams</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcorebitstreams (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREF5e1a0e775ac6">5e1a0e77 & 5ac6</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREF5e1a0e775ac6 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREF46d6bc02">46d6 & bc02</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREF46d6bc02 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREF8b6c29c47f79content">8b6c29c47f79 & content</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREF8b6c29c47f79content (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEzaFiles4Natalia%20v04%20article%20p1417%20Cpdf-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzaFiles4Natalia%2520v04%2520article%2520p1417%2520Cpdf_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFzaFiles">za & Files</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFzaFiles (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREF4Natalia%2520v04%2520article%2520p14">4 & Natalia%20v04%20article%20p14</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREF4Natalia%2520v04%2520article%2520p14 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREF17%2520Cpdf">17%20C & pdf</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREF17%2520Cpdf (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moultrie, A. T., & Dorrington, R. Used for ill, used for good: A century of collecting data on race in South Africa. pp. 7, 8. Moultrie and Dorrington. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232827270_Used_for_ill_used_for_good_A_century_of_collecting_data_on_race_in_South_Africa">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232827270_Used_for_ill_used_for_good_A_century_of_collecting_data_on_race_in_South_Africa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121035811/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/abdurahman-a.htm">"Dr Abdullah Abdurahman 1872 - 1940"</a>. South African History Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/abdurahman-a.htm">the original</a> on 2007-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr+Abdullah+Abdurahman+1872+-+1940&rft.pub=South+African+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fpages%2Fpeople%2Fbios%2Fabdurahman-a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adhikari, Mohamed, editor. Burdened by Race: Coloured Identities in Southern Africa. UCT Press, 2013, pp. 69, 124, 203 ISBN 978-1-92051-660-4 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/c0a95c41-a983-49fc-ac1f-7720d607340d/628130.pdf">https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/c0a95c41-a983-49fc-ac1f-7720d607340d/628130.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathabane, M. (1986). Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa. Simon & Schuster. (Chapter 2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423220247/http://heritage.thetimes.co.za/memorials/wc/RaceClassificationBoard/article.aspx?id=591128">An appalling "science"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Graham Leach, <i>South Africa : no easy path to peace</i> (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southafricanoeas0000leac/page/70">p. 70</a>: Population Registration Act, 1959 cape coloured</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh2005" class="citation web cs1">Welsh, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725184207/http://www.hsf.org.za/resource-centre/focus/issues-31-40/issue-37-first-quarter-2005/a-hollowing-out-of-our-democracy">"A hollowing-out of our democracy?"</a>. Helen Suzman Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsf.org.za/resource-centre/focus/issues-31-40/issue-37-first-quarter-2005/a-hollowing-out-of-our-democracy">the original</a> on 2011-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+hollowing-out+of+our+democracy%3F&rft.pub=Helen+Suzman+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsf.org.za%2Fresource-centre%2Ffocus%2Fissues-31-40%2Fissue-37-first-quarter-2005%2Fa-hollowing-out-of-our-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaull2004" class="citation web cs1">Faull, Jonathan (June 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618021945/http://www.idasa.org.za/index.asp?page=output_details.asp%3FRID%3D60&Pub=Y&OTID=5">"Election Synopsis - How the West was Won (and Lost) - May 2004"</a>. Institute for Democracy in Africa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idasa.org.za/index.asp?page=output_details.asp%3FRID%3D60%26Pub%3DY%26OTID%3D5">the original</a> on June 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+Synopsis+-+How+the+West+was+Won+%28and+Lost%29+-+May+2004&rft.pub=Institute+for+Democracy+in+Africa&rft.date=2004-06-21&rft.aulast=Faull&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idasa.org.za%2Findex.asp%3Fpage%3Doutput_details.asp%253FRID%253D60%2526Pub%253DY%2526OTID%253D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEzaarticleafrikaner-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEzaarticleafrikaner_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFzaarticle">za & article</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFzaarticle (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFafrikaner">afrikaner</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFafrikaner (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE40384124ABriefHistoryoftheAfrikaansLanguage-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE40384124ABriefHistoryoftheAfrikaansLanguage_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF40384124A">40384124 & A</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREF40384124A (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFBriefHistory">Brief & History</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBriefHistory (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFofthe">of & the</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFofthe (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAfrikaansLanguage">Afrikaans & Language</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFAfrikaansLanguage (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEcorebooksabslanguageinsouthafricaafrikaansconsideringoriginsD3738714720F48E55096C620FB870CF2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEcorebooksabslanguageinsouthafricaafrikaansconsideringoriginsD3738714720F48E55096C620FB870CF2_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFcorebooks">core & books</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFcorebooks (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; 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<a href="#CITEREFD3738714720F48E55096C620FB870CF2">D3738714720F48E55096C620FB870CF2</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFD3738714720F48E55096C620FB870CF2 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEthehistoryandevolutionofafrikaans-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEthehistoryandevolutionofafrikaans_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFthehistory">the & history</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFthehistory (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFandevolution">and & evolution</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFandevolution (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFofafrikaans">of & afrikaans</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFofafrikaans (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEkaapsanoldlanguageembracedbyanewgeneration-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEkaapsanoldlanguageembracedbyanewgeneration_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFkaapsan">kaaps & an</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFkaapsan (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFoldlanguage">old & language</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFoldlanguage (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFembracedby">embraced & by</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFembracedby (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFanew">a & new</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFanew (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFgeneration">generation</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFgeneration (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEreadarticle202111november2021kaapsthislanguagecalledkaapsanintroductionoliviamcoe-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEreadarticle202111november2021kaapsthislanguagecalledkaapsanintroductionoliviamcoe_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFreadarticle">read & article</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFreadarticle (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREF202111">2021 & 11</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREF202111 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFnovember2021">november 2021</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFnovember2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFkaapsthis">kaaps & this</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFkaapsthis (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFlanguagecalled">language & called</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFlanguagecalled (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFkaapsan">kaaps & an</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFkaapsan (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFintroductionolivia">introduction & olivia</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFintroductionolivia (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFmcoe">m & coe</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFmcoe (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagardien2008" class="citation book cs1">Lagardien, Zainab (2008). <i>Traditional Cape Malay Cooking</i>. Struik Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-671-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-671-6"><bdi>978-1-77007-671-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Cape+Malay+Cooking&rft.pub=Struik+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-77007-671-6&rft.aulast=Lagardien&rft.aufirst=Zainab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColoureds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>39.^ <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.historytools.org/stories/remembering-district-six-a-vibrant-community-shattered-by-apartheid">https://www.historytools.org/stories/remembering-district-six-a-vibrant-community-shattered-by-apartheid</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Gekonsolideerde Algemene Bibliografie: Die Kleurlinge Van Suid-Afrika</i>, South Africa Department of Coloured Affairs, Inligtingsafdeling, 1960, 79 p.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Mohamed Adhikari</a>, <i>Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community</i>, Ohio University Press, 2005, 252 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896802445" title="Special:BookSources/9780896802445">9780896802445</a></li> <li>Vernie A. February, <i>Mind Your Colour: The "coloured" Stereotype in South African Literature</i>, Routledge, 1981, 248 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710300027" title="Special:BookSources/9780710300027">9780710300027</a></li> <li>R. E. Van der Ross, <i>100 Questions about Coloured South Africans</i>, 1993, 36 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780620178044" title="Special:BookSources/9780620178044">9780620178044</a></li> <li>Philippe Gervais-Lambony, <i>La nouvelle Afrique du Sud, problèmes politiques et sociaux</i>, <a href="/wiki/La_Documentation_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="La Documentation française">la Documentation française</a>, 1998</li> <li>François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar, <i>Histoire de l'Afrique du Sud</i>, 2006, Seuil</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Jooste" title="Pamela Jooste">Pamela Jooste</a>, <i>Dance with a Poor Man's Daughter</i>, Doubleday, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-40911-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-40911-7">978-0-385-40911-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Wicomb" title="Zoë Wicomb">Zoë Wicomb</a>, <i>David’s Story</i>, New York, Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2001.</li> <li>Henry Martin Scholtz, <i>A Place Called Vatmaar</i>, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0795701047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0795701047">978-0795701047</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coloured_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coloured people">Coloured people</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Template:Ethnic groups in South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Ethnic groups in South Africa">Ethnic groups in South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_people" title="Bhaca people">Bhaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpondomise_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpondomise people">Mpondomise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengu_people" title="Fengu people">Fengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlubi_people" title="Hlubi people">Hlubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ndebele_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondo people">Pondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Thembu people">Thembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gcaleka" title="Gcaleka">Gcaleka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gqunukhwebe" title="Gqunukhwebe">Gqunukhwebe</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaika_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaika people">Gaika</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Xesibe" class="mw-redirect" title="Xesibe">Xesibe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fingo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingo people">Fingo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khumalo_clan" title="Khumalo clan">Khumalo</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotho-Tswana_peoples" title="Sotho-Tswana peoples">Sotho-Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Basotho/S. Sotho</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koena_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Koena tribe">Bakoena</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Taung_tribe" title="Taung tribe">Bataung</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tlokwa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlokwa tribe">Batlokwa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi/N. Sotho</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lobedu_people" title="Lobedu people">Balobedu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mabelane_tribe" title="Mabelane tribe">Mabelane</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Balete_people" title="Balete people">Balete</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hlengwe</li> <li>Xika</li> <li>N'walungu</li> <li>Gwamba</li> <li>Tswha</li> <li>Rhonga</li> <li>Hlanganu</li> <li>Nhlave</li> <li>Bila</li> <li>Dzonga</li> <li>Copi</li> <li>Ndzawu</li> <li>Thonga</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ngona</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandloper_peoples" title="Strandloper peoples">Strandloper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">ǃKung</a></li> <li>ǀXam</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa#South_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">Huguenots</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Angolans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Africa" title="Greeks in South Africa">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora#South_Africa" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_South_Africans" title="Italian South Africans">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">Jews</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Lebanese people in South Africa">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Mozambicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_South_Africans" title="Norwegian South Africans">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in South Africa">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_African" title="Portuguese South African">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_South_Africa" title="Serbs in South Africa">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_South_Africa" title="Turks in South Africa">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Zimbabweans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coloureds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamils</a></li> <li>Telegu/Andhras</li> <li>Hindi</li> <li>Urdu</li> <li>Gujaratis <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Memons_in_South_Africa" title="Memons in South Africa">Memons</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Surtis</span></li></ul></li> <li>Koknis</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_South_Africa" title="Zimbabweans in South Africa">Zimbabweans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_South_Africa" title="Somalis in South Africa">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_South_Africa" title="Nigerians in South Africa">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Japanese people in South Africa">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_South_Africa" title="Koreans in South Africa">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_South_Africa" title="Pakistanis in South Africa">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multiracial_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiethnicity" title="Template talk:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multiracial_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian Jews</a></li> <li>Brazilians <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pt:ju%C3%A7ara" class="extiw" title="wikt:pt:juçara"><i>juçaras</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras">caiçaras</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mameluco</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1" title="Sarará">sarará</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo"><i>cafuzo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li> <li>Eurasians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasian Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino Mestizo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">Hāfu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topasses" title="Topasses">Topasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people_in_China" title="Multiracial people in China">Hùnxuě'ér</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu"><i>ainoko</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">castizo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">cholo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(racial_category)" title="Coyote (racial category)">coyote</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto"><i>mulatos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">Sacatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">Diasporas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_luk_khrueng_people" title="List of luk khrueng people">luk khrueng people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130204#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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