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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_to_feudal_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_to_feudal_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prehistoric to feudal Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_to_feudal_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edo_period_(1603–1867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edo_period_(1603–1867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Edo period (1603–1867)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edo_period_(1603–1867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meiji,_Taishō_and_pre-war_Shōwa_period_(1868–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meiji,_Taishō_and_pre-war_Shōwa_period_(1868–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Meiji, Taishō and pre-war Shōwa period (1868–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meiji,_Taishō_and_pre-war_Shōwa_period_(1868–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Contemporary period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shōwa_period_(post-war)_(1945–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shōwa_period_(post-war)_(1945–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Shōwa period (post-war) (1945–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shōwa_period_(post-war)_(1945–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heisei_period_(1989–2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heisei_period_(1989–2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Heisei period (1989–2019)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heisei_period_(1989–2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reiwa_period_(2019–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reiwa_period_(2019–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Reiwa period (2019–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reiwa_period_(2019–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_hāfu_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_hāfu_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable hāfu individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_hāfu_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hāfu_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hāfu_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hāfu in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hāfu_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Hāfu</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="هافو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هافو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hāfu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hāfu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hāfu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hāfu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95_(%E6%B7%B7%E8%A1%80)" title="ハーフ (混血) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハーフ (混血)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafu" title="Hafu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hafu" data-language-autonym="Português" 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person of partial Japanese ancestry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hafu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hafu (disambiguation)">Hafu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <b><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hāfu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ハーフ</span></span>, "half")</span></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> term used to refer to a person born in Japan with half-Japanese and half non-Japanese ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word can also be used to describe anyone with <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">mixed-racial</a> ancestry in general. As many consider Japan to be one of the most homogeneous societies on the planet,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> children who have one parent of non-Japanese ancestry are called <i>hāfu</i> Japanese and often face prejudice and discrimination from native Japanese citizens of full Japanese ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hāfu</i> individuals are well represented in Japanese media and abroad, and recent studies in the 2010s estimate that 1 in 30 children born in Japan are born to <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial couples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Japanese">In Japanese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ainoko</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">間の子</span></span>, lit. child in-between or child of love)</span></b> – An <i>ainoko</i> is a Japanese person with a non-Japanese or <b><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gaikokujin" class="extiw" title="wikt:gaikokujin">gaikokujin</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">外国人</span></span>, lit. foreigner)</span></b>, parent. It was historically often associated with discriminating sentiment. The term is almost never used today in Japan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Daburu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ダブル</span></span>, lit. double)</span></b> – A <i>daburu</i> is an alternative to Hāfu that focuses on the positive connotations of two cultures instead of one.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Konketsuji</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">混血児</span></span>, lit. mixed-blood child)</span></b> – A <i>konketsuji</i> is a Japanese person with one non-Japanese parent. It is considered a <a href="/wiki/Racial_slur" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial slur">derogatory</a> term.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kwōtā</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">クォーター</span></span>, lit. quarter)</span></b> – A <i>kwōtā</i> is a Japanese person with one Japanese <i>grand</i>parent. The term is a loanword, based on the English word "quarter" and refers to an individual's 25%, or one quarter, Japanese ancestry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_languages">In other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><b>Japinoy</b></i> – A person of mixed Japanese and Filipino ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></b></i> (also <i><b>Blasian</b></i>) – An <i>Afro-Asian</i> is an individual of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> ancestry. <i>Blasian</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of Black and Asian, is a <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> term and is regularly used among English speakers in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.</li> <li><i><b>Ainoco</b></i> (f. <i><b>Ainoca</b></i>) – An <i>ainoco</i> is an individual with one Japanese parent. The term is a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a>, based on the Japanese word <b><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ainoko" class="extiw" title="wikt:ainoko">ainoko</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">間の子</span></span>, lit. child in-between or child of love)</span></b> and is used by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> speakers in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpeian</a> speakers in <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, both countries with a sizable Japanese populations.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></b></i> – An <i>Amerasian</i> is an individual of <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian</a> ancestry. Historically, the term referred to children born to local women and American servicemen stationed in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam Wars</a>. It should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian American</a>, which describes an American citizen of full or partial Asian ancestry.</li> <li><i><b>Eurasian</b></i> – A <i>Eurasian</i> is an individual of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> and Asian ancestry. It should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian continent</a>.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></b></i> – A <i>hapa</i> is an individual of mixed <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> heritage. The term is a loanword, based on the English word half, as <i>hāfu</i> is; unlike <i>hāfu</i>, the term does not imply an individual is 50%, or half, of a certain race or ethnicity, only that they are mixed race. It is a <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> term, used by English and Hawaiian speakers in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.</li> <li><i><b>Japonês mestiço</b></i> – A <i>japonês mestiço</i> (lit. Japanese <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>) or <i>japonês miscigenado</i> is an individual, usually an <i>eurasiano</i>, with one Japanese parent, i.e. a <i>nipônico</i> citizen, or a <i>nipo-brasileiro</i>. They are Portuguese terms, used in Brazil, but enjoy less popularity than ainoco and hāfu.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_to_feudal_Japan">Prehistoric to feudal Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistoric to feudal Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hāfu refers to a person who has one ethnic Japanese parent and one non-ethnic Japanese parent. The term ethnic Japanese refers to the Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a>. Over the course of centuries, the minority ethnic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuans" title="Ryukyuans">Ryukyuans</a> were mostly assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a> population. Mixed race couples and thus hāfu people were rare in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">feudal Japan</a>. There were mixed Asian couples between ethnic Japanese and other East and Southeast Asian peoples. </p><p>The most well-regarded theory is that present-day <a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato Japanese</a> are descendants of both the Indigenous <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_people" title="Jōmon people">Jōmon people</a> and the immigrant <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_people" title="Yayoi people">Yayoi people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiriyama17_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiriyama17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yayoi were an admixture (1,000 BCE–300 CE) of migrants from <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean peninsula</a>. </p><p>Modern mainland Yamato Japanese have less than 20% Jomon people's genomes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern Japan, the term Yamato <i>minzoku</i> is seen as antiquated for connoting racial notions that have been discarded in many circles since Japan's surrender in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a>" or even "Japanese-Japanese" are often used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> studies indicate that the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukyuans</a> are significantly related to the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a> and share the ancestry with the indigenous prehistoric <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> (pre 10,000–1,000 BCE) people, who arrived from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YukaSuzuki_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YukaSuzuki-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrickx200765_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrickx200765-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerafim200898_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerafim200898-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbeets201526_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbeets201526-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuans" title="Ryukyuans">Ryukyuans</a>' distinct culture was suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Meiji government</a> and faced forced assimilation.<sup id="cite_ref-MasamiIto2009_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MasamiIto2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edo_period_(1603–1867)"><span id="Edo_period_.281603.E2.80.931867.29"></span>Edo period (1603–1867)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Edo period (1603–1867)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E7%95%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E7%95%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg/150px-%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E7%95%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E7%95%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg/225px-%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E7%95%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E7%95%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg/301px-%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E7%95%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a> was a Chinese monarch who was hāfu Japanese.</figcaption></figure> <p>English sailor <a href="/wiki/William_Adams_(sailor,_born_1564)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Adams (sailor, born 1564)">William Adams</a>, a navigator for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, settled in Japan in April 1600. He was ultimately granted the rank of <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>, one of the few non-Japanese to do so. He wed Oyuki (お雪), a Japanese woman and together, they had two children, Joseph and Susanna, who were <i>hāfu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese military leader Chenggong Zheng, historically known as <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a> (1624–1662), was <i>hāfu</i>, born in Japan to a Japanese mother and Chinese father and raised there until the age of seven, known by the Japanese given name, Fukumatsu.<sup id="cite_ref-JansenJansen1992_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JansenJansen1992-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meiji,_Taishō_and_pre-war_Shōwa_period_(1868–1945)"><span id="Meiji.2C_Taish.C5.8D_and_pre-war_Sh.C5.8Dwa_period_.281868.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Meiji, Taishō and pre-war Shōwa period (1868–1945)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Meiji, Taishō and pre-war Shōwa period (1868–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1899, the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a> were increasingly marginalized. During a period of only 36 years, the Ainu went from being a relatively isolated group of people to having their land, language, religion and customs assimilated into those of the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intermarriage between Japanese and Ainu was actively promoted by the Ainu to lessen the chances of discrimination against their offspring. As a result, many Ainu are indistinguishable from their Japanese neighbors, but some Ainu Japanese are interested in traditional Ainu culture.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first visible usage of the term <i>Hāfu</i> dates to 1930, in the novel <i><b>Machi No Kokusai Mune</b></i> (街の國際娘, lit. International Girl in the City) by Japanese author <i><b>Touma Kitabayashi</b></i>(北林透馬). In the chapter <i><b>Minato no Sakaba no Ainoko Odoriko</b></i>(港の酒場の混血児踊り子, lit. The Dancing In-Between Child at the Harbour Bar) the furigana <i>Hāfu</i> is used as a synonym for the term "<i>konketsuji</i>" predating the appearance of <i>Hāfu</i> in dictionaries, which would not occur until after 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_period">Contemporary period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shōwa_period_(post-war)_(1945–1989)"><span id="Sh.C5.8Dwa_period_.28post-war.29_.281945.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Shōwa period (post-war) (1945–1989)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shōwa period (post-war) (1945–1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amerasian#Japan" title="Amerasian">Amerasian § Japan</a></div> <p>The presence of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> in Japan and Asia saw the birth of many children born to American fathers; these children were called <a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasians</a>. It's estimated that by 1952, anywhere from 5,000 to 10,000 Japanese children were fathered by American servicemen, with many of the children placed for adoption by their Japanese mothers due to the stigma of <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">out-of-wedlock</a> pregnancy and <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> and the struggles of supporting a child alone in post-war Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-児童養護施設_聖母愛児園_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-児童養護施設_聖母愛児園-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-translate_–_Google_Search_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translate_–_Google_Search-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One orphanage, <b><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Seibo Aijien</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">聖母愛児園</span></span>, <i>Seibo Aijien</i>, <i>Our Lady of Lourdes Orphanage</i>)</span></b>, in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, run by <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> nuns, opened in 1946. By 1948, staff members were caring for 126 children fathered by American servicemen, and 136 children by 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-児童養護施設_聖母愛児園_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-児童養護施設_聖母愛児園-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-translate_–_Google_Search_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translate_–_Google_Search-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A letter, dated 1948, detailed an incident of a malnourished infant born to a Japanese teenager whose American father refused to support for fear his wife would learn of his <a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">extramarital affair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Saunders_Home" title="Elizabeth Saunders Home">Elizabeth Saunders Home</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ciso" title="Ōiso">Ōiso</a> by a Japanese woman named <a href="/wiki/Miki_Sawada" title="Miki Sawada">Miki Sawada</a>, cared for more than 700 Amerasian children, none of whom were visited or supported by their American fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kure_Project" title="Kure Project">Kure Project</a> operated in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture">Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture</a>, between 1960 and 1977 providing long-term assistance to over 100 families with mixed-race children.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heisei_period_(1989–2019)"><span id="Heisei_period_.281989.E2.80.932019.29"></span>Heisei period (1989–2019)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heisei period (1989–2019)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaomiOsaka-smile-2020_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NaomiOsaka-smile-2020_%28cropped%29.png/170px-NaomiOsaka-smile-2020_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NaomiOsaka-smile-2020_%28cropped%29.png/255px-NaomiOsaka-smile-2020_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NaomiOsaka-smile-2020_%28cropped%29.png/340px-NaomiOsaka-smile-2020_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3318" data-file-height="5776" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Osaka" title="Naomi Osaka">Naomi Osaka</a>, tennis player (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian people">Haitian</a> / Japanese) </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naomi_Watanabe_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Naomi_Watanabe_%281%29.jpg/170px-Naomi_Watanabe_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Naomi_Watanabe_%281%29.jpg/255px-Naomi_Watanabe_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Naomi_Watanabe_%281%29.jpg/340px-Naomi_Watanabe_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Watanabe" title="Naomi Watanabe">Naomi Watanabe</a>, actress, comedian, fashion designer (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese</a> / Japanese) </figcaption></figure><p>Fashionable images of the half Japanese people have become prominent especially with the increased appearance of <i>hāfu</i> in the Japanese media.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hāfu</i> models are now seen on television or fill the pages of fashion magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Non-no" title="Non-no">Non-no</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/CanCam" title="CanCam">CanCam</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vivi_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivi (magazine)">Vivi</a></i> as often as newsreaders or celebrities. The appearance of <i>hāfu</i> in the media has provided the basis for such a vivid representation of them in the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, it is estimated that 30% to 40% of runway models in Japanese fashion shows identify as hafu.<sup id="cite_ref-models_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-models-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most top models in their 20s of popular Japanese fashion magazines are hafu.<sup id="cite_ref-models_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-models-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest terms referring to half Japanese was <i>ainoko</i>, meaning a child born of a relationship between two races. It is still used in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, most prominently <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (where spellings such as <i>ainoco</i>, <i>ainoca</i> (f.) and <i>ainocô</i> may be found), to refer to <i><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a></i> (broader term in Hispanic America for mixed race in general) or <i>mestiço</i> people of some Japanese ancestry. In Brazil, <i>amarela</i> (yellow) is generally used for people of East Asian origin. </p><p>The former term evolved to be an umbrella term for Eurasian or mixed East Asian/mestizo, East Asian/African, East Asian/Arab and East Asian/indigenous heritage in general. At the same time it is possible for people with little Japanese or other East Asian ancestry to be perceivable just by their phenotype to identify mostly as black, white or mestizo/pardo instead of <i>ainoko</i>, while people with about a quarter or less of non-East Asian ancestry may identify on the Brazilian census as being <i>amarela</i> ("yellow" or East Asian). </p><p>Soon this too became a taboo term due to its derogatory connotations such as illegitimacy and discrimination. What were central to these labels were the emphasis on "blood impurity" and the obvious separation of the half Japanese from the majority of Japanese. Some English-speaking parents of children of mixed ethnicity use the word "double."<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> is another term for children of mixed ancestry, especially those born to Japanese mothers and U.S. military fathers. </p><p>Of the one million children born in Japan in 2013, 2.2% had one or more non-Japanese parent.<sup><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan#cite_note-70" title="Marriage in Japan">[70]</a></sup> According to the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, one in forty-nine babies born in Japan today are born into families with one non-Japanese parent.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most intermarriages in Japan are between Japanese men and women from other Asian countries, including China, the Philippines and South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-hafu-in-japan_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hafu-in-japan-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeast Asia also has significant populations of people with half Japanese ancestry, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, stereotyping and discrimination against hāfu occurs based on how different their identity, behavior and appearance is from a typical Japanese person.<sup id="cite_ref-models_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-models-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some experience negative treatment such as being teased or <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullied</a> in junior high school, treated like foreigners or stereotyped as bilingual and models.<sup id="cite_ref-models_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-models-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, being mixed has been increasingly seen more positively.<sup id="cite_ref-models_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-models-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hafu of international marriages between Japanese and other Asians tend to blend in easier in Japanese society. They can have a <a href="/wiki/Bicultural_identity" title="Bicultural identity">bicultural identity</a>. Their foreign side could be suppressed in Japan's homogeneous culture. </p><p><i><b>Smile</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">スマイル</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sumairu</i></span>)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_television_drama" title="Japanese television drama">television drama series</a>, broadcast by <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Broadcasting System">TBS</a> from April to June 2009. <a href="/wiki/Jun_Matsumoto" title="Jun Matsumoto">Jun Matsumoto</a> plays the lead role of Vito, a half-Filipino, half-Japanese man who always smiles despite all of the problems and difficulties he faces. The series focused on foreigners and mixed race children who suffered from racism.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Hafu_(film)" title="Hafu (film)">Hafu: The Mixed-Race Experience in Japan</a></i> was released in April 2013. It is about the experiences of five hāfu living in Japan. It deals with issues of identity, multiculturalism, relationships, hardship and stereotyping that they face.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Osaka" title="Naomi Osaka">Naomi Osaka</a> is the first <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> woman and hāfu to contest a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> singles final and the first Japanese <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> singles champion. Naomi Osaka is the winner of the <a href="/wiki/2018_US_Open_(tennis)" title="2018 US Open (tennis)">2018 US Open</a> Women's Singles.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-us-open-final_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-open-final-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reiwa_period_(2019–)"><span id="Reiwa_period_.282019.E2.80.93.29"></span>Reiwa period (2019–)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reiwa period (2019–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to low birthrate, the <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_Japan" title="Aging of Japan">population of Japan is aging</a> significantly. As of 2019, the fertility rate stood at 1.36 children per woman, far below the 2.1 children per woman required to maintain the same level of population. Japan had 126.5 million people in 2018, with Japanese nationals numbering 124.8 million in January 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Population-2019-124-mil_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-2019-124-mil-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, 1 in 4 Japanese residents are over the age of 65, meaning that if the birthrate does not increase, one-third of the population will be above this age by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The percentage of hāfu is increasing, but the group is still a minority in Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government of Japan</a> regards all naturalized Japanese citizens and native-born Japanese nationals with multi-ethnic backgrounds as Japanese, with no official <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Japan" title="Ethnic groups of Japan">ethnicity census data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-xvq_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xvq-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_hāfu_individuals"><span id="Notable_h.C4.81fu_individuals"></span>Notable hāfu individuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable hāfu individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_h%C4%81fu_people" title="List of hāfu people">List of half Japanese people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hāfu_in_popular_culture"><span id="H.C4.81fu_in_popular_culture"></span>Hāfu in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hāfu in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_h%C4%81fu_in_popular_culture" title="List of hāfu in popular culture">List of hāfu in popular culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 250px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Japan">Demography of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_Japan" title="Aging of Japan">Aging of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-caste" title="Half-caste">Half-caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAnxu%C4%9Br" class="mw-redirect" title="Húnxuěr">Húnxuěr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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(2016-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5285490">"A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan"</a>. <i>Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>62</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2016.110">10.1038/jhg.2016.110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5285490">5285490</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27581845">27581845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+partial+nuclear+genome+of+the+Jomons+who+lived+3000+years+ago+in+Fukushima%2C+Japan&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5285490%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27581845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fjhg.2016.110&rft.aulast=Kanzawa-Kiriyama&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Kryukov%2C+K.&rft.au=Jinam%2C+T.+A.&rft.au=Hosomichi%2C+K.&rft.au=Saso%2C+A.&rft.au=Suwa%2C+G.&rft.au=Ueda%2C+S.&rft.au=Yoneda%2C+M.&rft.au=Tajima%2C+A.&rft.au=Shinoda%2C+K.+I.&rft.au=Inoue%2C+I.&rft.au=Saitou%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5285490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiner 2009, xiv-xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Levin, Mark (February 1, 2008). "The Wajin's Whiteness: Law and Race Privilege in Japan". <i>Hōritsu Jihō (法律時報)</i>. <b>80</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1551462">1551462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C5%8Dritsu+Jih%C5%8D+%28%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1%29&rft.atitle=The+Wajin%27s+Whiteness%3A+Law+and+Race+Privilege+in+Japan&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1551462%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YukaSuzuki-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YukaSuzuki_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuka_Suzuki2012" class="citation news cs1">Yuka Suzuki (2012-12-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianscientist.com/2012/12/in-the-lab/ryukyuan-ainu-people-genetically-similar-2012/">"Ryukyuan, Ainu People Genetically Similar Read more from Asian Scientist Magazine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Scientist" title="Asian Scientist">Asian Scientist</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ryukyuan%2C+Ainu+People+Genetically+Similar+Read+more+from+Asian+Scientist+Magazine&rft.date=2012-12-02&rft.au=Yuka+Suzuki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianscientist.com%2F2012%2F12%2Fin-the-lab%2Fryukyuan-ainu-people-genetically-similar-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrickx200765-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrickx200765_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrickx2007">Hendrickx 2007</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESerafim200898-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerafim200898_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSerafim2008">Serafim 2008</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbeets201526-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbeets201526_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobbeets2015">Robbeets 2015</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421054014/http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-14.html">"日本人はるかな旅展"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-14.html">the original</a> on 2015-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AF%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AA%E6%97%85%E5%B1%95&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kahaku.go.jp%2Fspecial%2Fpast%2Fjapanese%2Fipix%2F5%2F5-14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trussel.com/prehist/news111.htm">"Yayoi linked to Yangtze area"</a>. <i>Trussel.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trussel.com&rft.atitle=Yayoi+linked+to+Yangtze+area&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trussel.com%2Fprehist%2Fnews111.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, Ann. (2009). Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilisation. London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Page 79 & 88. Retrieved January 23, 2018, from link.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MasamiIto2009-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MasamiIto2009_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasami_Ito2009" class="citation news cs1">Masami Ito (12 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519232538/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/05/12/news/between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/#.WJepb4WcFMt">"Between a rock and a hard place"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/05/12/news/between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/#.WJepb4WcFMt">the original</a> on 19 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Between+a+rock+and+a+hard+place&rft.date=2009-05-12&rft.au=Masami+Ito&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2009%2F05%2F12%2Fnews%2Fbetween-a-rock-and-a-hard-place%2F%23.WJepb4WcFMt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiromi_Rogers2016" class="citation book cs1">Hiromi Rogers (2016). <i>Anjin – The Life and Times of Samurai William Adams, 1564–1620</i>. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1898823227">1898823227</a>. <q>Adams' marriage with Yuki was arranged by Mukai Shogen, authorised by the Shogun. There is no official record that Magome Kageyu had a daughter, and it is believed that he adopted Yuki, his maid, for marrying to Adams and to advance his own trading activities. Primary source Nishiyama Toshio – Aoime-no-sodanyaku, leyasu-to-Anjin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anjin+%E2%80%93+The+Life+and+Times+of+Samurai+William+Adams%2C+1564%E2%80%931620&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Hiromi+Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JansenJansen1992-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JansenJansen1992_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarius_B._JansenProfessor_Marius_B_Jansen1992" class="citation book cs1">Marius B. Jansen; Professor Marius B Jansen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=11dbNDpaxOAC&q=koxinga"><i>China in the Tokugawa World</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-11753-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-11753-2"><bdi>978-0-674-11753-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+the+Tokugawa+World&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-11753-2&rft.au=Marius+B.+Jansen&rft.au=Professor+Marius+B+Jansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D11dbNDpaxOAC%26q%3Dkoxinga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogarty2008" class="citation news cs1">Fogarty, Philippa (June 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7437244.stm">"Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 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Sydney: NewSouth Books; New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>94, <span class="nowrap">206–</span>220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74224-140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74224-140-1"><bdi>978-1-74224-140-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Children+of+the+Occupation%3A+Japan%27s+Untold+Story%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E94%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.pub=Sydney%3A+NewSouth+Books%3B+New+Brunswick%3A+Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-74224-140-1&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3l51Qm2ol8UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230190044/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/02/news/adfg-halflife2/2">"Growing Up Different but Never Alienated"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/02/news/adfg-halflife2/2">the original</a> on 2014-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Growing+Up+Different+but+Never+Alienated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2005%2Foct%2F02%2Fnews%2Fadfg-halflife2%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglassRoberts2003" class="citation book cs1">Douglass, Mike; Roberts, Glenda Susan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcmIayq35osC&q=golden+haafu&pg=PA213"><i>Japan and Global Migration: Foreign Workers and the Advent of a ... – Mike Douglass, Glenda Susan Roberts – Google Books</i></a>. 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But for normal mixed-race people it can be a different story"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Many+hafu+stars+are+celebrated+in+Japan.+But+for+normal+mixed-race+people+it+can+be+a+different+story&rft.au=Emiko+Jozuka+and+Vivien+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F09%2F22%2Fasia%2Fjapan-mixed-roots-hafu-dst-hnk-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickx2007" class="citation book cs1">Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULyu8dNqS1sC"><i>The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan</i></a>. Leuven University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-614-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-614-6"><bdi>978-90-5867-614-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Banana-fibre+Cloth+in+the+Ryukyus%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-5867-614-6&rft.aulast=Hendrickx&rft.aufirst=Katrien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULyu8dNqS1sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbeets2015" class="citation book cs1">Robbeets, Martine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1u8xCgAAQBAJ"><i>Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages</i></a>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-039994-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-039994-3"><bdi>978-3-11-039994-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diachrony+of+Verb+Morphology%3A+Japanese+and+the+Transeurasian+Languages&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-11-039994-3&rft.aulast=Robbeets&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1u8xCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerafim2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Serafim" title="Leon Serafim">Serafim, Leon</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aun8BRHTDEAC">"The uses of Ryukyuan in understanding Japanese language history"</a>. In Frellesvig, Bjarke; Whitman, John (eds.). <i>Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4809-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4809-1"><bdi>978-90-272-4809-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+uses+of+Ryukyuan+in+understanding+Japanese+language+history&rft.btitle=Proto-Japanese%3A+Issues+and+Prospects&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4809-1&rft.aulast=Serafim&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daun8BRHTDEAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkamura2017" class="citation journal cs1">Okamura, Hyoue (Spring 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usfca.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/okamura_think_piece_pp91-94_final.pdf">"The "Human Duty" to Deracialize Nationality"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia Pacific Perspectives</i>. <b>14</b> (2). Center for Asia Pacific Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a>: <span class="nowrap">91–</span>94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+%22Human+Duty%22+to+Deracialize+Nationality&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Okamura&rft.aufirst=Hyoue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usfca.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdfs%2Fokamura_think_piece_pp91-94_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkamura2017" class="citation journal cs1">Okamura, Hyoue (Spring 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729171115/https://www.usfca.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/okamura-pp-41-79-final.pdf">"The Language of "Racial Mixture" in Japan: How <i>Ainoko</i> became <i>Haafu</i>, and the <i>Haafu-gao</i> Makeup Fad"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia Pacific Perspectives</i>. <b>14</b> (2). Center for Asia Pacific Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a>: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>79. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usfca.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/okamura-pp-41-79-final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Language+of+%22Racial+Mixture%22+in+Japan%3A+How+Ainoko+became+Haafu%2C+and+the+Haafu-gao+Makeup+Fad&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Okamura&rft.aufirst=Hyoue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usfca.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdfs%2Fokamura-pp-41-79-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMori_Want2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mori Want, Kaori (Winter 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usfca.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/center-asia-pacific_perspectives_v13n2_want_haafu-identity-in-japanese-advertisements.pdf">"Haafu Identities Inside and Outside of Japanese Advertisements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia Pacific Perspectives</i>. <b>13</b> (2). Center for Asia Pacific Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Haafu+Identities+Inside+and+Outside+of+Japanese+Advertisements&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Mori+Want&rft.aufirst=Kaori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usfca.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdfs%2Fcenter-asia-pacific_perspectives_v13n2_want_haafu-identity-in-japanese-advertisements.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%C4%81fu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81fu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>List includes archived websites.</i> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/675441502495319"><i>Elizabeth Saunders Home Reunion Facebook Page</i></a>. The Elizabeth Saunders Home in Japan included many Japanese Amerasians (early Hafus).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/HafuJapanese/"><i>Hafu Japanese Facebook Page</i></a>. Active Hafu group with over 7300 members.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/PlanetHalfJapanese/"><i>Planet Hafu (Half Japanese Facebook Page</i></a>. Active Hafu group with over 2400 members.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://takuanamaru.com/books/"><i>Takuan Amaru</i></a> – Author. Son of a Black/Native American military man and a Japanese woman.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amerasianworld.com"><i>AmerasianWorld.com's "Salaam Central Asia"</i></a>, by Kevin Miller, Jr., MPA. Calls himself a Japanese Amerasian, not a Hafu.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/30/world/asia/biracial-beauty-queen-strives-for-change-in-mono-ethnic-japan.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=1">Biracial Beauty Queen Challenges Japan’s Self-Image</a>, NYT.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kreuzungsstelle.com/index-en.html">Die Kreuzungsstelle</a> – Voices of half Japanese, mixed race/multiracial or multiethnic persons.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hafufilm.com/">Hafu Film</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130122127/http://www.hafujapanese.org/">The Hafu Project</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived January 30, 2018). By artist Natalie Maya Willer and researcher Marcia Yumi Lise.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halvsie.com">Halvsie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dornsife.usc.edu/cjrc/hapa-japan-fest-bios/">HAPA JAPAN FEST 2017 BIOS</a> – Large list of speakers to the event.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-1598.2012.01340.x/full#ss5">"“This Is Who I Am”: Jero, Young, Gifted, Polycultural"</a> (Fellezs 2012).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="wikt:pt:juçara"><i>juçaras</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras">caiçaras</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mameluco</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1" title="Sarará">sarará</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo"><i>cafuzo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li> <li>Eurasians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasian Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino Mestizo</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hāfu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topasses" title="Topasses">Topasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people_in_China" title="Multiracial people in China">Hùnxuě'ér</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>ainoko</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">castizo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">cholo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(racial_category)" title="Coyote (racial category)">coyote</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto"><i>mulatos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">Sacatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">Diasporas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_luk_khrueng_people" title="List of luk khrueng people">luk khrueng people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_of_Japan222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Japan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_of_Japan222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Japan" title="Ethnic groups of Japan">Ethnic groups of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_people" title="Jōmon people">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_people" title="Yayoi people">Yayoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toraijin" title="Toraijin">Toraijin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azumi_people" title="Azumi people">Azumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emishi" title="Emishi">Emishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayato_people" title="Hayato people">Hayato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshibito" title="Koshibito">Koshibito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumabito" title="Kumabito">Kumabito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaso" title="Kumaso">Kumaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzu" title="Kuzu">Kuzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishihase" title="Mishihase">Mishihase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk_culture" title="Okhotsk culture">Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeki_people" title="Saeki people">Saeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsumon_culture" title="Satsumon culture">Satsumon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuchigumo" title="Tsuchigumo">Tsuchigumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajin_(ancient_people)" title="Wajin (ancient people)">Wajin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikari_Ainu" title="Ishikari Ainu">Ishikari Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menasunkur_Ainu" title="Menasunkur Ainu">Menasunkur Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumunkur_Ainu" title="Sumunkur Ainu">Sumunkur Ainu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hāfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islanders" title="Bonin Islanders">Ogasawara Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuans" title="Ryukyuans">Ryukyuans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matagi" title="Matagi">Matagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Ethnic nationalism in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-tdwjm","wgBackendResponseTime":1102,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.742","walltime":"0.934","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3792,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":131622,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2918,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":208593,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 841.848 1 -total"," 44.07% 370.968 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.76% 191.576 15 Template:Cite_news"," 11.97% 100.801 8 Template:Nihongo3"," 10.04% 84.532 1 Template:Multiethnicity"," 9.33% 78.527 25 Template:Cite_web"," 9.05% 76.201 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.40% 70.699 2 Template:Navbox"," 6.29% 52.982 8 Template:Cite_book"," 5.80% 48.863 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.501","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16877601,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgnote2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglassRoberts2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmiko_Jozuka_and_Vivien_Jones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFogarty2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFujioka2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton,_Walter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrickx2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHideaki_Kanzawa-KiriyamaKirill_KryukovTimothy_A_JinamKazuyoshi_Hosomichi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiromi_Rogers2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJozuka2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanzawa-KiriyamaKryukovJinamHosomichi2016\"] = 1,\n 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