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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unionist_and_Loyalist_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionist_and_Loyalist_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Unionist and Loyalist opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unionist_and_Loyalist_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Republican opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland_by-elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland_by-elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Northern Ireland 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="অ্যাংলো-আইরিশ চুক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাংলো-আইরিশ চুক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irisches_Abkommen" title="Anglo-Irisches Abkommen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anglo-Irisches Abkommen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> or the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Anglo-Irish Agreement</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Hillsborough Castle, Northern Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original<br />signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Thatcher_(1983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/142px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/213px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/284px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3259" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garret_FitzGerald_1975_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Garret_FitzGerald_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Garret_FitzGerald_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Garret_FitzGerald_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg/213px-Garret_FitzGerald_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Garret_FitzGerald_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg/284px-Garret_FitzGerald_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Anglo-Irish Agreement was signed in 1985, at <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Castle" title="Hillsborough Castle">Hillsborough Castle</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/British_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British prime minister">British prime minister</a> (Thatcher) and the Irish <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">taoiseach</a> (FitzGerald).<sup id="cite_ref-inpraiseof_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inpraiseof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Anglo-Irish Agreement</b> was a 1985 treaty between the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> which aimed to help bring an end to <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-inpraiseof_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inpraiseof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty gave the <a href="/wiki/Irish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish government">Irish government</a> an advisory role in Northern Ireland's government while confirming that there would be no change in the constitutional position of Northern Ireland unless a majority of its citizens agreed to join the Republic. It also set out conditions for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Devolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Devolved">devolved</a> consensus government in the region. </p><p>The Agreement was signed on 15 November 1985, at <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Castle" title="Hillsborough Castle">Hillsborough Castle</a>, by British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and Irish <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> (prime minister) <a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-inpraiseof_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inpraiseof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During her first term as prime minister, Thatcher had unsuccessful talks with both <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lynch" title="Jack Lynch">Jack Lynch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Charles Haughey</a> on solving the conflict in Northern Ireland. In December 1980 Thatcher and Haughey met in Dublin, with the subsequent communiqué calling for joint studies of "possible new institutional links" between Britain, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this resulted in the founding of the Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Council in 1981, Anglo-Irish relations had by this time deteriorated due to the <a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">Irish hunger strike</a> and so this body was neglected.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._426_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._426-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haughey resumed power shortly afterwards and took Argentina's side during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, leading to the meeting scheduled for July 1982 to be cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._426_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._426-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the British Northern Irish Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Jim Prior</a>, proposed "rolling devolution": a step by step approach whereby local government was devolved to an assembly elected by proportional representation. This was boycotted by the nationalist community and the plan was dead by June 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign">campaign</a> on the British mainland was ongoing, with the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks" title="Chelsea Barracks">Chelsea Barracks</a> in October 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings</a> in July 1982 and the <a href="/wiki/Harrods_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrods bombings">Harrods bombings</a> in December 1983. Thatcher herself was the target in the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a> of October 1984. British military intelligence informed Thatcher that she could not take the IRA head on and the likelihood of never-ending violence persuaded her to seek a political solution to the Troubles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-Irish Agreement's origins lay in the behind-the-scenes negotiations between the British and Irish foreign offices, co-ordinated by the Cabinet Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Armstrong,_Baron_Armstrong_of_Ilminster" title="Robert Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster">Robert Armstrong</a>, and the secretary to the Irish government, Dermot Nally.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._429_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._429-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_Forum" title="New Ireland Forum">New Ireland Forum</a> had been founded (with the backing of then-Taoiseach <a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a>) in May 1983 by <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> in an attempt to undercut support for the IRA by bringing together constitutional nationalist parties from both sides of the border. In June 1983 Thatcher and Fitzgerald met again and revived the Anglo-Irish Council, which met sixteen times between November 1983 and March 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report of the New Ireland Forum was published in May and suggested three possible solutions: a federal united Ireland, a confederal united Ireland or joint sovereignty. Fitzgerald hoped that Thatcher might be persuaded of the third option but at the press conference after their meeting Thatcher publicly proclaimed that all three options were "out".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thatcher's intransigence persuaded the American President, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most powerful pressure for the Agreement came from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the <a href="/wiki/Irish-American_lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish-American lobby">Irish-American lobby</a> was second only to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Israel lobby in the United States">Israel lobby</a> in influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._429_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._429-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a>, and Senators <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Kennedy">Edward Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Moynihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Moynihan">Daniel Moynihan</a>, the Irish lobby regularly denounced what they considered British colonialism and human rights violations in Northern Ireland. Reagan, who was also Irish-American and <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Ronald_Reagan#1984" title="List of international presidential trips made by Ronald Reagan">visited</a> Ireland in June 1984, increasingly encouraged Thatcher to make progress on Anglo-Irish talks.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._429_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._429-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 45 Senators and Congressmen (including O'Neill, Kennedy and Moynihan) wrote to Reagan criticising Thatcher's rejection of the Forum's report. They also pushed him to pressure Thatcher into reconsidering her stance at the upcoming meeting at Camp David in December 1984. Reagan duly discussed Northern Ireland with Thatcher at their meeting, telling her that "making progress is important" and that "there is great Congressional interest in the matter", adding that O'Neill wanted her to be "reasonable and forthcoming".<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._435_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._435-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, Reagan assured O'Neill that he had emphasised the need for progress.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._435_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._435-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sean Donlon, the Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ireland)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs (Ireland)">Department of Foreign Affairs</a>, later claimed that "the intervention by Reagan was vital, and it was made possible by Tip".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Lillis, the Deputy Secretary General of the Department of Foreign Affairs from 1983 to 1985, similarly claimed that "O'Neill was very active and effective in mobilizing the President. And there is no doubt whatsoever that Reagan's regular references to this in his interaction with Thatcher helped us in a major way".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By January 1985, Thatcher was persuaded that progress must be made on the issue. Her primary aim was security but realised that in order for help in this area she would need to concede in other areas, such as grievances over policing and the courts. She also hoped that this would help reconcile the Catholic population to the United Kingdom. She invited John Hume to <a href="/wiki/Chequers" title="Chequers">Chequers</a> on 16 January to discuss Northern Ireland. She now accepted that an "Irish dimension" was necessary in return for the Irish government's acceptance that Northern Ireland would remain a member of the United Kingdom so long as it had majority support.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April a four-member Cabinet committee had been informed of the negotiations; in October the entire Cabinet was informed. Thatcher and Fitzgerald met again in May at a European summit in which they discussed what became the Anglo-Irish Agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference">Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a>.</div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Anglo-Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference"></span> The agreement established the <b>Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference</b>, made up of officials from the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British</a> and Irish governments. This body was concerned with political, legal and security matters in Northern Ireland, as well as "the promotion of cross-border co-operation". It had a consultative role only – no powers to make decisions or change laws were given to it.<sup id="cite_ref-inpraiseof_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inpraiseof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conference would only have power to make proposals "insofar as those matters are not the responsibility of a devolved administration in Northern Ireland". This provision was intended to encourage the <a href="/wiki/Unionists_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionists (Ireland)">unionists</a> (who opposed Irish government involvement in Northern Ireland through the Conference) into power-sharing devolved government. <span class="anchor" id="Maryfield_Secretariat"></span> The <b>Maryfield Secretariat</b> was the conference's permanent <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">secretariat</a>, including officials from the Republic's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ireland)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs (Ireland)">Department of Foreign Affairs</a>, based in the <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> suburb of Maryfield. The presence of civil servants from the Republic particularly incensed unionists.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maryfield offices closed in December 1998 after the <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a> superseded the Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communiqué"><span id="Communiqu.C3.A9"></span>Communiqué</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Communiqué"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the communiqué accompanying the agreement, the UK agreed that all <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> patrols in Northern Ireland would have a civilian <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> escort, save in the most exceptional circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish government made thousands of protests at violations of this undertaking by 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction_to_the_Agreement">Reaction to the Agreement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reaction to the Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> voted for a motion to approve the Agreement by a majority of 426 (473 for and 47 against, the biggest majority during Thatcher's premiership). Most of the Conservative members voted for it, although there were some unionists in the party who opposed it, as well as some members of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a>-<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">SDP</a> Alliance. Of the main parties in Northern Ireland, only the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a> (SDLP) and the cross community <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party</a> supported the agreement, although the Alliance Party did not have any seats at Westminster.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Agreement was approved by <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>, by 88 votes to 75, and by <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a> by 37 votes to 16.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oireachtas-debates.gov.ie_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oireachtas-debates.gov.ie-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>, at the time the main opposition party in Ireland, also rejected the Agreement. The Fianna Fáil leader, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Charles Haughey</a>, claimed the Agreement was in conflict with <a href="/wiki/Articles_2_and_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland">Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland</a> because it officially recognised British jurisdiction in Northern Ireland. It was also opposed by the Independent Republican <a href="/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la" title="Teachta Dála">TDs</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Blaney" title="Neil Blaney">Neil Blaney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Gregory" title="Tony Gregory">Tony Gregory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-oireachtas-debates.gov.ie_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oireachtas-debates.gov.ie-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Blaney describing the agreement as "a con job". Despite this opposition, all the other main parties in the Republic supported the Agreement, and it was ratified by the Oireachtas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An opinion poll taken shortly after it was signed found that in the Republic 59% approved of the Agreement, 29% opposed it and 12% had no opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FitzGerald's government's approval ratings went up 10% to 34%; 32% approved of Haughey's opposition to the Agreement, with 56% opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unionist_and_Loyalist_opposition">Unionist and Loyalist opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unionist and Loyalist opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg/170px-Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg/255px-Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg/340px-Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>One of the posters used by the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Says_No" title="Ulster Says No">Ulster Says No</a> campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>The Agreement was widely rejected by <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionists</a> because it gave the Republic of Ireland government a role in the governance of Northern Ireland for the first time ever, and because they had been excluded from the agreement negotiations. The <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (UUP) and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> (DUP) led the campaign against the agreement, including mass rallies, strikes, <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> and the mass <a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation from the British House of Commons">resignation from the British House of Commons</a> of all the unionist <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MPs</a>. The DUP and UUP collectively organised 400,000 signatures in a petition against the Agreement. Northern Ireland Secretary <a href="/wiki/Tom_King,_Baron_King_of_Bridgwater" title="Tom King, Baron King of Bridgwater">Tom King</a> was attacked by Protestants in Belfast on 20 November.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also a mass rally outside <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" title="Belfast City Hall">Belfast City Hall</a> on 23 November 1985 against the Agreement, with Irish historian <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bardon" title="Jonathan Bardon">Jonathan Bardon</a> saying of it: "Nothing like it had been seen since 1912".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the number of people there vary: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i> claimed 35,000 people were present;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/News_of_the_World" title="News of the World">News of the World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Express">Sunday Express</a></i> claimed 100,000;<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lecturer in Politics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ulster">University of Ulster</a>, Arthur Aughey, claimed over 200,000 people were there;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the organisers of the meeting said 500,000 attended.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DUP leader <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> addressed the crowd: </p> <blockquote><p>Where do the terrorists operate from? From the Irish Republic! That's where they come from! Where do the terrorists return to for sanctuary? To the Irish Republic! And yet Mrs Thatcher tells us that that Republic must have some say in our Province. We say never, never, never, never!</p></blockquote> <p>The day after the rally, a <a href="/wiki/MORI" class="mw-redirect" title="MORI">MORI</a> opinion poll in Northern Ireland found that 75% of Protestant Unionists would vote 'No' if a referendum was held on the Agreement, with 65% of Catholic Nationalists saying they would vote 'Yes'.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the resignation of the unionist members of parliament, who represented 15 of the 17 Westminster seats in the province, the <a href="/wiki/1986_Northern_Ireland_by-elections" title="1986 Northern Ireland by-elections">1986 Northern Ireland by-elections</a> were held on 23 January 1986, and all the resigning members except one were re-elected, standing on an anti-Agreement platform. The exception was <a href="/wiki/1986_Newry_and_Armagh_by-election" title="1986 Newry and Armagh by-election">Newry and Armagh</a>, which in a close contest was gained by the pro-Agreement SDLP.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 March 1986 there was a general strike, or 'Day of Action', in Northern Ireland, in opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement. There was widespread disruption as workplaces closed. Public transport including air travel was also affected. There was significant genuine Protestant support for the strike but there was also a high level of intimidation with masked Loyalists establishing barricades. In Portadown mobs attacked Catholic homes and a section of the motorway near Belfast way closed after nails and oil were strewn across the road.<sup id="cite_ref-rte13m_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rte13m-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vandalism and clashes with police broke out following a Unionist rally held at Belfast City Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-rte13m_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rte13m-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were riots in Loyalist areas during the evening and night and shots were fired at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (RUC). Later RUC figures stated that there had been 237 reported cases of intimidation, 57 people arrested, and 47 RUC officers injured. The British government and the security forces were later criticised for not keeping arterial routes open and for not trying to end the intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-aacoe_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aacoe-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Close" title="Seamus Close">Seamus Close</a>, whose family had been a victim of intimidation, criticised UUP leader Jim Molyneaux for downplaying reports of intimidation. DUP Chief Whip <a href="/wiki/Jim_Allister" title="Jim Allister">Jim Allister</a> denied roadside pickets which surrounded motorists amounted to intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-rte13m_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rte13m-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The willingness of the RUC to police anti-Agreement protests shocked many staunch unionists and loyalists, who were enraged that the RUC was upholding a political decision at odds with the wishes of Northern Ireland's unionist majority. Despite intensely violent loyalist protests in the year following the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement the RUC held the line, at the cost of a sharp deterioration in relations with the unionist community. In 1986 there were over 500 attacks on the homes of RUC officers as well as intimidation of their families and 120 families were forced to move. That the RUC upheld the law rather than the interests of unionists did "a great deal to enhance the RUC's reputation for professionalism".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attacks on RUC officers' homes had already started in the summer of 1985 with unionist resentment exacerbated by the RUC rerouting <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal societies">fraternal societies</a> away from Catholic areas in 1985 and 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-local06_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local06-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parades were perceived as triumphalist by Catholic residents and often led to vandalism and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-local06_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local06-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ian Paisley declared that it was time for the RUC to declare whether it was for Northern Ireland or against it. Hardline unionists saw the RUC's willingness to defend Catholics as another sign that Protestants' position was eroding.<sup id="cite_ref-local06_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local06-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UUP MP <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a> asked Thatcher in the Commons the day before she signed the Agreement: "Does the Right Hon. Lady understand—if she does not yet understand she soon will—that the penalty for treachery is to fall into public contempt?"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UUP leader <a href="/wiki/James_Molyneaux" class="mw-redirect" title="James Molyneaux">James Molyneaux</a> spoke of "the stench of hypocrisy, deceit and treachery" and later said of "universal cold fury" at the Agreement such as he had not experienced in forty years of public life.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ian Paisley, a few days later to his congregation, compared Thatcher to "<a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a> who sought to destroy Israel in a day".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote to Thatcher: "Having failed to defeat the IRA you now have capitulated and are prepared to set in motion machinery which will achieve the IRA goal... a united Ireland. We now know that you have prepared Ulster Unionists for sacrifice on the altar of political expediency. They are to be the sacrificial lambs to appease the Dublin wolves".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his letter to FitzGerald, Paisley said: "You claim in your constitution jurisdiction over our territory, our homes, our persons and our families. You allow your territory to be used as a launching pad for murder gangs and as a sanctuary for them when they return soaked in our people's blood. You are a fellow traveller with the IRA and hope to ride on the back of their terrorism to your goal of a United Ireland. We reject your claims and will never submit to your authority. We will never bow to Dublin rule".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The moderator of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church of Ireland">Presbyterian Church of Ireland</a>, Robert Dickinson, wrote to Thatcher and said the Agreement was "the beginning of the process of edging Northern Ireland out of the United Kingdom – sovereignty has been impinged".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thatcher's close friend and former Parliamentary Private Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ian_Gow" title="Ian Gow">Ian Gow</a> resigned from his Treasury post in protest at the Agreement. </p><p>UUP politicians Christopher and <a href="/wiki/Michael_McGimpsey" title="Michael McGimpsey">Michael McGimpsey</a> even brought a suit against the Irish government in the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Ireland">High Court of Ireland</a>, arguing that the Agreement was invalid because it contradicted <a href="/wiki/Articles_2_and_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland">Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland</a>. (This argument was unusual coming from a unionist because of the traditional unionist opposition to these two articles.) The case failed in the High Court, and again on appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court (Ireland)">Supreme Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns of a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_declaration_of_independence" title="Unilateral declaration of independence">unilateral declaration of independence</a> (UDI) were raised repeatedly during several confidential Anglo-Irish meetings in 1986, according to Irish State papers declassified in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-it16a_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-it16a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taoiseach Garret Fitzgerald believed that keeping the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly_(1982)" title="Northern Ireland Assembly (1982)">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> running ran the risk of it being used to declare Northern Ireland independent from Britain. Some senior Unionist politicians were sympathetic to the idea and had grown closer to loyalist paramilitaries, including DUP deputy leader <a href="/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(Northern_Ireland_politician)" title="Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician)">Peter Robinson</a> and UUP <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_McCusker" title="Harold McCusker">Harold McCusker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-it16a_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-it16a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics feared they would be targeted by a Protestant backlash to the Agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-it16a_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-it16a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bloomfield" title="Kenneth Bloomfield">Kenneth Bloomfield</a>, then head of the Northern Ireland Civil Service, warned that "unionists are now beginning to realise that the choice facing them is whether to preserve the union or preserve their ascendancy" and "people going for ascendancy may find themselves, logically, on the independence road — however untenable that may be economically and politically."<sup id="cite_ref-it16a_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-it16a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986 <i>Irish Independent</i> Northern Editor John Devine wrote that a younger, more hardline generation of DUP politicians including Peter Robinson, Jim Allister, and <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Wilson_(politician)" title="Sammy Wilson (politician)">Sammy Wilson</a> would likely prefer an independent Northern Ireland to a situation where unionists were not in control or had to share power with nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British civil service head Sir Robert Armstrong said that Unionist politicians had not considered the financial implications of an independent Northern Ireland, or how the move would be perceived internationally, especially in the context of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC).<sup id="cite_ref-it16a_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-it16a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Orange Order in Scotland claimed that one thousand people left the Conservative Party in protest against the Agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 Thatcher said that "The Anglo-Irish Agreement had alienated some pro-Ulster supporters in crucial constituencies" in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1986 DUP Deputy Leader <a href="/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(Northern_Ireland_politician)" title="Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician)">Peter Robinson</a> led a loyalist '<a href="/wiki/Clontibret_invasion" title="Clontibret invasion">invasion</a>' of the village of <a href="/wiki/Clontibret" title="Clontibret">Clontibret</a> in the Republic of Ireland, near the border. The loyalists vandalised many buildings and beat up two police officers. Robinson was arrested, leading to rioting before and after his trial. </p><p>In November 1986 at an invitation-only ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Hall" title="Ulster Hall">Ulster Hall</a> the DUP launched <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Resistance" title="Ulster Resistance">Ulster Resistance</a>, a new paramilitary organisation intended to oppose the Anglo-Irish Agreement and fight Irish Republicanism.<sup id="cite_ref-II19NM_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-II19NM-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Foster" title="Ivan Foster">Ivan Foster</a> claimed the group already had access to a significant arsenal of legally-owned firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-II19NM_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-II19NM-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987 Ulster Resistance collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF), <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a> (RHC) and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> (UDA) to smuggle in a substantial quantity of arms including assault rifles and rocket launchers.<sup id="cite_ref-st198930_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st198930-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weapons jointly imported by Ulster Resistance and the two main Loyalist paramilitary organisations were linked to over 70 murders, including the <a href="/wiki/Greysteel_massacre" title="Greysteel massacre">Greysteel massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre" title="Loughinisland massacre">Loughinisland massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thatcher was taken aback by the ferocity of the Unionist response and in her memoirs she said their reaction was "worse than anyone had predicted to me".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She furthermore claimed that the Agreement was in the tradition of British governments refraining "from security policies that might alienate the Irish Government and Irish nationalist opinion in Ulster, in the hope of winning their support against the IRA". However, Thatcher perceived the results of this to be disappointing because "our concessions alienated the Unionists without gaining the level of security co-operation we had a right to expect. In the light of this experience it is surely time to consider an alternative approach".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998 Thatcher said she regretted signing the Agreement and said of Enoch Powell's opposition to the Agreement: "I now believe that his assessment was right".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent <a href="/wiki/Irish_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Labour Party">Irish Labour Party</a> member <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a>, who subsequently became <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a>, resigned from the Irish Labour Party because she believed that the Agreement "could not achieve its objective of securing peace and stability within Northern Ireland... because... it would be unacceptable to all sections of Unionist opinion".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_opposition">Republican opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Republican opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agreement was rejected by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republicanism">republicans</a> because it confirmed Northern Ireland's status as a part of the UK. The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) continued their <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_campaign_1969-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997">violent campaign</a> and did not endorse the agreement. Sinn Féin's president, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a>, denounced the Agreement: "... the formal recognition of the partition of Ireland... [is] a disaster for the nationalist cause... [it] far outweighs the powerless consultative role given to Dublin".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the IRA and Sinn Féin said that the concessions made by Great Britain were the result of its armed campaign, from which the SDLP gained political credit.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian Feeney of the SDLP has suggested the agreement hastened Sinn Féin's 1986 decision to abandon <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionism</a> from the Republic's <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking in the House of Commons <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a>, MP for <a href="/wiki/Islington_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Islington North">Islington North</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Labour leader</a>, spoke to oppose the treaty saying that it ran counter to the goal of a <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Does the hon. Gentleman accept that some of us oppose the agreement for reasons other than those that he has given? We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He then went on to express concerns that the agreement threatened <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality" title="Irish neutrality">Irish neutrality</a> and risked forcing the Republic of Ireland to accept the British presence in Northern Ireland. The former cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a>, then leader of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a>, also opposed the agreement because they believed Britain should withdraw from Northern Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland_by-elections">Northern Ireland by-elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland by-elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1986_Northern_Ireland_by-elections" title="1986 Northern Ireland by-elections">1986 Northern Ireland by-elections</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_1986_Northern_Ireland_by-elections.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_the_1986_Northern_Ireland_by-elections.svg/220px-Map_of_the_1986_Northern_Ireland_by-elections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_the_1986_Northern_Ireland_by-elections.svg/330px-Map_of_the_1986_Northern_Ireland_by-elections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_the_1986_Northern_Ireland_by-elections.svg/440px-Map_of_the_1986_Northern_Ireland_by-elections.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Maps of the result of the by-elections.</figcaption></figure> <p>The by-elections called after the Unionist MPs resigned did not quite offer the electorate a clear-cut choice on the agreement due to the reluctance of the other parties to contest them. No unionist candidate opposed another, whilst both the SDLP and <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> only contested the four seats where at the previous election there had been a majority of votes cast for nationalist candidates. The SDLP rejected a Sinn Féin offer to form a nationalist electoral pact to oppose the unionist electoral pact.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the process the SDLP gained the <a href="/wiki/Newry_and_Armagh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newry and Armagh (UK Parliament constituency)">Newry and Armagh</a> seat. The Alliance formally committed to fighting all the seats on a platform of support for the Agreement, but some local branches declined to select candidates. The <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">Workers' Party</a> stood in a few seats. In four constituencies where no party would oppose the Unionist MP a man called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesley_Robert_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wesley Robert Williamson (page does not exist)">Wesley Robert Williamson</a> changed his name by <a href="/wiki/Deed_poll" title="Deed poll">deed poll</a> to "<a href="/wiki/Peter_Barry_(politician)" title="Peter Barry (politician)">Peter Barry</a>" (the name of the Irish Foreign Minister) and stood on the label "For the Anglo-Irish Agreement" but did not campaign. Despite this he garnered nearly 7,000 votes and saved three deposits. The unionist parties between them garnered over 400,000 votes and over 71% of the total poll, but as no by-elections took place in the staunch nationalist seats of <a href="/wiki/West_Belfast_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Belfast (UK Parliament constituency)">West Belfast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foyle_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Foyle (UK Parliament constituency)">Foyle</a> this latter figure is skewed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-term_effects">Long-term effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Long-term effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agreement failed to bring an immediate end to political violence in Northern Ireland; neither did it reconcile the two communities.<sup id="cite_ref-inpraiseof_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inpraiseof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devolved power-sharing government envisaged by the Agreement would not become a reality for many years, and then in quite a different form. However, it did improve co-operation between the British and Irish governments, which was key to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> thirteen years later. As such, it can be seen as a major stepping-stone in the peace process, of which the inter-governmental component was crucial.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a strategic level, the agreement demonstrated that the British government recognised as legitimate the wishes of the Republic to have an interest in the affairs of Northern Ireland. It also demonstrated to unionists that they could not politically veto British policy regarding Northern Ireland via their presence in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. </p><p>Irish Republicans were left in the position of rejecting the only piece of constitutional progress (in the eyes of many nationalists and republicans) since the failure of the first attempt at powersharing via the <a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale Agreement</a> a little over a decade earlier. As such, the agreement boosted the political approach advocated by the SDLP and contributed to republican recognition, made explicit in the 1998 agreement, of the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_consent" title="Principle of consent">principle of consent</a> as the basis of fundamental change of Northern Ireland's national status. Within ten years, however, the PIRA announced a (first) ceasefire, and both governments engaged in negotiation with the two sides to the Northern Ireland conflict, which led to the Good Friday Agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anglo-Irish Agreement would also indirectly affect the outcome of the election of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Charles Haughey</a> as <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1987_Irish_General_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Irish General Election">1987 Irish General Election</a>. Independent TD <a href="/wiki/Tony_Gregory" title="Tony Gregory">Tony Gregory</a> abstained in the vote for Haughey seeing Haughey as the "lesser of two evils" due to Gregory's opposition to the Agreement along with his personal dislike for FitzGerald. Haughey was elected Taoiseach on the casting vote of the <a href="/wiki/Ceann_Comhairle" title="Ceann Comhairle">Ceann Comhairle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Other treaties involving Britain and Ireland: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale Agreement</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement" title="St Andrews Agreement">St Andrews Agreement</a> (2006)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Says_No" title="Ulster Says No">Ulster Says No</a> – a protest campaign by unionists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism in Ireland</a> – "Opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFeeney2002" class="citation book cs1">Feeney, Brian (2002). <i>Sinn Féin: A Hundred Turbulent Years</i>. O'Brien Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862787707" title="Special:BookSources/9780862787707"><bdi>9780862787707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinn+F%C3%A9in%3A+A+Hundred+Turbulent+Years&rft.pub=O%27Brien+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780862787707&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Text of the agreement: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/aia/aiadoc.htm">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peacemaker.un.org/node/1687">Peacemaker</a> United Nations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/alldfawebsitemedia/treatyseries/uploads/documents/treaties/docs/198502.pdf">Treaty Series 1985 No.2</a> Department of Foreign Affairs, Ireland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709152929/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/pdf/1985/TS0062.pdf">Treaty Series No.62 1985 Cmnd.9690</a> Foreign Office, United Kingdom</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-inpraiseof-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inpraiseof_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inpraiseof_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inpraiseof_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inpraiseof_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inpraiseof_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2011" class="citation news cs1">Editorial (20 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/20/in-praise-of-anglo-irish-agreement/print">"In praise of... the Anglo-Irish agreement"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Guardian News and Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231001225/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/20/in-praise-of-anglo-irish-agreement/print">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=In+praise+of...+the+Anglo-Irish+agreement&rft.date=2011-05-20&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fmay%2F20%2Fin-praise-of-anglo-irish-agreement%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Campbell, <i>Margaret Thatcher, Volume Two: The Iron Lady</i> (London: Jonathan Cape, 2003), p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell,_p._426-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._426_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._426_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, pp. 426–427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell,_p._429-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._429_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._429_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._429_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, pp. 433–435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 429, p. 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell,_p._435-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._435_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._435_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Farrell, <i>Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century</i> (Back Bay, 2002), pp. 623–624.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Matthews, <i>Tip and the Gipper: When Politics Worked</i> (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, p. 624.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, pp. 435–436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/12/12/belfast-unionists-protest-1st-british-irish-meeting/16dbafd3-41b4-4b82-955f-7e6bb700c044/">Belfast Unionists Protest 1st British-Irish Meeting</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, 12 December 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldhansrd/vo001106/text/01106w01.htm#01106w01_sbhd5">"Written Answers: Anglo-Irish Secretariat, Maryfield"</a>. <i>Lords Hansard</i>. parliament.uk. 6 November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611051906/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldhansrd/vo001106/text/01106w01.htm#01106w01_sbhd5">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lords+Hansard&rft.atitle=Written+Answers%3A+Anglo-Irish+Secretariat%2C+Maryfield&rft.date=2000-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld199900%2Fldhansrd%2Fvo001106%2Ftext%2F01106w01.htm%2301106w01_sbhd5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1988021700023#N31">"Anglo-Irish Relations: Motion (Resumed.)"</a>. <i>Dáil Éireann debates</i>. Oireachtas. 17 February 1988. cc.186–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616150736/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1988021700023#N31">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+debates&rft.atitle=Anglo-Irish+Relations%3A+Motion+%28Resumed.%29&rft.pages=cc.186-7&rft.date=1988-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie%2Fdebates%2520authoring%2Fdebateswebpack.nsf%2Ftakes%2Fdail1988021700023%23N31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feeney 2002, pp.329–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arwel Ellis Owen, <i>The Anglo-Irish Agreement A Broadcaster's Experience</i>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oireachtas-debates.gov.ie-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oireachtas-debates.gov.ie_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oireachtas-debates.gov.ie_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie:80/D/0361/D.0361.198511210055.html">Anglo-Irish Agreement 1985: Motion (Resumed)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105164057/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0361/D.0361.198511210055.html">Archived</a> 5 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Parliamentary Debates, Dáil Éireann – Volume 361 – 21 November 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/11/20/Ulster-Protestants-enraged-by-a-5-day-old-Anglo-Irish-agreement-attacked/9557501310800/">Ulster Protestants enraged by a 5-day-old Anglo-Irish agreement attacked...</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215640/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/11/20/Ulster-Protestants-enraged-by-a-5-day-old-Anglo-Irish-agreement-attacked/9557501310800/">Archived</a> 25 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. upi.com Archives 20 Nov. 1985. Retrieved 25 Dec. 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Bardon, <i>A History of Ulster</i> (Belfast: Blackstaff, 2005), p. 758.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arwel Ellis Owen, <i>The Anglo-Irish Agreement. The First Three Years</i> (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1994), p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Aughey, <i>Under Siege. Ulster Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement</i> (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1989), p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fionnuala McKenna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/election/rw1986.htm">Westminster By-Elections (NI) Thursday 23 January 1986</a>, cain.ulster.ac.uk, accessed 6 October 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rte13m-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rte13m_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rte13m_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rte13m_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/archives/collections/news/21213392-violence-unionist-strike/">"Violence Unionist Strike"</a>. <i>RTÉ Archives</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89+Archives&rft.atitle=Violence+Unionist+Strike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Farchives%2Fcollections%2Fnews%2F21213392-violence-unionist-strike%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aacoe-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aacoe_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/aia/chron.htm">"Anglo-Irish Agreement – Chronology of Events"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anglo-Irish+Agreement+%E2%80%93+Chronology+of+Events&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Faia%2Fchron.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aogan Mulcahy, <i>Policing Northern Ireland</i> (Routledge, 2006), p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-local06-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-local06_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-local06_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-local06_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stacey K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=irishtimes.com&rft.atitle=State+papers+1986%3A+Peter+Robinson+plotted+an+independent+state&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fstate-papers-1986-peter-robinson-plotted-an-independent-state-1.2921159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Paisley heirs apparent", <i>Irish Independent</i>, 10 June 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph M. Bradley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/eire-ireland/v039/39.1bradley.pdf"><i>Orangeism in Scotland: Unionism, Politics, Identity, and Football</i></a>, Éire-Ireland – Volume 39:1&2, Earrach/Samhradh / Spring/Summer 2004, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Scottish Daily Express</i>, 25 April 1990, quoted in Bradley, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-II19NM-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-II19NM_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-II19NM_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Inside the loyalist terror machine", <i>Irish Independent</i>, 19 November 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-st198930-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-st198930_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"DUP members knew of Ulster Resistance plans to get weapons", <i>Sunday Tribune</i>, 30 April 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobain2017" class="citation news cs1">Cobain, Ian (27 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/27/troubled-past-the-paramilitary-connection-that-still-haunts-the-dup">"Troubled past: the paramilitary connection that still haunts the DUP"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509180233/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/27/troubled-past-the-paramilitary-connection-that-still-haunts-the-dup">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Troubled+past%3A+the+paramilitary+connection+that+still+haunts+the+DUP&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft.aulast=Cobain&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2Fjun%2F27%2Ftroubled-past-the-paramilitary-connection-that-still-haunts-the-dup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Thatcher, <i>The Downing Street Years</i> (London: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thatcher, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/220053.stm">"Enoch was right on Ireland, says Thatcher"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 November 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Enoch+was+right+on+Ireland%2C+says+Thatcher&rft.date=1998-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F220053.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tonge, Jonathan (2006). <i>Northern Ireland</i>. Polity, p. 53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3140-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-3140-1">0-7456-3140-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feeney 2002, p.329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1985/nov/27/anglo-irish-agreement#S6CV0087P0_19851127_HOC_294">"Anglo-Irish Agreement HC Deb 27 November 1985 vol 87 cc884-973"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 27 November 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919081408/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1985/nov/27/anglo-irish-agreement#S6CV0087P0_19851127_HOC_294">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Anglo-Irish+Agreement+HC+Deb+27+November+1985+vol+87+cc884-973&rft.date=1985-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1985%2Fnov%2F27%2Fanglo-irish-agreement%23S6CV0087P0_19851127_HOC_294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Aughey, and Cathy Gormley-Heenan. "The Anglo-Irish Agreement: 25 Years On." <i>Political Quarterly</i> 82.3 (2011): 389–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter John McLoughlin, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'The First Major Step in the Peace Process'? Exploring the Impact of the Anglo-Irish Agreement on Irish Republican Thinking." <i>Irish Political Studies</i> 29.1 (2014): 116–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Kelly, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'The Totality of Relationships': The Haughey-Thatcher Relationship and the Anglo-Irish Summit Meeting, 8 December 1980." <i>Eire-Ireland</i> 51.3 (2016): 244–273.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aughey, Arthur, and Cathy Gormley-Heenan. "The Anglo-Irish Agreement: 25 Years On." <i>Political Quarterly</i> 82.3 (2011): 389–397.</li> <li>Aughey, Arthur, and Cathy Gormley-Heenan, eds. <i>The Anglo-Irish Agreement: Rethinking Its Legacy</i> (Manchester University Press, 2011).</li> <li>Cochrane, Feargal. <i>Unionist politics and the politics of unionism since the Anglo-Irish agreement</i> (Cork University Press, 1997).</li> <li>Coulter, Colin. "Peering in from the window ledge of the Union: the Anglo-Irish Agreement and the attempt to bring British Conservatism to Northern Ireland." <i>Irish Studies Review</i> 21.4 (2013): 406–424 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/8990/1/CC-Peering-2013.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Cox, W. Harvey. "Public Opinion and the Anglo-Irish Agreement." <i>Government and Opposition</i> 22.3 (1987): 336–351.</li> <li>Kelly, Stephen. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'The Anglo-Irish Agreement put us on side with the Americans': Margaret Thatcher, Anglo-American relations and the path to the Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1979–1985." <i>Contemporary British History</i> (2020): 1–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2020.1769607">https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2020.1769607</a></li></ul> <p>Kelly, Stephen. Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland conflict, 1975–1990 (Bloomsbury, London,2021). </p> <ul><li>McLoughlin, Peter John. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'The First Major Step in the Peace Process'? Exploring the Impact of the Anglo-Irish Agreement on Irish Republican Thinking." <i>Irish Political Studies</i> 29.1 (2014): 116–133.</li> <li>O'Kane, Eamon. "Re-Evaluating the Anglo-Irish Agreement: Central or Incidental to the Northern Ireland Peace Process?." <i>International Politics</i> 44.6 (2007): 711–731 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/37055808/My_AIA_art_IP_2007.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>O'Leary, Brendan. "Northern Ireland and the Anglo-Irish Agreement." in <i>Developments in British Politics</i> (Palgrave, London, 1990) pp. 3:269–290.</li> <li>Owen, Arwel Ellis. <i>The Anglo-Irish agreement: The first three years</i> (Univ of Wales Press, 1994).</li> <li>Shannon, William V. "The Anglo-Irish Agreement." <i>Foreign Affairs</i> 64.4 (1986): 849–870. regarding 1985 agreement. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20042691">online</a></li> <li>Todd, Jennifer. "Institutional change and conflict regulation: the Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) and the mechanisms of change in Northern Ireland." <i>West European Politics</i> 34.4 (2011): 838–858. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/2372/1/Todd_-_Discussion_Paper_4.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Trumbore, Peter F. "Public opinion as a domestic constraint in international negotiations: Two-level games in the Anglo-Irish peace process." <i>International Studies Quarterly</i> 42.3 (1998): 545–565 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/50178050/0020-8833.0009520161107-1387-cmpd9a.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_Agreement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Margaret_Thatcher" title="Template:Margaret Thatcher"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Margaret_Thatcher" title="Template talk:Margaret Thatcher"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Margaret_Thatcher" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Margaret Thatcher"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Margaret_Thatcher" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (1979–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> (1975–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">MP for <a href="/wiki/Finchley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Finchley (UK Parliament constituency)">Finchley</a> (1959–1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member of Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Bodies_(Admission_to_Meetings)_Act_1960" title="Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960">Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_10/70" title="Circular 10/70">Circular 10/70</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Shadow Cabinet of Margaret Thatcher">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Awake" title="Britain Awake">"Britain Awake" (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_vote_of_no_confidence_in_the_Callaghan_ministry" title="1979 vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry">Vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry (1979)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Thatcher_(1983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/85px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/128px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/170px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3259" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_democracy" title="Union democracy">Union democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">Premiership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_under_Margaret_Thatcher" title="List of ministers under Margaret Thatcher">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wets_and_dries" title="Wets and dries">wets and dries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">1st term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">2nd–3rd term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/First_Thatcher_ministry" title="First Thatcher ministry">1st ministry<br />(1979–1983)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_1979_United_Kingdom_budget" title="June 1979 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1980 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_lady%27s_not_for_turning" title="The lady's not for turning">"The lady's not for turning" (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1981 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1981)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_25" title="Gang of 25">Gang of 25</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">Irish hunger strike (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1982 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> (1982) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejoice_(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="Rejoice (Margaret Thatcher)">"Rejoice"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Gould%E2%80%93Margaret_Thatcher_exchange" title="Diana Gould–Margaret Thatcher exchange">Diana Gould exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flags_over_Port_Stanley" title="White flags over Port Stanley">"White flags over Port Stanley"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1983 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1983)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Second_Thatcher_ministry" title="Second Thatcher ministry">2nd ministry<br />(1983–1987)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1984 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCHQ_trade_union_ban" title="GCHQ trade union ban">GCHQ trade union ban</a> (1984) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Civil_Service_Unions_v_Minister_for_the_Civil_Service" title="Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service">CCSU case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike">Miners' strike (1984–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1985 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1985)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1985" title="Local Government Act 1985">Local Government Act (1985)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rate-capping_rebellion" title="Rate-capping rebellion">rate-capping rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_affair" title="Westland affair">Westland affair</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1986 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1987 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1987)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Third_Thatcher_ministry" title="Third Thatcher ministry">3rd ministry<br />(1987–1990)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1988 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988%E2%80%931994_British_broadcasting_voice_restrictions" title="1988–1994 British broadcasting voice restrictions">Broadcasting restrictions (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mound" title="Sermon on the Mound">"Sermon on the Mound" (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1989 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(Great_Britain)" title="Poll tax (Great Britain)">Community Charge (1989–90)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_riots" title="Poll tax riots">Poll tax riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1990 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">"No. No. No." (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1990 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">Resignation Honours (1990)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Margaret_Thatcher#Conservative_Party_leadership_elections" title="Electoral history of Margaret Thatcher">Party elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 Conservative Party leadership election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Margaret_Thatcher#United_Kingdom_general_elections" title="Electoral history of Margaret Thatcher">General elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Bibliography of Margaret Thatcher">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Downing_Street_Years" title="The Downing Street Years">The Downing Street Years</a></i> (1993 autobiography)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Path_to_Power_(Thatcher_book)" title="The Path to Power (Thatcher book)">The Path to Power</a></i> (1995 memoir)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statecraft:_Strategies_for_a_Changing_World" title="Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World">Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Thatcher" title="Denis Thatcher">Denis Thatcher</a> (husband) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcher_baronets" title="Thatcher baronets">baronetcy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Thatcher" title="Mark Thatcher">Mark Thatcher</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Thatcher" title="Carol Thatcher">Carol Thatcher</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Roberts" title="Alfred Roberts">Alfred Roberts</a> (father)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_have_become_a_grandmother" title="We have become a grandmother">We have become a grandmother</a>" (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Cultural depictions of Margaret Thatcher">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and<br />television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anyone_for_Denis%3F_(video)" title="Anyone for Denis? (video)">Anyone for Denis?</a></i> (1982 TV play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image">Spitting Image</a></i> (1984–1996 & 2020 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Statesman_(1987_TV_series)" title="The New Statesman (1987 TV series)">The New Statesman</a></i> (1987–1991 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thatcher:_The_Final_Days" title="Thatcher: The Final Days">Thatcher: The Final Days</a></i> (1991 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Falklands_Play" title="The Falklands Play">The Falklands Play</a></i> (2002 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Archer:_The_Truth" title="Jeffrey Archer: The Truth">Jeffrey Archer: The Truth</a></i> (2002 TV film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alan_Clark_Diaries" title="The Alan Clark Diaries">The Alan Clark Diaries</a></i> (2004 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinochet_in_Suburbia" title="Pinochet in Suburbia">Pinochet in Suburbia</a></i> (2006 docudrama)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Walk_to_Finchley" title="The Long Walk to Finchley">The Long Walk to Finchley</a></i> (2008 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_(2009_film)" title="Margaret (2009 film)">Margaret</a></i> (2009 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)" title="The Queen (British TV serial)">The Queen</a></i> (2009 TV serial)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Lady_(film)" title="The Iron Lady (film)">The Iron Lady</a></i> (2011 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Tony_Blair" title="The Hunt for Tony Blair">The Hunt for Tony Blair</a></i> (2011 episode)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_La_Che" title="In Search of La Che">In Search of La Che</a></i> (2011 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_season_4" title="The Crown season 4">The Crown</a></i> (2020 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reagan_(2024_film)" title="Reagan (2024 film)">Reagan</a></i> (2024 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Handbagged" title="Handbagged">Handbagged</a></i> (2010, 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Audience_(2013_play)" title="The Audience (2013 play)">The Audience</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Margaret_Thatcher_(London_Guildhall)" title="Statue of Margaret Thatcher (London Guildhall)">London Guildhall (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Margaret_Thatcher_(Palace_of_Westminster)" title="Statue of Margaret Thatcher (Palace of Westminster)">Palace of Westminster (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Margaret_Thatcher_(Grantham)" title="Statue of Margaret Thatcher (Grantham)">Grantham (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Portrait of Margaret Thatcher">Richard Stone portrait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher">Death and funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="List of honours of Margaret Thatcher">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatchergate" title="Thatchergate">Thatchergate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>← <b><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a></b> →</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Margaret_Thatcher" title="Category:Margaret Thatcher">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Steps_in_the_Northern_Ireland_peace_process" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NIPP" title="Template:NIPP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NIPP" title="Template talk:NIPP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NIPP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NIPP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Steps_in_the_Northern_Ireland_peace_process" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Steps in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale Agreement</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Constitutional_Convention" title="Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention">Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atkins_Talks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atkins Talks (page does not exist)">Atkins Talks</a> (Constitutional Conference) (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly_(1982)" title="Northern Ireland Assembly (1982)">Northern Ireland Assembly (1982)</a> ("rolling devolution")</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooke/Mayhew_inter-party_talks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooke/Mayhew inter-party talks (page does not exist)">Brooke/Mayhew inter-party talks</a> (1991–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a> (1993)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning" title="Independent International Commission on Decommissioning">IICD</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Amendment of Articles 2 and 3</a> (1999)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Commission" title="Independent Monitoring Commission">Independent Monitoring Commission</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army#End_of_the_armed_campaign" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA Ceasefire & Decommissioning</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement" title="St Andrews Agreement">St Andrews Agreement</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Castle_Agreement" title="Hillsborough Castle Agreement">Hillsborough Castle Agreement</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormont_House_Agreement" title="Stormont House Agreement">Stormont House Agreement</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2708643#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2708643#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2708643#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/176642471">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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