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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nixie tube</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="مصباح نيكسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصباح نيكسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tub_Nixie" title="Tub Nixie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tub Nixie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znakov%C3%A1_v%C3%BDbojka" title="Znaková výbojka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znaková výbojka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixie-r%C3%B8r" title="Nixie-rør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nixie-rør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixie-R%C3%B6hre" title="Nixie-Röhre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nixie-Röhre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixie_toru" title="Nixie toru – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nixie toru" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo_Nixie" title="Tubo Nixie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tubo Nixie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="لامپ نیکسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لامپ نیکسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_Nixie" title="Tube Nixie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tube Nixie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%89%EC%8B%9C%EA%B4%80" title="닉시관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="닉시관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixie" title="Nixie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nixie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Газоразрядты индикаторлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Газоразрядты индикаторлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirdzizl%C4%81des_z%C4%ABmju_indikators" title="Mirdzizlādes zīmju indikators – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mirdzizlādes zīmju indikators" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixie-cs%C5%91" title="Nixie-cső – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nixie-cső" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixiebuis" title="Nixiebuis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nixiebuis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E7%AE%A1" title="ニキシー管 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニキシー管" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixier%C3%B8r" title="Nixierør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nixierør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampa_cyfrowa" title="Lampa cyfrowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lampa cyfrowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo_de_Nixie" title="Tubo de Nixie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tubo de Nixie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Газоразрядный индикатор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Газоразрядный индикатор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitr%C3%B3n" title="Digitrón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Digitrón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixie-putki" title="Nixie-putki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nixie-putki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixier%C3%B6r" title="Nixierör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nixierör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixie_t%C3%BCp%C3%BC" title="Nixie tüpü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nixie tüpü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Газорозрядний індикатор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Газорозрядний індикатор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A8n_Nixie" title="Đèn Nixie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đèn Nixie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%89%E5%85%89%E7%AE%A1" title="辉光管 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="辉光管" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electronic numeric display device</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Digitron" redirects here. For a calculator company, see <a href="/wiki/Digitron_(company)" title="Digitron (company)">Digitron (company)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixie2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Nixie2.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The ten digits of a GN-4 Nixie tube</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Nixie tube</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NIK</span>-see</i></a>), or <b>cold cathode display</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Vintagecalculators_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vintagecalculators-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> device used for <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">displaying numerals or other information</a> using <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a>. </p><p>The glass tube contains a wire-mesh <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> and multiple <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathodes</a>, shaped like <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">numerals</a> or other symbols. Applying power to one cathode surrounds it with an orange <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a>. The tube is filled with a gas at low pressure, usually mostly <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> and a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Penning_mixture" title="Penning mixture">Penning mixture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weston_1968_334_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weston_1968_334-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later nixies, in order to extend the usable life of the device, a tiny amount of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> was added to reduce <a href="/wiki/Cathode_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode poisoning">cathode poisoning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a>. </p><p>Although it resembles a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> in appearance, its operation does not depend on <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">hot cathode</a>. It is hence a <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">cold cathode</a> tube (a form of <a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">gas-filled tube</a>), and is a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">neon lamp</a>. Such tubes rarely exceed 40 °C (104 °F) even under the most severe of operating conditions in a room at ambient temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Bylander_1979_60_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bylander_1979_60-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">Vacuum fluorescent displays</a> from the same era use completely different technology—they have a heated cathode together with a control grid and shaped phosphor anodes; Nixies have no heater or control grid, typically a single anode (in the form of a wire mesh, not to be confused with a control grid), and shaped bare metal cathodes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixie_tube&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NixieFrequencyCounter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/NixieFrequencyCounter.jpg/220px-NixieFrequencyCounter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/NixieFrequencyCounter.jpg/330px-NixieFrequencyCounter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/NixieFrequencyCounter.jpg/440px-NixieFrequencyCounter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Systron-Donner <a href="/wiki/Frequency_counter" title="Frequency counter">frequency counter</a> from 1973 with Nixie-tube display</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixie tubes were invented by David Hagelbarger.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Nixie displays were made by a small vacuum tube manufacturer called Haydu Brothers Laboratories, and introduced in 1955<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a>, who purchased Haydu. The name <i>Nixie</i> was derived by Burroughs from "NIX I", an abbreviation of "Numeric Indicator eXperimental No. 1",<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this may have been a <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a> designed to justify the evocation of <a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">the mythical creature with this name</a>. Hundreds of variations of this design were manufactured by many firms, from the 1950s until the 1990s. The Burroughs Corporation introduced "Nixie" and owned the name <i>Nixie</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>. Nixie-like displays made by other firms had trademarked names including <i>Digitron</i>, <i>Inditron</i> and <i>Numicator</i>. A proper generic term is <i>cold cathode neon readout tube</i>, though the phrase <i>Nixie tube</i> quickly entered the vernacular as a generic name. </p><p>Burroughs even had another Haydu tube that could operate as a <a href="/wiki/Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">digital counter</a> and directly drive a Nixie tube for display. This was called a "Trochotron", in later form known as the "Beam-X Switch" counter tube; another name was "magnetron beam-switching tube", referring to their derivation from a <a href="/wiki/Magnetron" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetron">split-anode magnetron</a>. Trochotrons were used in the <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1101" title="UNIVAC 1101">UNIVAC 1101</a> computer, as well as in clocks and frequency counters. </p><p>The first trochotrons were surrounded by a hollow cylindrical magnet, with poles at the ends. The field inside the magnet had essentially-parallel lines of force, parallel to the axis of the tube. It was a thermionic vacuum tube; inside were a central cathode, ten anodes, and ten "spade" electrodes. The magnetic field and voltages applied to the electrodes made the electrons form a thick sheet (as in a cavity magnetron) that went to only one anode. Applying a pulse with specified width and voltages to the spades made the sheet advance to the next anode, where it stayed until the next advance pulse. Count direction was determined by the direction of the magnetic field, and as such was not reversible. A later form of trochotron called a Beam-X Switch replaced the large, heavy external cylindrical magnet with ten small internal metal-alloy rod magnets which also served as electrodes. </p><p>Glow-transfer counting tubes, similar in essential function to the trochotrons, had a glow discharge on one of a number of main cathodes, visible through the top of the glass envelope. Most used a neon-based gas mixture and counted in base-10, but faster types were based on argon, hydrogen, or other gases, and for timekeeping and similar applications a few base-12 types were available. Sets of "guide" cathodes (usually two sets, but some types had one or three) between the indicating cathodes moved the glow in steps to the next main cathode. Types with two or three sets of guide cathodes could count in either direction. A well-known trade name for glow-transfer counter tubes in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> was <a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a>. Types with connections to each individual indicating cathode, which enabled presetting the tube's state to any value (in contrast to simpler types which could only be directly reset to zero or a small subset of their total number of states), were trade named <i>Selectron</i> tubes. </p><p>At least one device that functioned in the same way as Nixie tubes was patented in the 1930s<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . There were a number of relevant patents filed by Northrop and others around the early 1950s, and the first mass-produced display tubes were introduced in 1954 by National Union Co. under the brand name Inditron. However, the construction of the first Inditrons was cruder than that of the later Nixies, lacking the common anode grid, so that the unlit numerals were held at anode voltage to function as the effective anode. Their average lifetime was shorter, and they failed to find many applications due to their complex drive needs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixie_tube&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZM1210-operating_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ZM1210-operating_edit2.jpg/170px-ZM1210-operating_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ZM1210-operating_edit2.jpg/255px-ZM1210-operating_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ZM1210-operating_edit2.jpg/340px-ZM1210-operating_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The stacked digit arrangement in a Nixie tube is visible in this (stripped) ZM1210.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common form of Nixie tube has ten cathodes in the shapes of the numerals 0 to 9 (and occasionally a decimal point or two), but there are also types that show various letters, signs and symbols. Because the numbers and other characters are arranged one behind another, each character appears at a different depth, giving Nixie based displays a distinct appearance. A related device is the <b>pixie tube</b>, which uses a <a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">stencil</a> mask with numeral-shaped holes instead of shaped cathodes. Some Russian Nixies, e.g. the ИH-14 (IN-14), used an upside-down digit 2 as the digit 5, presumably to save manufacturing costs. </p><p>Each cathode can be made to glow in the characteristic neon red-orange color by applying about 170 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> at a few <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">milliamperes</a> between a cathode and the anode. The current limiting is normally implemented as an anode <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a> of a few tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohms</a>. Nixies exhibit <a href="/wiki/Negative_resistance" title="Negative resistance">negative resistance</a> and will maintain their glow at typically 20 V to 30 V below the strike voltage. Some color variation can be observed between types, caused by differences in the gas mixtures used. Longer-life tubes that were manufactured later in the Nixie timeline have mercury added to reduce <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bylander_1979_60_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bylander_1979_60-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a blue or purple tinge to the emitted light. In some cases, these colors are filtered out by a red or orange filter coating on the glass. </p><p>One advantage of the Nixie tube is that its cathodes are typographically designed, shaped for legibility. In most types, they are not placed in numerical sequence from back to front, but arranged so that cathodes in front obscure the lit cathode minimally. One such arrangement is 6 7 5 8 4 3 9 2 0 1 from front (6) to back (1).<sup id="cite_ref-nixieclock_home_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixieclock_home-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KD7LMO_Overview_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KD7LMO_Overview-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian ИH-12A (IN-12A) and ИH-12B (IN-12B) tubes use the number arrangement 3 8 9 4 0 5 7 2 6 1 from front (3) to back (1), with the 5 being an upside down 2. The ИH-12B tubes feature a bottom far left decimal point between the numbers 8 and 3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_lifetime">Applications and lifetime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixie_tube&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications and lifetime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nixies were used as numeric displays in early digital <a href="/wiki/Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">voltmeters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multimeter" title="Multimeter">multimeters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frequency_counter" title="Frequency counter">frequency counters</a> and many other types of technical equipment. They also appeared in costly digital time displays used in research and military establishments, and in many early electronic desktop <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculators</a>, including the first: the Sumlock-Comptometer <i><a href="/wiki/Sumlock_ANITA_calculator" title="Sumlock ANITA calculator">ANITA Mk VII</a></i> of 1961 and even the first <a href="/wiki/TSPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TSPS">electronic telephone switchboards</a>. Later <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric">alphanumeric</a> versions in <a href="/wiki/Fourteen-segment_display" title="Fourteen-segment display">fourteen-segment display</a> format found use in airport arrival/departure signs and <a href="/wiki/Financial_quote" title="Financial quote">stock ticker</a> displays. Some <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a> used Nixies to display floor numbers. </p><p>Average longevity of Nixie tubes varied from about 5,000 hours for the earliest types, to as high as 200,000 hours or more for some of the last types to be introduced. There is no formal definition as to what constitutes "end of life" for Nixies, mechanical failure excepted. Some sources<sup id="cite_ref-Weston_1968_334_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weston_1968_334-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggest that incomplete glow coverage of a glyph ("<a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode#Failure_modes" title="Hot cathode">cathode poisoning</a>") or appearance of glow elsewhere in the tube would not be acceptable. </p><p>Nixie tubes are susceptible to multiple failure modes, including: </p> <ul><li>Simple breakage</li> <li>Cracks and <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">hermetic seal</a> leaks allowing the atmosphere to enter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode#Failure_modes" title="Hot cathode">Cathode poisoning</a> preventing part or all of one or more characters from illuminating</li> <li>Increased striking voltage causing flicker or failure to light</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">Sputtering</a> of electrode metal onto the glass envelope blocking the cathodes from view</li> <li>Internal open or short circuits which may be due to physical abuse or sputtering</li></ul> <p>Driving Nixies outside of their specified electrical parameters will accelerate their demise, especially excess current, which increases sputtering of the electrodes. A few extreme examples of sputtering have even resulted in complete disintegration of Nixie-tube cathodes. </p><p>Cathode poisoning can be abated by limiting current through the tubes to significantly below their maximum rating,<sup id="cite_ref-KD7LMO_Hardware_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KD7LMO_Hardware-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the use of Nixie tubes constructed from materials that avoid the effect (e.g. by being free of silicates and aluminum), or by programming devices to periodically cycle through all digits so that seldom-displayed ones get activated.<sup id="cite_ref-nixieclock_manual_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixieclock_manual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As testament to their longevity, and that of the equipment which incorporated them, as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixie_tube&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> several suppliers still provided common Nixie tube types as replacement parts, new in original packaging.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Devices with Nixie-tube displays in excellent working condition are still plentiful, though many have been in use for 30 to 40 years or more. Such items can easily be found as surplus and obtained at very little expense. In the former Soviet Union, Nixies were still being manufactured in volume in the 1980s, so Russian and Eastern European Nixies are still available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives_and_successors">Alternatives and successors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixie_tube&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alternatives and successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beckman_SP-352.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Beckman_SP-352.jpg/220px-Beckman_SP-352.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Beckman_SP-352.jpg/330px-Beckman_SP-352.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Beckman_SP-352.jpg/440px-Beckman_SP-352.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>A 2-digit seven-segment ″Panaplex″-display made by Beckman (1974)</figcaption></figure> <p>Other numeric-display technologies include light pipes, rear-projection and edge-lit <a href="/wiki/Lightguide_display" title="Lightguide display">lightguide displays</a> (all using individual <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">neon</a> light bulbs for illumination), <a href="/wiki/Numitron" class="mw-redirect" title="Numitron">Numitron</a> incandescent filament readouts,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panaplex seven-segment displays, and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">vacuum fluorescent display</a> tubes. Before Nixie tubes became prominent, most numeric displays were electromechanical, using stepping mechanisms to display digits either directly by use of cylinders bearing printed numerals attached to their rotors, or indirectly by wiring the outputs of <a href="/wiki/Stepping_switch" title="Stepping switch">stepping switches</a> to indicator bulbs. Later, a few vintage clocks even used a form of stepping switch to drive Nixie tubes. </p><p>Nixie tubes were superseded in the 1970s by <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">vacuum fluorescent displays</a> (VFDs), often in the form of <a href="/wiki/Seven-segment_display" title="Seven-segment display">seven-segment displays</a>. The VFD uses a hot filament to emit electrons, a control grid and phosphor-coated anodes (similar to a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a>) shaped to represent segments of a digit, pixels of a graphical display, or complete letters, symbols, or words. Whereas Nixies typically require 180 volts to illuminate, VFDs only require relatively low voltages to operate, making them easier and cheaper to use. VFDs have a simple internal structure, resulting in a bright, sharp, and unobstructed image. Unlike Nixies, the glass envelope of a VFD is evacuated rather than being filled with a specific mixture of gases at low pressure. </p><p>Specialized high-voltage driver chips such as the <a href="/wiki/7400_series" class="mw-redirect" title="7400 series">7441/74141</a> were available to drive Nixies. LEDs are better suited to the low voltages that semiconductor <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> typically use, which was an advantage for devices such as pocket calculators, digital watches, and handheld digital measurement instruments. Also, LEDs are much smaller and sturdier, without a fragile glass envelope. LEDs use less power than VFDs or Nixie tubes with the same function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixie_tube&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixie_clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nixie_clock.jpg/220px-Nixie_clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nixie_clock.jpg/330px-Nixie_clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nixie_clock.jpg/440px-Nixie_clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>A Nixie clock with six ZM1210 tubes made by <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Citing dissatisfaction with the aesthetics of modern digital displays and a nostalgic fondness for the styling of obsolete technology, significant numbers of electronics enthusiasts have shown interest in reviving Nixies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsold tubes that have been sitting in warehouses for decades are being brought out and used, the most common application being in homemade digital clocks.<sup id="cite_ref-KD7LMO_Overview_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KD7LMO_Overview-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nixieclock_shop_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixieclock_shop-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nixieclock_home_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixieclock_home-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During their heyday, Nixies were generally considered too expensive for use in mass-market consumer goods such as clocks.<sup id="cite_ref-nixieclock_home_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixieclock_home-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recent surge in demand has caused prices to rise significantly, particularly for large tubes, making small-scale production of new devices again viable. </p><p>In addition to the tube itself, another important consideration is the relatively high-voltage circuitry necessary to drive the tube. The original <a href="/wiki/7400_series" class="mw-redirect" title="7400 series">7400 series</a> drivers integrated circuits such as the 74141 <a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">BCD</a> decoder driver have long since been out of production and are rarer than <a href="/wiki/New_old_stock" title="New old stock">NOS</a> tubes. The 74141 is still available as NOS from various web suppliers and the Soviet equivalent, the K155ID1, is still in production. However, modern <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipolar transistor">bipolar transistors</a> with high voltage ratings are now available cheaply, such as MPSA92 or MPSA42. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixie_tube&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">Genericized trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimo_tube" title="Nimo tube">Nimo tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numitron_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Numitron tube">Numitron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen-segment_display" title="Sixteen-segment display">Sixteen-segment display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">Vacuum fluorescent display</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixie_tube&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vintagecalculators-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vintagecalculators_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822171631/http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/calculator_displays.html">"Calculator Displays"</a>. <i>www.vintagecalculators.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/calculator_displays.html#ColdCathode">the original</a> on August 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vintagecalculators.com&rft.atitle=Calculator+Displays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagecalculators.com%2Fhtml%2Fcalculator_displays.html%23ColdCathode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weston_1968_334-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weston_1968_334_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weston_1968_334_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWeston1968">Weston 1968</a>, p. 334)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBylander1979">Bylander 1979</a>, p. 65)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bylander_1979_60-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bylander_1979_60_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bylander_1979_60_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBylander1979">Bylander 1979</a>, p. 60)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcm.computerhistory.org/reports/TCMReportWinter1987-88.pdf">"The Computer Museum Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Computer Museum. 1987. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810153557/https://tcm.computerhistory.org/reports/TCMReportWinter1987-88.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-24</span></span>. <q>The prototype Nixie Tube and the patent material were presented to the Museum by its Inventor, David Hagelbarger.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Computer+Museum+Report&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=The+Computer+Museum&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftcm.computerhistory.org%2Freports%2FTCMReportWinter1987-88.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2023" class="citation web cs1">Pike, Robe (24 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hachyderm.io/@robpike/110768696007449946">"Microblog post, 24 July 2023"</a>. <i>Hachyderm</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724113837/https://hachyderm.io/@robpike/110768696007449946">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hachyderm&rft.atitle=Microblog+post%2C+24+July+2023&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Robe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhachyderm.io%2F%40robpike%2F110768696007449946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Solid State Devices--Instruments' article by S. Runyon in <i>Electronic Design</i> magazine vol. 24, 23 November 1972, p. 102, via Electronic Inventions and Discoveries: Electronics from its Earliest Beginnings to the Present Day, 4th Ed., Geoffrey William Arnold Dummer, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7503-0376-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7503-0376-X">0-7503-0376-X</a>, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciam-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sciam_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel1973" class="citation journal cs1">Sobel, Alan (June 1973). "Electronic Numbers". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>228</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973SciAm.228f..64S">1973SciAm.228f..64S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0673-64">10.1038/scientificamerican0673-64</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24923073">24923073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Electronic+Numbers&rft.volume=228&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1973-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24923073%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0673-64&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973SciAm.228f..64S&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2142106A">"Boswau, Hans P., Signaling system and glow lamps therefor, United States Patent 2142106A, filed 1934-05-09, Issued and published 1939-01-03"</a>. United States Patent Office. 1934. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731130004/http://www.jb-electronics.de/downloads/elektronik/nixies/patente/US2142106.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-31</span></span>. <q>70 appear in approximately the same place. In this manner, any one of the ten numerals may be displayed by causing the corresponding cathode to glow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boswau%2C+Hans+P.%2C+Signaling+system+and+glow+lamps+therefor%2C+United+States+Patent+2142106A%2C+filed+1934-05-09%2C+Issued+and+published+1939-01-03&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=United+States+Patent+Office&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2142106A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nixieclock_home-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nixieclock_home_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nixieclock_home_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nixieclock_home_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118082635/http://www.nixieclock.net/">"Home of the Nixie tube clock"</a>. <i>nixieclock.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nixieclock.net/">the original</a> on 2012-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nixieclock.net&rft.atitle=Home+of+the+Nixie+tube+clock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixieclock.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KD7LMO_Overview-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KD7LMO_Overview_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KD7LMO_Overview_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ad7zj.net/kd7lmo/ground_nixie_clock.html">"KD7LMO - Nixie Tube Clock - Overview"</a>. <i>ad7zj.net</i>. 2014-01-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714192451/http://ad7zj.net/kd7lmo/ground_nixie_clock.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ad7zj.net&rft.atitle=KD7LMO+-+Nixie+Tube+Clock+-+Overview&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fad7zj.net%2Fkd7lmo%2Fground_nixie_clock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KD7LMO_Hardware-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KD7LMO_Hardware_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ad7zj.net/kd7lmo/ground_nixie_clock_hardware.html">"KD7LMO - Nixie Tube Clock - Hardware"</a>. <i>ad7zj.net</i>. 2014-01-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621191026/http://ad7zj.net/kd7lmo/ground_nixie_clock_hardware.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ad7zj.net&rft.atitle=KD7LMO+-+Nixie+Tube+Clock+-+Hardware&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fad7zj.net%2Fkd7lmo%2Fground_nixie_clock_hardware.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nixieclock_manual-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nixieclock_manual_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105191449/http://www.nixieclock.net/manuals/Manual_V400_English.pdf">"Chronotronix V300 Nixie Tube Clock User Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nixieclock.net</i>. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nixieclock.net/manuals/Manual_V400_English.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nixieclock.net&rft.atitle=Chronotronix+V300+Nixie+Tube+Clock+User+Manual&rft.pages=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixieclock.net%2Fmanuals%2FManual_V400_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019102215/http://www.decodesystems.com/numitron.html">"Numitron Readout"</a>. <i>www.decodesystems.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decodesystems.com/numitron.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.decodesystems.com&rft.atitle=Numitron+Readout&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decodesystems.com%2Fnumitron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZorpette2002" class="citation web cs1">Zorpette, Glenn (3 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/new-life-for-nixies">"New Life For Nixies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831074550/http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/gadgets/new-life-for-nixies">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=New+Life+For+Nixies&rft.date=2002-06-03&rft.aulast=Zorpette&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fnew-life-for-nixies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nixieclock_shop-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nixieclock_shop_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808232541/http://www.nixieclock.net/pi1065517655.htm?categoryId=0">"Nixie Tube Clocks"</a>. <i>nixieclock.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nixieclock.net/pi1065517655.htm?categoryId=0">the original</a> on 2007-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nixieclock.net&rft.atitle=Nixie+Tube+Clocks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixieclock.net%2Fpi1065517655.htm%3FcategoryId%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixie_tube&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBylander1979" class="citation cs2">Bylander, E.G. (1979), <i>Electronic Displays</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill">McGraw Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-009510-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-009510-6"><bdi>978-0-07-009510-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/78031849">78031849</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Displays&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F78031849&rft.isbn=978-0-07-009510-6&rft.aulast=Bylander&rft.aufirst=E.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDance1967" class="citation cs2">Dance, J.B. (1967), <i>Electronic Counting Circuits</i>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">ILIFFE Books Ltd</a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67013048">67013048</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Counting+Circuits&rft.place=London&rft.pub=ILIFFE+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67013048&rft.aulast=Dance&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston1968" class="citation cs2">Weston, G.F. (1968), <i>Cold Cathode Glow Discharge Tubes</i>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">ILIFFE Books Ltd</a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68135075">68135075</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+Cathode+Glow+Discharge+Tubes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=ILIFFE+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68135075&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=G.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixie+tube" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey</a> 621.381/51, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">LCC</a> TK7871.73.W44.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixie_tube&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nixie_tubes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nixie tubes">Nixie tubes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warrennj.org/wths/haydu.htm">Brief history of Haydu Brothers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414191819/http://www.warrennj.org/wths/haydu.htm">Archived</a> 2012-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricstuff.co.uk/count.html">Mike's Electric Stuff: Display and Counting Tubes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tube-tester.com/sites/nixie/nixie-tubes.htm">Nixie tube photos and datasheets</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jb-electronics.de/html/elektronik/nixies/n_sammlung.htm?lang=en">Giant Nixie Tube Collection</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxL4ElboiuA">The Art of Making a Nixie Tube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danyk.cz/digitrony_en.html">Nixie Tube Description and Pictures</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and Czech)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/nixie-tube">The Nixie Tube Story (IEEE Spectrum, 7/18)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Display technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Display_technology191" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">Display technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Display_device#video_display" title="Display device">Video displays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Past<br />generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eidophor" title="Eidophor">Eidophor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_display" title="Electroluminescent display">Electroluminescent display</a> (ELD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-projection_television" title="Rear-projection television">Rear-projection display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">Plasma display panel</a> (PDP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_lighting_of_surfaces" title="Alternate lighting of surfaces">ALiS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Current <br />generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display" title="Quantum dot display">Quantum dot display</a> (QLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">Electronic paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_Ink" title="E Ink">E Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyricon" title="Gyricon">Gyricon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LED_display" title="LED display">Light-emitting diode display</a> (LED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMOLED" title="AMOLED">Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode</a> (AMOLED)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">Liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFT_LCD" title="TFT LCD">TFT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_nematic_field_effect" title="Twisted nematic field effect">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPS_panel" title="IPS panel">IPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LED-backlit_LCD" title="LED-backlit LCD">LED-backlit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_phase_mode_LCD" title="Blue phase mode LCD">Blue Phase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_light_processing" title="Digital light processing">Digital light processing</a> (DLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_on_silicon" title="Liquid crystal on silicon">Liquid crystal on silicon</a> (LCoS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Next_generation_of_display_technology" title="Next generation of display technology">Next <br />generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MicroLED" title="MicroLED">microLED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display#Self-emissive_quantum_dot_diodes" title="Quantum dot display">Electroluminescent Quantum Dots</a> (ELQD/QD-LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic light-emitting transistor</a> (OLET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-conduction_electron-emitter_display" title="Surface-conduction electron-emitter display">Surface-conduction electron-emitter display</a> (SED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-emission_display" title="Field-emission display">Field-emission display</a> (FED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_TV" title="Laser TV">Laser TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_laser" title="Quantum dot laser">Quantum dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a> display <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferometric_modulator_display" title="Interferometric modulator display">IMoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-multiplexed_optical_shutter" title="Time-multiplexed optical shutter">TMOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_liquid_crystal_display" title="Ferroelectric liquid crystal display">Ferroelectric liquid crystal display</a> (FLCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-film_dielectric_electroluminescent_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology">Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology</a> (TDEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser-powered_phosphor_display" title="Laser-powered phosphor display">Laser-powered phosphor display</a> (LPD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flip-disc_display" title="Flip-disc display">Flip-dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-flap_display" title="Split-flap display">Split-flap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_display#Eggcrate_displays" title="Text display">Eggcrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_display" title="Fiber-optic display">Fiber-optic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">Vacuum fluorescent display</a> (VFD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_electrochemical_cell" title="Light-emitting electrochemical cell">Light-emitting electrochemical cell</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightguide_display" title="Lightguide display">Lightguide display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot-matrix_display" title="Dot-matrix display">Dot-matrix display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-segment_display" title="Seven-segment display">Seven-segment display</a> (SSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-segment_display" title="Eight-segment display">Eight-segment display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-segment_display" title="Nine-segment display">Nine-segment display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen-segment_display" title="Fourteen-segment display">Fourteen-segment display</a> (FSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen-segment_display" title="Sixteen-segment display">Sixteen-segment display</a> (SISD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">Multiscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Hologram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">Holographic display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_holography" title="Computer-generated holography">Computer-generated holography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_display" title="Fog display">Fog display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">Neon sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(projection)" title="Transparency (projection)">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_lighting_display" title="Laser lighting display">Laser beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display capabilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data" title="Extended Display Identification Data">EDID</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEA-861" class="mw-redirect" title="CEA-861">CEA-861</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayID" title="DisplayID">DisplayID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always-on_display" title="Always-on display">Always-on display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See-through_display" title="See-through display">See-through display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">Scan line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_display_technology" title="History of display technology">History of display technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-screen_television_technology" title="Large-screen television technology">Large-screen television technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_HDTV_viewing_distance" title="Optimum HDTV viewing distance">Optimum HDTV viewing distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_television" title="High-dynamic-range television">High Dynamic Range</a> (HDR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Light_Output" title="Color Light Output">Color Light Output</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_display" title="Flexible display">Flexible display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_CRT,_LCD,_plasma,_and_OLED_displays" title="Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays">Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_display_technology" title="Comparison of display technology">Comparison of display technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronic_components254" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_components" title="Template:Electronic components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronic_components" title="Template talk:Electronic components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronic_components254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Electronic components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductor<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMOS" title="VMOS">VMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET#UMOS" title="Power MOSFET">UMOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIAC" title="DIAC">DIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter" title="Ćuk converter">Ćuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Connector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_connector" title="RF connector">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametron" title="Parametron">Parametron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reed_relay" title="Reed relay">reed relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-54222","wgBackendResponseTime":118,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.591","walltime":"0.800","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2149,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":90953,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1904,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":79527,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 690.093 1 -total"," 27.84% 192.128 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.47% 113.630 11 Template:Cite_web"," 13.87% 95.691 4 Template:Navbox"," 13.24% 91.356 3 Template:In_lang"," 11.14% 76.854 1 Template:Display_technology"," 9.91% 68.385 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.75% 46.606 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.65% 38.984 1 Template:Commons_category"," 5.33% 36.757 1 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{\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dfdf5498-bwf7x","timestamp":"20250220120742","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nixie tube","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nixie_tube","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q289241","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q289241","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-02T10:28:40Z","dateModified":"2025-02-05T08:15:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Nixie2.gif","headline":"gas-filled digital indicator tube using stacked cathodes in the shape of digits or characters"}</script> </body> </html>