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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بيير دي جين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيير دي جين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1-%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A6%D9%86" title="پیئر-ژیل دو ژئن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیئر-ژیل دو ژئن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="পিয়ের-জিল দ্য জেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিয়ের-জিল দ্য জেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="П’ер Жыль дэ Жэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="П’ер Жыль дэ Жэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пиер-Жил дьо Жен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиер-Жил дьо Жен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81-%CE%96%CE%B9%CE%BB_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%96%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Πιερ-Ζιλ ντε Ζεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιερ-Ζιλ ντε Ζεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1-%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88_%DA%98%D9%86" title="پیر-ژیل دو ژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر-ژیل دو ژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EC%A7%88_%EB%93%9C_%EC%A0%A0" title="피에르질 드 젠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피에르질 드 젠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC-%D4%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D4%BA%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Պիեռ-Ժիլ դը Ժեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիեռ-Ժիլ դը Ժեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%96%27%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%94-%D7%96%27%D7%9F" title="פייר ז'יל דה-ז'ן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייר ז'יל דה-ז'ן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Gilles de Gennes – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пьер Жиль де Жен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пьер Жиль де Жен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Aegidius_de_Gennes" title="Petrus Aegidius de Gennes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Aegidius de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пјер-Жил де Жен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пјер-Жил де Жен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="पिएर-गिलेस दि जेनेस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पिएर-गिलेस दि जेनेस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بيير دى جين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيير دى جين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="پیر ژیل دوژن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیر ژیل دوژن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="पियरे-गिल्स डे गेन्नेस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पियरे-गिल्स डे गेन्नेस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8C" title="ピエール＝ジル・ド・ジェンヌ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピエール＝ジル・ド・ジェンヌ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="پیری گلز دی گینس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیری گلز دی گینس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Жен, Пьер Жиль де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жен, Пьер Жиль де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пјер-Жил де Жен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пјер-Жил де Жен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пьер-Жил де Жен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пьер-Жил де Жен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D1%80_%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="П'єр Жиль де Жен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="П'єр Жиль де Жен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B2_%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="پیری گلز ڈی جینز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیری گلز ڈی جینز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94-%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%AD%E7%BA%B3" title="皮埃尔-吉勒·德热纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="皮埃尔-吉勒·德热纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94-%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%AD%E7%BA%B3" title="皮埃尔-吉勒·德热纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮埃尔-吉勒·德热纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Gilles_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Pierre-Gilles_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">de Gennes in 2006</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1932-10-24</span>)</span>24 October 1932<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 May 2007<span style="display:none">(2007-05-18)</span> (aged 74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Orsay" title="Orsay">Orsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Paris-Saclay University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Being the founder of <a href="/wiki/Soft_matter" title="Soft matter">soft matter physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93de_Gennes_theory" title="Landau–de Gennes theory">Landau–de Gennes theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polymer_physics" title="Polymer physics">Polymer physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Reptation" title="Reptation">Reptation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystalline_elastomer" title="Liquid crystalline elastomer">Liquid crystalline elastomer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bogoliubov_transformation#Applications_2" title="Bogoliubov transformation">Bogoliubov–de Gennes equation</a> <br />de Gennes–Alexander theory<br />Caroli–de Gennes–Matricon state<br />Fisher–de Gennes scaling</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7, including <a href="/wiki/Claire_Wyart" title="Claire Wyart">Claire Wyart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Holweck_Medal_and_Prize" title="Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize">Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourke_Award" title="Bourke Award">Bourke Award</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racah_Lectures_in_Physics" title="Racah Lectures in Physics">Racah Lecture</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re_Prize" title="Ampère Prize">Ampère Prize</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNRS_Gold_Medal" title="CNRS Gold Medal">CNRS Gold Medal</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-Lussac%E2%80%93Humboldt_Prize" title="Gay-Lussac–Humboldt Prize">Gay-Lussac–Humboldt Prize</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fritz_London_Memorial_Lectures" title="List of Fritz London Memorial Lectures">Fritz London Memorial Lecure</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsager_Medal#Lectureship" title="Onsager Medal">Onsager Lecture</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eringen_Medal" title="Eringen Medal">Eringen Medal</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Soft_matter" title="Soft matter">Soft matter</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Physique_et_de_Chimie_Industrielles_de_la_Ville_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris">ESPCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris XI">University of Paris XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Contribution à l'étude de la diffusion magnétique des neutrons </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1957)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Perrin_(physicist)" title="Francis Perrin (physicist)">Francis Perrin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɛn]</a></span>; 24 October 1932 – 18 May 2007) was a French physicist and the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureate in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_life">Education and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and was <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">home-schooled</a> to the age of 12. By the age of 13, he had adopted adult reading habits and was visiting museums.<sup id="cite_ref-LifeinScience_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LifeinScience-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, de Gennes studied at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a>. After leaving the <i>École</i> in 1955, he became a research engineer at the <a href="/wiki/CEA_Saclay" class="mw-redirect" title="CEA Saclay">Saclay center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%89nergie_Atomique" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique">Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique</a>, working mainly on <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">neutron scattering</a> and magnetism, with advice from <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Abragam" title="Anatole Abragam">Anatole Abragam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Friedel" title="Jacques Friedel">Jacques Friedel</a>. He defended his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in 1957 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1959, he was a <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral research">postdoctoral research</a> visitor with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kittel" title="Charles Kittel">Charles Kittel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and then spent 27 months in the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>. In 1961, he was assistant professor in <a href="/wiki/Paris-Sud_11_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Sud 11 University">Orsay</a> and soon started the Orsay group on <a href="/wiki/Superconductors" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductors">superconductors</a>. In 1968, he switched to studying <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, he became professor at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a>, and participated in STRASACOL (a joint action of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, Saclay and <i>Collège de France</i>) on polymer physics. From 1980 on, he became interested in interfacial problems: the dynamics of wetting and <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesion</a>. </p><p>He worked on <a href="/wiki/Granular_material" title="Granular material">granular materials</a> and on the nature of memory objects in the brain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Awarded the <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Holweck_Medal_and_Prize" title="Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize">Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize</a> in 1968. </p><p>He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a> in 1988 and 1990. In 1991, he received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in physics">Nobel Prize in physics</a>. He was then director of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Physique_et_de_Chimie_Industrielles_de_la_Ville_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris">École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris</a> (ESPCI), a post he held from 1976 until his retirement in 2002. </p><p>P.G. de Gennes has also received the <a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton#F.A._Cotton_Medal_for_Excellence_in_Chemical_Research" title="F. Albert Cotton">F.A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> in 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Holweck_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Holweck Prize">Holweck Prize</a> from the joint French and British Physical Society; the Ampere Prize, French Academy of Science; the gold medal from the French CNRS; the Matteuci Medal, Italian Academy; the <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a>, Israel; and polymer awards from both APS and ACS. </p><p>He was awarded the above-mentioned Nobel Prize for discovering that "methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a> awards the <a href="/wiki/De_Gennes_Prize" title="De Gennes Prize">De Gennes Prize</a> biennially, in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-RSC2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSC2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1984">Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1984</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded <a href="/wiki/A._Cemal_Eringen" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Cemal Eringen">A. Cemal Eringen</a> <a href="/wiki/Eringen_Medal" title="Eringen Medal">Medal</a> in 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes.jpg/220px-Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes.jpg/330px-Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes.jpg/440px-Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5301" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>de Gennes in his office at <a href="/wiki/ESPCI_Paris" title="ESPCI Paris">ESPCI Paris</a>, 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>He married Anne-Marie Rouet <sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LifeinScience_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LifeinScience-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born in 1933) in June 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remained married until his death and had three children together: Christian (born 9 December 1954), Dominique (born 6 May 1956) and Marie-Christine (born 11 January 1958).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also has four children with physicist <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Brochard-Wyart" title="Françoise Brochard-Wyart">Françoise Brochard-Wyart</a> (born in 1944) who was one of his former doctoral students and then colleague and co-author.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The children are: <a href="/wiki/Claire_Wyart" title="Claire Wyart">Claire Wyart</a> (born 16 February 1977),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matthieu_Wyart" title="Matthieu Wyart">Matthieu Wyart</a> (born 24 May 1978),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier Wyart (born 3 August 1984) and Marc de Gennes (born 16 January 1991).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professors <a href="/wiki/John_Goodby" title="John Goodby">John Goodby</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_William_Gray" class="mw-redirect" title="George William Gray">George Gray</a> noted in an obituary:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Pierre was a man of great charm and humour, capable of making others believe they, too, were wise. We will remember him as an inspirational lecturer and teacher, an authority on Shakespeare, an expert skier who attended conference lectures appropriately attired with skis to hand, and, robed in red, at the Bordeaux liquid crystal conference in 1978, took great delight in being inaugurated as a Vignoble de St Émilion." </p><p>In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the <a href="/wiki/Humanism_and_Its_Aspirations" title="Humanism and Its Aspirations">Humanist Manifesto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 May 2007, his death was made public as official messages and tributes poured in.<sup id="cite_ref-LifeinScience_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LifeinScience-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Gilles_de_Gennes1966" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1966). <i>Superconductivity of metals and alloys</i>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738201016" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738201016"><bdi>978-0738201016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superconductivity+of+metals+and+alloys&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0738201016&rft.au=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Gilles_de_Gennes,_Jacques_Prost1993" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Prost" title="Jacques Prost">Jacques Prost</a> (1993) [1974]. <i>The physics of liquid crystals</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198517856" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198517856"><bdi>978-0198517856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+physics+of+liquid+crystals&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0198517856&rft.au=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes%2C+Jacques+Prost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Gilles_de_Gennes1979" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1979). <i>Scaling concepts in polymer physics</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801412035" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801412035"><bdi>978-0801412035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scaling+concepts+in+polymer+physics&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0801412035&rft.au=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Gilles_de_Gennes1990" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1990). <i>Introduction to polymer dynamics</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521388498" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521388498"><bdi>978-0521388498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+polymer+dynamics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0521388498&rft.au=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Gilles_de_Gennes,_Jacques_Badoz1996" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Jacques Badoz (1996). <i>Fragile Objects: Soft Matter, Hard Science, and the Thrill of Discovery</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1461275282" title="Special:BookSources/978-1461275282"><bdi>978-1461275282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragile+Objects%3A+Soft+Matter%2C+Hard+Science%2C+and+the+Thrill+of+Discovery&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1461275282&rft.au=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes%2C+Jacques+Badoz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Gilles_de_Gennes1997" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1997). <i>Soft Interfaces: The 1994 Dirac Memorial Lecture</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521020350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521020350"><bdi>978-0521020350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soft+Interfaces%3A+The+1994+Dirac+Memorial+Lecture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0521020350&rft.au=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Gilles_de_Gennes1998" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1998). <i>Simple Views on Condensed Matter: Expanded Edition</i>. WSPC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9810232702" title="Special:BookSources/978-9810232702"><bdi>978-9810232702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simple+Views+on+Condensed+Matter%3A+Expanded+Edition&rft.pub=WSPC&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9810232702&rft.au=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Gilles_de_Gennes,_Françoise_Brochard-Wyart,_David_Quéré2003" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Brochard-Wyart" title="Françoise Brochard-Wyart">Françoise Brochard-Wyart</a>, David Quéré (2003). <i>Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387005928" title="Special:BookSources/978-0387005928"><bdi>978-0387005928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capillarity+and+Wetting+Phenomena%3A+Drops%2C+Bubbles%2C+Pearls%2C+Waves&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0387005928&rft.au=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise+Brochard-Wyart%2C+David+Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Gilles_de_Gennes2004" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (2004). <i>Petit Point: A Candid Portrait on the Aberrations of Science</i>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9812560117" title="Special:BookSources/978-9812560117"><bdi>978-9812560117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petit+Point%3A+A+Candid+Portrait+on+the+Aberrations+of+Science&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9812560117&rft.au=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015185820/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml">"Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660-2015"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml">the original</a> on 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellowship+of+the+Royal+Society+1660-2015&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fspreadsheets%2Fd%2F1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM%2Fpubhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanny,_Jean-FrançoisPincus,_Philip_A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Joanny, Jean-François; Pincus, Philip A. (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2774111">"Obituary: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>60</b> (8): 71–72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhT....60h..71J">2007PhT....60h..71J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2774111">10.1063/1.2774111</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=71-72&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2774111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PhT....60h..71J&rft.au=Joanny%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Pincus%2C+Philip+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252F1.2774111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/141">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187224#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, 9 December 1991 <i>Soft Matter</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070602182102/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/31/stories/2007053102061100.htm">An Obituary of Gennes in the Hindu.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjdari2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ajdari, Armand (July 2007). "Physics. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932-2007)". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>317</b> (5837): 466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1146688">10.1126/science.1146688</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17656713">17656713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118920054">118920054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Physics.+Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes+%281932-2007%29&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=5837&rft.pages=466&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118920054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17656713&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1146688&rft.aulast=Ajdari&rft.aufirst=Armand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LifeinScience-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LifeinScience_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LifeinScience_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LifeinScience_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlévert2011" class="citation book cs1">Plévert, Laurence (2011). <i>Pierre-Gilles de Gennes: A Life in Science</i>. World Scientific Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F8182">10.1142/8182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4355-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4355-25-4"><bdi>978-981-4355-25-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes%3A+A+Life+in+Science&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F8182&rft.isbn=978-981-4355-25-4&rft.aulast=Pl%C3%A9vert&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/ins_dis/pierregilles_de_gennes.htm">Selected bibliography on the College de France website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227073302/http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/ins_dis/pierregilles_de_gennes.htm">Archived</a> 2010-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canalc2.tv/video.asp?idvideo=5667">Nature des Objets de mémoire : le cas de l'olfaction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017142615/http://www.canalc2.tv/video.asp?idVideo=5667">Archived</a> 2007-10-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> conférence novembre 2006.<span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011) <i>Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals</i>, pp 183–8, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954940-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954940-5">978-0-19-954940-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSC2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSC2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/ScienceAndTechnology/Awards/deGennesPrize/Index.asp">"de Gennes Prize"</a>. <i>Royal Society of Chemistry</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=de+Gennes+Prize&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2FScienceAndTechnology%2FAwards%2FdeGennesPrize%2FIndex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoannyCates2019" class="citation journal cs1">Joanny, Jean-François; Cates, Michael (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2018.0033">"Pierre-Gilles de Gennes. 24 October 1932—18 May 2007"</a>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>66</b>: 143–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2018.0033">10.1098/rsbm.2018.0033</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127231807">127231807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes.+24+October+1932%E2%80%9418+May+2007&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=143-158&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2018.0033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A127231807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Joanny&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Cates%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.2018.0033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrochard-Wyart2007" class="citation journal cs1">Brochard-Wyart, Françoise (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F448149a">"Obituary: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–2007)"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>448</b> (7150): 149. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.448..149B">2007Natur.448..149B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F448149a">10.1038/448149a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35082004">35082004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes+%281932%E2%80%932007%29&rft.volume=448&rft.issue=7150&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F448149a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35082004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.448..149B&rft.aulast=Brochard-Wyart&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F448149a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&oldid=160829992">"Pierre-Gilles de Gennes"</a>, <i>Wikipédia</i> (in French), 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikip%C3%A9dia&rft.atitle=Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPierre-Gilles_de_Gennes%26oldid%3D160829992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wyartlab.org/">"Spinal Sensory Signalling | Development, Locomotion & Posture, Pathology"</a>. <i>wyartlab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wyartlab.org&rft.atitle=Spinal+Sensory+Signalling+%7C+Development%2C+Locomotion+%26+Posture%2C+Pathology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwyartlab.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/pcsl/prof-matthieu-wyart/">"Prof. Matthieu Wyart"</a>. <i>www.epfl.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Pierre-Gilles+de+Gennes&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Goodby&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Gray%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2007%2Fjun%2F04%2Fguardianobituaries.obituaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers">"Notable Signers"</a>. <i>Humanism and Its Aspirations</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanism+and+Its+Aspirations&rft.atitle=Notable+Signers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanhumanist.org%2FHumanism%2FHumanist_Manifesto_III%2FNotable_Signers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Gilles+de+Gennes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/141">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187224#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, 9 December 1991 <i>Soft Matter</i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Occhialini" title="Giuseppe Occhialini">Giuseppe Occhialini</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fisher" title="Michael Fisher">Michael Fisher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Kenneth G. Wilson</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Hahn" title="Erwin Hahn">Erwin Hahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hirsch" title="Peter Hirsch">Peter Hirsch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a> (1983–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conyers_Herring" title="Conyers Herring">Conyers Herring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Nozi%C3%A8res" title="Philippe Nozières">Philippe Nozières</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Feigenbaum" title="Mitchell Feigenbaum">Mitchell Feigenbaum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Libchaber" title="Albert J. Libchaber">Albert J. Libchaber</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">David J. Thouless</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Telegdi" title="Valentine Telegdi">Valentine Telegdi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph H. Taylor Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a> (1996–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry_(physicist)" title="Michael Berry (physicist)">Michael Berry</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Halperin" title="Bertrand Halperin">Bertrand Halperin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony Leggett</a> (2002–03)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Robert Brout</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> (2006–07)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John F. Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Knut_Urban" title="Knut Urban">Knut Urban</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bekenstein" title="Jacob Bekenstein">Jacob Bekenstein</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Zoller" title="Peter Zoller">Peter Zoller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Juan Ignacio Cirac</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken">James D. Bjorken</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kirshner" title="Robert Kirshner">Robert P. Kirshner</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoseph_Imry" title="Yoseph Imry">Yoseph Imry</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(physicist)" title="Charles H. Bennett (physicist)">Charles H. Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Brassard" title="Gilles Brassard">Gilles Brassard</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Bistritzer" title="Rafi Bistritzer">Rafi Bistritzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Jarillo-Herrero" title="Pablo Jarillo-Herrero">Pablo Jarillo-Herrero</a> / <a href="/wiki/Allan_H._MacDonald" title="Allan H. MacDonald">Allan H. MacDonald</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Corkum" title="Paul Corkum">Paul Corkum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Agriculture" title="Wolf Prize in Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Wolf Prize in Arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Wolf Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Wolf Prize in Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Physics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1991_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1991 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1991_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1991 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a> (Switzerland)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a> (South Africa)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> (Burma)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> (France)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a> (United Kingdom)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1986_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1986 Nobel Prize winners">1986</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1987_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1987 Nobel Prize winners">1987</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1988 Nobel Prize winners">1988</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1989 Nobel Prize winners">1989</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1990_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1990 Nobel Prize winners">1990</a></dd> <dd><b>1991 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1992 Nobel Prize winners">1992</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1993 Nobel Prize winners">1993</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1994_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1994 Nobel Prize winners">1994</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1995_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1995 Nobel Prize winners">1995</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners">1996</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187224#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187224#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187224#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68972558">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1782888/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqtcYvJVPcckdYxDt7pP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128413344">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83828964">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12179651s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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