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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution and habitat subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outside_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Outside North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eurasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Eurasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Survival</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Survival-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Survival subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Salinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aircraft_strikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_strikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Aircraft strikes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Canada goose</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadese_gans" title="Kanadese gans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kanadese gans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إوزة كندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إوزة كندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" title="Branta canadensis – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Branta canadensis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" title="Branta canadensis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Branta canadensis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niska" title="Niska – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Niska" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angsa_kanada" title="Angsa kanada – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Angsa kanada" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_G%C3%B4" title="Canada Gô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Canada Gô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Казарка канадская – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Казарка канадская" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Канадска гъска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Канадска гъска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garreli-Kanada" title="Garreli-Kanada – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Garreli-Kanada" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oca_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Oca del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oca del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" title="Branta canadensis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Branta canadensis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne%C5%A1ka_velk%C3%A1" title="Berneška velká – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Berneška velká" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%B5ydd_Canada" title="Gŵydd Canada – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gŵydd Canada" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadag%C3%A5s" title="Canadagås – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Canadagås" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C3%A1da%C4%8Duonj%C3%A1" title="Kanádačuonjá – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kanádačuonjá" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneegans" title="Schneegans – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schneegans" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadagans" title="Kanadagans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanadagans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naal%CA%BCee%C5%82%C3%ADtsoh_bitsii%CA%BC_halzhin%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Naalʼeełítsoh bitsiiʼ halzhinígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naalʼeełítsoh bitsiiʼ halzhinígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_lagle" title="Kanada lagle – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanada lagle" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" title="Branta canadensis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Branta canadensis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_ansero" title="Kanada ansero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanada ansero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" title="Branta canadensis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Branta canadensis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="غاز کانادایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غاز کانادایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98shv%C3%ADt_g%C3%A1s" title="Øshvít gás – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Øshvít gás" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernache_du_Canada" title="Bernache du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bernache du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9_Cheanadach" title="Gé Cheanadach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gé Cheanadach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganso_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Ganso do Canadá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ganso do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B0%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EA%B8%B0%EB%9F%AC%EA%B8%B0" title="큰캐나다기러기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="큰캐나다기러기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadska_guska" title="Kanadska guska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kanadska guska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soang_kanada" title="Soang kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Soang kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" title="Branta canadensis – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Branta canadensis" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%82%E1%95%90%E1%93%95%E1%96%85" title="ᓂᕐᓕᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓂᕐᓕᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqsra%C4%A1utilik" title="Iqsraġutilik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iqsraġutilik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadag%C3%A6s" title="Kanadagæs – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kanadagæs" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" title="Branta canadensis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Branta canadensis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ברנטה קנדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברנטה קנדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerlernaarsuk" title="Nerlernaarsuk – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Nerlernaarsuk" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C4%81das_zoss" title="Kanādas zoss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kanādas zoss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadin%C4%97_bernikl%C4%97" title="Kanadinė berniklė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanadinė berniklė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuadanhanhi" title="Kanuadanhanhi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kanuadanhanhi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadai_l%C3%BAd" title="Kanadai lúd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kanadai lúd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisa_kanadiana" title="Gisa kanadiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gisa kanadiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اوزه كنديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوزه كنديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angsa_Kanada" title="Angsa Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Angsa Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Канад галуу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Канад галуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Canadese_gans" title="Grote Canadese gans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Canadese gans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3" title="カナダガン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダガン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadagus" title="Kanadagus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kanadagus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadag%C3%A5s" title="Kanadagås – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kanadagås" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadag%C3%A5s" title="Kanadagås – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kanadagås" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9rnache_du_Canada" title="Bérnache du Canada – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bérnache du Canada" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" title="Branta canadensis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Branta canadensis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Kanadagoos" title="Grote Kanadagoos – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grote Kanadagoos" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernikla_kanadyjska" title="Bernikla kanadyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bernikla kanadyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganso-do-canad%C3%A1" title="Ganso-do-canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ganso-do-canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2sc%C4%83_canadian%C4%83" title="Gâscă canadiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gâscă canadiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Канадская казарка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канадская казарка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadae_guiss" title="Canadae guiss – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Canadae guiss" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canada goose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernikla_ve%C4%BEk%C3%A1" title="Bernikla veľká – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bernikla veľká" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadska_gos" title="Kanadska gos – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kanadska gos" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Канадска гуска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канадска гуска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadanhanhi" title="Kanadanhanhi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanadanhanhi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadag%C3%A5s" title="Kanadagås – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanadagås" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansa_ng_Canada" title="Gansa ng Canada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gansa ng Canada" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="கனடா வாத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனடா வாத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ห่านแคนาดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ห่านแคนาดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%8C" title="ᏌᏌ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏌᏌ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9na%27e" title="Héna'e – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Héna'e" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" title="Branta canadensis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Branta canadensis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Казарка канадська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Казарка канадська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%97ng_Canada" title="Ngỗng Canada – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngỗng Canada" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85we_%C3%A5_noer_c%C3%B4" title="Åwe å noer cô – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Åwe å noer cô" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" title="Branta canadensis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Branta canadensis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%81" title="加拿大雁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加拿大雁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%81" title="加拿大雁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加拿大雁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%81" title="加拿大雁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大雁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26733#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_geese&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada geese">Canada geese</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of goose native to the Northern Hemisphere</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the outerwear manufacturer, see <a href="/wiki/Canada_Goose_(clothing)" title="Canada Goose (clothing)">Canada Goose (clothing)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Canada goose<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Pleistocene–present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.12676923077px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_(27826185489).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg/220px-Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg/330px-Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg/440px-Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4281" data-file-height="3256" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">At <a href="/wiki/Seedskadee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge">Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="90" data-mwtitle="Canada_Geese_(Branta_canadensis)_(W1CDR0001421_BD11).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Canada_Geese_%28Branta_canadensis%29_%28W1CDR0001421_BD11%29.ogg/Canada_Geese_%28Branta_canadensis%29_%28W1CDR0001421_BD11%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Canada_Geese_%28Branta_canadensis%29_%28W1CDR0001421_BD11%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Call of Canada geese on Brownsea Island, Dorset, March 1966 </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Branta" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Branta" title="Branta"><i>Branta</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>B. canadensis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Branta canadensis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dusky_Canada_goose" title="Dusky Canada goose">B. c. occidentalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Canada_goose" title="Vancouver Canada goose">B. c. fulva</a></i></li> <li><i>B. c. parvipes</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moffitt%27s_Canada_goose" title="Moffitt's Canada goose">B. c. moffitti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_Canada_goose" title="Giant Canada goose">B. c. maxima</a></i></li> <li><i>B. c. interior</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada_goose" title="Atlantic Canada goose">B. c. canadensis</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Branta_canadensis_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Branta_canadensis_map.png/220px-Branta_canadensis_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Branta_canadensis_map.png/330px-Branta_canadensis_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Branta_canadensis_map.png/440px-Branta_canadensis_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="707" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Canada goose distribution:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#B9B900; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Summer range (native)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#008000; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Year-round range (native)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#0000FF; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Wintering range (native)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#FFFF00; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Summer range (introduced)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#00FF00; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Year-round range (introduced)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#06FFFF; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Wintering range (introduced)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#FF00FF; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Summer range (cackling goose)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Anas canadensis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</span> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geese_fight,_Walden_Pond,_Concord_MA,_USA_08-12-2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Geese_fight%2C_Walden_Pond%2C_Concord_MA%2C_USA_08-12-2023.jpg/220px-Geese_fight%2C_Walden_Pond%2C_Concord_MA%2C_USA_08-12-2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Geese_fight%2C_Walden_Pond%2C_Concord_MA%2C_USA_08-12-2023.jpg/330px-Geese_fight%2C_Walden_Pond%2C_Concord_MA%2C_USA_08-12-2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Geese_fight%2C_Walden_Pond%2C_Concord_MA%2C_USA_08-12-2023.jpg/440px-Geese_fight%2C_Walden_Pond%2C_Concord_MA%2C_USA_08-12-2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Two individuals in the middle of a fight</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Canada goose</b> (<i><b>Branta canadensis</b></i>) is a large wild <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">goose</a> with a black head and neck, white cheeks, white under its chin, and a brown body. It is native to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate region">temperate regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and it is occasionally found during <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migration</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a>. It has been introduced to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most geese, the Canada goose is primarily <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> and normally migratory; often found on or close to <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>, the Canada goose is also common in <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish</a> marshes, estuaries, and lagoons. </p><p>Extremely adept at <a href="/wiki/Urban_wildlife" title="Urban wildlife">living in human-altered areas</a>, Canada geese have established breeding colonies in urban and cultivated habitats, which provide food and few natural predators. The success of this common park species has led to it often being considered a <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest species</a> because of its <a href="/wiki/Excrement" class="mw-redirect" title="Excrement">excrement</a>, its depredation of crops, its noise, its aggressive <a href="/wiki/Territorial_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial behavior">territorial behavior</a> toward both humans and other animals, and its habit of <a href="/wiki/Pursuit_predation" title="Pursuit predation">stalking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Begging_in_animals#Animals_begging_from_humans" title="Begging in animals">begging for food</a>, the latter a result of humans disobeying <a href="/wiki/Do_not_feed_the_animals" title="Do not feed the animals">artificial feeding policies toward wild animals</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_taxonomy">Nomenclature and taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Canada goose was one of the many species described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in his 18th-century work <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It belongs to the <i><a href="/wiki/Branta" title="Branta">Branta</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of geese, which contains <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> with largely black <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a>, distinguishing them from the gray species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Anser_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anser (genus)">Anser</a></i>. </p><p><i>Branta</i> was a Latinized form of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Brandgás</i></span>, "burnt (black) goose" and the specific epithet <i>canadensis</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> word meaning "from <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-job90_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-job90-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, the first citation for the 'Canada goose' dates back to 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canada goose is also colloquially referred to as the "Canadian goose".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name may annoy some <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">birders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cackling_goose" title="Cackling goose">cackling goose</a> was originally considered to be the same species or several subspecies of the Canada goose, but in July 2004, the <a href="/wiki/American_Ornithologists%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ornithologists' Union">American Ornithologists' Union</a>'s Committee on Classification and Nomenclature split them into two species, making the cackling goose into a full species with the scientific name <i>Branta hutchinsii</i>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Ornithologists%27_Union" title="British Ornithologists' Union">British Ornithologists' Union</a> followed suit in June 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AOU has divided the many <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> between the two species. The subspecies of the Canada goose were listed as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada_goose" title="Atlantic Canada goose">Atlantic Canada goose</a> (<i>B. c. canadensis</i>) <small>(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</small></li> <li>Interior Canada goose (<i>B. c. interior</i>) <small>(<a href="/wiki/Walter_Edmond_Clyde_Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Edmond Clyde Todd">Todd</a>, 1938)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Canada_goose" title="Giant Canada goose">Giant Canada goose</a> (<i>B. c. maxima</i>) <small>(<a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9odore_Delacour" title="Jean Théodore Delacour">Delacour</a>, 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moffitt%27s_Canada_goose" title="Moffitt's Canada goose">Moffitt's Canada goose</a> (<i>B. c. moffitti</i>) <small>(<a href="/wiki/John_Warren_Aldrich" title="John Warren Aldrich">Aldrich</a>, 1946)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Canada_goose" title="Vancouver Canada goose">Vancouver Canada goose</a> (<i>B. c. fulva</i>) <small>(<a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9odore_Delacour" title="Jean Théodore Delacour">Delacour</a>, 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusky_Canada_goose" title="Dusky Canada goose">Dusky Canada goose</a> (<i>B. c. occidentalis</i>) <small>(<a href="/wiki/Spencer_Fullerton_Baird" title="Spencer Fullerton Baird">Baird</a>, 1858)</small></li> <li>Lesser Canada goose (<i>B. c. parvipes</i>) <small>(<a href="/wiki/John_Cassin" title="John Cassin">Cassin</a>, 1852)</small></li></ul> <p>The distinctions between the two geese have led to confusion and debate among ornithologists. This has been aggravated by the overlap between the small types of Canada goose and larger types of cackling goose. The old "lesser Canada geese" were believed to be a partly <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> population, with the birds named <i>B. c. taverneri</i> considered a mixture of <i>B. c. minima</i>, <i>B. c. occidentalis</i>, and <i>B. c. parvipes</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> specimen of <i>taverneri</i> is a straightforward large pale cackling goose however, and hence the <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> is still valid today and was renamed "Taverner's cackling goose". </p><p>In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose" title="Barnacle goose">barnacle goose</a> (<i>B. leucopsis</i>) was determined to be a derivative of the cackling goose lineage, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_goose" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian goose">Hawaiian goose</a> (<i>B. sandvicensis</i>) originated from ancestral Canada geese. Thus, the species' distinctness is well evidenced. Ornithologist Harold C. Hanson, who had rediscovered wild populations of the Giant Canada Goose, proposed splitting Canada and cackling goose into six species and 200 subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radical nature of this proposal has been controversial; Richard Banks of the AOU urges caution before any of Hanson's proposals are accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> has suppressed Hanson's proposals, based on the criticisms of Banks and other ornithologists.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Goose_Head_Profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Profile view of a Canada goose head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Canada_Goose_Head_Profile.jpg/220px-Canada_Goose_Head_Profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Canada_Goose_Head_Profile.jpg/330px-Canada_Goose_Head_Profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Canada_Goose_Head_Profile.jpg/440px-Canada_Goose_Head_Profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Profile view of a Canada goose head</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Branta_canadensis_-_Canada_Goose_-_XC62259.ogg" title="File:Branta canadensis - Canada Goose - XC62259.ogg">Call</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="38" data-mwtitle="Branta_canadensis_-_Canada_Goose_-_XC62259.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Branta_canadensis_-_Canada_Goose_-_XC62259.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Branta_canadensis_-_Canada_Goose_-_XC62259.ogg/Branta_canadensis_-_Canada_Goose_-_XC62259.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A flock of feeding Canada geese calling</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The black head and neck with a white "chinstrap" distinguish the Canada goose from all other goose species except the cackling goose and barnacle goose (the latter, however, has a black breast and gray rather than brownish body plumage).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Canada geese come with a pepper-spotted or brown neck with brown plumage, and these are assumed to be a leucistic variety.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seven subspecies of this bird vary widely in size and plumage details, but all are recognizable as Canada geese. Some of the smaller races can be hard to distinguish from the cackling goose, which slightly overlap in mass. However, most subspecies of the cackling goose (exclusive of Richardson's cackling goose, <i>B. h. hutchinsii</i>) are considerably smaller. The smallest cackling goose, <i>B. h. minima</i>, is scarcely larger than a <a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">mallard</a>. In addition to the size difference, cackling geese also have a shorter neck and smaller bill, which can be useful when small Canada geese comingle with relatively large cackling geese. Of the "true geese" (i.e., the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Anser_(bird)" title="Anser (bird)">Anser</a></i> and <i>Branta</i>), the Canada goose is on average the largest living species, although some other species that are geese in name, if not of close relation to these genera, are on average heavier, such as the <a href="/wiki/Spur-winged_goose" title="Spur-winged goose">spur-winged goose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Barren_goose" title="Cape Barren goose">Cape Barren goose</a>. Canada geese range from 75 to 110 cm (30 to 43 in) in length and have a 127–185 cm (50–73 in) <a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">wingspan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among standard measurements, the <a href="/wiki/Wing_chord_(biology)" title="Wing chord (biology)">wing chord</a> can range from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>39 to 55 cm (<span class="frac">15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to <span class="frac">21<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in), the <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsus</a> can range from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">6.9 to 10.6 cm (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">11</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> to <span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) and the <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">bill</a> can range from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4.1 to 6.8 cm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> to <span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">11</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in). The largest subspecies is <i>B. c. maxima</i>, or the giant Canada goose, and the smallest (with the separation of the cackling goose group) is <i>B. c. parvipes</i>, or the lesser Canada goose.<sup id="cite_ref-Madge_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madge-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exceptionally large male of race <i>B. c. maxima</i>, which rarely exceed 8 kg (18 lb) , weighed 10.9 kg (24 lb) and had a wingspan of 2.24 m (7 ft 4 in). This specimen is the largest wild goose ever recorded of any species.<sup id="cite_ref-UMich_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMich-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_(27826185489).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg/220px-Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg/330px-Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg/440px-Canada_goose_on_Seedskadee_NWR_%2827826185489%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4281" data-file-height="3256" /></a><figcaption>Photo: Tom Koerner/USFWS</figcaption></figure> <p>The male Canada goose usually weighs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.6–6.5 kg (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">14<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> lb), averaging amongst all subspecies <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3.9 kg (<span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> lb). The female looks virtually identical, but is slightly lighter at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.4–5.5 kg (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">12<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> lb), averaging amongst all subspecies 3.6 kg (8 lb), and generally 10% smaller in linear dimensions than the male counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization"><i>honk</i></a> refers to the call of the male Canada goose, while the <i>hrink</i> call refers to the female goose.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The calls are similar, however, the <i>hrink</i> is shorter and more high-pitched than the <i>honk</i> of males.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When agitated or aggressively defending territory, Canada geese will typically initiate an encounter with a high-pitched hiss.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada geese communicate with ten different vocalizations, each in response to a different situation confronting them.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geesespokaneriver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Geesespokaneriver.jpg/220px-Geesespokaneriver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Geesespokaneriver.jpg/330px-Geesespokaneriver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Geesespokaneriver.jpg/440px-Geesespokaneriver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>On <a href="/wiki/Spokane_River" title="Spokane River">Spokane River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Goose_(Branta_canadensis)_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Canada_Goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_%285%29.jpg/220px-Canada_Goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Canada_Goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_%285%29.jpg/330px-Canada_Goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Canada_Goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_%285%29.jpg/440px-Canada_Goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Flock in flight</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Goose_Flock_in_Huntsville_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Canada_Goose_Flock_in_Huntsville_11.jpg/220px-Canada_Goose_Flock_in_Huntsville_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Canada_Goose_Flock_in_Huntsville_11.jpg/330px-Canada_Goose_Flock_in_Huntsville_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Canada_Goose_Flock_in_Huntsville_11.jpg/440px-Canada_Goose_Flock_in_Huntsville_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Flock swimming in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Ontario" title="Huntsville, Ontario">Huntsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_goose_(Branta_canadensis)_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_in_flight.jpg/220px-Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_in_flight.jpg/330px-Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_in_flight.jpg/440px-Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3708" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Canada Goose Branta canadensis, in flight at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire</figcaption></figure> <p>This species is native to North America. It breeds in Canada and the northern United States in a wide range of habitats. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes region (North America)">Great Lakes region</a> maintains a large population of Canada geese. Canada geese live year-round in the southern part of their breeding range, including the northern half of the United States' eastern seaboard and Pacific Coast, and areas in between. Between <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> in the southern United States and in northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, Canada geese are mainly present as migrants from further north during the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 20th century, overhunting and loss of habitat in the late 19th and early 20th centuries had resulted in a serious decline in the numbers of this bird in its native range. The giant Canada goose subspecies was believed to be extinct in the 1950s until, in 1962, a small flock was discovered wintering in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a>, by Harold Hanson of the Illinois Natural History Survey.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center was built near Jamestown, North Dakota. Its first director, Harvey K. Nelson, talked Forrest Lee into leaving Minnesota to head the center's Canada goose production and restoration program. Forrest soon had 64 pens with 64 breeding pairs of screened, high-quality birds. The project involved private, state, and federal resources and relied on the expertise and cooperation of many individuals. By the end of 1981, more than 6,000 giant Canada geese had been released at 83 sites in 26 counties in North Dakota.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With improved <a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">game laws</a> and habitat recreation and preservation programs, their populations have recovered in most of their range, although some local populations, especially of the subspecies <i>B. c. occidentalis</i>, may still be declining.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In recent years, Canada goose populations in some areas have grown substantially, so much so that many consider them <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> for their droppings, bacteria in their droppings, noise, and confrontational behavior. This problem is partially due to the removal of natural <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a> and an abundance of safe, human-made bodies of water near food sources, such as those found on golf courses, in public parks and beaches, on sports fields, and in planned communities. Due in part to the interbreeding of various migratory subspecies with the introduced non-migratory giant subspecies, Canada geese are frequently a year-round feature of such urban environments.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to its normal migration routine, large flocks of Canada geese have established permanent residence along the Pacific coast of North America from British Columbia's Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island area south to the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Bay area">San Francisco Bay area</a> of Northern California. There are also resident Atlantic coast populations, such as on <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a> regions, and in the <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle" title="Research Triangle">Triangle area of North Carolina</a> (Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill), and nearby Hillsborough. Some Canada geese have taken up permanent residence as far south as Florida, in places such as <a href="/wiki/Retention_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Retention pond">retention ponds</a> in apartment complexes. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> population of Canada geese was reported as roughly 130,000, with the number likely to continue increasing. Many of the geese, previously migratory, reportedly had become native, remaining in the state even in the summer. The increase was attributed to a lack of natural predators, an abundance of water, and plentiful grass in manicured lawns in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-ohioincrease_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohioincrease-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada geese were eliminated in Ohio following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> but were reintroduced in 1956 with 10 pairs. The population was estimated at 18,000 in 1979. The geese are considered protected, though a hunting season is allowed from September 1–15, with a daily bag limit of five.<sup id="cite_ref-wlwtgeese_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wlwtgeese-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Ohio Department of Natural Resources">Ohio Department of Natural Resources</a> recommends several non-lethal scare and hazing tactics for nuisance geese, but if such methods have been used without success, they may issue a permit which can be used from March 11 through August 31 to destroy nests, conduct a goose roundup or exterminate geese.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_Department_of_Natural_Resources_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio_Department_of_Natural_Resources-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_North_America">Outside North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Outside North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eurasia">Eurasia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eurasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Geese,_Heaton_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490384.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Canada_Geese%2C_Heaton_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490384.jpg/220px-Canada_Geese%2C_Heaton_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490384.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Canada_Geese%2C_Heaton_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490384.jpg/330px-Canada_Geese%2C_Heaton_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490384.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Canada_Geese%2C_Heaton_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490384.jpg/440px-Canada_Geese%2C_Heaton_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490384.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Approaching to beg for food in a <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> park, a learned behavior</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada geese have reached <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> naturally, as has been proved by <a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">ringing recoveries</a>. The birds include those of the subspecies <i>B. c. parvipes</i>, and possibly others. These geese are also found naturally on the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and eastern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Canada geese have also been introduced in Europe in the early 17th century by explorer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> who sent several pairs of geese to France as a present for <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">King Louis XIII</a>. The geese were first introduced in Great Britain in the late 17th century as an addition to <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">King James II</a>'s waterfowl collection in <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Park">St. James's Park</a>. By the middle of the 18th century, the Canada geese have established populations in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also in Ireland. They were also introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in the 20th Century, starting in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1929. Most European populations are not migratory, but those in more northerly parts of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and Finland migrate to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Semi-tame <a href="/wiki/Feral_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral animal">feral</a> birds are common in parks, and have become a pest in some areas. In Great Britain, they were spread by hunters, but remained uncommon until the mid-20th century. Their population grew from 2,200 to 4,000 birds in 1953 to an estimated 82,000 in 1999, as changing agricultural practices and urban growth provided new habitat. European birds are mostly descended from the nominate subspecies <i>B. c. canadensis</i>, likely with some contributions from the subspecies <i><a href="/wiki/Giant_Canada_goose" title="Giant Canada goose">B. c. maxima</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_goose_(Branta_canadensis),_Lake_Victoria,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29%2C_Lake_Victoria%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_04.jpg/166px-Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29%2C_Lake_Victoria%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29%2C_Lake_Victoria%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_04.jpg/250px-Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29%2C_Lake_Victoria%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29%2C_Lake_Victoria%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_04.jpg/333px-Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29%2C_Lake_Victoria%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3265" data-file-height="2435" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_goose_in_New_Zealand" title="Canada goose in New Zealand">Canada goose in New Zealand</a></div> <p>Canada geese were introduced as a <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a> bird into New Zealand in 1905. They have become a problem in some areas by fouling pastures and damaging crops. They were protected under the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Act_1953" title="Wildlife Act 1953">Wildlife Act 1953</a> and the population was managed by <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Game_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish and Game New Zealand">Fish and Game New Zealand</a>, which culled excessive bird numbers. In 2011, the government removed the protection status, allowing anyone to kill the birds.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_goose_(branta_canadensis)_cleaning_feathers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Canada_goose_%28branta_canadensis%29_cleaning_feathers.jpg/220px-Canada_goose_%28branta_canadensis%29_cleaning_feathers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Canada_goose_%28branta_canadensis%29_cleaning_feathers.jpg/330px-Canada_goose_%28branta_canadensis%29_cleaning_feathers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Canada_goose_%28branta_canadensis%29_cleaning_feathers.jpg/440px-Canada_goose_%28branta_canadensis%29_cleaning_feathers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>Bathing, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Branta_canadensis_-near_Oceanville,_New_Jersey,_USA_-flying-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Branta_canadensis_-near_Oceanville%2C_New_Jersey%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg/220px-Branta_canadensis_-near_Oceanville%2C_New_Jersey%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Branta_canadensis_-near_Oceanville%2C_New_Jersey%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg/330px-Branta_canadensis_-near_Oceanville%2C_New_Jersey%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Branta_canadensis_-near_Oceanville%2C_New_Jersey%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg/440px-Branta_canadensis_-near_Oceanville%2C_New_Jersey%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Flying, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Goose_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Canada_Goose_close_up.jpg/220px-Canada_Goose_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Canada_Goose_close_up.jpg/330px-Canada_Goose_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Canada_Goose_close_up.jpg/440px-Canada_Goose_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Male Canada goose carefully watches nearby humans in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like most geese, the Canada goose is naturally <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a> with the wintering range being most of the United States. The calls overhead from large groups of Canada geese flying in a <a href="/wiki/V_formation" title="V formation">V-shaped formation</a> signal the transitions into spring and autumn. In some areas, migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources. In mild climates from southwestern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> to California to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, some of the population has become nonmigratory due to adequate winter food supply and a lack of former predators.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Males exhibit <a href="/wiki/Agonistic_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Agonistic behavior">agonistic behavior</a> both on and off breeding and nesting grounds. This behavior rarely involves interspecific killing. One documented case involved a male defending his nest from a <a href="/wiki/Brant_goose" class="mw-redirect" title="Brant goose">brant</a> that wandered into the area; the following attack lasted for one hour until the death of the brant. The cause of death was suffocation or drowning in mud as a direct result of the Canada goose's pecking the head of the brant into the mud. Researchers attributed it to high hormone levels and the brant's inability to leave the nesting area.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Goose_eating_a_flower_at_Downsview_Park_(close_up_of_head)_116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_Goose_eating_a_flower_at_Downsview_Park_%28close_up_of_head%29_116.jpg/220px-Canada_Goose_eating_a_flower_at_Downsview_Park_%28close_up_of_head%29_116.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_Goose_eating_a_flower_at_Downsview_Park_%28close_up_of_head%29_116.jpg/330px-Canada_Goose_eating_a_flower_at_Downsview_Park_%28close_up_of_head%29_116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_Goose_eating_a_flower_at_Downsview_Park_%28close_up_of_head%29_116.jpg/440px-Canada_Goose_eating_a_flower_at_Downsview_Park_%28close_up_of_head%29_116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3903" data-file-height="5854" /></a><figcaption>Eating a flower at <a href="/wiki/Downsview_Park" title="Downsview Park">Downsview Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Canada geese are primarily <a href="/wiki/Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivores</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they sometimes eat small <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their diet includes green vegetation and <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grains</a>. The Canada goose eats a variety of <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a> when on land. It feeds by grasping a blade of grass with the bill, then tearing it with a jerk of the head. The Canada goose also eats <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a> and grains such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> when they are available. In the water, it feeds from aquatic plants by sliding its bill at the bottom of the body of water. It also feeds on aquatic plant-like algae, such as <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UMich_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMich-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In urban areas, it is also known to pick food out of garbage bins. They are also sometimes hand-fed a variety of grains and other foods by humans in parks. Canada geese prefer lawn grass in urban areas. They usually graze in open areas with wide clearance to avoid potential predators.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the second year of their lives, Canada geese find a mate. They are <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a>, and most couples stay together all of their lives. If one dies, the other may find a new mate. The female lays from two to nine eggs with an average of five, and both parents protect the nest while the eggs <a href="/wiki/Avian_incubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian incubation">incubate</a>, but the female spends more time at the nest than the male.<sup id="cite_ref-UMich_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMich-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its nest is usually located in an elevated area near water such as streams, lakes, ponds, and sometimes on a <a href="/wiki/American_beaver" class="mw-redirect" title="American beaver">beaver</a> lodge. Its eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down. </p><p>The incubation period, in which the female incubates while the male remains nearby, lasts for 24–32 days after laying. Canada geese can respond to external climatic factors by adjusting their laying date to spring maximum temperatures, which may benefit their nesting success.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the annual summer molt also takes place during the breeding season, the adults lose their <a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">flight feathers</a> for 20–40 days, regaining flight about the same time as their goslings start to fly.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As soon as the goslings hatch, they are immediately capable of walking, swimming, and finding their own food (a diet similar to that of adult geese). Parents are often seen leading their goslings in a line, usually with one adult at the front and the other at the back. While protecting their goslings, parents often violently chase away nearby creatures, from small blackbirds to lone humans who approach: first giving a warning hiss, and then attacking with bites and slaps of the wings. Although parents are hostile to unfamiliar geese, they may form groups of a number of goslings and a few adults, called <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8che_(zoology)" title="Crèche (zoology)">crèches</a>. </p><p>The offspring enter the <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledgling</a> stage any time from six to nine weeks of age. They do not leave their parents until after the spring migration, when they return to their birthplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gosling_in_GWC_(43721).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canada goose gosling resting in the grass of a New York cemetery"><img alt="Canada goose gosling resting in the grass of a New York cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gosling_in_GWC_%2843721%29.jpg/200px-Gosling_in_GWC_%2843721%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gosling_in_GWC_%2843721%29.jpg/300px-Gosling_in_GWC_%2843721%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gosling_in_GWC_%2843721%29.jpg/400px-Gosling_in_GWC_%2843721%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4130" data-file-height="2902" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canada goose gosling resting in the grass of a New York cemetery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:At_home_in_Llyn_Coed_Y_Dinas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_781969.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nesting in Wales"><img alt="Nesting in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/At_home_in_Llyn_Coed_Y_Dinas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_781969.jpg/200px-At_home_in_Llyn_Coed_Y_Dinas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_781969.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/At_home_in_Llyn_Coed_Y_Dinas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_781969.jpg/300px-At_home_in_Llyn_Coed_Y_Dinas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_781969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/At_home_in_Llyn_Coed_Y_Dinas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_781969.jpg/400px-At_home_in_Llyn_Coed_Y_Dinas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_781969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nesting in Wales</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Branta_canadensis_MWNH_1968.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Eggs, collection Museum Wiesbaden, Germany"><img alt="Eggs, collection Museum Wiesbaden, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Branta_canadensis_MWNH_1968.JPG/200px-Branta_canadensis_MWNH_1968.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Branta_canadensis_MWNH_1968.JPG/300px-Branta_canadensis_MWNH_1968.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Branta_canadensis_MWNH_1968.JPG/400px-Branta_canadensis_MWNH_1968.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4144" data-file-height="2772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eggs, collection <a href="/wiki/Museum_Wiesbaden,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Wiesbaden, Germany">Museum Wiesbaden, Germany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goslings-Hawrelak-Park-Edmonton-Alberta-Canada-01-A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goslings"><img alt="Goslings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Goslings-Hawrelak-Park-Edmonton-Alberta-Canada-01-A.jpg/200px-Goslings-Hawrelak-Park-Edmonton-Alberta-Canada-01-A.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Goslings-Hawrelak-Park-Edmonton-Alberta-Canada-01-A.jpg/300px-Goslings-Hawrelak-Park-Edmonton-Alberta-Canada-01-A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Goslings-Hawrelak-Park-Edmonton-Alberta-Canada-01-A.jpg/400px-Goslings-Hawrelak-Park-Edmonton-Alberta-Canada-01-A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Goslings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_goose_(Branta_canadensis)_pair_with_chicks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of adults with goslings, Norfolk"><img alt="Pair of adults with goslings, Norfolk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_pair_with_chicks.jpg/200px-Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_pair_with_chicks.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_pair_with_chicks.jpg/300px-Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_pair_with_chicks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_pair_with_chicks.jpg/400px-Canada_goose_%28Branta_canadensis%29_pair_with_chicks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4093" data-file-height="2046" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of adults with goslings, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geese_and_goslings_swim_in_V-formation_-_geograph.org.uk_-_429191.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geese and goslings on an English canal, showing formation"><img alt="Geese and goslings on an English canal, showing formation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Geese_and_goslings_swim_in_V-formation_-_geograph.org.uk_-_429191.jpg/200px-Geese_and_goslings_swim_in_V-formation_-_geograph.org.uk_-_429191.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Geese_and_goslings_swim_in_V-formation_-_geograph.org.uk_-_429191.jpg/300px-Geese_and_goslings_swim_in_V-formation_-_geograph.org.uk_-_429191.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Geese_and_goslings_swim_in_V-formation_-_geograph.org.uk_-_429191.jpg/400px-Geese_and_goslings_swim_in_V-formation_-_geograph.org.uk_-_429191.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Geese and goslings on an English canal, showing formation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_geese_at_Lake_Arlington_in_Arlington_Heights,_IL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Family of Canada geese at Lake Arlington"><img alt="Family of Canada geese at Lake Arlington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Canada_geese_at_Lake_Arlington_in_Arlington_Heights%2C_IL.jpg/200px-Canada_geese_at_Lake_Arlington_in_Arlington_Heights%2C_IL.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Canada_geese_at_Lake_Arlington_in_Arlington_Heights%2C_IL.jpg/300px-Canada_geese_at_Lake_Arlington_in_Arlington_Heights%2C_IL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Canada_geese_at_Lake_Arlington_in_Arlington_Heights%2C_IL.jpg/400px-Canada_geese_at_Lake_Arlington_in_Arlington_Heights%2C_IL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Family of Canada geese at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Arlington_(Illinois)" title="Lake Arlington (Illinois)">Lake Arlington</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Goose_Family_in_Huntsville_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Family of Canada Geese in Ontario"><img alt="Family of Canada Geese in Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Canada_Goose_Family_in_Huntsville_12.jpg/200px-Canada_Goose_Family_in_Huntsville_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Canada_Goose_Family_in_Huntsville_12.jpg/300px-Canada_Goose_Family_in_Huntsville_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Canada_Goose_Family_in_Huntsville_12.jpg/400px-Canada_Goose_Family_in_Huntsville_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Family of Canada Geese in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Geese_in_pond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Canada_Geese_in_pond.jpg/220px-Canada_Geese_in_pond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Canada_Geese_in_pond.jpg/330px-Canada_Geese_in_pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Canada_Geese_in_pond.jpg/440px-Canada_Geese_in_pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Resting in a pond during spring migration, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg/220px-Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg/330px-Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg/440px-Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A Canada goose in <a href="/wiki/Daingerfield_State_Park" title="Daingerfield State Park">Daingerfield State Park</a> in Austin County, Texas, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada geese are known for their seasonal migrations. Most Canada geese have staging or resting areas where they join up with others. Their autumn migration can be seen from September to the beginning of November.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early migrants have a tendency to spend less time at rest stops and go through the migration much faster. The later birds usually spend more time at rest stops. Some geese return to the same nesting ground year after year and lay eggs with their mate, raising them in the same way each year. This is recorded from the many tagged geese which frequent the East Coast. </p><p>Canada geese fly in a distinctive V-shaped flight formation, with an altitude of 1 km (3,000 feet) for migration flight. The maximum flight ceiling of Canada geese is unknown, but they have been reported at 9 km (29,000 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-blackwater_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackwater-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Low_flyover_by_five_Canadian_Geese.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Low_flyover_by_five_Canadian_Geese.flac"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Low_flyover_by_five_Canadian_Geese.flac/Low_flyover_by_five_Canadian_Geese.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Low_flyover_by_five_Canadian_Geese.flac/Low_flyover_by_five_Canadian_Geese.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Low_flyover_by_five_Canadian_Geese.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Low flyover by five Canada geese</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Branta_canadensis.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Branta_canadensis.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Branta_canadensis.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Branta_canadensis.ogg/Branta_canadensis.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Call of the Canada geese</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="38" data-mwtitle="Branta_canadensis_-_Canada_Goose_XC62259.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Branta_canadensis_-_Canada_Goose_XC62259.mp3"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Branta_canadensis_-_Canada_Goose_XC62259.mp3/Branta_canadensis_-_Canada_Goose_XC62259.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Branta_canadensis_-_Canada_Goose_XC62259.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>A flock of feeding Canada geese calling</figcaption></figure> <p>Flying in the V formation has been the subject of study by researchers. The front position is rotated since flying in front consumes the most energy. Canada geese leave the winter grounds more quickly than the summer grounds. Elevated <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">thyroid hormones</a>, such as T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4</sub>, have been measured in geese just after a big migration. This is believed because of the long days of flying in migration the thyroid gland sends out more T<sub>4</sub> which help the body cope with the longer journey. The increased T<sub>4</sub> levels are also associated with increased muscle mass (<a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a>) of the breast muscle, also because of the longer time spent flying. It is believed that the body sends out more T<sub>4</sub> to help the goose's body with this long task by speeding up the metabolism and lowering the temperature at which the muscles work.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, other studies show levels of stress hormones such as <a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">corticosterone</a> rise dramatically in these birds during and after a migration.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survival">Survival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lifespan in the wild of geese who survive to adulthood ranges from 10 to 24 years.<sup id="cite_ref-UMich_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMich-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British longevity record is held by a specimen tagged as a nestling, which was observed alive at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> at the age of 31.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to survive the extreme winter temperatures, the geese prefer to stay in urban areas rather than in green spaces since industrial areas retain heat.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators">Predators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Geese_Nesting_on_Beaver_Lodge,_Crawford_County,_PA_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Canada_Geese_Nesting_on_Beaver_Lodge%2C_Crawford_County%2C_PA_1960.jpg/220px-Canada_Geese_Nesting_on_Beaver_Lodge%2C_Crawford_County%2C_PA_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Canada_Geese_Nesting_on_Beaver_Lodge%2C_Crawford_County%2C_PA_1960.jpg/330px-Canada_Geese_Nesting_on_Beaver_Lodge%2C_Crawford_County%2C_PA_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Canada_Geese_Nesting_on_Beaver_Lodge%2C_Crawford_County%2C_PA_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Canada geese instinctively nest on higher ground near water. This female is nesting on a <a href="/wiki/Beaver#Infrastructure" title="Beaver">beaver lodge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Known predators of eggs and goslings include <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a> (<i>Canis latrans</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Bluett_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bluett-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic foxes</a> (<i>Vulpes lagopus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">northern raccoons</a> (<i>Procyon lotor</i>), <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a> (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>), large <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a> (<i>Larus</i> species), <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">common ravens</a> (<i>Corvus corax</i>), <a href="/wiki/American_crow" title="American crow">American crows</a> (<i>Corvus brachyrhynchos</i>), <a href="/wiki/Carrion_crow" title="Carrion crow">carrion crows</a> (in Europe, <i>Corvus corone</i>) and both <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) and <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bears</a> (<i>Ursus americanus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barry_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geese and their goslings are occasionally preyed upon by domestic dogs—these occurrences can be prevented by leashing a pet dog.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once they reach adulthood, due to their large size and often aggressive behavior, Canada geese are rarely preyed on, although prior injury may make them more vulnerable to natural predators.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond humans, adults can be taken by coyotes<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">grey wolves</a> (<i>Canis lupus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avian predators that are known to kill adults, as well as young geese, include <a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">snowy owls</a> (<i>Bubo scandiacus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a> (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagles</a> (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>) and, though rarely on large adult geese, <a href="/wiki/Great_horned_owl" title="Great horned owl">great horned owls</a> (<i>Bubo virginianus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Northern_goshawk" title="Northern goshawk">northern goshawks</a> (<i>Accipiter gentilis</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Veldkamp_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veldkamp-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcons</a> (<i>Falco peregrinus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Gyrfalcon" title="Gyrfalcon">gyrfalcons</a> (<i>Falco rusticolus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barry_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adult geese are quite vigorous at displacing potential predators from the nest site, with predator prevention usually falling to the larger male of the pair.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males usually attempt to draw attention of approaching predators and toll (mob terrestrial predators without physical contact) often in accompaniment with males of other goose species. Eagles frequently cause geese to fly off <i>en masse</i> from some distance, though in other instances, geese may seem unconcerned at perched bald eagles nearby, seemingly only reacting if the eagle is displaying active hunting behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada geese are quite wary of humans where they are regularly hunted and killed, but can otherwise become habituated to fearlessness toward humans, especially where they are fed by them.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often leads to the geese becoming overly aggressive toward humans, and large groups of the birds may be considered a nuisance if they are causing persistent problems to humans and other animals in the surrounding area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salinity">Salinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Salinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salinity plays a role in the growth and development of goslings. Moderate to high salinity concentrations without fresh water results in slower development, growth, and saline-induced mortality. Goslings are susceptible to saline-induced mortality before their nasal salt glands become functional; the majority of such deaths occur before the sixth day of life.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease">Disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada geese are susceptible to avian bird flus, such as <a href="/wiki/H5N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H5N1">H5N1</a>. A study carried out using the HPAI virus, a H5N1 virus, found that the geese were susceptible to the virus. This proved useful for monitoring the spread of the virus through the high mortality of infected birds. Prior exposure to other viruses may result in some resistance to H5N1.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relationship with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParkingLotMotherCanadaGoose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ParkingLotMotherCanadaGoose.jpg/220px-ParkingLotMotherCanadaGoose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ParkingLotMotherCanadaGoose.jpg/330px-ParkingLotMotherCanadaGoose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ParkingLotMotherCanadaGoose.jpg/440px-ParkingLotMotherCanadaGoose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Nesting in a parking lot</figcaption></figure> <p>The Canada goose is considered part of the Canadian national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America, nonmigratory Canada goose populations have been on the rise. The species is frequently found on golf courses, parking lots, and urban parks, which would have previously hosted only migratory geese on rare occasions. Owing to its adaptability to human-altered areas, it has become one of the most common <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> species in North America. In many areas, nonmigratory Canada geese are now regarded as pests by humans. They are suspected of being a cause of an increase in high <a href="/wiki/Fecal_coliforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal coliforms">fecal coliforms</a> at beaches.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extended hunting season, deploying noise makers, and hazing by dogs have been used in an attempt to disrupt suspect flocks.<sup id="cite_ref-hazing_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hazing-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A goal of conservationists has been to focus hunting on the nonmigratory populations (which tend to be larger and more of a nuisance) as opposed to migratory flocks showing natural behavior, which may be rarer. </p><p>Since 1999, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> Wildlife Services agency has been engaged in lethal culls of Canada geese primarily in urban or densely populated areas. The agency responds to municipalities or private land owners, such as golf courses, which find the geese obtrusive or object to their waste.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Goose_egg_addling" title="Goose egg addling">Addling</a> goose eggs and destroying nests are promoted as humane population control methods.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flocks of Canada geese can also be captured during molt and this method of culling is used to control invasive populations.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada geese are protected from hunting and capture outside of designated hunting seasons in the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act">Migratory Bird Treaty Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Canada under the <a href="/wiki/Migratory_Birds_Convention_Act" title="Migratory Birds Convention Act">Migratory Birds Convention Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both countries, commercial transactions such as buying or trading are mostly prohibited and the possession, hunting, and interfering with the activity of the animals are subject to restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, as with native bird species, the nests and eggs of Canada geese are fully protected by law, except when their removal has been specifically licensed, and shooting is generally permitted only during the defined <a href="/wiki/Open_season_(hunting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open season (hunting)">open season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geese have a tendency to attack humans when they feel themselves or their goslings to be threatened. First, the geese stand erect, spread their wings, and produce a hissing sound. Next, the geese charge. They may then peck or attack with their wings.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_strikes">Aircraft strikes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aircraft strikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAir_1549_bird_feather.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/USAir_1549_bird_feather.jpg/220px-USAir_1549_bird_feather.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/USAir_1549_bird_feather.jpg/330px-USAir_1549_bird_feather.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/USAir_1549_bird_feather.jpg/440px-USAir_1549_bird_feather.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A feather from a Canada goose that was ingested into the engines of the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">Airbus A320</a> operating <a href="/wiki/US_Airways_Flight_1549" title="US Airways Flight 1549">US Airways Flight 1549</a>. Multiple Canada geese were ingested by the aircraft's engines, disabling the aircraft and leading to it successfully ditching in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada geese have been implicated in a number of <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">bird strikes</a> by aircraft. Their large size and tendency to fly in flocks may exacerbate their impact. In the United States, the Canada goose is the second-most damaging bird strike to airplanes, with the most damaging being <a href="/wiki/Turkey_vulture" title="Turkey vulture">turkey vultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada geese can cause fatal crashes when they strike an aircraft's engine. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a> has reported 1,772 known civil aircraft strikes within the United States between 1990 and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total cost of these bird strikes to general and commercial aviation has been reported to exceed $130 million.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/E-3_Sentry" class="mw-redirect" title="E-3 Sentry">E-3 Sentry</a> aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Elmendorf_Air_Force_Base" title="Elmendorf Air Force Base">Elmendorf AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, struck a flock of Canada geese on takeoff, losing power in both port side engines. It crashed 2 mi (3.2 km) from the runway, killing all 24 crew members. <a href="/wiki/1995_Alaska_Boeing_E-3_Sentry_accident" title="1995 Alaska Boeing E-3 Sentry accident">The accident</a> sparked efforts to avoid such events, including habitat modification, aversion tactics, herding and relocation, and culling of flocks.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1995AWACS_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1995AWACS-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a collision with a flock of migratory Canada geese resulted in <a href="/wiki/US_Airways_Flight_1549" title="US Airways Flight 1549">US Airways Flight 1549</a> suffering a total loss of power from both engines after takeoff, forcing the crew of the aircraft to ditch the plane in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> with no loss of human life.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ntsb4feb_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntsb4feb-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a large, common wild bird, the Canada goose is a common target of hunters, especially in its native range. Drake Larsen, a researcher in sustainable agriculture at <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a>, described them to <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic (magazine)">The Atlantic</a></i> magazine as "so yummy ...good, lean, rich meat. I find they are similar to a good cut of beef."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">British Trust for Ornithology</a>, however, has described them as "reputedly amongst the most inedible of birds." The U.S. goose harvest for 2013–14 reported over 1.3 million geese taken.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada geese are rarely farmed, and sale of wild Canada goose meat is rare due to regulation and slaughterhouses' lack of experience with wild birds. Geese in New York City parks culled by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Environmental_Protection" title="New York City Department of Environmental Protection">New York City Department of Environmental Protection</a> have been donated to food banks in Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, the North American population of the geese was estimated to be between 4 million and 5 million birds.<sup id="cite_ref-ma_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ma-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 20-year study from 1983 to 2003 in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>, found the size of the winter Canada goose population within the city limits increased from 1,600 to over 18,000 birds.<sup id="cite_ref-ma_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ma-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2018" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22679935/131909406">"<i>Branta canadensis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2018</b>: e.T22679935A131909406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679935A131909406.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679935A131909406.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Branta+canadensis&rft.volume=2018&rft.pages=e.T22679935A131909406&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679935A131909406.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22679935%2F131909406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+goose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1981" class="citation book cs1">Long, John L. (1981). <i>Introduced Birds of the World</i>. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia. pp. 21–493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduced+Birds+of+the+World&rft.pages=21-493&rft.pub=Agricultural+Protection+Board+of+Western+Australia&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+goose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, C.</a> (1758). <i>Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata</i> (in Latin). Holmia: Laurentius Salvius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis.+Tomus+I.+Editio+decima%2C+reformata&rft.place=Holmia&rft.pub=Laurentius+Salvius&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+goose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-job90-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-job90_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobling2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobling, James A (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling"><i>The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</i></a>. London: Christopher Helm. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n77">77</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-2501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Helm+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Bird+Names&rft.place=London&rft.pages=77%2C+87&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4&rft.aulast=Jobling&rft.aufirst=James+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHelm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+goose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillMinturn2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Gill, Frank</a>; Minturn, Wright (2006). <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World:_Recommended_English_Names" title="Birds of the World: Recommended English Names"><i>Birds of the World: Recommended English Names</i></a>. 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C. and Wilkins, K.A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flyways.us/sites/default/files/uploads/migratory_bird_hunting_activity_and_harvest_2014-2015_hunting_seasons_estimates.pdf">Migratory bird hunting activity and harvest during the 2013–14 and 2014–15 hunting seasons</a>. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, Maryland, USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2011" class="citation news cs1">Carlson, Kathryn (June 18, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/new-york-solves-its-canada-goose-problem-by-feeding-them-to-pennsylvanias-poor">"New York solves its Canada Goose problem by feeding them to Pennsylvania's poor"</a>. <i>National Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=New+York+solves+its+Canada+Goose+problem+by+feeding+them+to+Pennsylvania%27s+poor&rft.date=2011-06-18&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fnew-york-solves-its-canada-goose-problem-by-feeding-them-to-pennsylvanias-poor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+goose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ma-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ma_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ma_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaccaroneCope2004" class="citation journal cs1">Maccarone, Alan D.; Cope, Charles (2004). "Recent trends in the winter population of Canada geese (<i>Branta canadensis</i>) in Wichita, Kansas: 1998–2003". <i>Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science</i>. <b>107</b> (1, 2). Kansas Academy of Science: 77–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1660%2F0022-8443%282004%29107%5B0077%3ARTITWP%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1660/0022-8443(2004)107[0077:RTITWP]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85902001">85902001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Kansas+Academy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Recent+trends+in+the+winter+population+of+Canada+geese+%28Branta+canadensis%29+in+Wichita%2C+Kansas%3A+1998%E2%80%932003&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1%2C+2&rft.pages=77-82&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1660%2F0022-8443%282004%29107%5B0077%3ARTITWP%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85902001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Maccarone&rft.aufirst=Alan+D.&rft.au=Cope%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+goose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Canada goose</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Branta_canadensis" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Branta canadensis">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" class="extiw" title="species:Branta canadensis">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040707023136/http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/birds/Branta_canadensis/">Images and videos of the Canada goose</a> on <a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/canada-goose">RSPB Birds by Name: Canada goose</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Canada_Goose">Canada Goose Species Account</a> – Cornell Lab of Ornithology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/cangoo">Explore Species: Canada Goose</a> at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bto.org/understanding-birds/birdfacts/canada-goose">Canada Goose</a> – BTO BirdFacts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/news/Historic/NewsReleases/1963/19630401.pdf">Rediscovery report on Giant Canada Goose from 1963</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228154021/https://www.fws.gov/news/Historic/NewsReleases/1963/19630401.pdf">Archived</a> February 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_Game" title="Template talk:North American Game"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_Game" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American Game"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Game animals and shooting in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_bobwhite" title="Northern bobwhite">Bobwhite quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Hungarian partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">Prairie chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Ring-necked pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">Ruffed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">Sharp-tailed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_snipe" title="Wilson's snipe">Snipe (common snipe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_grouse" title="Spruce grouse">Spruce grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterfowl hunters"><img alt="Waterfowl hunters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/65px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/98px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/130px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Waterfowl hunters</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_duck" title="American black duck">Black duck</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvasback" title="Canvasback">Canvasback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadwall" title="Gadwall">Gadwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">Greater scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_scaup" title="Lesser scaup">Lesser scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhead_(bird)" title="Redhead (bird)">Redhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_goose" title="Ross's goose">Ross's goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">Snow goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">Wood duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison (buffalo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Caribou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (mountain lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other quarry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">Fox squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">Gray squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Opossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">Snowshoe hare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Branta canadensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26733" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q26733">Q26733</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Branta canadensis">Branta canadensis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: <span class="uid">cangoo</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Branta_canadensis/">Branta_canadensis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Branta_canadensis">Branta_canadensis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=B59E18633E2EFD25">B59E18633E2EFD25</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8441">8441</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22679935">22679935</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=17391">17391</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/cangoo">cangoo</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">BTO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob1660.htm">bob1660</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5WRC3">5WRC3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/cangoo">cangoo</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45510537">45510537</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BRNTCA">BRNTCA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/916">916</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp1660.htm">1660</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:96482">96482</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/9c6f028c-ae4c-44b0-bb10-011ad81b1bdb">9c6f028c-ae4c-44b0-bb10-011ad81b1bdb</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/bird/brca/all.html">brca</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5232437">5232437</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1427">1427</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">GNAB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/canada-goose">canada-goose</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Handbook of the Birds of the World">IBC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/canada-goose-branta-canadensis">canada-goose-branta-canadensis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/7089">7089</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10585055">10585055</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/91754">91754</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174999">174999</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22679935">22679935</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.770965/">2.770965</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000000009">NBNSYS0000000009</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8853">8853</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical Birds Online">Neotropical</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/cangoo">cangoo</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZBO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/canada-goose">canada-goose</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/571984a8-1d64-418c-86c5-05e91876a771">571984a8-1d64-418c-86c5-05e91876a771</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/110/">110</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/159176">159176</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Ohio Department of Natural Resources">ODNR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-index/birds/canada-goose">canada-goose</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=714461">714461</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=110951">110951</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=2822">2822</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=159176">159176</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Branta-canadensis">Branta-canadensis</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26733#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283206405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&oldid=1251866586">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&oldid=1251866586</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">IUCN Red List least concern species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Branta" 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