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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hybridization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybridization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Hybridization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybridization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conservation status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesser scaup</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Американска планинска потапница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американска планинска потапница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morilhon_bihan" title="Morilhon bihan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Morilhon bihan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morell_petit" title="Morell petit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Morell petit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aythya_affinis" title="Aythya affinis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aythya affinis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwyaden_benddu_fechan" title="Hwyaden benddu fechan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hwyaden benddu fechan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_bjergand" title="Lille bjergand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lille bjergand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadabergente" title="Kanadabergente – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanadabergente" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naal%CA%BCee%C5%82%C3%AD_t%C3%A1%C5%82t%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1h_n%C3%A1lno%CA%BC%C3%AD_y%C3%A1zh%C3%AD" title="Naalʼeełí táłtłʼááh nálnoʼí yázhí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naalʼeełí táłtłʼááh nálnoʼí yázhí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ike-merivart" title="Väike-merivart – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väike-merivart" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aythya_affinis" title="Aythya affinis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aythya affinis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgranda_rokanaso" title="Malgranda rokanaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malgranda rokanaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murgilari_txiki" title="Murgilari txiki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Murgilari txiki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%DA%A9" title="اردک سرسیاه کوچک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردک سرسیاه کوچک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Fuligule" title="Petit Fuligule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Petit Fuligule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytse_jolling" title="Lytse jolling – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lytse jolling" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mionlacha_iasc%C3%A1n" title="Mionlacha iascán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mionlacha iascán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato_b%C3%B3la" title="Pato bóla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pato bóla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%A0%EA%B2%80%EC%9D%80%EB%A8%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%9D%B0%EC%A3%BD%EC%A7%80" title="쇠검은머리흰죽지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쇠검은머리흰죽지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivole%C4%91a_patka" title="Sivoleđa patka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sivoleđa patka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambangan_punggung-blorok_kecil" title="Kambangan punggung-blorok kecil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kambangan punggung-blorok kecil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaq%C5%82utuuq" title="Qaqłutuuq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Qaqłutuuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAf%C3%B6nd" title="Kúfönd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kúfönd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aythya_affinis" title="Aythya affinis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aythya affinis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aythya_affinis" title="Aythya affinis – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aythya affinis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikkulabasotku" title="Pikkulabasotku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pikkulabasotku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAbos_r%C3%A9ce" title="Búbos réce – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Búbos réce" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%89" title="سكاوب الصغرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سكاوب الصغرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleine_topper" title="Kleine topper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kleine topper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BA%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A2" title="コスズガモ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コスズガモ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpurhodeand" title="Purpurhodeand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Purpurhodeand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogorza%C5%82ka_ma%C5%82a" title="Ogorzałka mała – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ogorzałka mała" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarro-americano" title="Zarro-americano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zarro-americano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%9B%C4%83_cucuiat%C4%83_mic%C4%83" title="Rață cucuiată mică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rață cucuiată mică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Американская морская чернеть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американская морская чернеть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мала црника – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мала црника" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_crnika" title="Mala crnika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mala crnika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikkulapasotka" title="Pikkulapasotka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pikkulapasotka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindre_bergand" title="Mindre bergand – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mindre bergand" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чернь американська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чернь американська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Bt_b%C3%A3i_nh%E1%BB%8F" title="Vịt bãi nhỏ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vịt bãi nhỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aythya_affinis" title="Aythya affinis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aythya affinis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%96%91%E8%83%8C%E6%BD%9B%E9%B4%A8" title="小斑背潛鴨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="小斑背潛鴨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bird</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Lesser scaup </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_scaup_-_Aythya_affinis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lesser_scaup_-_Aythya_affinis.jpg/220px-Lesser_scaup_-_Aythya_affinis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lesser_scaup_-_Aythya_affinis.jpg/330px-Lesser_scaup_-_Aythya_affinis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lesser_scaup_-_Aythya_affinis.jpg/440px-Lesser_scaup_-_Aythya_affinis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="1991" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Adult male </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aythya_affinis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aythya_affinis.JPG/220px-Aythya_affinis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aythya_affinis.JPG/330px-Aythya_affinis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aythya_affinis.JPG/440px-Aythya_affinis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2935" data-file-height="1881" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Adult female </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Aythya" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aythya" title="Aythya"><i>Aythya</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>A. affinis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Aythya affinis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_Eyton" title="Thomas Campbell Eyton">Eyton</a>, 1838)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aythya_affinis_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aythya_affinis_map.svg/220px-Aythya_affinis_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aythya_affinis_map.svg/330px-Aythya_affinis_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aythya_affinis_map.svg/440px-Aythya_affinis_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="377" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F2A; color:black;"> </span> Breeding</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFDD55; color:black;"> </span> Migration</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7137C8; color:white;"> </span> Year-round</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5F8DD3; color:black;"> </span> Nonbreeding</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Fuligula affinis</i> <small>Eyton, 1838</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div class="noprint wikilien_alternatif" style="clear:right; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:175px; border:solid #c0c0c0 1px; padding:0px; font-size:90%; text-align:left;"> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #202122);"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle;"> <td style="line-height:50px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds"><img alt="Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Spiza_americana_male_94_231051626_13e01e8125_o_cropped_flipped.png/50px-Spiza_americana_male_94_231051626_13e01e8125_o_cropped_flipped.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Spiza_americana_male_94_231051626_13e01e8125_o_cropped_flipped.png/75px-Spiza_americana_male_94_231051626_13e01e8125_o_cropped_flipped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Spiza_americana_male_94_231051626_13e01e8125_o_cropped_flipped.png/100px-Spiza_americana_male_94_231051626_13e01e8125_o_cropped_flipped.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="679" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:2;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Songs and calls</b></div><hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Aythya-affinis">Listen to Lesser Scaup on xeno-canto</a> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>lesser scaup</b> (<i><b>Aythya affinis</b></i>) is a small <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> <a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">diving duck</a> that migrates south as far as <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> in winter. It is colloquially known as the <b>little bluebill</b> or <b>broadbill</b> because of its distinctive blue bill. The origin of the name scaup may stem from the bird's preference for feeding on scalp—the Scottish word for clams, oysters, and mussels; however, some credit it to the female's discordant scaup call as the name's source.<sup id="cite_ref-DUb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is apparently a very close relative of the <a href="/wiki/Holarctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holarctic">Holarctic</a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">greater scaup</a> or "bluebill" (<i>A. marila</i>), with which it forms a <a href="/wiki/Superspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superspecies">superspecies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livezey_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livezey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scientific name is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>aithuia</i> an unidentified <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabird</a> mentioned by authors including <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Miletus" title="Hesychius of Miletus">Hesychius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <i>affinis</i> "related to", from its resemblance to the greater scaup.<sup id="cite_ref-job90_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-job90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_scaup&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adults are 38–48 cm (15–19 in) long, 41.7–43 cm (16.4–16.9 in) on average. The species can weigh 454–1,089 g (1.001–2.401 lb); males weigh 820 g (1.81 lb) on average and females weigh noticeably less, at 730 g (1.61 lb) on average.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wing lengths (not <a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">wingspans</a>) are about 7.5–7.9 in (19–20 cm) in males and 7.3–7.8 in (19–20 cm) in females; the <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsus</a> is about 1.4–1.5 in (3.6–3.8 cm) long, and the bill 1.4–1.7 in (3.6–4.3 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-DUb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madge_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wingspan is 68–78 cm (27–31 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adult males (drakes) in <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">definitive basic (breeding) plumage</a> have a black, iridescent head and a small tuft at the hindcrown, a black breast, a whitish-grey back and wings with darker <a href="/wiki/Vermiculation" title="Vermiculation">vermiculations</a> and black outer and greyish-brown inner primary <a href="/wiki/Remiges" class="mw-redirect" title="Remiges">remiges</a>. The underparts are white with some <a href="/wiki/Olive_(color)" title="Olive (color)">olive</a> vermiculations on the flanks, and the <a href="/wiki/Rectrices" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectrices">rectrices</a> and tail coverts are black. Adult females (hens) have a white band at the base of the bill, often a lighter ear region, and are otherwise dark brown all over, shading to white on the mid-belly. Drakes in <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_plumage" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipse plumage">eclipse plumage</a> look similar, but with a very dark head and breast, little or no white on the head and usually some greyish vermiculations on the wings. Immature birds resemble the adult females, but are duller and have hardly any white at the bill base. Both sexes have white secondary remiges, a blue-grey bill with a smallblack "nail" at the tip and grey feet; the drakes have a bright yellow <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>, while that of females is orange to yellow varying with age<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of immatures is brown. <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">Downy</a> hatchlings look much like those of related species, with dark brown upperparts and pale <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">buff</a> underparts, chin, <a href="/wiki/Supercilium" title="Supercilium">supercilium</a> and back spots.<sup id="cite_ref-DUb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madge_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUa_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These birds are not very vocal, at least compared to <a href="/wiki/Dabbling_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabbling duck">dabbling ducks</a>. Hens give the namesake discordant <i>scaup, scaup</i> call; in courtship drakes produce weak whistles. Hens vocalize more often than those of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">greater scaup</a>—particularly during flight—but their call is weaker, a guttural <i>brrtt, brrtt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DUb_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madge_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUa_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification">Identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_scaup&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Scaup_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lesser scaup drake in basic plumage. Note typical head shape; purple sheen visible on neck."><img alt="Lesser scaup drake in basic plumage. Note typical head shape; purple sheen visible on neck." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lesser_Scaup_2.jpg/120px-Lesser_Scaup_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lesser_Scaup_2.jpg/180px-Lesser_Scaup_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lesser_Scaup_2.jpg/240px-Lesser_Scaup_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lesser scaup drake in basic plumage. Note typical head shape; purple sheen visible on neck.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_scaup_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greater scaup drake in basic plumage. Note typical head shape; green sheen visible on neck."><img alt="Greater scaup drake in basic plumage. Note typical head shape; green sheen visible on neck." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Greater_scaup_male.jpg/120px-Greater_scaup_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Greater_scaup_male.jpg/180px-Greater_scaup_male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Greater_scaup_male.jpg/240px-Greater_scaup_male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greater scaup drake in basic plumage. Note typical head shape; green sheen visible on neck.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aythya_affinis.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lesser scaup hen."><img alt="Lesser scaup hen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aythya_affinis.JPG/120px-Aythya_affinis.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aythya_affinis.JPG/180px-Aythya_affinis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aythya_affinis.JPG/240px-Aythya_affinis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2935" data-file-height="1881" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lesser scaup hen.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_scaup_female.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greater scaup hen."><img alt="Greater scaup hen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greater_scaup_female.jpg/120px-Greater_scaup_female.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greater_scaup_female.jpg/180px-Greater_scaup_female.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greater_scaup_female.jpg/240px-Greater_scaup_female.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greater scaup hen.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Lesser scaup are often hard to distinguish from the <a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">greater scaup</a> when direct comparison is not possible, but in North America a large <a href="/wiki/Aythya" title="Aythya">scaup</a> flock will often have both species present. Females, juveniles and drakes in eclipse plumage are hard to identify; there is considerable overlap in length between the two species, but greater scaup are usually noticeably more bulky. Lesser scaup females and immatures tend to have less white around the bill, but this too varies considerably between individual birds. Lesser Scaup generally have a smaller and straighter bill, with a relatively narrow profile, while Greater Scaup have a wider, more spatulate profile toward the tip of the bill. The dark nail tip averages wider on Greater Scaup.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In flight, the most tell-tale sign is the white secondary <a href="/wiki/Remiges" class="mw-redirect" title="Remiges">remiges</a>, whereas in the greater scaup the white extends on the primary remiges also, i.e. far towards the wingtip.<sup id="cite_ref-DUb_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madge_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUa_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lesser scaup drakes in nuptial plumage are often said to be recognizable by the purple instead of green sheen of the head and a darker back. But this is unreliable because it varies according to light conditions, and these birds are often too far away from the observer to make out any sheen at all. The shape of the head is a crucial difference, but only when birds are at rest and not actively diving. In the greater scaup drake, the forehead is usually quite massive (especially in North American and East Asian populations), whereas the nape presents a smooth shallow curve and may appear almost straightly sloping. The lesser scaup drake presents the opposite shape, with a less bulging forehead and a nape that looks strongly curved or even angular due to the small crest. When the birds raise their heads, these differences are most easy to spot, and after observing the two species in direct comparison it usually becomes easy to recognize. In fact, in basic plumage the lesser scaup drake may appear identical in shape and size to a drake of the <a href="/wiki/Ring-necked_duck" title="Ring-necked duck">ring-necked duck</a> (<i>A. collaris</i>); the black back and wings of that species are hard to confuse with the light ones of the lesser scaup male though.<sup id="cite_ref-DUb_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madge_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUa_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybridization">Hybridization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_scaup&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hybridization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particularly in the case of vagrant birds in Europe, the identification is complicated by similar-looking <i><a href="/wiki/Aythya" title="Aythya">Aythya</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>. Except for hybrids between the two scaup species, the most reliable mark is the black bill-tip of hybrids, whereas in the scaups only the very point ("nail") of the bill is black. This is even recognizable at considerable range, as the scaups' bills appear uniformly grey from a distance, whereas those of hybrids look two-colored. European hybrids typically involve the <a href="/wiki/Tufted_duck" title="Tufted duck">tufted duck</a> (<i>A. fuligula</i>), yielding offspring that have a small nape crest unlike any European <i>Aythya</i> species. Female and immature hybrids typically lack the white bill base, except in those between lesser scaup and ring-necked duck, where the white extends to the eye region. But especially with juveniles, the bi-colored bill of hybrids is most diagnostic. Hybrid combinations that are known from the wild and resemble the lesser scaup are: </p> <ul><li>The occurrence of hybridization between lesser and greater scaup in the wild is disputed. Such hybrids could only be identified with certainty by <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequence</a> comparison however. But while they may exist unnoticed, they cannot be frequent, as the species are largely <a href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatric</a> and closely related, yet remain distinct, with no signs of significant <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a>.</li> <li>Hybrids between lesser scaup and ring-necked ducks are recognizable by very dark wings contrasting with a light grey underside more than in the lesser scaup but less than in the ring-necked duck.</li> <li>Hybrids between the lesser scaup and the <a href="/wiki/Redhead_(duck)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redhead (duck)">redhead</a> (<i>A. americana</i>) are recognizable by the lack of contrast between wings and belly and the dull brownish head.</li> <li>Hybrids between the tufted duck and the <a href="/wiki/Common_pochard" title="Common pochard">common pochard</a> (<i>A. ferina</i>) are almost indistinguishable from lesser scaup, though neither parent species resembles <i>A. affinis</i>.</li></ul> <p>In theory, each and every <i>Aythya</i> species is able to produce potentially <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertile</a> hybrids with any other, though due to their different ranges and behavioral cues given during courtship most of these hybrids are only known from birds kept in captivity without <a href="/wiki/Conspecific" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecific">conspecific</a> mates.<sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madge_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_scaup&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">syntype specimens</a> of <i>Fuligula affinis</i> Eyton (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51971">Monogr. Anat., 1838, p.157.</a>) are held in the vertebrate zoology collections of <a href="/wiki/National_Museums_Liverpool" title="National Museums Liverpool">National Museums Liverpool</a> at <a href="/wiki/World_Museum" title="World Museum">World Museum</a>, with accession numbers NML-VZ D826c (female adult) and NML-VZ D826b (male adult).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specimens were collected in North America and came to the Liverpool national collection via <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_Eyton" title="Thomas Campbell Eyton">Thomas Campbell Eyton</a>’s collection and the <a href="/wiki/13th_Earl_of_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Earl of Derby">13th Earl of Derby</a>’s collection which was bequeathed to the people of Liverpool in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_migration">Distribution and migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_scaup&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution and migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Their breeding habitat is inland <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">ponds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> through western Canada to western <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>; few breed east of <a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. Notable breeding concentrations, with more than half a million birds at the height of the season, can be found in Alaska, in the woodlands of the <a href="/wiki/McKenzie_River_(Oregon)" title="McKenzie River (Oregon)">McKenzie River</a> valley and on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Crow_Flats" title="Old Crow Flats">Old Crow Flats</a>. These birds <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrate</a> south (mostly via the <a href="/wiki/Central_Flyway" title="Central Flyway">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Flyway" title="Mississippi Flyway">Mississippi Flyways</a>) when the young are fledged and return early spring, usually arriving on the breeding ground in May. Lesser scaup typically travel in flocks of 25–50 birds and winter mainly on lakes, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and sheltered coastal <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bays</a> between the US–Canada border and northern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. </p><p>Wintering lesser scaup are typically found in <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> or slightly <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> habitat and unlike <a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">greater scaup</a> rarely are seen offshore when unfrozen freshwater habitat is available. They may even spend the winter on lakes in <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">parks</a>, as long as they are not harassed, and will occur even on smallish <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands such as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cayman" title="Grand Cayman">Grand Cayman</a>. Thousands winter each year on the <a href="/wiki/Topolobampo" title="Topolobampo">Topolobampo</a> lagoons in Mexico, and even in the southernmost major wintering location—<a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9naga_Grande_de_Santa_Marta" title="Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta">Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta</a> in Colombia—hundreds of birds can be seen. In <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, flocks are present from July on, but only really numerous after September. They move north again in April and May. In the extreme southeast and southwest of the breeding range—the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> region of the northwestern United States and the southern Great Lakes—lesser scaup are present all-year; it is not clear whether the breeding birds are replaced by migrants from the far north in winter, or whether the local populations do not migrate, or whether both local and migrant birds are found there in winter.<sup id="cite_ref-DUb_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madge_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUa_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olson_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herrera_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are rarely—but apparently increasingly often—seen as vagrants in western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The first documented <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> record was a first-winter male at <a href="/wiki/Chasewater" title="Chasewater">Chasewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> in 1987<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by 2006, over 60 had been recorded, with an average of 2 per year. UK records are typically in the northern parts of the country. Vagrant lesser scaup have also been recorded on the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a> Japan, possibly China, and—for the first time on 18 January 2000—in the <a href="/wiki/Marianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas">Marianas</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (in winter), and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> (in summer).<sup id="cite_ref-DUb_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madge_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kerkhove_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerkhove-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiles_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiles-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BTO_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTO-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_scaup&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lesser scaup forage mainly by sifting through the bottom mud, usually after diving and swimming underwater, occasionally by dabbling without diving. They mainly eat <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>, as well as seeds and other parts of aquatic plants like sedges and bulrushes (<a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Pondweed" title="Pondweed">pondweeds</a>", <a href="/wiki/Widgeon-grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Widgeon-grass">widgeon-grass</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruppia_cirrhosa" title="Ruppia cirrhosa">Ruppia cirrhosa</a></i>), wild celery (<i><a href="/wiki/Vallisneria_americana" title="Vallisneria americana">Vallisneria americana</a></i>) or <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a> (<i>Zizania</i>). In winter, but less so in summer, other <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a> animals—<a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustacean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fishes</a>—form an important part of their diet. It has been reported that both the lesser and the greater scaup have shifted their traditional migration routes to take advantage of the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">zebra mussel</a> (<i>Dreissena polymorpha</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, which was accidentally introduced in the 1980s and has multiplied enormously. This may pose a risk to these birds because zebra mussels are efficient <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a> and so accumulate environmental contaminants rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-DUb_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUa_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Custer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Custer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They nest in a sheltered location on the ground near water, usually among thick vegetation such as <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedges and bulrushes</a>, sometimes in small loose groups and not rarely next to colonies of <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">terns</a>; several females may deposit eggs in a single nest. The drakes court the hens in the winter quarters; pairs form shortly before and during the spring migration. When nesting starts, the males aggregate while they <a href="/wiki/Moult" class="mw-redirect" title="Moult">moult</a> into <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_plumage" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipse plumage">eclipse plumage</a>, leaving the task of incubation and raising the young to the females alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Madge_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nest is a shallow depression scraped in the ground and lined with plants and some <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">down feathers</a>. Breeding begins in May, but most birds nest only in June, later than usual for North American <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)" title="Clutch (eggs)">clutch</a> numbers about 9–11 eggs on average; up to 26 eggs have been found in a single nest, but such high numbers are from more than one female. Incubation is by the female only and lasts around 3 weeks. The young <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledge</a> some 45–50 days after hatching and soon thereafter the birds migrate to winter quarters already. Lesser scaup become sexually mature in their first or second summer. The oldest known individual reached an age of over 18 years.<sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AnAge_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnAge-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the start of the population decline (see <a href="#Conservation_status">below</a>), about 57% of the lesser scaup nests failed each breeding season because the female was killed or the eggs were eaten or destroyed. The average brood size of nests where eggs hatched successfully was 8.33 hatchlings.<sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_scaup&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conservation status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the lesser scaup has the largest population of any species of diving duck in North America, their population has been steadily declining since the mid-1980s, and reached an all-time low in the early 21st century. During <a href="/wiki/Breeding_bird_survey" title="Breeding bird survey">breeding bird surveys</a>, lesser and <a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">greater scaup</a> are counted together due to the impossibility of identifying the species unequivocally when large numbers of birds are involved. Lesser scaup are thought to comprise slightly less than nine-tenths of the scaup population of North America. In the 1970s, the lesser scaup population was estimated at 6.9 million birds on average; in the 1990s it had declined to about half that number, and by the late 2000s it is estimated at 3 million individuals or less. Due to the wide breeding range and the fact that the rate of decline, though remarkable, is still not threatening in respect to the enormous overall numbers, the lesser scaup is classified as a Species of <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> by the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a>. An increase of the decline is liable to result in an uplisting to <a href="/wiki/Near_Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Threatened">Near Threatened</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> status.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUb_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUa_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The causes for this stark—though not threatening yet—decline remain unknown. There are indications that the breeding success is decreasing, but why this is so remains puzzling. On one hand, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, especially in the wintering regions, has certainly increased since the early-mid 20th century. On the other hand, the narrow time frame in which lesser scaup breed and raise their young may be tied to some specific ecological conditions—such as abundance of key food, without the ducks being able to adapt. In this regard, it is alternatively or additionally possible that greater scaup, which may be increasing in numbers, is putting the lesser scaup under increasingly severe competition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, it seems that greater scaup eats larger food items on average,<sup id="cite_ref-Custer_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Custer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the species are <a href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatric</a> in part of their range and presumably have been for millennia without any problems due to competition. The experience of the past as well as the reproduction rate—even if this is declining—suggests that <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> has no major impact on lesser scaup populations at present either. Also, the breeding habitat is mainly in regions little-used by humans; habitat destruction on the breeding grounds is also not considered to be problematic. <sup id="cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_scaup&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2016" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680402/92861095">"<i>Aythya affinis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T22680402A92861095. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680402A92861095.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680402A92861095.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Aythya+affinis&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T22680402A92861095&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680402A92861095.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22680402%2F92861095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesser+scaup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DUb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DUb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUb_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUb_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUb_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUb_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUb_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUb_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUb_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ducks.org/hunting/waterfowlgallery/11/index.html">Lesser scaup</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102024938/http://www.ducks.org/hunting/waterfowlgallery/11/index.html">Archived</a> 2008-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ducks Unlimited</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carboneras1992-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carboneras1992_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carboneras, Carles (1992): 121. Lesser Scaup. <i>In:</i> del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.): <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Birds_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Birds of the World">Handbook of Birds of the World</a></i> (Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks): 618-619, plate 48. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87334-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/84-87334-10-5">84-87334-10-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livezey-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Livezey_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivezey,_Brad_C.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Livezey, Brad C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v113n01/p0074-p0093.pdf">"A phylogenetic analysis of modern pochards (Anatidae: Aythyini)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Auk_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auk (journal)">Auk</a></i>. <b>113</b> (1): 74–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4088937">10.2307/4088937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4088937">4088937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auk&rft.atitle=A+phylogenetic+analysis+of+modern+pochards+%28Anatidae%3A+Aythyini%29&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-93&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4088937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4088937%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Livezey%2C+Brad+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv113n01%2Fp0074-p0093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesser+scaup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-job90-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-job90_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobling2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobling, James A (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling"><i>The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</i></a>. London: Christopher Helm. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n35">35</a>, 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-2501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Helm+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Bird+Names&rft.place=London&rft.pages=35%2C+64&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4&rft.aulast=Jobling&rft.aufirst=James+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHelm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesser+scaup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Lesser_Scaup/lifehistory">Lesser Scaup</a>. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. allaboutbirds.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madge-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madge_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madge_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madge_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madge_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madge_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madge_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madge_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madge_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madge_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1987): <i>Wildfowl: an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world</i>. <a href="/wiki/Helm_Identification_Guides" title="Helm Identification Guides">Christopher Helm</a>, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7470-2201-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7470-2201-1">0-7470-2201-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DUa-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DUa_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUa_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUa_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUa_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUa_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUa_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUa_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUa_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ducks.org/news/1093/DuckoftheMonthLesser.html">Duck of the Month – Lesser Scaup</a>. Ducks Unlimited</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrauger1974" class="citation journal cs1">Trauger, David L. (1 April 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v091n02/p0243-p0254.pdf">"Eye Color of Female Lesser Scaup in Relation to Age"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>91</b> (2): 243–254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.atitle=Eye+Color+of+Female+Lesser+Scaup+in+Relation+to+Age&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-254&rft.date=1974-04-01&rft.aulast=Trauger&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv091n02%2Fp0243-p0254.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesser+scaup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibley2014" class="citation book cs1">Sibley, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869807502"><i>The Sibley guide to birds</i></a>. 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New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-95790-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-95790-0"><bdi>978-0-307-95790-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869807502">869807502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sibley+guide+to+birds&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869807502&rft.isbn=978-0-307-95790-0&rft.aulast=Sibley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F869807502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesser+scaup" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Wagstaffe1978" class="citation book cs1">R. 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Douglas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505164356/http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/Vol37abstracts.asp">"New and Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, 1986–2003"</a>. <i>Micronesica</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 69–96. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/Vol37abstracts.asp">the original</a> on 2009-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micronesica&rft.atitle=New+and+Noteworthy+Bird+Records+for+Micronesia%2C+1986%E2%80%932003&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-96&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Wiles%2C+Gary+J.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Nathan+C.&rft.au=de+Cruz%2C+Justine+B.&rft.au=Dutson%2C+Guy&rft.au=Camacho%2C+Vicente+A.&rft.au=Kepler%2C+Angela+Kay&rft.au=Vice%2C+Daniel+S.&rft.au=Garrett%2C+Kimball+L.&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Curt+C.&rft.au=Pratt%2C+H.+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uog.edu%2Fup%2Fmicronesica%2FVol37abstracts.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesser+scaup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTO-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BTO_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob2050.htm">Lesser Scaup ‘’Aythya affinis’’ (Eyton, 1838)</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">British Trust for Ornithology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Custer-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Custer_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Custer_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuster,_Christine_M.Custer,_Thomas_W.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Custer, Christine M.; Custer, Thomas W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/jfo/v067n01/p0086-p0099.pdf">"Food habits of diving ducks in the Great Lakes after the zebra mussel invasion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Field Ornithology</i>. <b>67</b> (1): 86–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Field+Ornithology&rft.atitle=Food+habits+of+diving+ducks+in+the+Great+Lakes+after+the+zebra+mussel+invasion&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-99&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Custer%2C+Christine+M.&rft.au=Custer%2C+Thomas+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fjfo%2Fv067n01%2Fp0086-p0099.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesser+scaup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnAge-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AnAge_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Aythya_affinis"><i>Aythya affinis</i> life history data</a>. genomics.senescence.info</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_scaup&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Farrand, John Jr. & <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a> (1983): <i>The Audubon Society master guide to birding</i>. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-03288-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-03288-0">0-517-03288-0</a></li> <li>Svensson, Lars; Zetterström, Dan; Mullarney, Killian & Grant, P. J. (1999): <i>Collins bird guide</i>. Harper & Collins, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-219728-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-219728-6">0-00-219728-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_scaup&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aythya_affinis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aythya affinis">Lesser Scaup</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aythya_affinis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Aythya affinis">Aythya affinis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=50566E50C91B8686">"Aythya affinis"</a>. <i>Avibase</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avibase&rft.atitle=Aythya+affinis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favibase.bsc-eoc.org%2Fspecies.jsp%3Flang%3DEN%26avibaseid%3D50566E50C91B8686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesser+scaup" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top 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href="http://www.nature.org/newsfeatures/specialfeatures/animals/birds/lesser-scaup.xml">The Nature Conservancy's Species profile for the Lesser Scaup</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/lesser-scaup-aythya-affinis">"Lesser Scaup media"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Bird_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Bird Collection">Internet Bird Collection</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Bird+Collection&rft.atitle=Lesser+Scaup+media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbw.com%2Fibc%2Fspecies%2Flesser-scaup-aythya-affinis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesser+scaup" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_Game" title="Template talk:North American Game"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_Game" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American Game"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Game animals and shooting in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_bobwhite" title="Northern bobwhite">Bobwhite quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Hungarian partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">Prairie chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Ring-necked pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">Ruffed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">Sharp-tailed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_snipe" title="Wilson's snipe">Snipe (common snipe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_grouse" title="Spruce grouse">Spruce grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterfowl hunters"><img alt="Waterfowl hunters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/65px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/98px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/130px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Waterfowl hunters</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_duck" title="American black duck">Black duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvasback" title="Canvasback">Canvasback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadwall" title="Gadwall">Gadwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">Greater scaup</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lesser scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhead_(bird)" title="Redhead (bird)">Redhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_goose" title="Ross's goose">Ross's goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">Snow goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">Wood duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison (buffalo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Caribou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (mountain lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other quarry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">Fox squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">Gray squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Opossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">Snowshoe hare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Aythya affinis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833243" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q833243">Q833243</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aythya_affinis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Aythya affinis">Aythya affinis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: <span class="uid">lessca</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aythya_affinis/">Aythya_affinis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/aythya-affinis/">aythya-affinis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=50566E50C91B8686">50566E50C91B8686</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22680402">22680402</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/lessca">lessca</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/K56N">K56N</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/lessca">lessca</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45510581">45510581</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/100645">100645</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp2050.htm">2050</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:96520">96520</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/c00df67f-e51a-422b-91ba-899b8a4ffd2e">c00df67f-e51a-422b-91ba-899b8a4ffd2e</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2498257">2498257</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">GNAB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/lesser-scaup">lesser-scaup</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Handbook of the Birds of the World">IBC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/lesser-scaup-aythya-affinis">lesser-scaup-aythya-affinis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/7054">7054</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10762371">10762371</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175134">175134</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22680402">22680402</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104109/">2.104109</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000530184">NHMSYS0000530184</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=189533">189533</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical Birds Online">Neotropical</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/lessca">lessca</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/785/">785</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/159161">159161</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Ohio Department of Natural Resources">ODNR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-index/birds/lesser-scaup">lesser-scaup</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1044556">1044556</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=368046">368046</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=83441">83441</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=159161">159161</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Aythya-affinis">Aythya-affinis</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Fuligula affinis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107333182" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q107333182">Q107333182</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4409085">4409085</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1468409">1468409</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833243#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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