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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Breeding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Food and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spruce grouse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ickoterew" title="Ickoterew – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ickoterew" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcipennis_canadensis" title="Falcipennis canadensis – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Falcipennis canadensis" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilgog-Kanada" title="Skilgog-Kanada – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skilgog-Kanada" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8vol_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Grèvol del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grèvol del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcipennis_canadensis" title="Falcipennis canadensis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Falcipennis canadensis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C5%99%C3%ADvek_kanadsk%C3%BD" title="Tetřívek kanadský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tetřívek kanadský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grugiar_Canada" title="Grugiar Canada – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grugiar Canada" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granhjerpe" title="Granhjerpe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Granhjerpe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannenhuhn" title="Tannenhuhn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tannenhuhn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BC%C3%B3tah_d%C4%AF%CA%BC" title="Chʼótah dįʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼótah dįʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcipennis_canadensis" title="Falcipennis canadensis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Falcipennis canadensis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_lagopo" title="Kanada lagopo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanada lagopo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcipennis_canadensis" title="Falcipennis canadensis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Falcipennis canadensis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="سیاه‌خروس کانادایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاه‌خروس کانادایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9tras_du_Canada" title="Tétras du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tétras du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosksniehin" title="Bosksniehin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bosksniehin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcipennis_canadensis" title="Falcipennis canadensis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Falcipennis canadensis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napaaqtum_aqargia" title="Napaaqtum aqargia – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Napaaqtum aqargia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenijarpi" title="Grenijarpi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grenijarpi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canachites_canadensis" title="Canachites canadensis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canachites canadensis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%97" title="שכווי האשוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שכווי האשוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucfajd" title="Lucfajd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lucfajd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossneeuwhoen" title="Bossneeuwhoen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bossneeuwhoen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6" title="ハリモミライチョウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハリモミライチョウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borowiak_kanadyjski" title="Borowiak kanadyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Borowiak kanadyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Канадская дикуша – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канадская дикуша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadanpyy" title="Kanadanpyy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanadanpyy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granj%C3%A4rpe" title="Granjärpe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Granjärpe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcipennis_canadensis" title="Falcipennis canadensis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Falcipennis canadensis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дикуша канадська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дикуша канадська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcipennis_canadensis" title="Falcipennis canadensis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Falcipennis canadensis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcipennis_canadensis" title="Falcipennis canadensis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Falcipennis canadensis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Spruce_Goose" class="mw-redirect" title="Spruce Goose">Spruce Goose</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Spruce grouse </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Falcipennis-canadensis-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Falcipennis-canadensis-002.jpg/220px-Falcipennis-canadensis-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Falcipennis-canadensis-002.jpg/330px-Falcipennis-canadensis-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Falcipennis-canadensis-002.jpg/440px-Falcipennis-canadensis-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male of the nominate subspecies </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Falcipennis-canadensis-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Falcipennis-canadensis-001.jpg/220px-Falcipennis-canadensis-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Falcipennis-canadensis-001.jpg/330px-Falcipennis-canadensis-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Falcipennis-canadensis-001.jpg/440px-Falcipennis-canadensis-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Female </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Canachites" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">Tetraonini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Canachites</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Stejneger" title="Leonhard Stejneger">Stejneger</a>, 1885</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. canadensis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Canachites canadensis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>C. c. atratus</i> (Grinnell, 1910)</li> <li><i>C. c. canace</i> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1766)</li> <li><i>C. c. canadensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_grouse" title="Franklin's grouse">C. c. franklinii</a></i> (Douglas, 1829)</li> <li><i>C. c. isleibi</i> (Dickerman & Gustafson, 1996)</li> <li><i>C. c. osgoodi</i> (Bishop, 1900)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Falcipennis_canadensis_map2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Falcipennis_canadensis_map2.svg/220px-Falcipennis_canadensis_map2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Falcipennis_canadensis_map2.svg/330px-Falcipennis_canadensis_map2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Falcipennis_canadensis_map2.svg/440px-Falcipennis_canadensis_map2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1992" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution map of the spruce grouse </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Dendragapus canadensis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Linnaeus, 1758)</span></li> <li><i>Tetrao canadensis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</span></li> <li><i>Falcipennis canadensis</i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>spruce grouse</b> (<i><b>Canachites canadensis</b></i>), also known as <b>Canada grouse, spruce hen</b> or <b>fool hen</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-M-W_NewInternational_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W_NewInternational-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RandomDictionary_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandomDictionary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a> closely associated with the coniferous <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forests</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> of North America. It is the only member of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Canachites</b></i>. </p><p>It is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> grouse species, fairly well adapted to perching and moving about in trees. When approached by a predator, it relies on camouflage and immobility to an amazing degree; for example, letting people approach within a few feet before finally taking flight. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1747, the English naturalist <a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">George Edwards</a> included an illustration and a description of a female spruce grouse in the second volume of his <i>A Natural History of Uncommon Birds</i>. He used the English name "The Brown and Spotted Heathcock". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a preserved specimen that had been sent to him in London from the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> in Canada by a Mr Light.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edwards was later sent what he assumed was a specimen of the male bird by <a href="/wiki/James_Isham" title="James Isham">James Isham</a>. In 1750, he included the male bird in the third volume of his book under the English name "The Black and Spotted Heathcock".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in 1758, the Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> updated his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a>, he placed the spruce grouse with other grouse in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrao" title="Tetrao">Tetrao</a></i>. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial name">binomial name</a> <i>Tetrao canadensis</i> and cited Edwards' work.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spruce grouse is now the only species placed in the genus <i>Canachites</i> that was introduced in 1885 by the zoologist <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Stejneger" title="Leonhard Stejneger">Leonhard Stejneger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ioc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus name <i>Canachites</i> combines the name <i><a href="/wiki/Canace" title="Canace">Canace</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>-itēs</i> meaning "resembling".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first half of the 20th century, spruce grouse were classified as two separate species in the genus <i>Canachites</i>: spruce grouse (<i>C. canadensis</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_grouse" title="Franklin's grouse">Franklin's grouse</a> (<i>C. franklinii</i>), a position reinstated by Birdlife International in 2014. However, as of early 2021, the <a href="/wiki/International_Ornithological_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ornithological Congress">International Ornithological Congress</a> (IOC)<sup id="cite_ref-IOC11.1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOC11.1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Ornithological_Society" title="American Ornithological Society">American Ornithological Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-AOS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, and the <a href="/wiki/Clements_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Clements taxonomy">Clements taxonomy</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retain Franklin's grouse as a subspecies of spruce grouse. </p><p>The species was later moved to the genus <i>Dendragapus</i>, congeneric with the <a href="/wiki/Blue_grouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue grouse">blue grouse</a> with which spruce grouse often share coniferous habitats. However, spruce grouse do not have inflatable cervical sacs as in blue grouse, and the natal plumage of the two species is different. Based on its stronger resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_grouse" title="Siberian grouse">Siberian grouse</a> (<i>Falcipennis falcipennis</i>), the spruce grouse was later reclassified into the genus <i>Falcipennis</i>. However, taxonomic studies found this classification to be <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a>, with the Siberian grouse being <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> to a clade containing the spruce grouse, <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrao" title="Tetrao">Tetrao</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Lyrurus" title="Lyrurus">Lyrurus</a></i>. Due to this, the spruce grouse was again reclassified in <i>Canachites</i>, bringing its taxonomy full-circle.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spruce grouse has six recognized subspecies:<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Subspecies</th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_spruce_grouse_sits_on_a_tree_branch_near_Igloo_Canyon_on_Saturday,_September_16,_2017._(a937286c-76a8-46b1-8955-2148e6ed32b3)_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_spruce_grouse_sits_on_a_tree_branch_near_Igloo_Canyon_on_Saturday%2C_September_16%2C_2017._%28a937286c-76a8-46b1-8955-2148e6ed32b3%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/120px-A_spruce_grouse_sits_on_a_tree_branch_near_Igloo_Canyon_on_Saturday%2C_September_16%2C_2017._%28a937286c-76a8-46b1-8955-2148e6ed32b3%29_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_spruce_grouse_sits_on_a_tree_branch_near_Igloo_Canyon_on_Saturday%2C_September_16%2C_2017._%28a937286c-76a8-46b1-8955-2148e6ed32b3%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/180px-A_spruce_grouse_sits_on_a_tree_branch_near_Igloo_Canyon_on_Saturday%2C_September_16%2C_2017._%28a937286c-76a8-46b1-8955-2148e6ed32b3%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_spruce_grouse_sits_on_a_tree_branch_near_Igloo_Canyon_on_Saturday%2C_September_16%2C_2017._%28a937286c-76a8-46b1-8955-2148e6ed32b3%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/240px-A_spruce_grouse_sits_on_a_tree_branch_near_Igloo_Canyon_on_Saturday%2C_September_16%2C_2017._%28a937286c-76a8-46b1-8955-2148e6ed32b3%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3373" data-file-height="2614" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. c. atratus</i> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grinnell" title="Joseph Grinnell">(Grinnell</a>, 1910)</td> <td>southern <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>C. c. canadensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758)</td> <td>central <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. Introduced in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> in 1964<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anticosti_Island" title="Anticosti Island">Anticosti Island</a> in 1985–86.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spruce_grouse_at_Moosehorn_National_Wildlife_Refuge._Credit-_USFWS_(11713901455).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Spruce_grouse_at_Moosehorn_National_Wildlife_Refuge._Credit-_USFWS_%2811713901455%29.jpg/120px-Spruce_grouse_at_Moosehorn_National_Wildlife_Refuge._Credit-_USFWS_%2811713901455%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Spruce_grouse_at_Moosehorn_National_Wildlife_Refuge._Credit-_USFWS_%2811713901455%29.jpg/180px-Spruce_grouse_at_Moosehorn_National_Wildlife_Refuge._Credit-_USFWS_%2811713901455%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Spruce_grouse_at_Moosehorn_National_Wildlife_Refuge._Credit-_USFWS_%2811713901455%29.jpg/240px-Spruce_grouse_at_Moosehorn_National_Wildlife_Refuge._Credit-_USFWS_%2811713901455%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. c. canace</i> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1766)</td> <td>southeast <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and northeast <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprucegrouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sprucegrouse.jpg/120px-Sprucegrouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sprucegrouse.jpg/180px-Sprucegrouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sprucegrouse.jpg/240px-Sprucegrouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. c. franklinii</i> (<a href="/wiki/David_Douglas_(botanist)" title="David Douglas (botanist)">Douglas</a>, 1829)</td> <td>southeast <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> to northwest <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>C. c. isleibi</i> (<a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Dickerman" class="extiw" title="species:Robert W. Dickerman">Dickerman</a> & Gustafson, 1996)</td> <td>southeast <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>C. c. osgoodi</i> (Bishop, 1900)</td> <td>northern <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spruce grouse are 38–43 cm (15–17 in) long; males weigh 550–650 g (19–23 oz) and females 450–550 g (16–19 oz). The spruce grouse has a wingspan range of 21.5-22.6 in (54.5-57.5 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Races vary slightly in plumage, especially in the tail pattern and in the extent of white on the underparts, but in general adult males are mainly grey above and black below, with white spots along the side, and a red patch of bare skin over the eye called the "eyebrow comb<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>". This red eyebrow comb, should not be confused by a similar yellow marking found on other species of grouse including, but not limited to, <a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">sharp-tailed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dusky_grouse" title="Dusky grouse">dusky grouse</a>. Adult females are mottled brown (red morph) or mottled grey (grey morph) with dark and white bars on the underparts. Juveniles resemble females. Females may be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">ruffed grouse</a> but they have a dark tail with a pale band at the end (while the reverse is true in ruffed grouse) and they do not erect their crown feathers when alarmed the way ruffed grouse do. </p><p>Spruce grouse are among the most silent of all grouse, but they nevertheless have a number of calls used to warn of predators, to repel territorial intruders, to maintain brood cohesion, or to elicit brooding. In the subspecies <i>franklinii</i>, territorial males are notable for their wing-clap display. At the end of a short flight through the trees, the wings are brought together over the back so as to produce two sharp claps, about 0.5 s apart, loud enough to be heard by the human ear 150 m away. These territorial displays can sometimes be elicited by similar hand clapping, and can be used to detect male territories and estimate their density. Other non-vocal sounds include soft drumming by territorial males (a sound produced by the beating wings) and a tail-swish and a whoosh produced by the tail feathers in flight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a specialist of the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, the spruce grouse is found throughout Canada. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, it is present in Alaska, northern <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adirondacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Adirondacks">Adirondacks</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and the montane <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">coniferous</a> forests of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>. Spruce grouse are always associated with conifer-dominated forests, be they <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a>. They seem to prefer young <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">successional</a> stands. In summer they can be found near rich understory of <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberries</a> and other shrub, and in winter they prefer denser stands. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spruce_Grouse_KNWR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Spruce_Grouse_KNWR.png/220px-Spruce_Grouse_KNWR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Spruce_Grouse_KNWR.png/330px-Spruce_Grouse_KNWR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Spruce_Grouse_KNWR.png/440px-Spruce_Grouse_KNWR.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kenai_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Kenai National Wildlife Refuge">Kenai National Wildlife Refuge</a>, Alaska.</figcaption></figure> <p>The spruce grouse is essentially a permanent resident. However, in southwestern Alberta up to 35% of females and 7% of males move several kilometers (up to 11) between summer breeding sites and wintering sites.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar movements have also been documented in Alaska<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and New Brunswick (Canada).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spruce_Grouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Spruce_Grouse.jpg/220px-Spruce_Grouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Spruce_Grouse.jpg/330px-Spruce_Grouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Spruce_Grouse.jpg/440px-Spruce_Grouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Immature male "hiding" in tree, Matagamasi Lake, <a href="/wiki/Temagami,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Temagami, Ontario">Temagami, Ontario</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This species prefers to walk on the ground or along tree limbs rather than fly. Like other grouse, in the fall they grow "snow shoes" (short lateral extensions, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pectination (page does not exist)">pectinations</a>) on their toes. This increases the surface area of the toes and helps support the bird on snow and probably to grip branches as well. The pectinations are shed in the spring. Flights are usually over short distances, most commonly from the ground to a tree nearby, or vice versa. Flight can be rapid but no actual measures of velocity have been made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breeding">Breeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Males are promiscuous; they disperse and advertise a territory that is visited by females for mating. Females are solely responsible for the rest of the reproductive effort though males have been known to stay with young chicks and seem to aid in keeping the brood together. For a nest, they scratch a depression in the ground in a bush or under a low-lying coniferous branch or fallen tree, away from other females and from the males' territories. The nest is lined with grasses, leaves, and a few feathers. Nesting season is from early May to early July. Up to 10 eggs may be laid, the usual number being 4–7. Laying rate is 1 egg every 1.4 days.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggs are about 40 mm (1.6 in) and are tawny olive or buff, marked with blotches of brown. Incubation begins with the last egg laid and lasts about 24 days. Young are about 15 g at hatching (0.5 ounces) and they are <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a>; they walk out of the nest as soon as they are dry (about 8 h after hatching). They are capable of fluttering up from the ground at 1 week of age. The brood stays together and is accompanied by the hen, who broods them all night and frequently during the day until the young are 3–5 weeks old. Brooding behaviour of the female seems to be initiated by specific calls from the chicks when they are cold. At 70–100 days of age, chicks tend to leave the group and become independent. Females breed only once a year. Most females first breed at 1 year of age, but about half the males delay establishing a territory until 2 years. The species' lifespan appears to be about 5–6 years in the wild, though one study in Southwestern Alberta has found two males and one female that lived to be at least 13 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-BirdsNA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BirdsNA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_feeding">Food and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Food and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The staple winter food is conifer needles, clipped directly from the tree, preferably the midcrown of pines though other conifers such as spruce are exploited as well. Spruce needles are high in calcium and their increase in use by females in Spring may be related to egg production<sup id="cite_ref-nutrition_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nutrition-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer the birds can forage on the ground, eating <a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">berries</a>, green plants such as blueberry leaves, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nutrition_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nutrition-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In winter, when only needles are consumed, the <a href="/wiki/Caecum" class="mw-redirect" title="Caecum">caeca</a> (dead-end extensions of the intestines) and ventriculus (gizzard) increase in size to support digestion.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a> is also well developed: up to 45 cc of needles<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (about 10% of body mass) can be stored in the crop at the end of the day, to be digested over the duration of the night fast. Like other birds, spruce grouse consume clay, grit or small stones to help their <a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a> break down food. Chicks under 1 week old feed on insects and other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, then switch to berries and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> until the fall, when they start feeding on needles. Birds captured while on the winter diet have been maintained several months without loss of weight, on only pine needles and grit and clay taken from where they were seen consuming it.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predators">Predators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spruce grouse eggs are taken by <a href="/wiki/American_red_squirrel" title="American red squirrel">American red squirrels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">gray foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasels</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Corvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvid">corvids</a>. Adults can fall prey to various <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific martens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This species is commonly hunted. Annual bag figures in the late 1970s were about 188,000 birds in the US and about 360,000 in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-BirdsNA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BirdsNA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though it has been deemed of Least Concern by IUCN, in the United States this bird is a protected species according to many northern states' hunting rules. The spruce grouse is available for hunting in Alaska from August 10 - March 31 and in some regions through May 15 according to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Conversely, the spruce grouse is considered threatened in its southern range - being listed as <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">Endangered</a> in New York and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and <i>Critically Imperiled</i> in Wisconsin according to <a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New York, the population is estimated at 175-315 individuals, with declines recorded since the 1970s. However, a management plan has been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_and_female_spruce_grouse_Nelson_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male and female spruce grouse, Nelson, British Columbia"><img alt="Male and female spruce grouse, Nelson, British Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Male_and_female_spruce_grouse_Nelson_BC.jpg/200px-Male_and_female_spruce_grouse_Nelson_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Male_and_female_spruce_grouse_Nelson_BC.jpg/300px-Male_and_female_spruce_grouse_Nelson_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Male_and_female_spruce_grouse_Nelson_BC.jpg/400px-Male_and_female_spruce_grouse_Nelson_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="1347" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male and female spruce grouse, Nelson, British Columbia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetras-du-Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female spruce grouse, Grands-Jardins National Park, Québec"><img alt="Female spruce grouse, Grands-Jardins National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tetras-du-Canada.jpg/200px-Tetras-du-Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tetras-du-Canada.jpg/300px-Tetras-du-Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tetras-du-Canada.jpg/400px-Tetras-du-Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female spruce grouse, Grands-Jardins National Park, Québec</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spruce_Grouse_(Falcipennis_canadenis)_RWD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male, Acadia National Park, Maine"><img alt="Male, Acadia National Park, Maine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Spruce_Grouse_%28Falcipennis_canadenis%29_RWD.jpg/200px-Spruce_Grouse_%28Falcipennis_canadenis%29_RWD.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Spruce_Grouse_%28Falcipennis_canadenis%29_RWD.jpg/300px-Spruce_Grouse_%28Falcipennis_canadenis%29_RWD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Spruce_Grouse_%28Falcipennis_canadenis%29_RWD.jpg/400px-Spruce_Grouse_%28Falcipennis_canadenis%29_RWD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male, Acadia National Park, Maine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sgrouse1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male spruce grouse during mating season"><img alt="Male spruce grouse during mating season" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sgrouse1.jpg/200px-Sgrouse1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sgrouse1.jpg/300px-Sgrouse1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sgrouse1.jpg/400px-Sgrouse1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male spruce grouse during mating season</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spruce_Grouse_Chick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A chick, Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland"><img alt="A chick, Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Spruce_Grouse_Chick.jpg/200px-Spruce_Grouse_Chick.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Spruce_Grouse_Chick.jpg/300px-Spruce_Grouse_Chick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Spruce_Grouse_Chick.jpg/400px-Spruce_Grouse_Chick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A chick, Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/61204079/0">"<i>Falcipennis canadensis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2014</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Falcipennis+canadensis&rft.volume=2014&rft.date=2014&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fdetails%2F61204079%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce+grouse" class="Z3988"></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite iucn">cite iucn</a>}}: old-form url (<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn#Maintenance_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite iucn">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-W_NewInternational-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-W_NewInternational_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Webster's New International Dictionary</i> (2 ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Marriam-Webster. 1943. p. 982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+International+Dictionary&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=982&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Marriam-Webster&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce+grouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RandomDictionary-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RandomDictionary_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Random House unabridged dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Random House. 1993. p. 746. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-42917-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-42917-4"><bdi>0-679-42917-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Random+House+unabridged+dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=746&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-679-42917-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce+grouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1747" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">Edwards, George</a> (1747). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50240765"><i>A Natural History of Uncommon Birds</i></a>. Vol. Part II. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 71, Plate 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Uncommon+Birds&rft.place=London&rft.pages=71%2C+Plate+71&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+author+at+the+College+of+Physicians&rft.date=1747&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F50240765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce+grouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1750" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">Edwards, George</a> (1750). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50196230"><i>A Natural History of Uncommon Birds</i></a>. 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London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 118, Plate 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Uncommon+Birds&rft.place=London&rft.pages=118%2C+Plate+118&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+author+at+the+College+of+Physicians&rft.date=1750&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F50196230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce+grouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727066"><i>Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+Naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.place=Holmiae+%28Stockholm%29&rft.pages=159&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F727066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce+grouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStejneger1885" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Stejneger" title="Leonhard Stejneger">Stejneger, Leonhard</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32020694">"Notes on some apparently preoccupied ornithological generic names"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the United States National Museum</i>. <b>8</b> (26): 409–410 [410]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00963801.530.409">10.5479/si.00963801.530.409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+United+States+National+Museum&rft.atitle=Notes+on+some+apparently+preoccupied+ornithological+generic+names&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=409-410+410&rft.date=1885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.00963801.530.409&rft.aulast=Stejneger&rft.aufirst=Leonhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F32020694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce+grouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ioc-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Gill, Frank</a>; Donsker, David; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Rasmussen">Rasmussen, Pamela</a>, eds. (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pheasants/">"Pheasants, partridges, francolins"</a>. <i>IOC World Bird List Version 11.2</i>. International Ornithologists' Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IOC+World+Bird+List+Version+11.2&rft.atitle=Pheasants%2C+partridges%2C+francolins&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbirdnames.org%2Fnew%2Fbow%2Fpheasants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce+grouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobling2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobling, James A. 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"Nutritional Aspects of the Diet of Spruce Grouse in Central Alberta" The Condor Vol. 73, (4): 437- 443.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Falcipennis_canadensis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Falcipennis canadensis">Falcipennis canadensis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7078.html">Spruce Grouse Factsheet</a> New York Department of Environmental Conservation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Spruce_Grouse/id">Spruce Grouse</a>, Cornell Lab of Ornithology</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_Game" title="Template:North American Game"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_Game" title="Template talk:North American Game"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_Game" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American Game"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Game animals and shooting in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_bobwhite" title="Northern bobwhite">Bobwhite quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Hungarian partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">Prairie chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Ring-necked pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">Ruffed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">Sharp-tailed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_snipe" title="Wilson's snipe">Snipe (common snipe)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spruce grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterfowl hunters"><img alt="Waterfowl hunters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/65px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/98px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/130px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Waterfowl hunters</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_duck" title="American black duck">Black duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvasback" title="Canvasback">Canvasback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadwall" title="Gadwall">Gadwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">Greater scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_scaup" title="Lesser scaup">Lesser scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhead_(bird)" title="Redhead (bird)">Redhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_goose" title="Ross's goose">Ross's goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">Snow goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">Wood duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison (buffalo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Caribou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (mountain lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other quarry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">Fox squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">Gray squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Opossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">Snowshoe hare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genera_of_landfowl_and_their_extinct_allies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pangalliformes" title="Template:Pangalliformes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pangalliformes" title="Template talk:Pangalliformes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pangalliformes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pangalliformes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genera_of_landfowl_and_their_extinct_allies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genera of <a href="/wiki/Pangalliformes" title="Pangalliformes">landfowl</a> and their extinct allies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">Aves</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">Galloanserae</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Pangalliformes" title="Pangalliformes">Pangalliformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Pangalliformes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pangalliformes" title="Pangalliformes">Pangalliformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anisolornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anisolornis (page does not exist)">Anisolornis</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeophasianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeophasianus (page does not exist)">Archaeophasianus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argillipes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argillipes (page does not exist)">Argillipes</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Austinornis" title="Austinornis">Austinornis</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Chambiortyx" title="Chambiortyx">Chambiortyx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coturnipes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coturnipes (page does not exist)">Coturnipes</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gigantibis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gigantibis (page does not exist)">Gigantibis</a></i>"?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litoripes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litoripes (page does not exist)">Litoripes</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percolinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percolinus (page does not exist)">Percolinus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tegulavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tegulavis (page does not exist)">Tegulavis</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallinuloididae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallinuloididae (page does not exist)">Gallinuloididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallinuloides" title="Gallinuloides">Gallinuloides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraortygoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraortygoides (page does not exist)">Paraortygoides</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraortygidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraortygidae (page does not exist)">Paraortygidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraortyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraortyx (page does not exist)">Paraortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirortyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirortyx (page does not exist)">Pirortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scopelortyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scopelortyx (page does not exist)">Scopelortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xorazmortyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xorazmortyx (page does not exist)">Xorazmortyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Quercymegapodiidae" title="Quercymegapodiidae">Quercymegapodiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameripodius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ameripodius (page does not exist)">Ameripodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quercymegapodius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quercymegapodius (page does not exist)">Quercymegapodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taubacrex" title="Taubacrex">Taubacrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Sylviornithidae" title="Sylviornithidae">Sylviornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Megavitiornis" title="Megavitiornis">Megavitiornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylviornis" title="Sylviornis">Sylviornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>See below ↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylviornis.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sylviornis neocaledoniae"><img alt="Sylviornis neocaledoniae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sylviornis.PNG/120px-Sylviornis.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sylviornis.PNG/180px-Sylviornis.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sylviornis.PNG/240px-Sylviornis.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3310" data-file-height="2726" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Galliformes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Galliformes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Amitabha_urbsinterdictensis" title="Amitabha urbsinterdictensis">Amitabha</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumbanipodius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bumbanipodius (page does not exist)">Bumbanipodius</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumbanortyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bumbanortyx (page does not exist)">Bumbanortyx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Linquornis" title="Linquornis">Linquornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaortyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaortyx (page does not exist)">Namaortyx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeoalectoris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeoalectoris (page does not exist)">Palaeoalectoris</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procrax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procrax (page does not exist)">Procrax</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobniogallus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobniogallus (page does not exist)">Sobniogallus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoperdix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taoperdix (page does not exist)">Taoperdix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megapodiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodiidae">Megapodiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garrdimalga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garrdimalga (page does not exist)">Garrdimalga</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mwalau" title="Mwalau">Mwalau</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngawupodius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngawupodius (page does not exist)">Ngawupodius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alecturini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alecturini (page does not exist)">Alecturini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepypodius" title="Aepypodius">Aepypodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectura" class="mw-redirect" title="Alectura">Alectura</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latagallina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latagallina (page does not exist)">Latagallina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipoa">Leipoa</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Progura" class="mw-redirect" title="Progura">Progura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talegalla" title="Talegalla">Talegalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megapodiini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megapodiini (page does not exist)">Megapodiini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eulipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulipoa">Eulipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocephalon">Macrocephalon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodius">Megapodius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cracidae" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaealectrornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaealectrornis (page does not exist)">Archaealectrornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boreortalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boreortalis (page does not exist)">Boreortalis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeonossax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeonossax (page does not exist)">Palaeonossax</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procrax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procrax (page does not exist)">Procrax</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penelopinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelopinae">Penelopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aburria" class="mw-redirect" title="Aburria">Aburria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaepetes" title="Chamaepetes">Chamaepetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penelope_(bird)" title="Penelope (bird)">Penelope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penelopina" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelopina">Penelopina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pipile" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipile">Pipile</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cracinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracinae">Cracinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreophasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreophasis">Oreophasis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ortalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortalis">Ortalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cracini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cracini (page does not exist)">Cracini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crax" title="Crax">Crax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitu_(bird)" title="Mitu (bird)">Mitu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothocrax" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothocrax">Nothocrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pauxi" title="Pauxi">Pauxi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianoidea" title="Phasianoidea">Phasianoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>See below ↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitu_mitu_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mitu mitu"><img alt="Mitu mitu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mitu_mitu_white_background.jpg/120px-Mitu_mitu_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mitu_mitu_white_background.jpg/180px-Mitu_mitu_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mitu_mitu_white_background.jpg/240px-Mitu_mitu_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Phasianoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phasianoidea" title="Phasianoidea">Phasianoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Numididae">Numididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Acryllium">Acryllium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agelastes" title="Agelastes">Agelastes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttera" title="Guttera">Guttera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numida" class="mw-redirect" title="Numida">Numida</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Telecrex" title="Telecrex">Telecrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odontophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophoridae">Odontophoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miortyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miortyx (page does not exist)">Miortyx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanortyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanortyx (page does not exist)">Nanortyx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neortyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neortyx (page does not exist)">Neortyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ptilopachinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptilopachinae">Ptilopachinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ptilopachus" title="Ptilopachus">Ptilopachus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odontophorinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophorinae">Odontophorinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Callipepla" title="Callipepla">Callipepla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colinus" title="Colinus">Colinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtonyx" title="Cyrtonyx">Cyrtonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylortyx">Dactylortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendrortyx" title="Dendrortyx">Dendrortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophorus">Odontophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreortyx">Oreortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Philortyx">Philortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchortyx">Rhynchortyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>See below ↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keulemans_Onze_vogels_1_57_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Numida meleagris"><img alt="Numida meleagris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Keulemans_Onze_vogels_1_57_white_background.jpg/120px-Keulemans_Onze_vogels_1_57_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Keulemans_Onze_vogels_1_57_white_background.jpg/180px-Keulemans_Onze_vogels_1_57_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Keulemans_Onze_vogels_1_57_white_background.jpg/240px-Keulemans_Onze_vogels_1_57_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="489" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Phasianidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phasianidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantamyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantamyx (page does not exist)">Bantamyx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Centuriavis" title="Centuriavis">Centuriavis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diangallus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diangallus (page does not exist)">Diangallus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurobambusicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurobambusicola (page does not exist)">Eurobambusicola</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lophogallus" title="Lophogallus">Lophogallus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalocoturnix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megalocoturnix (page does not exist)">Megalocoturnix</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Miogallus" title="Miogallus">Miogallus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioryaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mioryaba (page does not exist)">Mioryaba</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeocryptonyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeocryptonyx (page does not exist)">Palaeocryptonyx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeortyx" title="Palaeortyx">Palaeortyx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Panraogallus" title="Panraogallus">Panraogallus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliogallus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pliogallus (page does not exist)">Pliogallus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plioperdix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plioperdix (page does not exist)">Plioperdix</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Rustaviornis" title="Rustaviornis">Rustaviornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schaubortyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schaubortyx (page does not exist)">Schaubortyx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Shandongornis" title="Shandongornis">Shandongornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Shanxiornis" title="Shanxiornis">Shanxiornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Titanoperdix" title="Titanoperdix">Titanoperdix</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tologuica" title="Tologuica">Tologuica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rollulinae" title="Rollulinae">Rollulinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arborophila" title="Arborophila">Arborophila</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caloperdix" class="mw-redirect" title="Caloperdix">Caloperdix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melanoperdix" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanoperdix">Melanoperdix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizothera" title="Rhizothera">Rhizothera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rollulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollulus">Rollulus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenoperdix" title="Xenoperdix">Xenoperdix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pavoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavoninae">Pavoninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tropicoperdix" title="Tropicoperdix">Tropicoperdix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coturnicini" title="Coturnicini">Coturnicini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectoris" title="Alectoris">Alectoris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammoperdix" title="Ammoperdix">Ammoperdix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coturnix" title="Coturnix">Coturnix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaroperdix" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaroperdix">Margaroperdix</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>?<i><a href="/wiki/Ophrysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophrysia">Ophrysia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perdicula" title="Perdicula">Perdicula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pternistis" title="Pternistis">Pternistis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Synoicus" title="Synoicus">Synoicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraogallus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraogallus">Tetraogallus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallini_(bird)" title="Gallini (bird)">Gallini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bambusicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusicola">Bambusicola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campocolinus" title="Campocolinus">Campocolinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francolinus" title="Francolinus">Francolinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Junglefowl" title="Junglefowl">Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ortygornis" title="Ortygornis">Ortygornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peliperdix" class="mw-redirect" title="Peliperdix">Peliperdix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scleroptila" title="Scleroptila">Scleroptila</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pavonini" title="Pavonini">Pavonini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afropavo" class="mw-redirect" title="Afropavo">Afropavo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argusianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Argusianus">Argusianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pavo_(bird)" title="Pavo (bird)">Pavo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rheinardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinardia">Rheinardia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polyplectronini" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyplectronini">Polyplectronini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galloperdix" title="Galloperdix">Galloperdix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haematortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Haematortyx">Haematortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polyplectron" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyplectron">Polyplectron</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianinae" title="Phasianinae">Phasianinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Chauvireria" title="Chauvireria">Chauvireria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ithaginis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ithaginis">Ithaginis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lerwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lerwa">Lerwa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lophophorini" title="Lophophorini">Lophophorini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophophorus">Lophophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraophasis" title="Tetraophasis">Tetraophasis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tragopan" title="Tragopan">Tragopan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianini" title="Phasianini">Phasianini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cheer_pheasant" title="Cheer pheasant">Catreus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chrysolophus" title="Chrysolophus">Chrysolophus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crossoptilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossoptilon">Crossoptilon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophura" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophura">Lophura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perdix" title="Perdix">Perdix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phasianus" title="Phasianus">Phasianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syrmaticus" title="Syrmaticus">Syrmaticus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetraonini" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraonini">Tetraonini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonasa">Bonasa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canachites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canachites">Canachites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centrocercus" title="Centrocercus">Centrocercus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendragapus" title="Dendragapus">Dendragapus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falcipennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcipennis">Falcipennis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lagopus" title="Lagopus">Lagopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyrurus" title="Lyrurus">Lyrurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">Meleagris</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Palaealectoris" title="Palaealectoris">Palaealectoris</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Proagriocharis" title="Proagriocharis">Proagriocharis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pucrasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pucrasia">Pucrasia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Rhegminornis" title="Rhegminornis">Rhegminornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetrao" title="Tetrao">Tetrao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetrastes" title="Tetrastes">Tetrastes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tympanuchus" title="Tympanuchus">Tympanuchus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rollulus_rouloul_male_1838_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rollulus rouloul"><img alt="Rollulus rouloul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rollulus_rouloul_male_1838_white_background.jpg/120px-Rollulus_rouloul_male_1838_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rollulus_rouloul_male_1838_white_background.jpg/180px-Rollulus_rouloul_male_1838_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rollulus_rouloul_male_1838_white_background.jpg/240px-Rollulus_rouloul_male_1838_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1372" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Falcipennis canadensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19056" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q19056">Q19056</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: <span class="uid">sprgro</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Canachites_canadensis/">Canachites_canadensis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/dendragapus-canadensis/">dendragapus-canadensis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=4BCA4FFF85E6B1E2">4BCA4FFF85E6B1E2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id136055">136055</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/61204079">61204079</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=12628">12628</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/sprgro">sprgro</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6HNNW">6HNNW</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/sprgro">sprgro</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45510623">45510623</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp3240.htm">3240</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2473492">2473492</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">GNAB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/spruce-grouse">spruce-grouse</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/144431">144431</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11282343">11282343</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553896">553896</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/61204079">61204079</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104936/">2.104936</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=109674">109674</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/70398/">70398</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=55937">55937</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=368030">368030</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Falcipennis-canadensis">Falcipennis-canadensis</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&oldid=1237405342">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spruce_grouse&oldid=1237405342</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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