CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sylheti language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"602bb182-c92e-40a3-a71f-8fb221a8f85f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sylheti_language","wgTitle":"Sylheti language","wgCurRevisionId":1275535979,"wgRevisionId":1275535979,"wgArticleId":567679,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)","Language articles citing Ethnologue 25","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from January 2024","Use dmy dates from January 2024","Articles containing Bengali-language text","Pages with Sylheti IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025", "Language articles with Linglist code","Language articles with Linguasphere code","Pages with Bengali IPA","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2020","Pages with plain IPA","Pages with interlinear glosses using two unnamed parameters","Articles needing additional references from May 2020","All articles needing additional references","Bengali dialects","Eastern Indo-Aryan languages","Languages of Bangladesh","Languages of Assam","Sylheti language","Tonal languages in non-tonal families"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sylheti_language","wgRelevantArticleId":567679,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault": true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2044560","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready", "ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sylheti_Map.png/1200px-Sylheti_Map.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1190"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sylheti_Map.png/800px-Sylheti_Map.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="793"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sylheti_Map.png/640px-Sylheti_Map.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="634"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sylheti language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti_language"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti_language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sylheti_language rootpage-Sylheti_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sylheti+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sylheti+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sylheti+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sylheti+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language-dialect_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language-dialect_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Language-dialect controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-dialect_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measure_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measure_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Measure words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measure_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indefinite_and_negative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite_and_negative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Indefinite and negative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_and_negative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Relative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparatives_and_superlatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparatives_and_superlatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Comparatives and superlatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparatives_and_superlatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.1</span> <span>Copula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.2</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Person" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Person"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.3</span> <span>Person</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Person-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_Standard_Bengali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_Standard_Bengali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Comparison with Standard Bengali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_Standard_Bengali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sylheti language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silotti_Barat" title="Silotti Barat – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Silotti Barat" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloti" title="Siloti – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siloti" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti" title="Sylheti – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sylheti" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B2%E1%88%8A%E1%89%B2_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B" title="የሲሊቲ ቋንቋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሲሊቲ ቋንቋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة سيلهيتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة سيلهيتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ছিলঠীয়া ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছিলঠীয়া ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_sylheti" title="Idioma sylheti – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma sylheti" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloti_aru" title="Siloti aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Siloti aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سیلهتی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیلهتی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সিলেটি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিলেটি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syl-g%C3%AD" title="Syl-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Syl-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сілхецкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сілхецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिलहटी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिलहटी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sileti" title="Sileti – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sileti" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti" title="Sylheti – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sylheti" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloti_keel" title="Siloti keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Siloti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Γλώσσα Σιλέτι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Σιλέτι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_sylheti" title="Idioma sylheti – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma sylheti" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C9%94ti" title="Silɔti – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Silɔti" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان سیلهتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سیلهتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sileti_bhasa" title="Sileti bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sileti bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti" title="Sylheti – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sylheti" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSil%C3%A9itis" title="An tSiléitis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSiléitis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sylheti" title="Lingua sylheti – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua sylheti" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D3%A8%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Cилоти Өөрдин – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Cилоти Өөрдин" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Sylheti" title="Yaren Sylheti – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Sylheti" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिलेटी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिलेटी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sylheti" title="Bahasa Sylheti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Sylheti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiSiloti" title="IsiSiloti – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiSiloti" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulimi_lwesiNagri" title="Ulimi lwesiNagri – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ulimi lwesiNagri" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sylheti" title="Lingua sylheti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua sylheti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಿಲ್ಹೆಟಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಲ್ಹೆಟಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1nung_Siloti" title="Amánung Siloti – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amánung Siloti" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سیلهت زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سیلهت زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisylheti" title="Kisylheti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisylheti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Silati" title="Lingua Silati – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Silati" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silotu_valoda" title="Silotu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Silotu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სილჰეტური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სილჰეტური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AA%D9%89" title="سيلهتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيلهتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloti_langwej" title="Siloti langwej – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Siloti langwej" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिलेटी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिलेटी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="シレット語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シレット語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhetti" title="Sylhetti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sylhetti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhetti" title="Sylhetti – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sylhetti" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siilheeti" title="Siilheeti – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Siilheeti" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silot_tili" title="Silot tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Silot tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silotibh%C4%81s%C4%81" title="Silotibhāsā – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="Silotibhāsā" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Siloti" title="Salitan Siloti – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Siloti" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سلہٹی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلہٹی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سلهتي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سلهتي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_sylheti" title="Lenga sylheti – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga sylheti" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silxet_tili" title="Silxet tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Silxet tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silote_simi" title="Silote simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Silote simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Силхетский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Силхетский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%AB_siloti" title="Gjuhë siloti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhë siloti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sylheti language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAlw%C3%AEmi_lwesiSiloti" title="Lúlwîmi lwesiSiloti – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Lúlwîmi lwesiSiloti" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuqadda_Siloti" title="Luuqadda Siloti – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luuqadda Siloti" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti" title="Sylheti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sylheti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syloti" title="Syloti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syloti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சிலோட்டி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிலோட்டி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8F" title="ภาษาสิเลฏ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสิเลฏ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloti" title="Siloti – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Siloti" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silot_dili" title="Silot dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Silot dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Силоти кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Силоти кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Силхетська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Силхетська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلہٹی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلہٹی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Siloti" title="Vah Siloti – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Siloti" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silotin_kel%27" title="Silotin kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Silotin kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Sylhet" title="Tiếng Sylhet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Sylhet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C3%B6t%C3%A4n%C3%A4p%C3%BCk" title="Silötänäpük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Silötänäpük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insiloto" title="Insiloto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Insiloto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-siloteer" title="Wu-siloteer – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Wu-siloteer" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%9B%E8%92%82%E8%AF%AD" title="西洛蒂语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西洛蒂语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9" title="סילהעטיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סילהעטיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_S%C3%ADl%C3%B3b%E1%BA%B9" title="Èdè Sílóbẹ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Sílóbẹ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E7%88%BE%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E6%96%87" title="錫爾赫特文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="錫爾赫特文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silotisch" title="Silotisch – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Silotisch" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="锡尔赫特语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锡尔赫特语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sylheti" title="Basa Sylheti – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Sylheti" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloti" title="Siloti – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Siloti" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2044560#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sylheti_language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sylheti_language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sylheti_language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&oldid=1275535979" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sylheti_language&id=1275535979&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSylheti_language"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSylheti_language"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sylheti_language&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sylheti_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sylheti" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z1878" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sylheti_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Sylheti_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sylheti_phrasebook" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Sylheti" hreflang="en"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2044560" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-Aryan language spoken in Bangladesh and India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Sylheti</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Silôṭi</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1193362061">.mw-parser-output .script-syloti{font-family:"Surma","Noto Sans Syloti Nagri"}</style><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</span></li><li><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সিলেটি</span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylheti_in_Sylheti_Nagari_script_-_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sylheti_in_Sylheti_Nagari_script_-_example.svg/260px-Sylheti_in_Sylheti_Nagari_script_-_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sylheti_in_Sylheti_Nagari_script_-_example.svg/390px-Sylheti_in_Sylheti_Nagari_script_-_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sylheti_in_Sylheti_Nagari_script_-_example.svg/520px-Sylheti_in_Sylheti_Nagari_script_-_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word "Silôṭi" in the <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a> script</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Sylheti pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="syl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sylheti" title="Help:IPA/Sylheti">[silɔʈi]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5f\/SYL-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF.oga\/SYL-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"SYL-\u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09cb\u099f\u09bf.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/SYL-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF.oga/SYL-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:SYL-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF.oga" title="File:SYL-সিলোটি.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/L1_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L1 speakers">L1</a>: 10 million (2003–2017)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/L2_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 speakers">L2</a>: 1.5 million (no date)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_languages" title="Bengali–Assamese languages">Bengali–Assamese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Sylheti</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Māgadhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahaṭ‌ṭha</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>Old Sylheti<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The inclusion of Old Sylheti needs scholarly material. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nāgarī script</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese script</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/syl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:syl">syl</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/syl">syl</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sylh1242">sylh1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=59-AAF-ui">59-AAF-ui</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylheti_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sylheti_Map.png/320px-Sylheti_Map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sylheti_Map.png/480px-Sylheti_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sylheti_Map.png/640px-Sylheti_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="2531" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map of Sylheti speaking areas of South Asia</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">Sylheti is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm/220px--King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="125" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="848" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="848" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="424" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="636" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm/King_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="636" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKing_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKing_and_Queen_of_Termites_by_Mujahidul_Islam_in_Sylheti_language.webm&lang=syl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="syl" label="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ‪(syl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A description of the king and queen of the termites in Sylheti</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sylheti</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</span>, <i>síloṭi</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="syl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sylheti" title="Help:IPA/Sylheti">[sílɔʈi]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5f\/SYL-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF.oga\/SYL-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"SYL-\u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09cb\u099f\u09bf.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/SYL-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF.oga/SYL-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:SYL-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF.oga" title="File:SYL-সিলোটি.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">সিলেটি</span>, <i>sileṭi</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[sileʈi]</a></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> spoken by an estimated 11 million people, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, and northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eth_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, there are substantial numbers of Sylheti speakers in the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eth_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> communities in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and the Middle East. </p><p>It is variously perceived as either a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialect of Bengali</a> or a language in its own right. While most linguists consider it an independent language,<sup id="cite_ref-mahanta-gope-variety_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahanta-gope-variety-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-khan-lang_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan-lang-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for many native speakers Sylheti forms the <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Bengali">standard Bengali</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Codification_(linguistics)" title="Codification (linguistics)">codified lect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some incorrectly consider it as a "corrupt" form of Bengali,<sup id="cite_ref-simmard-corrupt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simmard-corrupt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is a reported <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> from Sylheti to Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, India and the diaspora;<sup id="cite_ref-simard-shift_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simard-shift-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Sylheti has more vitality than Standard Bengali among the diaspora in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Sylhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Sylhet">Names of Sylhet</a></div> <p><i>Sylheti</i> is eponymously named after <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, referring to the dialect or language spoken of that area.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1903">Grierson (1903)</a> the vernacular <i>was</i> called <i>Sylhettia</i> by the Europeans after the town of Sylhet.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the speakers at that time referred to it as <i>Jaintiapuri</i>, <i>Purba Srihattiya</i>, or <i>Ujania</i> with the latter meaning "the language of the upper country".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sylheti is also spelt or known as <i>Sylhetti</i> (or <i>Sileti</i>), <i>Sylheti Bangla</i> and <i>Siloti</i> (also spelt in <i>Syloti</i> or <i>Syloty</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sylheti belongs to the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, that evolved from <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowlands around Sylhet were originally inhabited by ancient <a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasi people</a> (Austroasiatic);<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> settlements were made in the 6th century under <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> king.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet town">Sylhet</a> (Srihatta) then emerged as a center of lowland territorialism after the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11th century Bhatera grants from the Srihatta kings Kesavadeva and Isanadeva were written in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another notable copper plate inscription was found in the village of Paschimbhag in <a href="/wiki/Rajnagar_Upazila" title="Rajnagar Upazila">Rajnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moulvibazar_District" title="Moulvibazar District">Moulvibazar</a> that was issued by King <a href="/wiki/Srichandra" title="Srichandra">Srichandra</a> during the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muslim <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Sylhet" title="Conquest of Sylhet">Conquest of Sylhet</a> in 1303 CE extended the migratory movements of Muslims from western lands, who settled among the native population and greatly influenced the local language.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Sylheti derived a large number of words from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cultivating the Perso-Arabic influence on the vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A script was developed in the region called <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a>, which primarily focused on disseminating <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> poetry, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Puthi" title="Puthi">puthi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its earliest known work had been written during the 1600s, called <i>Bhedsar</i> by Syed Shah Husayn Alam.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literature was transcribed in the standard form of late Middle Bengali, it was similar to the <i><a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a></i> idiom though phonologically was strongly influenced by Sylheti.<sup id="cite_ref-dHubert_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dHubert-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The script was read and taught culturally among households and was not institutionalised,<sup id="cite_ref-dHubert_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dHubert-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture#Bengal" title="Indo-Persian culture">Islamic dynasties</a> who ruled over Bengal established Persian alongside Arabic as the official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Printed texts of the script reached its peak during the late 19th century, however its use became obsolete by around the middle of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, Grierson reported that Sylheti was spoken only around Sylhet town of the then Sylhet district (now Sylhet Division and Karimganj district in Assam), and that among the Indo-Aryan speakers in the district, about 33 per cent spoke this language.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest appearance of a documentation of Sylheti vocabulary was in the <i>Government Report on the History and Statistics of Sylhet District</i> by T. Walton, B.C.S. in 1857, which contained a list of peculiar words used in Sylhet.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many terms that were listed here differ from modern Sylheti – highlighting its evolution. In 1868, another short glossary of local terms in various districts of the Dacca Division (which included Sylhet) were written up and compared to standard Bengali to allow ease in understanding local vernaculars.<sup id="cite_ref-heads_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heads-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam Province</a> during colonial rule, Sylheti speakers felt a linguistic affinity with the rest of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> had some influence from Sylheti, popular songwriters or poets such as <a href="/wiki/Hason_Raja" title="Hason Raja">Hason Raja</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Karim" title="Shah Abdul Karim">Shah Abdul Karim</a>, significantly contributed to the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylhet was reunited with Bengal following a <a href="/wiki/1947_Sylhet_referendum" title="1947 Sylhet referendum">referendum in 1947</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Simard, Dopierala and Thaut, Sylheti is a "<a href="/wiki/Minoritized_language" title="Minoritized language">minoritised</a>, politically unrecognised, and understudied language."<sup id="cite_ref-simard91-lead_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simard91-lead-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently not officially recognised as a language in either Bangladesh or India.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many native speakers consider it to be a <i><a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a></i> or corrupt version of Standard Bengali and not an independent language;<sup id="cite_ref-simmard-corrupt_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simmard-corrupt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is a reported <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> to Standard Bengali and a decrease in the number of native speakers since parents are not teaching it to their children.<sup id="cite_ref-simard-shift_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simard-shift-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bangladesh, there is a <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> where Sylheti is one among other low status <a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">regional dialects</a> while Standard Bengali, the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, has a high status.<sup id="cite_ref-hamid_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamid-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Indian state of Assam where <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> is the state language, Standard Bengali language serves as an additional official language in its <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> districts; which host a majority Sylheti-speaking population.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, British schools have begun enlisting Sylheti in their syllabi.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News (TV channel)">BBC News</a> has also broadcast online videos relating to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> in five major <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asian languages</a> including Sylheti.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1903">Grierson (1903)</a> notes that the language of eastern Sylhet is not intelligible to Bengalis from the west, though he still classed it as Bengali,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> grouping it under "Eastern Bengali".<sup id="cite_ref-grierson_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grierson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFChatterji1926">Chatterji (1926)</a> too calls it a dialect of Bengali and places it in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Bangali_(ethnic_dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangali (ethnic dialect)">Vangiya</a> group of <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a> and notes that all Bengali dialects were independent of each other and did not emanate from the literary Bengali called "<a href="/wiki/Sadhu_bhasha" title="Sadhu bhasha">sadhu bhasha</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the different eastern dialect groups, Sylheti and <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a> have phonetic and morphological properties that are alien to standard Bengali and other western dialects of Bengali,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChatterji1926[httpsarchiveorgdetailsOriginDevelopmentOfBengaliCHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1pagen233mode2upqsylhet_138]_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatterji1926[httpsarchiveorgdetailsOriginDevelopmentOfBengaliCHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1pagen233mode2upqsylhet_138]-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these differences are such that Sylheti is more distant to standard Bengali than is Assamese.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent scholarship notes that these morpho-phonological and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> differences are significant enough that Sylheti could claim itself as a language on its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-sen-language_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen-language-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> groups Sylheti in <a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_languages" title="Bengali–Assamese languages">Bengali–Assamese languages</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-e25_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Glottolog gives further subgrouping and places it in the "Eastern Bengali" group alongside <a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a>, separately from the Bengali dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-glot-syl_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glot-syl-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language-dialect_controversy">Language-dialect controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language-dialect controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classification of Sylheti is contentious—Chalmers (1996) suggested that it was generally identified as a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> though there were efforts to recognise it as a language.<sup id="cite_ref-rasinger2007_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasinger2007-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grierson had classified Sylheti as an Eastern Bengali dialect and had noted that it "possess all the peculiar characteristics of the extreme Eastern Bengali type."<sup id="cite_ref-grierson_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grierson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anecdotal evidence suggests that Sylhetis, who could also speak in Standard Bengali, considered the two languages to be mutually intelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mccarthy2018-mi_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccarthy2018-mi-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of the anecdotal evidence of mutual intelligibility, regionality and the fact that Sylheti is spoken by a predominantly rural community, <a href="#CITEREFRasinger2007">Rasinger (2007)</a> concludes that Sylheti could be considered a dialect of Bengali.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simard, Dopierala and Thaut have pointed out that the intelligibility could be an effect of prior exposure of Sylheti speakers to Standard Bengali,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the academic consensus is that mutual intelligibility ranges from "unintelligible" to "hardly intelligible".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of phonology and phonetics, lexicon, grammatical structure and a lack of mutual intelligibility, some recent linguists claim that Sylheti is not merely a dialectal variation of Bengali but a language in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-sen-language_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen-language-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-simard91-language_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simard91-language-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phonologically Sylheti is distinguished from Standard Bengali and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">other regional varieties</a> by significant deaspiration and spirantisation,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to major restructuring of the consonant inventory<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the development of tones.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As majority of the diaspora in the United Kingdom speak Sylheti, it created an environment that was somewhat uninfluenced by Standard Bengali, inevitably leading some to view Sylheti as a distinct language.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s there were unsuccessful attempts to recognise Sylheti as a language in its own right by a small group in the London borough of <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a>, which lacked support from the Sylheti community itself.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif/200px-Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Cover of 19th century Halat-un-Nabi by <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Ali" title="Sadeq Ali">Sadeq Ali</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Halat-un-Nabi</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Puthi" title="Puthi">puthi</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Ali" title="Sadeq Ali">Sadeq Ali</a> is considered to be the most prominent literature in Sylheti Nagri.<sup id="cite_ref-syldiv_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syldiv-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence and influence of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jalal" title="Shah Jalal">Shah Jalal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shri_Chaitanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Chaitanya">Shri Chaitanya</a> dev is found in the Sylheti literature.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Syed Mostafa Kamal, (approximately 1650 AD) the <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a> tradition was founded based on the combination of Chaitanyavad and Jaganmohani ideologies, that mystic literature influenced and seen in the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali" title="Vaishnava Padavali">Vaishnava Padavali</a>. As a result, Sylhet is considered as the spiritual capital of mysticism and the fertile land of Baul music.<sup id="cite_ref-syldiv_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syldiv-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great number of poets enriched Sylheti literature. Among them, <a href="/wiki/Hason_Raja" title="Hason Raja">Hason Raja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radharaman_Dutta" title="Radharaman Dutta">Radha Raman</a>, Syed Shah Noor, Shitalong Shaha, Durbin Shaha are noteworthy. The main theme of the Nagri literature are mainly religious, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic history">Islamic history</a>, tradition, stories, Raga, Baul and mystic music. There have been 140 books have found, including 88 printed books in Sylheti Nagri script.<sup id="cite_ref-sylgov_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylgov-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></div> <p>Sylheti currently does not have a standardised writing system.<sup id="cite_ref-GESIS_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESIS-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically in the Sylhet region, the <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti Nagari script">Sylheti Nagri</a> script was used alongside the Bengali script.<sup id="cite_ref-dHubert_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dHubert-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylheti Nagri was however mostly limited to writing religious poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-grierson_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grierson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The script often avoided <a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">tatsama</a> (Sanskrit-derived terms) and incorporated Perso-Arabic vocabulary. Additionally, Sylheti Nagri texts were traditionally paginated from right to left.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is claimed by some that the orthography of the script equates with Sylheti, due to the fewer characters compared with the Bengali script as there are fewer phonemes found in Sylheti.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An endangered script, it has since seen a revival mostly by academics and linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standard Bengali is the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> in Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some may therefore write in Sylheti using the <a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GESIS_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESIS-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In United Kingdom, publishers use <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> for Sylheti and according to the Sylheti Translation and Research (STAR), Latin (Roman) script is the most <i>used</i> script for writing Sylheti.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> in Sylheti was published in the <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylhet Nagri script</a> along with versions in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese script</a>, in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brick_Lane_Banglatown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Brick_Lane_Banglatown.jpg/280px-Brick_Lane_Banglatown.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Brick_Lane_Banglatown.jpg/420px-Brick_Lane_Banglatown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Brick_Lane_Banglatown.jpg/560px-Brick_Lane_Banglatown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption><i>Banglatown</i> in Brick Lane, London, UK, which is home to one of the largest Sylheti diaspora communities in the western world</figcaption></figure> <p>Sylheti is the primary language of the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> in north-eastern Bangladesh, with its concentration mostly in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_District" title="Sylhet District">Sylhet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moulvibazar_District" title="Moulvibazar District">Moulvibazar</a>, <i>eastern</i> <a href="/wiki/Sunamganj_District" title="Sunamganj District">Sunamganj</a> and <i>north-eastern</i> <a href="/wiki/Habiganj_District" title="Habiganj District">Habiganj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent findings assert that the local dialect spoken in much of the Habiganj district differs quite significantly from Sylheti.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sylheti is also widely spoken in the southern <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a>, India, which includes the districts of <a href="/wiki/Cachar_district" title="Cachar district">Cachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hailakandi_district" title="Hailakandi district">Hailakandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimganj District">Karimganj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it is spoken in the northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eth_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jiribam_district" title="Jiribam district">Jiribam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a significant population of Sylheti speakers in <a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai district</a> of Central Assam,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a> in Meghalaya,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the state of <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eth_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few numbers are also located in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, most of whom are migrants from Assam. </p><p>Outside the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, the largest grouping of Sylheti speakers reside in the United Kingdom, of which 95 percent of <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">British Bangladeshis</a> have origins from the Sylhet region.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated there are around 400,000 Sylheti speakers in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-GESIS_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESIS-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest concentration live in <a href="/wiki/East_London" title="East London">east London</a> boroughs, such as Tower Hamlets.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also significant numbers of speakers in the United States, most are concentrated in New York City,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Hamtramck,_Michigan" title="Hamtramck, Michigan">Hamtramck, Michigan</a> where majority of <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> there are of Sylheti origin.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also small numbers located in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant Sylheti-speaking communities reside in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_the_Middle_East" title="Bangladeshis in the Middle East">Middle East</a> of which most are migrant workers,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in many other countries throughout the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sylheti shares most linguistic properties with Standard Bengali,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Just two authors and years. No book title, page etc. Extremely ambiguous (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with a <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">lexical similarity</a> of 53.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Not measured, very ambiguous, proper linguistic study on the matter is needed (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phoneme inventory of Sylheti differs from both <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Standard Rarhi Bengali</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengali" title="Eastern Bengali">typical Bangladeshi Standard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is characterised by a loss of breathiness and aspiration contrasts, leading to a significant reduction in its phoneme inventory and to the <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">development of tones</a>. In particular, the following developments are seen:<sup id="cite_ref-mg18-phoneme-inventory_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mg18-phoneme-inventory-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Both voiced and voiceless aspirated stops have become unaspirated (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d̪ʱ</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d̪</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪ʰ</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪</span>).</li> <li>The voiceless labials have spirantised to homorganic fricatives (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸ</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸ</span>).</li> <li>The velar stops have become velar fricatives (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span>), although <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> can be heard as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> when preceded by high vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>.</li> <li>The post-alveolar affricates have spirantised to alveolar fricatives (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃ</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃʰ</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒ</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒʱ</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span>).</li> <li>Among the voiceless stops only the dental /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d̪</span>/ and retroflex /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɖ</span>/ stops have remained stops. In some analyses, the dental–retroflex distinction (/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ</span>/) is replaced by highly unusual dental–alveolar one (/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̠</span>/).<sup id="cite_ref-ICoSP_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICoSP-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto 1em"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Vowels</b><sup id="cite_ref-mg18-phoneme-inventory_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mg18-phoneme-inventory-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁ</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠃ</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄ</span></td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠅ</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀ</span></td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto 1em"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Consonants</b><sup id="cite_ref-mg18-phoneme-inventory_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mg18-phoneme-inventory-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">Palato-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘ</span></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠋ</span></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless unaspirated</small> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠕ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠐ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠑ</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>voiced unaspirated</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠜ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠖ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠗ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠒ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠓ</span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠉ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠊ</span></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless fricative</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠚ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠌ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠍ</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠡ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠈ</span></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>voiced fricative</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠏ</span></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢ</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠞ</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠟ</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sylheti is <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopeMahanta2014_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopeMahanta2014-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is rare among the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, but not unheard of, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gawri_language" title="Gawri language">Gawri</a> (Kalam Kohistani), <a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengali" title="Eastern Bengali">Eastern Bengali</a> varieties, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two types of tonal contrasts in Sylheti: the emergence of high tone in the vowels following the loss of aspiration, and a level tone elsewhere. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>Tone </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠔ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">at</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'intestine' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">‘ꠀꠔ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">át</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'hand' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠣꠟꠤ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">xali</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'ink' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠈꠣꠟꠤ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">xáli</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'empty' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠉꠥꠠꠣ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">guṛa</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'powder' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠊꠥꠠꠣ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">gúṛa</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'horse' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠌꠥꠞꠤ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">suri</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'theft' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠍꠥꠞꠤ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">súri</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'knife' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠣꠟ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">zal</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'net, web' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠏꠣꠟ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">zál</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'spicy/pungent' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠐꠤꠇ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">ṭik</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'tick' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠑꠤꠇ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">ṭík</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'correct' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠒꠣꠟ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">ḍal</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'branch' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠓꠣꠟ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">ḍál</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'shield' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠟ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">tal</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'palmyra, rhythm' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠕꠣꠟ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">tál</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'plate' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠖꠣꠘ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">dan</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'donation' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠗꠣꠘ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">dán</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'paddy' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙꠥꠟ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">ful</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'bridge' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠚꠥꠟ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">fúl</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'flower' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛꠣꠟꠣ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">bala</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'bangle' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠜꠣꠟꠣ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">bála</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'good, welfare' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛꠣꠔ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">bat</i></span> </td> <td>level </td> <td>'arthritis' </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠜꠣꠔ</span> </td> <td><span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">bát</i></span> </td> <td>high </td> <td>'rice' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A more recent study shows that there is a three-way tonal system in Sylheti words with two syllables or more. According to this analysis, words with aspiration in the final syllable historically gain a high tone across the word, whilst those with initial aspiration have this replaced by a low tone across the word. Those with no historical aspirated consonants retain a mid tone.<sup id="cite_ref-ICoSP_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICoSP-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Word </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Tone </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Word </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Tone </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Word </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Tone </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙꠣꠑꠣ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸáʈá</span> </td> <td>High </td> <td>'goat' </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠚꠣꠐꠣ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸàʈà</span> </td> <td>Low </td> <td>'torn' </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙꠣꠐꠣ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸāʈā</span> </td> <td>Mid </td> <td>'grindstone' </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠑꠣ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kúʈá</span> </td> <td>High </td> <td>'room' </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠈꠥꠐꠣ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kùʈà</span> </td> <td>Low </td> <td>'taunting' </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠐꠣ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kūʈā</span> </td> <td>Mid </td> <td>'stick' </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙꠣꠈꠣ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸáxá</span> </td> <td>High </td> <td>'fan' </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠚꠣꠇꠣ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸàxà</span> </td> <td>Low </td> <td>'empty' </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙꠣꠇꠣ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸāxā</span> </td> <td>Mid </td> <td>'ripe' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is considered that these tones arose when aspirated consonants lost their aspiration. Sylheti continues to have a long history of coexisting with tonal <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a> including various dialects of <a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Reang" title="Reang">Reang</a>. Even though there is no clear evidence of direct borrowing of lexical items from those languages into Sylheti, there is still a possibility that the emergence of Sylheti tones is due to external influence, as the indigenous speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages by and large use Sylheti as a common medium for interaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sylheti grammar is the study of the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> of Sylheti.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case">Case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">definite article</a> such as <i>-gu/ţa</i> (singular) or <i>-guin/ţin</i> (plural) is added, nouns are also inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. Below are two tables which show the inflections of an animate noun, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠍꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ</span> <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">satrô</i></span> ('student'), and an inanimate noun, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣ</span> <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">zuta</i></span> ('shoe'). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Noun Inflection </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Animate </th> <th colspan="2">Inanimate </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣ<b>ꠉꠥ</b></span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hikɽa-<b>gu</b>/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣ<b>ꠉꠥꠔꠣ</b></span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hikɽa-<b>guta</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣ<b>ꠉꠥ</b></span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣ<b>ꠉꠥꠔꠣ</b></span></p><p style="display: none;">hikɽa-<b>gu</b>/ hikɽa-<b>guta</b></p><p style="clear: left;">the student</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣ<b>ꠅꠇꠟ</b></span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hikɽa-<b>ôxôl</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣ<b>ꠅꠇꠟ</b></span></p><p style="display: none;">hikɽa-<b>ôxôl</b></p><p style="clear: left;">the students</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠉꠥ</b></span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-<b>gu</b>/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠉꠥꠔꠣ</b></span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-<b>guta</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠉꠥ</b></span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠉꠥꠔꠣ</b></span></p><p style="display: none;">zuta-<b>gu</b>/ zuta-<b>guta</b></p><p style="clear: left;">the shoe</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠉꠥꠁꠘ</b></span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-<b>guin</b>/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠉꠦꠍꠤꠘ</b></span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-<b>gesin</b>/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣ‌<b>ꠎꠥꠠꠣ</b></span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-<b>zuŗa</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠉꠥꠁꠘ</b></span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠉꠦꠍꠤꠘ</b></span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣ‌<b>ꠎꠥꠠꠣ</b></span></p><p style="display: none;">zuta-<b>guin</b>/ zuta-<b>gesin</b>/ zuta-<b>zuŗa</b></p><p style="clear: left;">the shoes</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Objective </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠉꠥ<b>ꠞꠦ</b></span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hikɽa-gu-<b>re</b>/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠉꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠞꠦ</b></span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hikɽa-guta-<b>re</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠉꠥ<b>ꠞꠦ</b></span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠉꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠞꠦ</b></span></p><p style="display: none;">hikɽa-gu-<b>re</b>/ hikɽa-guta-<b>re</b></p><p style="clear: left;">(to) the student</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠅꠇꠟ<b>ꠞꠦ</b></span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;">hikɽa-ôxl-<b>ôre</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠅꠇꠟ<b>ꠞꠦ</b></span> hikɽa-ôxl-<b>ôre</b></p><p style="clear: left;">(to) the students</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-gu/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠔꠣ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-guta</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠔꠣ</span></p><p style="display: none;">zuta-gu/ zuta-guta</p><p style="clear: left;">(to) the shoe</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠁꠘ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-guin/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠤꠍꠤꠘ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-gesin</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠁꠘ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠤꠍꠤꠘ</span></p><p style="display: none;">zuta-guin/ zuta-gesin</p><p style="clear: left;">(to) the shoes</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠉꠥ<b>ꠞ</b></span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hikɽa-gu-<b>r</b>/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠉꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠞ</b></span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hikɽa-guta-<b>r</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠉꠥ<b>ꠞ</b></span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠉꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠞ</b></span></p><p style="display: none;">hikɽa-gu-<b>r</b>/ hikɽa-guta-<b>r</b></p><p style="clear: left;">the student's</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠅꠇꠟ<b>ꠞ</b></span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hikɽa-ôxl-<b>ôr</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠠꠣꠅꠇꠟ<b>ꠞ</b></span></p><p style="display: none;">hikɽa-ôxl-<b>ôr</b></p><p style="clear: left;">the students'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥ<b>ꠞ</b></span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-gu-<b>r</b>/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠞ</b></span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-guta-<b>r</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥ<b>ꠞ</b></span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠞ</b></span></p><p style="display: none;">zuta-gu-<b>r</b>/ zuta-guta-<b>r</b></p><p style="clear: left;">the shoe's</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠁꠘꠔ<b>ꠞ</b></span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-guint-<b>ôr</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠁꠘꠔ<b>ꠞ</b></span></p><p style="display: none;">zuta-guint-<b>ôr</b></p><p style="clear: left;">the shoes'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥ<b>ꠔ</b></span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-gu-<b>t</b>/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠔ</b></span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-guta-<b>t</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥ<b>ꠔ</b></span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠔꠣ<b>ꠔ</b></span></p><p style="display: none;">zuta-gu-<b>t</b>/ zuta-guta-<b>t</b></p><p style="clear: left;">on/in the shoe</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠁꠘ<b>ꠔ</b></span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zuta-guint-<b>ô</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠥꠔꠣꠉꠥꠁꠘ<b>ꠔ</b></span></p><p style="display: none;">zuta-guint-<b>ô</b></p><p style="clear: left;">on/ in the shoes</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All of the inflected nouns above have an indefinite article preceding their case markers. There are some basic rules to keep in mind about the cases, apart from the "default" nominative. </p><p>For the genitive case, the ending may change, though never with a definite article attached. A noun (without an article) which ends in a consonant or the inherent vowel, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠅ</span> <i>ô</i>, is inflected by adding <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">–ꠞ</span> -<i>ôr</i> to the end of the word (and deleting the inherent vowel if applicable). An example of this would be the genitive of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠉꠥꠍ</span> <i>gus</i> 'meat' being <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠉꠥꠍ<b>ꠞ</b></span> <i>gus<b>ôr</b></i> 'of meat' or '(the) meat's'. A noun which ends in any vowel apart from the inherent vowel will just have a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">-ꠞ</span> -<i>r</i> following it, as in the genitive of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙꠥꠀ</span> <i>fua</i> being <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙꠥꠀ<b>ꠞ</b></span> <i>fua<b>r</b></i> '(the) boy's'. The genitive ending is also applied to verbs (in their verbal noun forms), which is most commonly seen when using postpositions (for example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠘ<b>ꠞ</b> ꠟꠣꠉꠤ</span> <i>hiknôr</i> <i>lagi</i>, 'for learning'). </p><p>For the locative case, the marker also changes in a similar fashion to the genitive case, with consonants and the inherent vowel having their own ending, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">-ꠅ</span> -<i>ô</i>, and all other vowels having another ending, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">-ꠔ</span> -<i>t</i>. For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠍꠤꠟꠐ<b>ꠅ</b></span> <i>silôţ<b>ô</b></i> 'in Sylhet', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠑꠣꠇꠣ<b>ꠔ</b></span> <i>dáxát</i> 'in Dhaka', etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Measure_words">Measure words</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Measure words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When counted, nouns must also be accompanied by the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">measure word</a>. The noun's measure word (<b>MW</b>) must be used in between the numeral and the noun. Most nouns take the generic measure word <i>gu/ţa/xán</i>, although there are many more specific measure words, such as <i>zôn</i>, which is only used to count humans. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Measure Words </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sylheti </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nôy-<b>ţa</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">nine-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="measure word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MW</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ghoŗi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">clock</p></div><p style="display: none;">Nôy-<b>ţa</b> ghoŗi</p><p style="display: none;">nine-<b>MW</b> clock</p><p style="clear: left;">Nine clocks</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Xôtô-<b>ţa</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">How many-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="measure word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MW</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">balish</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pillow</p></div><p style="display: none;">Xôtô-<b>ţa</b> balish</p><p style="display: none;">{How many}-<b>MW</b> pillow</p><p style="clear: left;">How many pillows</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Bout-<b>zôn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">Many-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="measure word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MW</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">manush</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><p style="display: none;">Bout-<b>zôn</b> manush</p><p style="display: none;">Many-<b>MW</b> person</p><p style="clear: left;">Many people</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sair-fas-<b>zôn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">Four-five-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="measure word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MW</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fôɽauɽa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">teacher</p></div><p style="display: none;">Sair-fas-<b>zôn</b> fôɽauɽa</p><p style="display: none;">Four-five-<b>MW</b> teacher</p><p style="clear: left;">Four or five teachers</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Measuring nouns in Sylheti without their corresponding measure words (e.g. <i>aţ mekur</i> instead of <i>aţ-<b>gu</b> mekur</i> 'eight cats') would typically be considered ungrammatical. However, omitting the noun and preserving the measure word is grammatical and not uncommon to hear. For example, <i>Xáli êx-<b>zôn</b> táxbô.</i> (lit. 'Only one-<b>MW</b> will remain.') would be understood to mean 'Only one <b>person</b> will remain.', since <i>zôn</i> can only be used to count humans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sylheti personal pronouns are somewhat similar to English pronouns, having different words for first, second, and third person, and also for singular and plural (unlike for verbs, below). Sylheti pronouns, like their English counterparts, do differentiate for gender. Sylheti has different third-person pronouns for proximity. The first are used for someone who is nearby, and the second are for those who are a little further away. The third are usually for those who are not present. In addition, each of the second- and third-person pronouns have different forms for the familiar and polite forms; the second person also has a "very familiar" form (sometimes called "despective"). It may be noted that the "very familiar" form is used when addressing particularly close friends or family as well as for addressing subordinates, or in abusive language. In the following tables, the abbreviations used are as follows: <b>VF</b>=very familiar, <b>F</b>=familiar, and <b>P</b>=polite (honor); <b>H</b>=here, <b>T</b>=there, <b>E</b>=elsewhere (proximity), and <b>I</b>=inanimate. </p><p>The <b>nominative</b> case is used for pronouns that are the subject of the sentence, such as "<i><b>I</b></i> already did that" or "Will <i><b>you</b></i> please stop making that noise?" </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal pronouns (nominative case) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject</th> <th>Proximity</th> <th>Honor</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">1 </th> <th><abbr title="very familiar">VF</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠥꠁ</span> (<i>mui</i>, I) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠞꠣ</span> (<i>môra</i>, we) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠤ</span> (<i>ami</i>, I) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠞꠣ</span> (<i>amra</i>, we) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3">2 </th> <th><abbr title="very familiar">VF</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠁ, ꠔꠥꠁꠘ</span> (<i>tui, tuin</i>, you) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠞꠣ</span> (<i>tura</i>, you) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠝꠤ</span> (<i>tumi</i>, you) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠝꠞꠣ</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠝꠤ-ꠔꠣꠁꠘ</span> (<i>tumra/tumi-tain</i>, you) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠙꠘꠦ</span> (<i>afne</i>, you) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠞꠣ/ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠁꠘ</span> (<i>afnara</i>, you) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="11">3 </th> <th rowspan="4"><abbr title="here">H</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄ</span> (<i>e</i>, he), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠁ</span> (<i>ei</i>, she) / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁꠉꠥ</span> (<i>igu</i>, he/she) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞꠣ</span> (<i>era</i>, they) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠁꠘ</span> (<i>ein</i>, he/she) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞꠣ</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠁꠘ</span> (<i>era/ein-tain</i>, they) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="inanimate">I</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁꠉꠥ</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁꠇꠐꠣ</span> (<i>igu/ikţa,</i> it/this) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁꠉꠥꠁꠘ</span> (<i>iguin</i>, these) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="inanimate">I</abbr> <abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti"></span> (<i>ita,</i> it/this) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti"></span> (<i>itain</i>, these) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr title="there">T</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠦ</span> (<i>he</i>, he), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠁ</span> (<i>tai</i>, she) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠞꠣ</span> (<i>tara</i>, they) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠁꠘ</span> (<i>tain</i>, he/she) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠞꠣ</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠁꠘ</span> (<i>tara/tain-tain</i>, they) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="inanimate">I</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠅꠉꠥ</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠅꠇꠐꠣ</span> (<i>ôgu/ôxţa</i>, it/that) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠅꠉꠥꠁꠘ</span> (<i>ôguin</i>, those) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><abbr title="elsewhere (proximity)">E</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠦ</span> (<i>he</i>, he), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠁ</span> (<i>tai</i>, she) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠞꠣ</span> (<i>tara</i>, they) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠁꠘ</span> (<i>tain</i>, he/she) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠞꠣ</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠁꠘ</span> (<i>tara/tain-tain</i>, they) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="inanimate">I</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠉꠥ</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠇꠐꠣ</span> (<i>hôgu/hôxţa</i>, it/that) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠉꠥꠁꠘ</span> (<i>hôguin</i>, those) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="inanimate">I</abbr> <abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti"></span> (<i>hita,</i> it/that) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti"></span> (<i>hitain</i>, those) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <b>objective</b> case is used for pronouns serving as the direct or indirect objects, such as "I told <i><b>him</b></i> to wash the dishes" or "The teacher gave <i><b>me</b></i> the homework assignment". The inanimate pronouns remain the same in the objective case. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal pronouns (objective case) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject</th> <th>Proximity</th> <th>Honor</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">1 </th> <th><abbr title="very familiar">VF</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠞꠦ</span> (<i>môre</i>, me) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠞꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>môrare</i>, us) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>amare</i>, me) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠞꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>amrare</i>, us) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3">2 </th> <th><abbr title="very familiar">VF</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠞꠦ</span> (<i>tôre</i>, you) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠞꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>turare</i>, you) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠝꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>tumare</i>, you) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠝꠞꠣꠞꠦ/ꠔꠥꠝꠣ-ꠔꠣꠘꠞꠦ</span> (<i>tumrare/tuma-tanre</i>, you) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>afnare</i>, you) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠞꠣꠞꠦ/ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠁꠘꠔꠞꠦ</span> (<i>afnarare/afnaintôre</i>, you) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="9">3 </th> <th rowspan="3"><abbr title="here">H</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞꠦ</span> (<i>ere</i>, him), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠁꠞꠦ</span> (<i>eire</i>, her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>erare</i>, them) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠘꠞꠦ</span> (<i>enre</i>, him/her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞꠣꠞꠦ/ꠄꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠘꠞꠦ</span> (<i>erare/ein-tanre</i>, them) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="inanimate">I</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁꠉꠥꠞꠦ/ꠁꠇꠐꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>igure/ikţare,</i> it) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁꠉꠥꠁꠘꠔꠞꠦ</span> (<i>iguintôre</i>, these) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr title="there">T</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞꠦ</span> (<i>ere</i>, him), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠁꠞꠦ</span> (<i>eire</i>, her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>erare</i>, them) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠘꠞꠦ</span> (<i>enre</i>, him/her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞꠣꠞꠦ/ꠄꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠘꠞꠦ</span> (<i>erare/ein-tanre</i>, them) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="inanimate">I</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠅꠉꠥꠞꠦ/ꠅꠇꠐꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>ôgure/ôxţare,</i> it) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠅꠉꠥꠁꠘꠔꠞꠦ</span> (<i>ôguintôre,</i> those) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr title="elsewhere (proximity)">E</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠦꠞꠦ/ꠔꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>here/tare</i>, him), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠁꠞꠦ</span> (<i>taire</i>, her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞꠦ</span> (<i>tarare</i>, them) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠘꠞꠦ</span> (<i>tanre</i>, him/her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠘꠞꠦ</span> (<i>tain-tanre</i>, them) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="inanimate">I</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠉꠥ/ꠢꠇꠐꠣ</span> (<i>hôgu/hôxţa</i>, it) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠉꠥꠁꠘ</span> (<i>hôguin,</i> those) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>possessive case</b> is used to show possession, such as "Where is <i><b>your</b></i> coat?" or "Let's go to <i><b>our</b></i> house". In addition, sentences such as "<i><b>I have</b></i> a book" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠛꠁ ꠀꠍꠦ</span>) or "<i><b>I need</b></i> money" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠐꠦꠇꠣ ꠖꠞꠇꠣꠞ</span>) also use the possessive (the literal translation of the Bengali versions of these sentences would be "There is <i><b>my</b></i> book" and "There is <i><b>my</b></i> need for money" respectively). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal pronouns (possessive case) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject</th> <th>Proximity</th> <th>Honor</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">1 </th> <th><abbr title="very familiar">VF</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠞ</span> (<i>môr</i>, my) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠞꠣꠞ</span> (<i>môrar</i>, our) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠣꠞ</span> (<i>amar</i>, my) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠞꠣꠞ</span> (<i>amrar</i>, our) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3">2 </th> <th><abbr title="very familiar">VF</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠞ</span> <i>(tôr</i>, your) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠞꠣꠞ</span> (<i>turar</i>, your) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠝꠣꠞ</span> (<i>tomar</i>, your) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠝꠞꠣꠞ/ꠔꠥꠝꠣ-ꠔꠣꠘ/ꠔꠥꠝꠣ-ꠔꠣꠘꠞ</span> (<i>tumar/tuma-tan/tuma-tanôr</i>, your) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠞ</span> (<i>afnar</i>, your) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠞꠣꠞ/ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠁꠘꠔꠞ</span> (<i>afnarar/afnaintôr</i>, your) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="9">3 </th> <th rowspan="3"><abbr title="here">H</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞ</span> (<i>er</i>, his), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠁꠞ</span> (<i>eir</i>, her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞꠣꠞ</span> (<i>erar</i>, their) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠘ/ꠄꠁꠘꠞ</span> (<i>en/einôr</i>, his/her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠘꠞ</span> (<i>ein-tanôr</i>, their) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="inanimate">I</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁꠉꠥꠞ/ꠁꠇꠐꠣꠞ</span> (<i>igur/ikţar</i>, its) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁꠉꠥꠁꠘꠔꠞ</span> (<i>iguintôr</i>, of these) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr title="there">T</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞ</span> (<i>er</i>, his), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠁꠞ</span> (<i>eir</i>, her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠞꠣꠞ</span> (<i>erar</i>, their) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠘ/ꠄꠁꠘꠞ</span> (<i>en/einôr</i>, his/her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠘꠞ</span> (<i>ein-tanôr</i>, their) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="inanimate">I</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠅꠉꠥꠞ/ꠅꠇꠐꠣꠞ</span> (<i>ogur/oxţar</i>, its) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠅꠉꠥꠁꠘꠔꠞ</span> (<i>oguintôr</i>, of those) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr title="elsewhere (proximity)">E</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="familiar">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠞ</span> (<i>tar</i>, his/her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ</span> (<i>tader</i>, their) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠘ/ꠔꠣꠘꠞ</span> (<i>tan/tanôr</i>, his/her) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠘꠞ</span> (<i>tain-tanôr</i>, their) </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="inanimate">I</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠉꠥꠞ/ꠢꠇꠐꠣꠞ</span> (<i>hôgur/hôxţar</i>, its) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠉꠥꠁꠘꠔꠞ</span> (<i>hôguintôr</i>, of those) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indefinite_and_negative_pronouns">Indefinite and negative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indefinite and negative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bengali has no negative pronouns (such as <i>no one, nothing, none</i>). These are typically represented by adding the negative particle <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span> (<i>nae</i>) to <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">indefinite pronouns</a>, which are themselves derived from their corresponding question words. Common indefinite pronouns are listed below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Question word </th> <th>Indefinite pronoun </th> <th>Indefinite negative pronoun </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xe/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠉꠥ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xegu/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠤꠉꠥ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kigu</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠉꠥ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠤꠉꠥ</span></p><p style="display: none;">xe/ xegu/ kigu</p><p style="clear: left;">who</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xeu</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃ</span></p><p style="display: none;">xeu</p><p style="clear: left;">someone</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xeu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nae</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span></p><p style="display: none;">xeu nae</p><p style="clear: left;">no one</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠣꠞ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xar/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠉꠥꠞ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xegur/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠤꠉꠞꠥ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kigur</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠣꠞ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠉꠥꠞ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠤꠉꠞꠥ</span></p><p style="display: none;">xar/ xegur/ kigur</p><p style="clear: left;">whose</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xeur/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠞ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xeurôr</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠞ</span></p><p style="display: none;">xeur/ xeurôr</p><p style="clear: left;">someone's</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xeur/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠞ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xeurôr</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nae</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠞ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span></p><p style="display: none;">xeur/ xeurôr nae</p><p style="clear: left;">no one's</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠣꠞꠦ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kare</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠣꠞꠦ</span></p><p style="display: none;">kare</p><p style="clear: left;">to whom</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠦ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xeure/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠞꠦ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xeurôre</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠦ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠞꠦ</span></p><p style="display: none;">xeure/ xeurôre</p><p style="clear: left;">to someone</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠦ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xeure/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠞ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xeurôre</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nae</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠦ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠦꠃꠞꠞ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span></p><p style="display: none;">xeure/ xeurôre nae</p><p style="clear: left;">to someone</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kun</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘ</span></p><p style="display: none;">kun</p><p style="clear: left;">which</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘꠥ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kunu/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘꠅ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kunô</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘꠥ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘꠅ</span></p><p style="display: none;">kunu/ kunô</p><p style="clear: left;">any</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘꠥꠉꠥ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kunugu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nae</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘꠥꠉꠥ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span></p><p style="display: none;">kunugu nae</p><p style="clear: left;">none</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠤꠔꠣ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kita</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠤꠔꠣ</span></p><p style="display: none;">kita</p><p style="clear: left;">what</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠤꠍꠥ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kisu/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘꠔꠣ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kunta</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠤꠍꠥ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘꠔꠣ</span></p><p style="display: none;">kisu/ kunta</p><p style="clear: left;">some/ something</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠥ</span>/</p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kichchu/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘꠔꠣ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kunta</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="syl" style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span></p><p lang="syl-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nae</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠥ</span>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠥꠘꠔꠣ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span></p><p style="display: none;">kichchu/ kunta nae</p><p style="clear: left;">nothing</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relative_pronouns">Relative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Relative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relative pronoun <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠦ</span> (<i>ze</i>) and its different variants, as shown below, are commonly employed in complex sentences. The relative pronouns for animate objects change for number and honour, but those for inanimate objects stay the same. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Animate relative pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Nominative (<i>who</i>) </th> <th>Genitive (<i>whose</i>) </th> <th>Objective (<i>to whom</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Singular (<abbr title="very familiar">VF</abbr>/<abbr title="familiar">F</abbr>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠦ</span> <i>ze</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠣꠞ</span> <i>zar</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠣꠞꠦ</span> <i>zare</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Singular (<abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠦꠁꠘ</span> <i>zein</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠦꠘ</span> <i>zen</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠦꠘꠞꠦ</span> <i>zenore</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural (<abbr title="very familiar">VF</abbr>/<abbr title="familiar">F</abbr>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠣꠞꠣ</span> <i>zara</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠣꠞꠣꠞ</span> <i>zarar</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠣꠞꠣꠞꠦ</span> <i>zarare</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural (<abbr title="polite (honor)">P</abbr>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠦꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠁꠘ</span> <i>zein-tain</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠦꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠘ</span> <i>zein-tan</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠦꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠘꠞꠦ</span> <i>zein-tanore</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Inanimate relative pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nominative/Objective (<i>which</i>) </th> <th>Genitive (<i>of which</i>) </th> <th>Locative (<i>in which</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠦꠔꠣ</span> <i>zeta</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠦꠔꠣꠞ</span> <i>zetar</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠦꠔꠣꠔ</span> <i>zetat</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjectives do not inflect for case, gender, or number in Sylheti and are placed before the noun they modify. </p><p>Some adjectives form their opposites by prefixing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛꠦ-</span> <i>be-</i> , or sometimes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠤ-</span> <i>ni-</i>; for example, the opposite of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠞꠥꠎꠉꠣꠞ</span> (<i>ruzgar</i>, 'earning') is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛꠦꠞꠥꠎꠉꠣꠞ</span> (<i>beruzgar</i>, 'not earning, idle, mendicant'), the opposite of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠣꠝꠣ</span> (<i>xama</i>, 'of use') is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠤꠇꠣꠝꠣ</span> (<i>nixama</i>, 'useless, of no use'). </p><p>Demonstrative adjectives – 'this' and 'that' – correspond to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁ, ꠅ/ꠅꠃ</span> <i>i, ô/ôu</i> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤ, ꠢ/ꠢꠃ</span> <i>hi, hô/hou</i>, with the definite article attached to the following noun. Thus, 'this book' would translate to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁ/ꠅꠃ ꠛꠁꠈꠣꠘ</span> <i>i boi-xan</i>, while 'those books' would translate to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠃ ꠛꠁ-ꠉꠤꠍꠤꠘ/ꠛꠁ-ꠉꠥꠘ/ꠛꠁ-ꠀꠁꠘ</span> <i>hi boi-gisin/boi-gun/boi-ain</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparatives_and_superlatives">Comparatives and superlatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Comparatives and superlatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sylheti adjectives form their comparative forms with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠞꠅ</span> (<i>arô</i>, 'more'), and their superlative forms with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠡꠛ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ</span> (<i>shôb táki</i>, 'than all'). Comparisons are formed by using genitive form of the object of comparison, followed by the postposition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠕꠣꠇꠤ/ꠕꠘꠤ</span> (<i>táki/tóni</i>, 'than') or the postposition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠟꠣꠇꠣꠘ</span> (<i>laxan</i>, 'like') and then by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠞꠅ</span> (<i>arô</i>, 'more') or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠝ</span> (<i>xôm</i>, 'less'). The word for 'more' is optional, but the word for 'less' is required, so in its absence 'more' is inferred. Adjectives can be additionally modified by using <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛꠟꠘ/ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ/ꠛꠃꠔ</span> (<i>bolon/bakka/bout</i>, 'much') or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛꠃꠔ</span> (<i>bout</i>, 'much'), which are especially useful for comparing quantities. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sylheti </th> <th>Literal Translation </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠞꠤꠝ ꠞꠢꠤꠝꠞ ꠕꠘꠤ ꠟꠣꠝ꠆ꠙꠣ</span> <br /> <i>Xorim Rohimor tóni lampa</i> </td> <td>Karim of Rahim than tall </td> <td>Karim is taller than Rahim </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠞꠤꠝ ꠞꠢꠤꠝꠞ ꠕꠘꠤ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠟꠣꠝ꠆ꠙꠣ</span> <br /> <i>Xorim Rohimor tóni aroo lampa</i> </td> <td>Karim of Rahim than more tall </td> <td>Karim is taller than Rahim </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠞꠤꠝ ꠞꠢꠤꠝꠞ ꠕꠘꠦ ꠇꠝ ꠟꠣꠝ꠆ꠙꠣ</span> <br /> <i>Xorim Rohimor tóni xom lampa</i> </td> <td>Karim of Rahim than less tall </td> <td>Karim is shorter than Rahim </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠞꠤꠝ ꠞꠢꠤꠝꠞ ꠟꠣꠇꠣꠘ ꠟꠣꠝ꠆ꠙꠣ</span> <br /> <i>Xorim Rohimor laxan lampa</i> </td> <td>Karim of Rahim like tall </td> <td>Karim is as tall as Rahim </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠞꠤꠝ ꠞꠢꠤꠝꠞ ꠕꠘꠤ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠟꠣꠝ꠆ꠙꠣ</span> <br /> <i>Xorim Rohimor tóni bout lampa</i> </td> <td>Karim of Rahim than much tall </td> <td>Karim is much taller than Rahim </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sylheti verbs are highly <a href="/wiki/Inflected" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected">inflected</a> and are regular with only few exceptions. They consist of a stem and an ending; they are traditionally listed in Sylheti dictionaries in their "verbal noun" form, which is usually formed by adding <i>-a, - ni, -na</i> to the stem: for instance, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠈꠣꠘꠤ</span> (<i>xani, to eat</i>) is formed from the stem <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠈꠣ</span> and similarly <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠞꠣ/ ꠇꠞꠘꠣ</span> (<i>xôra/ xôrna, to do</i>) is formed from the stem <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠞ</span>. The stem can end in either a vowel or a consonant. Verbs are conjugated for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> by changing the endings, which are largely the same for all verbs. However, the stem vowel can often change as part of the phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, whereby one vowel can be influenced by other vowels in the word to sound more harmonious. An example would be the verb <i>to write</i>, with stem <i>lex-</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠟꠦꠈꠅ</span> (<i>l<b>e</b>xô,</i> 'you all write') but also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠟꠦꠈꠤ</span> (<i>l<b>e</b>kí,</i> 'we write'). If verbs are classified by stem vowel and if the stem ends in a consonant or vowel, there are nine basic classes in which most verbs can be placed; all verbs in a class will follow the same pattern. A prototype verb from each of these classes will be used to demonstrate conjugation for that class; <b>bold</b> will be used to indicate mutation of the stem vowel. Additionally, there are irregular verbs, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠣꠘꠤ</span> (<i>zani</i>, to go) that change the first consonant in their stem in certain conjugations. </p><p>Like many other <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Standard Bengali</a> or <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>), nouns can be turned into verbs by combining them with select auxiliary verbs. In Sylheti, the most common such auxiliary verb is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠞꠣ</span> (<i>xôra, '</i>to do'); thus, verbs such as <i>joke</i> are formed by combining the noun form of <i>joke</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠓꠋ</span>) with <i>to do</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠞꠣ</span>) to create <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠓꠋ ꠇꠞꠣ</span>. When conjugating such verbs the noun part of such a verb is left untouched, so in the previous example, only <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠞꠣ</span> would be inflected or conjugated (e.g.: <i>I will make a joke</i> becomes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠤ ꠓꠋ ꠇꠞꠝꠥ</span>; see more on tenses below). Other auxiliary verbs include <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠖꠦꠘꠤ</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠦꠘꠤ</span>, but the verb <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠞꠘꠣ</span> enjoys significant usage because it can be combined with foreign verbs to form a native version of the verb, even if a direct translation exists. Most often this is done with English verbs: for example, <i>to vote</i> is often referred to as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠜꠥꠐ ꠖꠦꠘꠤ</span> (<span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">búţ deni</i></span>, where <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">búţ</i></span> is the transliteration of <i>vote</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copula">Copula</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Copula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sylheti is considered a <a href="/wiki/Zero_copula" title="Zero copula">zero copula</a> language in some aspects. </p> <ul><li>In the simple present tense there is no verb connecting the subject to the predicative (the "zero verb" copula). There is one notable exception, however, which is when the predicative takes on the existential, locative, or possessive aspects; for such purposes, the incomplete verb <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠍ-</span> (<i>as</i>) is used, which is conjugated according to the rules given below.</li> <li>In the past tense, the incomplete verb <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠍ-</span> is always used as the copula, regardless of the nature of the predicative.</li> <li>For the future tense and non-finite structures, the copula is supplied by the verb <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">‘ꠅꠅꠀ</span> (<i>ówa</i>), with the only exception being the possessive predicative for which the verb <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠕꠣꠇꠣ</span> (<i>táxa</i>, 'to remain') is utilised.</li></ul> <p>The following table demonstrates the rules above with some examples. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Sylheti </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>I am happy </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠤ ꠈꠥꠡꠤ</span> </td> <td>No verb used to denote the copula </td></tr> <tr> <td>There is time </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛꠦꠁꠟ ꠀꠍꠦ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠍ-</span> used to connect to an existential predicative </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am at home </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠤ ꠛꠣꠠꠤꠔ ꠀꠍꠤ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠍ-</span> used to connect to a locative predicative </td></tr> <tr> <td>We were happy </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠛꠦꠎꠣꠞ ꠀꠍꠟꠣꠝ</span> </td> <td>In the past tense, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠍ-</span> is used as the copula </td></tr> <tr> <td>I will be at home </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠤ ꠛꠣꠠꠤꠔ ꠕꠣꠇꠝꠥ</span> </td> <td>In the future tense, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠕꠣꠇꠣ</span> is used as the copula </td></tr> <tr> <td>He will have a car </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠞ ꠄꠈꠣꠘ ꠉꠣꠠꠤ ꠕꠣꠇꠛ</span> </td> <td>In the future tense, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠕꠣꠇꠣ</span> is used to connect to a possessive predicative </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negation">Negation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three sentence negators employed in Sylheti: </p> <ul><li>The zero verb copula is negated using the incomplete negator <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘ-</span>, which is conjugated as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span> (1), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠁ</span> (2), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣ</span> (3).</li> <li>Existential sentences that use the verb <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠍ-</span> are negated with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠁ</span> (<i>nai</i>), which does not need to be conjugated.</li> <li>All other verbs (with the exceptions of the ones listed above) are negated using the universal negative particle <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span> (<i>nae</i>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span> is typically placed after the finite verb (see examples below), but can also be placed at the end of the sentence, which negates the whole sentence. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠄ</span> can be used in all tenses except two: the present perfect and the past perfect.</li> <li>Verbs in the present perfect and the past perfect tenses are negated using the suffix <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">-ꠘꠣ</span> (<i>na</i>) which can also refer to "no" in yes–no questions.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Negating verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Sylheti </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>I am not happy </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠤ ꠈꠥꠡꠤ ꠘꠣꠄ</span> </td> <td>Incomplete negator <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘ-</span> conjugated for first-person </td></tr> <tr> <td>We don't have a car </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠞꠣꠞ ꠉꠣꠠꠤ ꠘꠣꠁ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣꠁ</span> used to negate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠍ-</span>, which is completely replaced </td></tr> <tr> <td>I don't work </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠤ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠘꠣ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠘꠣ</span> is used to negate all other finite verbs </td></tr> <tr> <td>I didn't help him </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠤ ꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠡꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠏ ꠇꠞꠍꠤꠟꠣꠝ ꠘꠣ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Person">Person</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Person"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs are inflected for person and <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honour</a>, but not for number. There are five forms: first person, second person (very familiar), second person (familiar), third person (familiar), and second/third person (polite). The same sample subject pronouns will be used for all the example conjugation paradigms: <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">mui</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠥꠁ</span>), <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">ami</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠤ</span>), <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">tui</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠁ</span>), <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">tumi</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠝꠤ</span>), <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">he</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠦ</span>), <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">tai</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠁ</span>) and <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">afne</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠙꠘꠦ</span>). These have the following plurals respectively: <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">môra</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠞꠣ</span>), <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">amra</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠞꠣ</span>), <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">tura</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠞꠣ</span>), <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">tumra</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠝꠞꠣ</span>)/<span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">tumi-tain</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠥꠝꠤ-ꠔꠣꠁꠘ</span>), <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">tara</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠞꠣ</span>)/<span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">tain-tain</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠁꠘ-ꠔꠣꠁꠘ</span>) and <span title="Sylheti-language romanization"><i lang="syl-Latn">afnara</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠞꠣ</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison">Comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sylheti_language" title="Special:EditPage/Sylheti language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A notable characteristic of spoken Sylheti is the correspondence of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span>, pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> to the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> or <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">/kʰ/</a></span> of Bengali and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">voiceless glottal fricative</a> to the /x/ of Assamese respectively. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Standard Bengali</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengali" title="Eastern Bengali">Typical East Bengali</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> </th> <th>Sylheti </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>ঢাকা<br /><i>Dhaka</i> </td> <td>ঢাহা, ঢাকা <br /><i>Ḍáha, Dáka</i> </td> <td>ঢাকা<br /><i>Dhaka</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠓꠣꠇꠣ</span><br /><i>Daxa</i> </td> <td>/ɖáxa/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>একজন মানুষ<br /><i>Êkjôn manush</i> </td> <td>একজন মানুষ<br /><i>Êkzôn manush</i> </td> <td>এজন লোক<br /><i>Ezôn lük</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ</span><br /><i>Êxzôn manu</i> </td> <td>/exzɔn manu/ </td> <td>A person </td></tr> <tr> <td>একজন লোক, একজন পুরুষ<br /><i>Êkjon lok, Êkjôn purush</i> </td> <td>একজন লুক, একজন বেডা<br /><i>Êkzôn luk, Êkzôn bêḍa</i> </td> <td>এজন মানুহ<br /><i>Ezôn manuh</i> </td> <td>‌<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠛꠦꠐꠣ</span><br /><i>Êxzôn beṭa</i> </td> <td>/exʈa beʈa/ </td> <td>A man </td></tr> <tr> <td>কীসের<br /><i>Kisher</i> </td> <td>কীয়ের<br /><i>Kiyer</i> </td> <td>কিহৰ<br /><i>Kihôr</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠇꠤꠅꠞ</span><br /><i>Kior</i> </td> <td>/kiɔ́ɾ/ </td> <td>Informal of Whereof </td></tr> <tr> <td>কন্যা, ঝি, মেয়ে, পুত্রী<br /><i>Kônna, Jhi, Meye, Putri</i> </td> <td>কইন্যা, ঝি, মাইয়া, পুড়ি<br /><i>Kôinna, Zí, Maiya, Puri</i> </td> <td>জী, ছোৱালী<br /><i>Zi, Süali</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠏꠤ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙꠥꠠꠤ</span><br /><i>Zí, Furi</i> </td> <td>/zí/, /ɸuɽi/ </td> <td>Daughter </td></tr> <tr> <td>মানবজাতি<br /><i>Manôbjati</i> </td> <td>মাইনষের জাত<br /><i>Mainsher zat</i> </td> <td>মানৱজাতি, মানুহৰ জাতি<br /><i>Manôwzati, Manuhôr zati</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠎꠣꠔ</span><br /><i>Manuzat</i> </td> <td>/manuzat̪/ </td> <td>Mankind </td></tr> <tr> <td>অসমীয়া, অহমীয়া<br /><i>Ôshômiya, Ôhômiya</i> </td> <td>অহমীয়া<br /><i>Ôhômiya</i> </td> <td>অসমীয়া <br /><i>Ôxômiya</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠅꠢꠝꠤꠀ</span><br /><i>Ôhômia</i> </td> <td>/ɔɦɔmia/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese people</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>আঙুল<br /><i>Angul</i> </td> <td>আঙ্গুল<br /><i>Angul</i> </td> <td>আঙুলি<br /><i>Anguli</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠋꠉꠥꠁꠟ</span><br /><i>Anguil</i> </td> <td>/aŋguil/ </td> <td>Finger, toe </td></tr> <tr> <td>আংটি<br /><i>Angṭi</i> </td> <td>আংটি, আঙ্গুইট <br /><i>Angti</i>, <i>Anguiṭ</i> </td> <td>আঙুঠি <br /><i>Anguṭhi</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠋꠐꠤ</span><br /><i>Angṭí</i> </td> <td>/aŋʈi/ </td> <td>Ring </td></tr> <tr> <td>আগুনপোড়া<br /><i>Agunpora</i> </td> <td>আগুনপুড়া<br /><i>Agunpura</i> </td> <td>জুইত পোৰা, জুইত সেকা<br /><i>Zuit püra, Zuit xeka</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠉꠥꠁꠘꠙꠥꠠꠣ</span><br /><i>Aguinfura</i> </td> <td>/aguinfuɽa/ </td> <td>Baked, grilled </td></tr> <tr> <td>পাখি, চিড়িয়া<br /><i>Pakhi, Chiriya</i> </td> <td>পাখি, পাহি, পাইখ্যা<br /><i> Pakhi, Pahi, Paikhya</i> </td> <td>চৰাই, পখী<br /><i>Sorai, Pokhi</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠌꠥꠀ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠀ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙꠞꠤꠘ꠆ꠖꠣ</span><br /><i>Sua, Fakia, Forinda</i> </td> <td>/sua/, /ɸakia/, /ɸɔrinda/ </td> <td>Bird </td></tr> <tr> <td>পরে<br /><i>Pôre</i> </td> <td>পরে<br /><i>Pôre</i> </td> <td>পাছত, পৰত<br /><i>Pasot, Porot</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛꠣꠖꠦ</span><br /><i>Bade</i> </td> <td>/bad̪e/ </td> <td>Later </td></tr> <tr> <td>সকল, সমস্ত, সব, তামাম<br /><i>Shôkôl, Shômôsto, Shômôsto, Shôb, Tamam</i> </td> <td>হগল, হক্কল, সমস্ত, সব, তামাম, ব্যাক<br /><i>Hôgôl, Hôkkôl, Shômôsto, Shôb, Tamam, Bêk</i> </td> <td>সকলো, সৱ, চব<br /><i>Xôkôlü; Xôb; Sôb</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠇꠟ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠡꠛ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠔꠣꠝꠣꠝ</span><br /><i>Hôxôl, Shôb, Tamam</i> </td> <td>/ɦɔxɔl/, /ʃɔb/, /t̪amam/ </td> <td>All </td></tr> <tr> <td>পুরা, গোটা, আস্ত<br /> <i>Pura, Goṭa, Astô</i> </td> <td>পুরা, গুটা/গোডা, আস্তা <p><i>Pura, Guta/Goda, Asta</i> </p> </td> <td>গোটেই<br /><i>Güṭei</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠍ꠆ꠔꠣ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠙꠥꠞꠣ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠉꠥꠐꠣ</span><br /><i>Asta, Fura, Guṭa</i> </td> <td>/ast̪a/, /ɸura/, /guʈa/ </td> <td>Whole </td></tr> <tr> <td>সাত বিল<br /><i>Shat bil</i> </td> <td>সাত বিল, হাত বিল<br /><i>Shat bil, Hat bil</i> </td> <td>সাত বিল<br /><i>Xat bil</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠣꠔ ꠛꠤꠟ</span><br /><i>Hat bil</i> </td> <td>/ɦat̪ bil/ </td> <td>Seven wetlands </td></tr> <tr> <td>সাতকড়া<br /><i>Shatkôra</i> </td> <td>সাতকড়া, হাতকড়া<br /><i>Shatkôra, Hatkôra</i> </td> <td>সাতকৰা<br /><i>Xatkôra</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠣꠔꠇꠠꠣ</span><br /><i>Hatxôra</i> </td> <td>/ɦat̪xɔɽa/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Citrus_macroptera" title="Citrus macroptera">Citrus macroptera</a> fruit </td></tr> <tr> <td>সিলেটি<br /><i>Sileṭi</i> </td> <td>সিলডি, সিলেইট্যা<br /><i>Silôḍi, Sileiṭṭa</i> </td> <td>ছিলঠীয়া<br /><i>Silôṭhiya</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</span><br /><i>Silôṭi</i> </td> <td>/silɔʈi/ </td> <td>Sylheti </td></tr> <tr> <td>ভালো করে খান।<br /><i>Bhalo kôre khan.</i> </td> <td>ভালা/ভালো কইরা খান।<br /><i>Bála/Bálo kôira khan.</i> </td> <td>ভালকৈ খাওক।<br /><i>Bhalkoi khaük.</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠇꠞꠤ/ꠑꠤꠇꠦ ꠈꠣꠃꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ।</span><br /><i>Bala xôri/tike xaukka.</i> </td> <td>/bála xɔɾi xaukka/, /bála ʈike xaukka/ </td> <td>Bon appetit </td></tr> <tr> <td>স্ত্রী, পত্নী, বউ<br /><i>Stri, Pôtni, Bôu</i> </td> <td>বউ<br /><i>Bôu</i> </td> <td>স্ত্রী, ঘৈণী, পত্নী<br /><i>Stri, Ghôini, Pôtni</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠣꠃꠉ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛꠃ</span><br /><i>Maug, Bôu</i> </td> <td>/maug/, /bɔu/ </td> <td>Wife </td></tr> <tr> <td>স্বামী, বর<br /><i>Shami, Bôr</i> </td> <td>স্বামী, হাই, হাইন, জামাই<br /><i>Shami, Hai, Hain, Zamai</i> </td> <td>গিৰিয়েক, পতি, স্বামী<br /><i>Giriyêk, Pôti, Swami</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠣꠁ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠎꠣꠝꠣꠁ</span><br /><i>Hai, Zamai</i> </td> <td>/zamai/ </td> <td>Husband </td></tr> <tr> <td>জামাই<br /><i>Jamai</i> </td> <td>জামাই<br /><i>Zamai</i> </td> <td>জোঁৱাই <br /><i>Züai</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠖꠣꠝꠣꠘ꠆ꠖ</span> <br /><i>Damand</i> </td> <td>/damand/ </td> <td>Son-in-law </td></tr> <tr> <td>শ্বশুর<br /><i>Shôshur</i> </td> <td>হউর, হশুর<br /><i>Hôur</i>, <i>Hôshur</i> </td> <td>শহুৰ <br /><i>Xôhur</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠃꠞ</span><br /><i>Hôur</i> </td> <td>/ɦɔúɾ/ </td> <td>Father-in-law </td></tr> <tr> <td>শাশুড়ি<br /><i>Shashuṛi</i> </td> <td>হউরী, হাশুরি, হাউরি<br /><i>Hôuri, Hashuri, Hauri</i> </td> <td>শাহু<br /><i>Xahu</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠠꠤ</span><br /><i>Hoṛi</i> </td> <td>/ɦɔɽi/ </td> <td>Mother-in-law </td></tr> <tr> <td>শ্যালক<br /><i>Shyalok</i> </td> <td>শালা, হালা<br /><i>Shala, Hala</i> </td> <td>খুলশালা<br /><i>Khulxala</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠣꠟꠣ</span><br /><i>Hala</i> </td> <td>/ɦala/ </td> <td>Brother-in-law </td></tr> <tr> <td>শ্যালিকা<br /><i>Shyalika</i> </td> <td>শালী, হালী<br /><i>Shali, Hali</i> </td> <td>খুলশালী<br /><i>Khulxali</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠣꠟꠤ</span><br /><i>Hali</i> </td> <td>/ɦali/ </td> <td>Sister-in-law </td></tr> <tr> <td>শেখা, শিখা<br /><i>Shekha, Shikha</i> </td> <td>শিখা, শিহা, হিকা, হিহা, হিয়া<br /><i>Shikha, Shiha, Hika, Hiha, Hiya</i> </td> <td>শিকা<br /><i>Xika</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠇꠣ</span><br /><i>Hika</i> </td> <td>/ɦika/ </td> <td>Learn </td></tr> <tr> <td>সরিষা<br /><i>Shôrisha</i> </td> <td>হইরা, সইষ্যা, হউরা<br /><i>Hôira, Shôishya, Hôura</i> </td> <td>সৰিয়হ<br /><i>Xôriôh</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠁꠞꠢ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠟꠣꠁ</span><br /><i>Hôirô, Lai</i> </td> <td>/ɦɔiɾɔ/, /lai/ </td> <td>Mustard </td></tr> <tr> <td>শেয়াল, শিয়াল<br /><i>Sheyal, Shiyal</i> </td> <td>শিয়াল, হিয়াল<br /><i>Shiyal, Hial</i> </td> <td>শিয়াল<br /><i>Xiyal</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠀꠟ</span><br /><i>Hial</i> </td> <td>/ɦial/ </td> <td>Fox, Jackal </td></tr> <tr> <td>বিড়াল<br /><i>Biṛal</i> </td> <td>বিলাই, মেহুর<br /><i>Bilai, Mehur</i> </td> <td>মেকুৰী, বিৰালী<br /><i>Mekuri, Birali</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠦꠇꠥꠞ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛꠤꠟꠣꠁ</span><br /><i>Mekur, Bilai</i> </td> <td>/mekuɾ/, /bilai/ </td> <td>Cat </td></tr> <tr> <td>শুঁটকি<br /><i>Shuṭki</i> </td> <td>হুটকি, হুনি<br /><i>Huṭki, Huni</i> </td> <td>শুকটি, শুকান মাছ<br /><i>Xukôti, Xukan mas</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠥꠐꠇꠤ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠥꠇꠂꠘ</span><br /><i>Huṭki, Hukôin</i> </td> <td>/ɦuʈki/, /ɦukoin/ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundried_Fish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundried Fish (page does not exist)">Sundried Fish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>আপনার নাম কী?<br /><i>Apnar nam ki?</i> </td> <td>আপনের নাম কী(তা)?<br /><i>Apner nam ki(ta)?</i> </td> <td>আপোনাৰ নাম কি?<br /><i>Apünar nam ki?</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠙꠘꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠇꠤꠔꠣ?</span><br /><i>Afnor nam kita?</i> </td> <td>/aɸnôɾ nam kit̪a/ </td> <td>What's your name? </td></tr> <tr> <td>ডাক্তার আসার আগেই রোগী মারা/মরে গেল।<br /><i>Daktar ashar agei rogi mara/more gelô</i> </td> <td>ডাক্তর আহার/আওয়ার আগেই রোগী মইরা গেল।<br /><i>Daktôr ahar/awar agei rügi môira gelô</i> </td> <td>ডাক্তৰ অহাৰ আগতেই ৰোগী মৰি গ’ল। <p><i>Daktor ohar agotei rügi mori gól</i> </p> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠒꠣꠇ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠀꠘꠤꠞ ꠀꠉꠦꠅ ꠛꠦꠝꠣꠞꠤ ꠝꠞꠤ ꠉꠦꠟ।</span><br /><i>Daxtôr aanir ageu bemari môri gelô.</i> </td> <td>/ɖaxt̪ɔɾ aanir age bemaɾi mɔɾi gelo/ </td> <td>Before the doctor came, the patient had died. </td></tr> <tr> <td>বহু দিন দেখিনি।<br /><i>Bôhú din dekhini.</i> </td> <td>বহুত দিন দেহিনাই/দেখছি না।<br /><i>Bôhút din dehinai/dekhsi na.</i> </td> <td>বহুদিন দেখা নাই।<br /><i>Bôhudin dekha nai.</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠖꠤꠘ ꠖꠦꠈꠍꠤ ꠘꠣ।</span><br /><i>Bakka din dexsi na.</i> </td> <td>/bakka d̪in d̪exsi na/ </td> <td>Long time, no see. </td></tr> <tr> <td>আপনি ভালো আছেন নাকি?<br /><i>Apni bhalo achhen naki?</i> </td> <td>আপনে ভালা আছইন/আছেন নি?, আপনে ভালো আছেন নিকি?<br /><i>Apne bála asôin/asen ni?, Apne bálo asen niki?</i> </td> <td>আপুনি ভালে আছেনে?<br /><i>Apuni bhale asênê?</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠙꠘꠦ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠀꠍꠁꠘ ꠘꠤ?</span><br /><i>Afne bala asôin ni?</i> </td> <td>/aɸne bála asoin ni/ </td> <td>Are you fine/good? </td></tr> <tr> <td>আমি তোমাকে ভালোবাসি।<br /><i>Ami tomake bhalobashi.</i> </td> <td>আমি তুমারে ভালোবাসি।<br /><i>Ami tumare bálobashi.</i> </td> <td>মই তোমাক ভাল পাওঁ।<br /><i>Moi tümak bhal paü.</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠤ ꠔꠥꠝꠣꠞꠦ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠙꠣꠁ।</span><br /><i>Ami tumare bala fai.</i> </td> <td>/ami t̪umare bála ɸai/ </td> <td>I love you. </td></tr> <tr> <td>আমি ভুলে গেছি/গিয়েছি।<br /><i>Ami bhule gechhi/giyechhi.</i> </td> <td>আমি ভুইলা/ভুইল্যা গেছি, আমি পাউরি গেছি।<br /><i>Ami búila/búilla gesi, Ami pauri gesi.</i> </td> <td>মই পাহৰি গৈছোঁ।<br /><i>Môi pahôri goisü.</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠝꠤ ꠙꠣꠃꠞꠤꠟꠤꠍꠤ।</span><br /><i>Ami faûri lisi.</i> </td> <td>/ami ɸaʊɾi lisi/ </td> <td>I have forgotten. </td></tr> <tr> <td>আলু গোস্তের/মাংসের ঝোলটা আমার ভালো লাগল।<br /><i>Alu goster/mangsher jholṭa amar bhalo laglo.</i> </td> <td>আলু গুস্তের/মাংসের ঝুলটা/ছালনডা আমার ভালা লাগলো।<br /><i>Alu guster/mangsher jhulta/salônḍa amar bála laglo.</i> </td> <td>‍মাংসৰ তৰকাৰীখন মোৰ খুব ভাল লাগিছে।<br /><i>Mangxôr tôrkarikhôn mür khub bhal lagise.</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠀꠟꠥ ꠉꠥꠍ꠆ꠞ ꠍꠣꠟꠝꠉꠥꠔꠣ ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠟꠣꠉꠍꠦ</span><br /><i>Alu gusôr salômguta amar bakka bala lagse.</i> </td> <td>/gust̪ɔɾ salɔmguʈa amaɾ bakka bála lagse/ </td> <td>I liked the <a href="/wiki/Alu_gosht" class="mw-redirect" title="Alu gosht">potato meat</a> curry. </td></tr> <tr> <td>শিলচর কোনদিকে?<br /><i>Shilcôr kondike?</i> </td> <td>শিলচর কোনদিকে/কোন ফাইল/কোন মুহি?<br /><i>Shilcôr kündike/kün phail/kün muhi?</i> </td> <td>শিলচৰ কোনফালে?<br /><i>Xilsôr künphale?</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠟꠌꠞ ꠇꠥꠘꠛꠣꠄ/ꠇꠥꠘꠛꠣꠁꠖꠤ/ꠇꠥꠘꠝꠥꠈꠣ?</span><br /><i>Hilcôr kunbae/kunbaidi/kunmuka?</i> </td> <td>/ɦil͡tʃɔɾ kunbae, kunbaed̪i, kunmuká/ </td> <td>Which way to <a href="/wiki/Silchar" title="Silchar">Silchar</a>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>এটা কী? <p><i>Eṭa ki?</i> </p> </td> <td>এইটা/এইডা কী(তা)? <p><i>Eita/(E)iḍa ki(ta)?</i> </p> </td> <td>এইটো কি? <p><i>Eitü ki?</i> </p> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠁꠉꠥ/ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠇꠤꠔꠣ?</span><br /><i>Igu/Ikṭa kita?</i> </td> <td>/igu, ikʈa kit̪a/ </td> <td>What is this? </td></tr> <tr> <td>সেটা কী? <p><i>Sheṭa ki?</i> </p> </td> <td>হেইটা/হেইডা কী(তা)? <p><i>Heita/H(e)iḍa ki(ta)?</i> </p> </td> <td>সেইটো কি? <p><i>Xeitü ki?</i> </p> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠤꠉꠥ/ꠢꠤꠇꠐꠣ ꠇꠤꠔꠣ?</span><br /><i>Higu/Hikṭa/Hiṭa kita?</i> </td> <td>/ɦigu, ɦikʈa kit̪a/ </td> <td>What is that? </td></tr> <tr> <td>শেষ<br /><i>Shesh</i> </td> <td>হেষ<br /><i>Hêsh</i> </td> <td>শেষ<br /><i>Xex</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠢꠦꠡ</span><br /><i>Hesh</i> </td> <td>/ɦeʃ/ </td> <td>End, finish </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_Standard_Bengali">Comparison with Standard Bengali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Comparison with Standard Bengali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A phrase in: </p> <ul><li>Standard Bengali: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">এক দেশের গালি আরেক দেশের বুলি</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">æk desher gali arek desher buli</i></span>.</li> <li>Sylheti: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠄꠇ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠉꠣꠁꠟ ꠀꠞꠇ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ</span> <i>ex deshôr gail arôx deshôr mát</i>.</li></ul> <p>which literally means 'one land's obscenity is another land's language', and can be roughly translated to convey that a similar word in one language can mean something very different in another. </p><p>Another example: </p> <ul><li><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মেঘ</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">megh</i></span> in Standard Bengali means 'cloud'.</li> <li><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মেঘ</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">mêg(h)</i></span> in Eastern Bengali means 'rain' or 'cloud'.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1193362061"><span class="script-syloti" lang="syl-syloti">ꠝꠦꠊ</span>/মেঘ <i>megh</i> in Sylheti means 'rain'.</li> <li>In Pali, मेघ <i>megha</i> means both 'rain' and 'cloud'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_languages" title="Bengali–Assamese languages">Bengali–Assamese languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Languages of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barman_language" title="Barman language">Barman language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNiharranjan_Ray1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Niharranjan_Ray" title="Niharranjan Ray">Niharranjan Ray</a> (January 1980). <i>Bangalir Itihas</i> (in Bengali). Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangalir+Itihas&rft.date=1980-01&rft.au=Niharranjan+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shahela Hamid (2011). <i> Language Use and Identity: The Sylheti Bangladeshis in Leeds</i>. pp.<i>Preface</i>. Verlag Peter Lang. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020">Simard, Dopierala & Thaut 2020</a>:5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanweer Fazal (2012). <i>Minority Nationalisms in South Asia: 'We are with culture but without geography': locating Sylheti identity in contemporary India, Nabanipa Bhattacharjee.</i> pp. 59–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e25-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/syl">Sylheti</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/syloti.htm">"Sylheti language and the Syloti-Nagri alphabet"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Sylheti+language+and+the+Syloti-Nagri+alphabet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fsyloti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/sylheti">"World Atlas of Languages: Sylheti"</a>. <i>en.wal.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wal.unesco.org&rft.atitle=World+Atlas+of+Languages%3A+Sylheti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Flanguages%2Fsylheti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sylheti is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 11 million people in India and Bangladesh (Hammarström et al., 2017). Sylheti is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language, primarily spoken in the Sylhet division of Bangladesh, and in Barak valley, in Assam of the India and in the northern parts of the state of Tripura in India."(<a href="#CITEREFMahantaGope2018">Mahanta & Gope 2018</a>:81)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eth-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eth_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eth_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eth_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eth_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/syl/">"Sylheti"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606212859/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/syl/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Sylheti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fsyl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahanta-gope-variety-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mahanta-gope-variety_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Along the linguistic continuum of eastern Indic languages, Sylheti occupies an ambiguous position, where it is considered a distinct language by many and also as a dialect of Bengali or Bangla by some others." (<a href="#CITEREFMahantaGope2018">Mahanta & Gope 2018</a>:81)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan-lang-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khan-lang_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At the geographical extremes, Chittagonian, Sylheti, Mal Paharia, and Rohingya are so unintelligible to speakers of other dialects that they are almost universally considered by linguists to be separate languages on their own." (<a href="#CITEREFKhan2018">Khan 2018</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In Bangladesh, Sylheti functions as a diglossic "Low" variety and Bengali, the official language of Bangladesh, as the "High" variety. Bengali is the language of official administration and education in Bangladesh, and Sylheti is normative in informal contexts in Sylhet." (<a href="#CITEREFLawsonSachdev2004">Lawson & Sachdev 2004</a>:50)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simmard-corrupt-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simmard-corrupt_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simmard-corrupt_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sylheti is often dismissed as 'slang' or as a corrupted version of Bengali, even by some of its own speakers, for whom it is not a language in its own right." (<a href="#CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020">Simard, Dopierala & Thaut 2020</a>:4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simard-shift-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simard-shift_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simard-shift_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"There is reported language shift in the Sylheti-speaking regions of Bangladesh and India, as well as in the diaspora with Bengali replacing Sylheti, as some parents do not speak Sylheti to their children, reducing the number of future Sylheti speakers." (<a href="#CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020">Simard, Dopierala & Thaut 2020</a>:5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the context of the UK, Sylheti has more vitality than Bangla on the basis of its demography." (<a href="#CITEREFHamid2005">Hamid 2005</a>:243)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Kershen (2004). <i>Strangers, Aliens and Asians: Huguenots, Jews and Bangladeshis in Spitalfields 1666-2000</i>. p. 145. Routledge. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sylhet Town, which is the headquarters of the District, being within six miles of the Jaintiapur Faiganaj lies within the area in which this dialect is spoken, and hence this form of speech is called Sylhettia by Europeans. For this reason, it is often wrongly said that the language of the whole Sylhet District is uniform, and the term Sylhettia is incorrectly applied to the dialect of the west of the District, as well as to that of the North-East. The term 'Sylhettia 'properly means the language of the town, and not of the District, of Sylhet." (<a href="#CITEREFGrierson1903">Grierson 1903</a>:221)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"As already stated, the dialect spoken in Sylhet Town and in the North and North-East of the District is that which Europeans called Sylhettia. Sylheti speakers did not use this title. They called it Jaintiapuri, Purba Srihattiya, or Ujania. The latter means the language of the upper country.(<a href="#CITEREFGrierson1903">Grierson 1903</a>:224)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Farwley (2003). <i>International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set</i>. p. 483. Oxford University Press, USA. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFLudden2003">Ludden 2003</a>:5081)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"copper plate inscriptions indicate that land around the Kushiara was more densely populated, because Kamarupa kings had granted large tracts of land to immigrant Brahmans and their supporting castes, to make this region part of Assam (Khanda Kamarupa)." (<a href="#CITEREFLudden2003">Ludden 2003</a>:5081)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar1971" class="citation book cs1">Sircar, Dineshchandra (1971). <i>Studies in the geography of ancient and medieval India</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+geography+of+ancient+and+medieval+India&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=Dineshchandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee1998" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Suhas (1998). <i>Indian Civilization and Culture</i>. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 432.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Civilization+and+Culture&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Suhas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" Sylhet town (Srihatta) became a major centre of lowland territorialism after the 10th century CE" (<a href="#CITEREFLudden2003">Ludden 2003</a>:5081)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rakhal Das Banerji (2003). <i>Origin of the Bengali Script</i>. p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1927–1928" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, K M (1927–1928). <a href="/wiki/H._Krishna_Sastri" title="H. Krishna Sastri">Hirananda Krishna Sastri</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014768mbp/page/n365/">"49. The Bhatera Copper-plate Inscription of Govinda-Kesavadeva (C. 1049 A.D.)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Epigraphia_Indica" title="Epigraphia Indica">Epigraphia Indica</a></i>. <b>XIX</b>. <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>: <span class="nowrap">277–</span>286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epigraphia+Indica&rft.atitle=49.+The+Bhatera+Copper-plate+Inscription+of+Govinda-Kesavadeva+%28C.+1049+A.D.%29.&rft.volume=XIX&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E286&rft.date=1927%2F1928&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=K+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepigrahiaindicav014768mbp%2Fpage%2Fn365%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/top-news/news/paschimbhag-copperplate-history-engraved-1939445">"Paschimbhag Copperplate: History engraved"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Paschimbhag+Copperplate%3A+History+engraved&rft.date=2020-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Ftop-news%2Fnews%2Fpaschimbhag-copperplate-history-engraved-1939445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed_Hasan_Imam_Hussainy_Chisti1999" class="citation book cs1">Syed Hasan Imam Hussainy Chisti (1999). "Arabic and Persian in Sylhet". In Sharif Uddin Ahmed (ed.). <i>Sylhet: History and Heritage</i>. Bangladesh Itihas Samiti. pp. <span class="nowrap">598–</span>599. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-31-0478-1" title="Special:BookSources/984-31-0478-1"><bdi>984-31-0478-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabic+and+Persian+in+Sylhet&rft.btitle=Sylhet%3A+History+and+Heritage&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E598-%3C%2Fspan%3E599&rft.pub=Bangladesh+Itihas+Samiti&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=984-31-0478-1&rft.au=Syed+Hasan+Imam+Hussainy+Chisti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. K. Mandal, Goutam Saha, Debatta Kandar, Arnab Kumar Maji (2018). <i>Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing and Communication System: 13CS 2016, NEHU, Shillong, India</i>. p. 452. Springer. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. N. H. Rizvi (1970). <i>East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Sylhet</i>. p. 303. East Pakistan Government Press. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Surinder Singh (2008). <i>Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia</i>. p. 32. Pearson Education India. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-4">"Bhédsār, 1st Edition"Bhédsār, 1st Edition"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Archives_Programme" title="Endangered Archives Programme">Endangered Archives Programme</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Archives+Programme&rft.atitle=Bh%C3%A9ds%C4%81r%2C+1st+Edition%22Bh%C3%A9ds%C4%81r%2C+1st+Edition%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feap.bl.uk%2Farchive-file%2FEAP071-5-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dHubert-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dHubert_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dHubert_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dHubert_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thibaut d'Hubert, Alexandre Papas (2018). <i>Jāmī in Regional Contexts: The Reception of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī's Works in the Islamicate World, ca. 9th/15th-14th/20th Century</i>. p. 667. BRILL. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thibaut d'Hubert, ed. Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. (2014), "Dobhāshī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE (Brill Online). Retrieved 9 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (2003). <i>Culture and Learning in Islam</i>. p. 115. UNESCO. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eap.bl.uk/project/EAP071">Archiving texts in the Sylhet Nagri script (EAP071)</a> British Library. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In North-East and North Sylhet, especially in Jaintiapur and Karimganj, the language is more corrupt. Sylhet Town, which is the head-quarters of the District, being within six miles of the Jaintiapur Pargana lies within the area in which this dialect is spoken, and hence this form of speech is called Sylhettia by Europeans. E For this reason it is often wrongly said that the language of the whole Sylhet District is uniform, and the term Sylhettia is incorrectly applied to the dialect of the west of the District, as well as to that of the North-East. The term 'Sylhettia' properly means the language of the town, and not of the District, of Sylhet. It is estimated that of the 2,033,000 speakers of Bengali in Sylhet, 1,355,000 use ordinary Eastern Bengali. The rest speak Sylhettia." (<a href="#CITEREFGrierson1903">Grierson 1903</a>:221)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGrierson1903">Grierson 1903</a>:224)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heads-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heads_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE_M_Lewis1868" class="citation book cs1">E M Lewis (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principalheadsh00unkngoog/page/n336">"Sylhet District"</a>. <i>Principal Heads of the History and Statistics of the Dacca Division</i>. <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>: Calcutta Central Press Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">323–</span>325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sylhet+District&rft.btitle=Principal+Heads+of+the+History+and+Statistics+of+the+Dacca+Division&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E325&rft.pub=Calcutta+Central+Press+Company&rft.date=1868&rft.au=E+M+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincipalheadsh00unkngoog%2Fpage%2Fn336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanweer_Fazal2013" class="citation book cs1">Tanweer Fazal (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bGMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Minority Nationalisms in South Asia</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96647-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96647-0"><bdi>978-1-317-96647-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Nationalisms+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-96647-0&rft.au=Tanweer+Fazal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6bGMAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasiqul_Islam2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tasiqul Islam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hasan_Raja">"Hasan Raja"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hasan+Raja&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Tasiqul+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHasan_Raja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakaria,_Saymon2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zakaria, Saymon (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Karim,_Shah_Abdul">"Karim, Shah Abdul"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karim%2C+Shah+Abdul&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Zakaria%2C+Saymon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKarim%2C_Shah_Abdul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pradip Phanjoubam (2015). <i>The Northeast Question: Conflicts and frontiers</i>. p. 180. Routledge. Retrieved 12 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simard91-lead-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-simard91-lead_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sylheti is a minoritised, politically unrecognised, and understudied Eastern Indo-Aryan language with approximately 11 million speakers worldwide, with high speaker concentrations in the Surma and Barak river basins in north-eastern Bangladesh and south Assam, India, and in several diasporic communities around the world (especially UK, USA, and Middle East)." (<a href="#CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020">Simard, Dopierala & Thaut 2020</a>:1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is not officially recognised in Bangladesh, where it is simply referred to as a dialect of Bengali by the government (Faquire 2012); it has, equally, no legal status in India." (<a href="#CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020">Simard, Dopierala & Thaut 2020</a>:4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamid-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamid_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid2011" class="citation book cs1">Hamid, Shahela (2011). <i>Language Use and Identity: The Sylheti Bangladeshis in Leeds</i>. Peter Lang. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039115594" title="Special:BookSources/9783039115594"><bdi>9783039115594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Use+and+Identity%3A+The+Sylheti+Bangladeshis+in+Leeds&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783039115594&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Shahela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James N. Stanford, Dennis Richard Preston (2009). <i>Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages</i>. Disciplines. p. 441. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/heritage/2017/06/22/british-schools-enlist-sylheti-syllabi">"British schools enlist Sylheti in their syllabi"</a>. <i>Dhaka Tribune</i>. 22 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=British+schools+enlist+Sylheti+in+their+syllabi&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fopinion%2Fheritage%2F2017%2F06%2F22%2Fbritish-schools-enlist-sylheti-syllabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55279549">"Coronavirus vaccine Q&A in five South Asian languages"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 17 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+vaccine+Q%26A+in+five+South+Asian+languages&rft.date=2020-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-55279549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The language spoken by the inhabitants of Eastern Sylhet is not intelligible to the natives of Central or Northern Bengal. It is, nevertheless, Bengali. There are some peculiarities of pronunciation which tend to render it unintelligible to strangers. The inflections also differ from those of regular Bengali, and in one or two instances assimilate to those of Assamese." (<a href="#CITEREFGrierson1903">Grierson 1903</a>:224)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grierson-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grierson_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grierson_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grierson_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Cachar version in p. 234 may be taken as illustrating the typical Eastern Sylhet dialect also." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Grierson1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">George Grierson</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76301/page/n229/mode/2up"><i>Language Survey of India – Vol. V Pt 1</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Survey+of+India+%E2%80%93+Vol.+V+Pt+1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1903&rft.au=George+Grierson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.76301%2Fpage%2Fn229%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dialects are independent of literary speech: as such East Bengali dialects, North Bengali dialects (with which Assamese is to be associated) and West Bengali dialects are not only independent of one another, but also they are not, as it is popularly believed in Bengal, derived from literary Bengali, the "sadhu-bhasha", which is a composite speech on an early West Bengali basis."(<a href="#CITEREFChatterji1926">Chatterji 1926</a>:108)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatterji1926[httpsarchiveorgdetailsOriginDevelopmentOfBengaliCHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1pagen233mode2upqsylhet_138]-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChatterji1926[httpsarchiveorgdetailsOriginDevelopmentOfBengaliCHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1pagen233mode2upqsylhet_138]_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChatterji1926">Chatterji 1926</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali/CHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1/page/n233/mode/2up?q=sylhet">138</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Bengali dialects of the extreme east and south-east (Sylhet, Chittagong) are certainly more removed from Standard Bengali than is Assamese." (<a href="#CITEREFChatterji1926">Chatterji 1926</a>:8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen-language-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sen-language_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sen-language_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"... because of significant morpho-phonological differences and a lack of mutual intelligibility, a strong argument can be made in favour of Sylheti claiming the status of a language in its own right." (<a href="#CITEREFSen2020">Sen 2020</a>:43)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glot-syl-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glot-syl_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sylh1242">"Glottolog 4.4 - Sylheti"</a>. <i>glottolog.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.4+-+Sylheti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fsylh1242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rasinger2007-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rasinger2007_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFRasinger2007">Rasinger 2007</a>:26, 27): "The linguistic classification of Sylheti is problematic and heavily debated. Chalmers reports that: Sylheti is generally defined as a dialect of Bengali, although attempts have been made to have it recognised as a language in its own right (Chalmers, 1996:4)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFChung2019">Chung 2019</a>:99)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bengalis interviewed in the course of this study reported that the differences between Standard Bengali and Sylheti are relatively small...We have to consider though that these statements were made by people who originate from Sylhet and who speak both the local vernacular Sylheti and Standard Bengali." (<a href="#CITEREFRasinger2007">Rasinger 2007</a>:26–27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mccarthy2018-mi-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy2018-mi_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chalmers and Miah (1996) describe Sylheti as a distinct language that is 'mutually unintelligible to a Standard Bengali speaker' (p. 6), but anecdotal evidence from members of the London-Bengali community suggests that the differences are relatively small (Rasinger, 2007)" (<a href="#CITEREFMcCarthyEvansMahon2013">McCarthy, Evans & Mahon 2013</a>:346)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Intelligibility of Standard Bengali by Sylhetis, the geographically clearly clearly defined use of Sylheti and its usage by a predominantly rural population indicate that Sylhati may indeed be a dialect of Bengali." (<a href="#CITEREFRasinger2007">Rasinger 2007</a>:27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The claim of mutual intelligibility by some speakers of both Sylheti and Bengali may be more an effect of the speakers' exposure to both languages; speakers of Sylheti who have never learned Bengali often report that they do not understand it to any functional degree." (<a href="#CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020">Simard, Dopierala & Thaut 2020</a>:5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[T]he academic consensus on mutual intelligibility between Sylheti and Bengali ranges from 'unintelligible' to 'hardly intelligible' (Chalmers 1996)." (<a href="#CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020">Simard, Dopierala & Thaut 2020</a>:4–5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simard91-language-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-simard91-language_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The papers presented in this volume highlight some of the striking structural differences between Sylheti and standard Bengali, in phonetics and phonology, lexicon, and grammatical structure, and challenge the view that Sylheti is merely a dialectal variation of Bengali." (<a href="#CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020">Simard, Dopierala & Thaut 2020</a>:8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Considering the unique linguistic properties such as phoneme inventory, allophony, and inflectional morphology in particular and lexicon in general, Sylheti is often regarded as a separate language (Grierson 1928, Chatterjee 1939, Gordon 2005).(<a href="#CITEREFGopeMahanta2014">Gope & Mahanta 2014</a>:10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"One of the properties that distinguish Sylheti from SCB or other regional varieties is the significant application of obstruent weakening involving de-aspiration and spirantization." (<a href="#CITEREFGopeMahanta2014">Gope & Mahanta 2014</a>:10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Consequently, the consonant inventory (especially the obstruents), of Sylheti exhibit a major reduction and restructuring compared to that of (Standard Colloquial Bengali)." (<a href="#CITEREFGopeMahanta2014">Gope & Mahanta 2014</a>:10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Also noteworthy is the development of tones due to loss of the breathiness and aspiration contrast." (<a href="#CITEREFMahantaGope2018">Mahanta & Gope 2018</a>:81)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chalmers, R. (1996:6). <i>Learning Sylheti</i>. London: Centre for Bangladeshi Studies, Roehampton Institute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershen, Anne J (2019). <i>A Question of Identity</i>. Section: Language in Bangladesh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_J._Kershen2005" class="citation book cs1">Anne J. Kershen (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strangersaliensa00kers"><i>Strangers, Aliens and Asians: Huguenots, Jews and Bangladeshis in Spitalfields, 1660–2000</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strangersaliensa00kers/page/n161">148</a>–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5525-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-5525-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers%2C+Aliens+and+Asians%3A+Huguenots%2C+Jews+and+Bangladeshis+in+Spitalfields%2C+1660%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=148-150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5525-3&rft.au=Anne+J.+Kershen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrangersaliensa00kers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-syldiv-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syldiv_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-syldiv_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115150402/http://sylhetdiv.gov.bd/site/page/4399e863-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%93%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF">"ভাষা ও সংষ্কৃতি"</a> (in Bengali). <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_National_Portal" title="Bangladesh National Portal">Bangladesh National Portal</a>. 13 September 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sylhetdiv.gov.bd/site/page/4399e863-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%93%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF">the original</a> on 15 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%93+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF&rft.pub=Bangladesh+National+Portal&rft.date=2020-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sylhetdiv.gov.bd%2Fsite%2Fpage%2F4399e863-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766%2F%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE%2520%25E0%25A6%2593%2520%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayenin2012" class="citation book cs1">Mayenin, Munayem (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_HSHAwAAQBAJ&q=Sylheti+literature&pg=PA29"><i>Larakoron My Sylheti Grammar</i></a>. Lulu.com. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781470963231" title="Special:BookSources/9781470963231"><bdi>9781470963231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Larakoron+My+Sylheti+Grammar&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781470963231&rft.aulast=Mayenin&rft.aufirst=Munayem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_HSHAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSylheti%2Bliterature%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sylgov-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sylgov_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125040729/http://sylhet.gov.bd/site/page/2b13c62e-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%93%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF">"ভাষা ও সংষ্কৃতি"</a> (in Bengali). Bangladesh National Portal. 14 September 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sylhet.gov.bd/site/page/2b13c62e-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%93%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF">the original</a> on 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%93+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF&rft.pub=Bangladesh+National+Portal&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sylhet.gov.bd%2Fsite%2Fpage%2F2b13c62e-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766%2F%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE%2520%25E0%25A6%2593%2520%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GESIS-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GESIS_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GESIS_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GESIS_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Comanaru, Ruxandra; D'Ardenne, Jo (2018). <i>The Development of Research Programme to Translate and Test the Personal well-being Questions in Sylheti and Urdu</i>. p. 16. Köln: GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sylheti_Nagri">"Sylheti Nagri"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sylheti+Nagri&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSylheti_Nagri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Hubert2014" class="citation book cs1">d'Hubert, Thibaut (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RWlNDwAAQBAJ&q=sylheti+dobhashi&pg=PT254"><i>In the Shade of the Golden Palace: Alaol and Middle Bengali Poetics in Arakan</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190860356" title="Special:BookSources/9780190860356"><bdi>9780190860356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shade+of+the+Golden+Palace%3A+Alaol+and+Middle+Bengali+Poetics+in+Arakan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-05&rft.isbn=9780190860356&rft.aulast=d%27Hubert&rft.aufirst=Thibaut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRWlNDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsylheti%2Bdobhashi%26pg%3DPT254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kane (2021). <i>Puthi-Pora</i>. Blurb. p. 159. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershen2017" class="citation book cs1">Kershen, Anne J (2017). <i>Language, Labour and Migration</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Labour+and+Migration&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kershen&rft.aufirst=Anne+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Kirkpatrick (2015). <i>English Language Education Policy in Asia</i>. Springer. p. 30. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sylheti.org.uk/roman-script">"Roman Script"</a>. <i>Sylheti Translation And Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sylheti+Translation+And+Research&rft.atitle=Roman+Script&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sylheti.org.uk%2Froman-script&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The New Testament in Sylheti</i>. Bible League International (Ahle Kitab Society, Sylhet). 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9849119401" title="Special:BookSources/978-9849119401"><bdi>978-9849119401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+in+Sylheti&rft.pub=Bible+League+International+%28Ahle+Kitab+Society%2C+Sylhet%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9849119401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020">Simard, Dopierala & Thaut 2020</a>:2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam,_Mahbub2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alam, Mahbub (11 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banglanews24.com/index.php/visit-bangladesh/news/bd/509216.details">"সিলেটের মতো নয় হবিগঞ্জের ভাষা"</a> [Habiganj's language is not like Sylhet's]. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglanews24.com" title="Banglanews24.com">Banglanews24.com</a></i> (in Bengali).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Banglanews24.com&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC+%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft.au=Alam%2C+Mahbub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.banglanews24.com%2Findex.php%2Fvisit-bangladesh%2Fnews%2Fbd%2F509216.details&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ohi Uddin Ahmed (2019). <i>The Mahimal Community of Sylhet-Cachar Region: A Historical Study with Special Reference to the Regional Ecology</i>. pp. 1–2. History Research Journal. Retrieved 19 September 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2018" class="citation news cs1">Dutta, Amrita (13 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/shillong-clashes-tribals-khasi-sikh-xenophobia-violence-impossible-homeland-5214845/">"Shillong: Impossible homeland"</a>. <i>Indian Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Shillong%3A+Impossible+homeland&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Amrita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Fshillong-clashes-tribals-khasi-sikh-xenophobia-violence-impossible-homeland-5214845%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christina Julios (2012). <i>Contemporary British Identity: English Language, Migrants and Public Discourse</i>. Chapter 3: Ethnic Linguistic Minorities. Ashgate Publishing Limited. Retrieved on 2024-08-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudrey_Gillan2002" class="citation news cs1">Audrey Gillan (21 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/21/religion.bangladesh">"From Bangladesh to Brick Lane"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+Bangladesh+to+Brick+Lane&rft.date=2002-07-21&rft.au=Audrey+Gillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2002%2Fjun%2F21%2Freligion.bangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languagemap.nyc/Explore/Language/Sylheti">Sylheti NYC Languages</a> Languages of New York City. Retrieved on 2024-08-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nazli Kibria (2011). <i>Muslims in Motion</i>. pp. 58–61. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sook Wilkinson (2015). <i>Asian Americans in Michigan</i>. pp. 166–167. Wayne State University Press. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald Bauder (2012). <i>Immigration and Settlement: 7, Experiences, and Opportunities</i>. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 239. Retrieved 17 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gideon Bolt, A. Sule Özüekren, Deborah Phillips (2013). <i>Linking Integration and Residential Segregation</i>. p. 137. Routledge. Retrieved 17 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/09/07/kuwait-restricts-imports-male-bangladeshi-workers/">"Kuwait restricts recruitment of male Bangladeshi workers"</a>. <i>Dhaka Tribune</i>. 7 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830163025/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/09/07/kuwait-restricts-imports-male-bangladeshi-workers/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Kuwait+restricts+recruitment+of+male+Bangladeshi+workers&rft.date=2016-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fbangladesh%2F2016%2F09%2F07%2Fkuwait-restricts-imports-male-bangladeshi-workers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfmigration.eu/bahrain-foreign-population-by-country-of-citizenship-sex-and-migration-status-worker-family-dependent-selected-countries-january-2015/">"Bahrain: Foreign population by country of citizenship, sex and migration status (worker/ family dependent) (selected countries, January 2015) – GLMM"</a>. <i>GLMM</i>. 20 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216162345/http://gulfmigration.eu/bahrain-foreign-population-by-country-of-citizenship-sex-and-migration-status-worker-family-dependent-selected-countries-january-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GLMM&rft.atitle=Bahrain%3A+Foreign+population+by+country+of+citizenship%2C+sex+and+migration+status+%28worker%2F+family+dependent%29+%28selected+countries%2C+January+2015%29+%E2%80%93+GLMM&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfmigration.eu%2Fbahrain-foreign-population-by-country-of-citizenship-sex-and-migration-status-worker-family-dependent-selected-countries-january-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chatterjee 1939, Gordon 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karim, M. A. (2013). <i>Technical Challenges and Design Issues in Bangla Language Processing</i>. IGI Global. pp.xiv. Retrieved 19 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Its phoneme inventory differs from the inventory in the Standard dialect of Bangla or its closest varieties (Khan, 2010)." (<a href="#CITEREFMahantaGope2018">Mahanta & Gope 2018</a>:81)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mg18-phoneme-inventory-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mg18-phoneme-inventory_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mg18-phoneme-inventory_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mg18-phoneme-inventory_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFMahantaGope2018">Mahanta & Gope 2018</a>:81)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGope2016" class="citation book cs1">Gope, Amalesh (2016). <i>The phonetics and phonology of Sylheti tonogenesis</i>. Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+phonetics+and+phonology+of+Sylheti+tonogenesis&rft.pub=Guwahati%3A+Indian+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Gope&rft.aufirst=Amalesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICoSP-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICoSP_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICoSP_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychoudhuryMahanta2020" class="citation conference cs1">Raychoudhury, Priti; Mahanta, Shakuntala (28 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/pdfs/speechprosody_2020/raychoudhury20_speechprosody.pdf"><i>The three way tonal system of Sylheti</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 10th International Conference on Speech Prosody 2020. pp. <span class="nowrap">503–</span>507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21437%2FSpeechProsody.2020-103">10.21437/SpeechProsody.2020-103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219499647">219499647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+three+way+tonal+system+of+Sylheti&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21437%2FSpeechProsody.2020-103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219499647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raychoudhury&rft.aufirst=Priti&rft.au=Mahanta%2C+Shakuntala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isca-speech.org%2Farchive%2Fpdfs%2Fspeechprosody_2020%2Fraychoudhury20_speechprosody.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopeMahanta2014-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopeMahanta2014_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGopeMahanta2014">Gope & Mahanta 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopeMahanta2015" class="citation web cs1">Gope, Amalesh; Mahanta, Shakuntala (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0630.pdf">"An acoustic analysis of Sylheti phonemes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Phonetic Sciences</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+18th+International+Conference+on+Phonetic+Sciences&rft.atitle=An+acoustic+analysis+of+Sylheti+phonemes&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Gope&rft.aufirst=Amalesh&rft.au=Mahanta%2C+Shakuntala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalphoneticassociation.org%2Ficphs-proceedings%2FICPhS2015%2FPapers%2FICPHS0630.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopeMahanta2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gope, Amalesh; Mahanta, Shakuntala (20 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326537467">"Tonal polarity in Sylheti in the context of noun faithfulness"</a>. <i>Language Sciences</i>. <b>69</b>: <span class="nowrap">80–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2018.06.010">10.1016/j.langsci.2018.06.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149759441">149759441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tonal+polarity+in+Sylheti+in+the+context+of+noun+faithfulness&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2018.06.010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149759441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gope&rft.aufirst=Amalesh&rft.au=Mahanta%2C+Shakuntala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F326537467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal1965" class="citation journal cs1">Pal, Animesh K. (1965). "Phonemes of a Dacca Dialect of Eastern Bengali and the Importance of Tone". <i>Journal of the Asiatic Society</i>. <b>VII</b>: <span class="nowrap">44–</span>45. <q>The tonal element in Panjabi as well as in Eastern Bengali has been noticed in respect of various new ways of treating the voiced aspirates and 'h'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Phonemes+of+a+Dacca+Dialect+of+Eastern+Bengali+and+the+Importance+of+Tone&rft.volume=VII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=Animesh+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation cs2">Masica, Colin P. (1991), <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 102, <q>Glottalization is often connected with tone and in the East Bengali cases seem to be related to the evolution of tone from the voiced aspirates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Das, Amrita Rani (2017). <i>A Comparative Study of Bangla and Sylheti Grammar</i> (Thesis). Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6093%2FUNINA%2FFEDOA%2F11892">10.6093/UNINA/FEDOA/11892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165942159">165942159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Comparative+Study+of+Bangla+and+Sylheti+Grammar&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A0+degli+Studi+di+Napoli+Federico+II&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6093%2FUNINA%2FFEDOA%2F11892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165942159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Amrita+Rani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji1926" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Suniti Kumar (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali/CHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1"><i>The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language</i></a>. Calcutta University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Development+of+the+Bengali+Language&rft.pub=Calcutta+University+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Suniti+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FOriginDevelopmentOfBengali%2FCHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chung, Chin-Wan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24303%2Flakdoi.2019.27.3.99">"An alternative account of English consonant cluster adaptations in Bengali dialects"</a>. <i>The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (3). Calcutta University Press: <span class="nowrap">99–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24303%2Flakdoi.2019.27.3.99">10.24303/lakdoi.2019.27.3.99</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Linguistic+Association+of+Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=An+alternative+account+of+English+consonant+cluster+adaptations+in+Bengali+dialects&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24303%2Flakdoi.2019.27.3.99&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Chin-Wan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24303%252Flakdoi.2019.27.3.99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Hamid, Shahela (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14086/1/437597.pdf"><i>A Study of Language Maintenance and Shift in the Sylheti Community in Leeds</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). University of York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Study+of+Language+Maintenance+and+Shift+in+the+Sylheti+Community+in+Leeds&rft.inst=University+of+York&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Shahela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F14086%2F1%2F437597.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopeMahanta2014" class="citation conference cs1">Gope, Amalesh; Mahanta, Sakuntala (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815121216/https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/tal_2014/papers/tl14_010.pdf"><i>Lexical Tones in Sylheti</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 4th International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL-2014). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/tal_2014/papers/tl14_010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Lexical+Tones+in+Sylheti&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Gope&rft.aufirst=Amalesh&rft.au=Mahanta%2C+Sakuntala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isca-speech.org%2Farchive%2Ftal_2014%2Fpapers%2Ftl14_010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1903" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, G A, ed. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-1&pages=463#page/1/mode/1up"><i>Linguistic Survey of India: Indo-Aryan Family Eastern Group</i></a>. Vol. V<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Survey+of+India%3A+Indo-Aryan+Family+Eastern+Group&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fbooks%2Flsi%2Flsi.php%3Fvolume%3D5-1%26pages%3D463%23page%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2018" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Sameer Ud Dowla (21 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/amar-ekushey-2018/amago-bhasha-1537534">"Amago Bhasha: In celebration of our ethnic and linguistic diversity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Amago+Bhasha%3A+In+celebration+of+our+ethnic+and+linguistic+diversity&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Sameer+Ud+Dowla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fsupplements%2Famar-ekushey-2018%2Famago-bhasha-1537534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawsonSachdev2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lawson, Sarah; Sachdev, Itesh (2004). "Identity, Language Use and Attitudes: Some Sylheti-Bangladeshi Data from London, UK". <i>Journal of Language and Social Psychology</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0261927X03261223">10.1177/0261927X03261223</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144496795">144496795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Identity%2C+Language+Use+and+Attitudes%3A+Some+Sylheti-Bangladeshi+Data+from+London%2C+UK&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0261927X03261223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144496795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Sachdev%2C+Itesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudden2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ludden, David (2003). "Investing in Nature around Sylhet: An Excursion into Geographical History". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>38</b> (48): <span class="nowrap">5080–</span>5088. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414346">4414346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Investing+in+Nature+around+Sylhet%3A+An+Excursion+into+Geographical+History&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5080-%3C%2Fspan%3E5088&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4414346%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ludden&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahantaGope2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mahanta, Sakuntala; Gope, Amalesh (2018). "Tonal polarity in Sylheti in the context of noun faithfulness". <i>Language Sciences</i>. <b>69</b>: <span class="nowrap">80–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2018.06.010">10.1016/j.langsci.2018.06.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149759441">149759441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tonal+polarity+in+Sylheti+in+the+context+of+noun+faithfulness&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2018.06.010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149759441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mahanta&rft.aufirst=Sakuntala&rft.au=Gope%2C+Amalesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyEvansMahon2013" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy, K. M.; Evans, B. G.; Mahon, M. (2013). "Acquiring a second language in an immigrant community: The production of Sylheti and English stops and vowels by London-Bengali speakers". <i>Journal of Phonetics</i>. <b>41</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">344–</span>358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wocn.2013.03.006">10.1016/j.wocn.2013.03.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phonetics&rft.atitle=Acquiring+a+second+language+in+an+immigrant+community%3A+The+production+of+Sylheti+and+English+stops+and+vowels+by+London-Bengali+speakers&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E344-%3C%2Fspan%3E358&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wocn.2013.03.006&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft.au=Evans%2C+B.+G.&rft.au=Mahon%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasinger2007" class="citation book cs1">Rasinger, Sebastian M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ieH2nBSbjkC"><i>Bengali-English in East London: A Study in Urban Multilingualism</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03-911036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03-911036-0"><bdi>978-3-03-911036-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali-English+in+East+London%3A+A+Study+in+Urban+Multilingualism&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-03-911036-0&rft.aulast=Rasinger&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ieH2nBSbjkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Satarupa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/18/ldd18_03.pdf">"Mapping of spirantization and deaspiration in Sylheti: An Optimality Theory analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Documentation and Description</i>. <b>18</b>: <span class="nowrap">42–</span>55<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Documentation+and+Description&rft.atitle=Mapping+of+spirantization+and+deaspiration+in+Sylheti%3A+An+Optimality+Theory+analysis&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Satarupa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpublishing.org%2Fdocs%2F1%2F18%2Fldd18_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020" class="citation journal cs1">Simard, Candide; Dopierala, Sarah M; Thaut, E Marie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/18/ldd18_01.pdf">"Introducing the Sylheti language and its speakers, and the SOAS Sylheti project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Documentation and Description</i>. <b>18</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Documentation+and+Description&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+Sylheti+language+and+its+speakers%2C+and+the+SOAS+Sylheti+project&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Simard&rft.aufirst=Candide&rft.au=Dopierala%2C+Sarah+M&rft.au=Thaut%2C+E+Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpublishing.org%2Fdocs%2F1%2F18%2Fldd18_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylheti+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_2">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/syl" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/syl">Sylheti language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sylheti_phrasebook#Q2044560" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sylheti phrasebook">Sylheti phrasebook</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages457" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages457" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India466" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India466" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bangladesh&#124;link=Bangladesh_Languages_of_Bangladesh244" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Languages of Bangladesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Template talk:Languages of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bangladesh&#124;link=Bangladesh_Languages_of_Bangladesh244" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Kutti" title="Dhakaiya Kutti">Dhakaiya Kutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengali" title="Eastern Bengali">Eastern Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarhi_Bengali_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarhi Bengali dialect">Rarhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Bengali_dialect" title="North Central Bengali dialect">Varendri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Sadri (Nagpuri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sino-Tibetan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%B6_language" title="Shö language">Shö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atong_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Atong language (Sino-Tibetan)">A'Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawm_language" title="Bawm language">Bawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_language" title="Sak language">Sak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukish languages">Kukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falam_language" title="Falam language">Falam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakha_Chin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakha Chin language">Hakha Chin (Laiholh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumi_language" title="Khumi language">Khumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_language" title="Koch language">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megam_language" title="Megam language">Megam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei (Manipuri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkhu_language" title="Pangkhu language">Pangkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_language" title="Rakhine language">Rakhine (Marma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengmitca_language" title="Rengmitca language">Rengmitca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austroasiatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koda_language" title="Koda language">Koda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Bangladesh)" title="Kol language (Bangladesh)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War-Jaintia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dravidian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauria_Paharia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauria Paharia language">Sauria Paharia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afro-Asiatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Sylhet_Division344" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sylhet_topics" title="Template:Sylhet topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sylhet_topics" title="Template talk:Sylhet topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sylhet_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sylhet topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Articles_related_to_Sylhet_Division344" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <b><a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Districts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habiganj_District" title="Habiganj District">Habiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimganj_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimganj District">Karimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulvibazar_District" title="Moulvibazar District">Moulvibazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunamganj_District" title="Sunamganj District">Sunamganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_District" title="Sylhet District">Sylhet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Upazilas_of_Sylhet_Division" title="Template:Upazilas of Sylhet Division">Upazilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Bangladesh" title="Template:Parliamentary constituencies in Bangladesh">Constituencies</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bangladesh"><img alt="Flag of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/50px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/75px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/100px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions and sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amjad%27s_Clock" title="Ali Amjad's Clock">Ali Amjad's Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Last_House" title="Bangladesh Last House">Bangladesh Last House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bichnakandi" title="Bichnakandi">Bichnakandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_Research_Center,_Jaintapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus Research Center, Jaintapur">Citrus Research Center</a></li> <li>Haor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakaluki_Haor" title="Hakaluki Haor">Hakaluki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanguar_Haor" title="Tanguar Haor">Tanguar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harong_Hurong" title="Harong Hurong">Harong Hurong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadim_Nagar_National_Park" title="Khadim Nagar National Park">Khadim Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madani_Square" title="Madani Square">Madani Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Rajas%27" title="Museum of Rajas'">Museum of Rajas'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmani_Museum" title="Osmani Museum">Osmani Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratargul_Swamp_Forest" title="Ratargul Swamp Forest">Ratargul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilagor_Eco_Park" title="Tilagor Eco Park">Tilagor Eco Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hum_Hum" title="Hum Hum">Hum Hum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaflong" title="Jaflong">Jaflong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaintia_Rajbari" title="Jaintia Rajbari">Jaintia Rajbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_pahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kala pahar">Kala pahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalakhal" title="Lalakhal">Lalakhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawachara_National_Park" title="Lawachara National Park">Lawachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhabkunda_waterfall" title="Madhabkunda waterfall">Madhabkunda waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhobpur_Lake" title="Madhobpur Lake">Madhobpur Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnicherra_Tea_Estate" title="Malnicherra Tea Estate">Malnicherra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rema-Kalenga_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary">Rema-Kalenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchari_National_Park" title="Satchari National Park">Satchari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghayebi_Dighi_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghayebi Dighi Masjid">Ghayebi Dighi Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyghor_Mosque" title="Goyghor Mosque">Goyghor Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiladpur_Mosque" title="Jiladpur Mosque">Jiladpur Mosque</a></li> <li>Madrasah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madinatul_Uloom_Bagbari" title="Madinatul Uloom Bagbari">Bagbari Najibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Tawakkulia_Renga_Madrasah" title="Jamia Tawakkulia Renga Madrasah">Jamia Tawakkulia Renga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagornal_Senior_Alim_Madrasha" title="Sagornal Senior Alim Madrasha">Sagornal Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujaul_Senior_Fazil_Madrasha" title="Sujaul Senior Fazil Madrasha">Sujaul Senior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jalal_Dargah" title="Shah Jalal Dargah">Shah Jalal Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Shahi_Eidgah" title="Sylhet Shahi Eidgah">Sylhet Shahi Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarpasha_Shahi_Masjid" title="Shankarpasha Shahi Masjid">Shankarpasha Shahi Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagla_Jame_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagla Jame Masjid">Pagla Jame Masjid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhni" title="Akhni">Akhni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloo_chaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloo chaat">Aloo chaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_Hatkora" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef Hatkora">Beef Hatkora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_Bamboo_Curry" title="Duck Bamboo Curry">Aash Bash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">Chicken tikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forash" title="Forash">Forash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_macroptera" title="Citrus macroptera">Hatkhora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handesh" title="Handesh">Handesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutki_Shira" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutki Shira">Hutki Shira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">Lai haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunor_Bora" title="Nunor Bora">Nunor Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phall" title="Phall">Phall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Color_Tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Color Tea">Seven Color Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Khichuri" title="Soft Khichuri">Soft Khichuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunga_Pitha" title="Chunga Pitha">Sunga fitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti cuisine">Sylheti cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoikor_Tenga" title="Thoikor Tenga">Thoikor Tenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusha_Shinni" title="Tusha Shinni">Tusha Shinni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sylhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Sylhet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatak_Cement_Factory" title="Chhatak Cement Factory">Chhatak Cement Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchuganj_Combined_Cycle_Power_Plant" title="Fenchuganj Combined Cycle Power Plant">Fenchuganj Combined Cycle Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Tea production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Tea_Research_Institute" title="Bangladesh Tea Research Institute">Bangladesh Tea Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreemangal_tea_auction_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sreemangal tea auction centre">Sreemangal tea auction centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahjalal_Fertiliser_Factory" title="Shahjalal Fertiliser Factory">Shahjalal Fertiliser Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields_in_Bangladesh" title="List of natural gas fields in Bangladesh">Gas fields</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibiana_Gas_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibiana Gas Field">Bibiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatak_Gas_Field" title="Chhatak Gas Field">Chhatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchuganj_Gas_Field" title="Fenchuganj Gas Field">Fenchuganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habiganj_Gas_Field" title="Habiganj Gas Field">Habiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailashtilla_Gas_Field" title="Kailashtilla Gas Field">Kailashtilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad_Gas_Field" title="Jalalabad Gas Field">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidpur_Gas_Field" title="Rashidpur Gas Field">Rashidpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunetra_Gas_Field" title="Sunetra Gas Field">Sunetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Gas_Fields_Limited" title="Sylhet Gas Fields Limited">Sylhet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_of_British_Bangladeshis" title="Business of British Bangladeshis">Business of British Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_Bangladesh" title="Remittances to Bangladesh">Remittance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barak_River" title="Barak River">Barak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowai_River" title="Khowai River">Khowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiyara_River" title="Kushiyara River">Kushiyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makunda_River" title="Makunda River">Makunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manu_River,_Tripura" class="mw-redirect" title="Manu River, Tripura">Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyain_River" title="Piyain River">Piyain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuirial" title="Tuirial">Sonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surma_River" title="Surma River">Surma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sylhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sylhet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhamail" title="Dhamail">Dhamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatu_(song)" title="Ghatu (song)">Ghatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti literature">Sylheti literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad" title="Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad">Kemusas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthi" title="Puthi">Puthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srihatta_Literary_Society" title="Srihatta Literary Society">Srihatta Literary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Gitika" title="Sylhet Gitika">Sylhet Gitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sylhet_Convention" title="World Sylhet Convention">World Sylhet Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Sylhet" title="Category:Education in Sylhet">Education </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Institute_of_Business_Administration,_Sylhet" title="Army Institute of Business Administration, Sylhet">AIBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Government_Alia_Madrasah" title="Sylhet Government Alia Madrasah">Govt. Alia Madrasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_University" title="Leading University">Leading University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_University,_Sylhet" title="Metropolitan University, Sylhet">Metropolitan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_University" class="mw-redirect" title="North East University">North East University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahjalal_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Shahjalal University of Science and Technology">SUST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_International_University" title="Sylhet International University">Sylhet International University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Agricultural_University" title="Sylhet Agricultural University">Sylhet Agricultural University</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_Bangladesh" title="List of medical colleges in Bangladesh">medical colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Sylhet" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Sylhet">Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beanibazar_SC" title="Beanibazar SC">Beanibazar SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Zone_cricket_team_(Bangladesh)" title="East Zone cricket team (Bangladesh)">East Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Boys%27_HS_School_Ground" title="Government Boys' HS School Ground">Government Boys' HS School Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habiganj_Jalal_Stadium" title="Habiganj Jalal Stadium">Habiganj Jalal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifur_Rahman_Stadium" title="Saifur Rahman Stadium">Saifur Rahman Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_District_Stadium" title="Sylhet District Stadium">Sylhet District Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division_cricket_team" title="Sylhet Division cricket team">Sylhet Division cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_International_Cricket_Stadium" title="Sylhet International Cricket Stadium">Sylhet International Cricket Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Thunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet Thunder">Sylhet Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_MK_Gallactico_Sylhet_FC" title="Spartan MK Gallactico Sylhet FC">Spartan MK Gallactico Sylhet FC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Bengal_Railway" title="Assam Bengal Railway">Assam Bengal Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhaura%E2%80%93Kulaura%E2%80%93Chhatak_line" title="Akhaura–Kulaura–Chhatak line">Akhaura–Kulaura–Chhatak line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badarpur_Junction_railway_station" title="Badarpur Junction railway station">Badarpur Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherra_Companyganj_State_Railways" title="Cherra Companyganj State Railways">Cherra Companyganj State Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullabcherra_railway_station" title="Dullabcherra railway station">Dullabcherra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalni_Express" title="Kalni Express">Kalni Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimganj_Junction_railway_station" title="Karimganj Junction railway station">Karimganj Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keane_Bridge" title="Keane Bridge">Keane Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisasan_railway_station" title="Mahisasan railway station">Mahisasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N2_(Bangladesh)" title="N2 (Bangladesh)">N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmani_International_Airport" title="Osmani International Airport">Osmani International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabat_Express" title="Parabat Express">Parabat Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patharkandi_railway_station" title="Patharkandi railway station">Patharkandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratabari_railway_station" title="Ratabari railway station">Ratabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshernagar_Airport" title="Shamshernagar Airport">Shamshernagar Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_railway_station" title="Sylhet railway station">Sylhet railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_bus_terminal" title="Sylhet bus terminal">Sylhet bus terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organisations_based_in_Sylhet" title="Category:Organisations based in Sylhet">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_City_Corporation" title="Sylhet City Corporation">Sylhet City Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Metropolitan_Police" title="Sylhet Metropolitan Police">Sylhet Metropolitan Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sylhet_Development_and_Welfare_Council_in_UK" title="Greater Sylhet Development and Welfare Council in UK">Greater Sylhet Development and Welfare Council in UK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sylhet" title="History of Sylhet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaintia_Kingdom" title="Jaintia Kingdom">Jaintia Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gour_Kingdom" title="Gour Kingdom">Gour Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laur_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Laur Kingdom">Laur Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taraf_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraf Kingdom">Taraf Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_Kingdom" title="Pratapgarh Kingdom">Pratapgarh Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Sylhet" title="Conquest of Sylhet">Conquest of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Usman" title="Khwaja Usman">Usmangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Company Raj">Company Raj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muharram_Rebellion" title="Muharram Rebellion">Muharram Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Revolt of Radharam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_Cachar_earthquake" title="1869 Cachar earthquake">Earthquake of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Assam_earthquake" title="1897 Assam earthquake">Earthquake of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Sylhet_referendum" title="1947 Sylhet referendum">Sylhet referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nankar_Rebellion" title="Nankar Rebellion">Nankar Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naria_massacre" title="Naria massacre">Naria massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galimpur_massacre" title="Galimpur massacre">Galimpur massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burunga_massacre" title="Burunga massacre">Burunga massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adityapur_massacre" title="Adityapur massacre">Adityapur massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazipur" title="Battle of Gazipur">Battle of Gazipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sylhet" title="Battle of Sylhet">Battle of Sylhet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Shah_Jalal_bombing" title="2004 Shah Jalal bombing">Dargah bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_South_Surma_Upazila_bombings" title="2017 South Surma Upazila bombings">South Surma bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulaura_train_accident" title="Kulaura train accident">Kulaura train accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylheti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sylhet" title="List of people from Sylhet">List of people from Sylhet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sylheti language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">British Bangladeshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&oldid=1275535979">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&oldid=1275535979</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bengali_dialects" title="Category:Bengali dialects">Bengali dialects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern Indo-Aryan languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Languages of Bangladesh">Languages of Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Assam" title="Category:Languages of Assam">Languages of Assam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sylheti_language" title="Category:Sylheti language">Sylheti language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tonal_languages_in_non-tonal_families" title="Category:Tonal languages in non-tonal families">Tonal languages in non-tonal families</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Bengali-language_sources_(bn)" title="Category:CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)">CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_25" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 25">Language articles citing Ethnologue 25</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_January_2024" title="Category:EngvarB from January 2024">EngvarB from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2024">Use dmy dates from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bengali-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bengali-language text">Articles containing Bengali-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Sylheti_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Sylheti IPA">Pages with Sylheti IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linglist_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linglist code">Language articles with Linglist code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Bengali_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Bengali IPA">Pages with Bengali IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2020">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_interlinear_glosses_using_two_unnamed_parameters" title="Category:Pages with interlinear glosses using two unnamed parameters">Pages with interlinear glosses using two unnamed parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2020">Articles needing additional references from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 February 2025, at 16:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sylheti language</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>82 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-b8nvf","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.471","walltime":"2.659","ppvisitednodes":{"value":82375,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":577671,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":44496,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":356638,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2233.420 1 -total"," 22.58% 504.346 402 Template:Script"," 18.59% 415.184 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 17.63% 393.783 1 Template:Infobox"," 17.23% 384.843 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.59% 214.145 1 Template:Hlist"," 9.07% 202.546 29 Template:Fs_interlinear"," 7.74% 172.930 17 Template:Cite_book"," 7.63% 170.327 402 Template:Script/Sylheti"," 6.49% 144.931 4 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.094","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20098675,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlam,_Mahbub2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnne_J._Kershen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAudrey_Gillan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjee1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterji1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChung2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutta2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE_M_Lewis1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Grierson1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGope2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopeMahanta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopeMahanta2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopeMahanta2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrierson1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta1927–1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamid2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamid2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawsonSachdev2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudden2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahantaGope2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasica1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayenin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthyEvansMahon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiharranjan_Ray1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPal1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasinger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaychoudhuryMahanta2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSircar1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyed_Hasan_Imam_Hussainy_Chisti1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanweer_Fazal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTasiqul_Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZakaria,_Saymon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Hubert2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 61,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Banglapedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Fs interlinear\"] = 29,\n [\"Harvcol\"] = 36,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 4,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 46,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 24,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Incubator\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-Aryan languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlinear\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Languages of Bangladesh\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 402,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 2,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Sylhet\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 46,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","24.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","16.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","200","15.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","6.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","20","1.5"],["validate \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:4236\u003E","20","1.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","20","1.5"],["(for generator)","20","1.5"],["[others]","240","18.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-mj8cr","timestamp":"20250214043001","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sylheti language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sylheti_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2044560","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2044560","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-31T21:24:24Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T16:40:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dc\/Sylheti_Map.png","headline":"Indo-Aryan language"}</script> </body> </html>