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and their etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_and_their_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_substrate_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_substrate_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Proposed substrate influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_substrate_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Prehistory and early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revitalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revitalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Revitalisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revitalisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revitalisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revitalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-independence_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Post-independence period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_as_an_independent_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_as_an_independent_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Recognition as an independent language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_as_an_independent_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_language_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_language_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Official language status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_language_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status_and_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status_and_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current status and issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_status_and_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current status and issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_status_and_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marathi_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathi_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Marathi dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marathi_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karnataka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karnataka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Karnataka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karnataka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilingualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilingualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Multilingualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilingualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripts_and_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripts_and_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Scripts and dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripts_and_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Outside India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apabhramsha_and_metathesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apabhramsha_and_metathesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Apabhramsha and metathesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apabhramsha_and_metathesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskritisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskritisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sanskritisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskritisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Past" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Past</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabet/vaṇamāḷha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet/vaṇamāḷha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Alphabet/<i>vaṇamāḷha</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet/vaṇamāḷha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goan_Konkani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goan_Konkani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Goan Konkani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goan_Konkani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Print</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dailies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dailies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.1</span> <span>Dailies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dailies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weeklies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weeklies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.2</span> <span>Weeklies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weeklies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortnightly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortnightly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.3</span> <span>Fortnightly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortnightly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monthlies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monthlies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.4</span> <span>Monthlies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monthlies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_and_audible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_and_audible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Digital and audible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_and_audible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Konkani language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani" title="Konkani – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Konkani" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोंकणी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कोंकणी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الكونكانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الكونكانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="কোংকণী ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কোংকণী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_konkani" title="Idioma konkani – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma konkani" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_dili" title="Konkani dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konkani dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="কোঙ্কণী ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোঙ্কণী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Конкані (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Конкані (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोंकणी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोंकणी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Конкани (език) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конкани (език)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkaneg" title="Konkaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Konkaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani" title="Konkani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Konkani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3nkan%C5%A1tina" title="Kónkanština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kónkanština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkaneg" title="Konkaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Konkaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_(sprog)" title="Konkani (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konkani (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani" title="Konkani – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konkani" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_konkan%C3%AD" title="Idioma konkaní – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma konkaní" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkana_lingvo" title="Konkana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konkana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkanera" title="Konkanera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konkanera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان کونکانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کونکانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_bhasa" title="Konkani bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Konkani bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani" title="Konkani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Konkani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_konkani" title="Lingua konkani – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua konkani" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="કોંકણી ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોંકણી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कोंकणी भास – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कोंकणी भास" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%B9%B8%EC%96%B4" title="콘칸어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘칸어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोंकणी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोंकणी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Konkan" title="Bahasa Konkan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Konkan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan%C3%AD" title="Konkaní – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konkaní" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_konkani" title="Lingua konkani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua konkani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="קונקאני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונקאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Konkani" title="Basa Konkani – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Konkani" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕೊಂಕಣಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊಂಕಣಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikonkani" title="Kikonkani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kikonkani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Конкани – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Конкани" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Concanica" title="Lingua Concanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Concanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkanu_valoda" title="Konkanu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konkanu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani%C5%B3_kalba" title="Konkanių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konkanių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_konkani" title="Lengua konkani – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua konkani" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोंकणी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कोंकणी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="കൊങ്കണി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊങ്കണി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोकणी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोकणी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="კონკანი (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კონკანი (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کونکانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کونکانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Konkani" title="Bahasa Konkani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Konkani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_(taal)" title="Konkani (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Konkani (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोङ्कणी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोङ्कणी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="コンカニ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンカニ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani" title="Konkani – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Konkani" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani" title="Konkani – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konkani" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani" title="Konkani – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konkani" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concani" title="Concani – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Concani" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="କୋଙ୍କଣୀ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୋଙ୍କଣୀ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੋਂਕਣੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਂਕਣੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کونکنی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کونکنی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_konkani" title="Lenga konkani – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga konkani" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_konkani" title="Język konkani – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język konkani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_concani" title="Língua concani – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua concani" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Конкани (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конкани (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोङ्कणीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कोङ्कणीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Konkani language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AA%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ڪونڪني ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪونڪني ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3nk%C3%A1n%C4%8Dina_(makrojazyk)" title="Kónkánčina (makrojazyk) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kónkánčina (makrojazyk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی کۆنکانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی کۆنکانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Конкани (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конкани (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkanski_jezik" title="Konkanski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konkanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani" title="Konkani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konkani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani" title="Konkani – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konkani" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Konkani" title="Wikang Konkani – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Konkani" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கொங்கணி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொங்கணி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Конкани теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Конкани теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="కొంకణి భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొంకణి భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93" title="ภาษากงกัณ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากงกัณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಕೊಂಕಣಿ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕೊಂಕಣಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_dili" title="Konkani dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konkani dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Конкані – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конкані" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوکنی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوکنی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Konkan" title="Tiếng Konkan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Konkan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="孔卡尼语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孔卡尼语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A2%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%BC%E8%A9%B1" title="貢加尼話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貢加尼話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Konkani</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="kok">कोंकणी</span></span></li><li><span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="kok">Konknni</i></span></li><li><span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="kok">ಕೊಂಕಣಿ</span></span></li><li><span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="kok">കൊങ്കണി</span></span></li><li><span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="kok" dir="rtl">کونکنی</span></span></li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Konkani_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Konkani_language.svg/200px-Konkani_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Konkani_language.svg/300px-Konkani_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Konkani_language.svg/400px-Konkani_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="88" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word "Konkani" written in the official script of Devanagari<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kok-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kõkɳi]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Konkan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan region">Konkan region</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li>coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Dang_district,_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang district, Gujarat">Dang district</a>)</li> <li>Union-territories of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a><sup id="cite_ref-kenya_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenya-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-curzon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curzon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2.26 million (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Indo-Aryan languages">Southern Zone</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi%E2%80%93Konkani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi–Konkani languages">Marathi–Konkani</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Konkani</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><b>Dialect groups</b>: <a href="/wiki/Canara_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara Konkani">Canara Konkani</a>, Goan Konkani, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Konkani">Kerala Konkani</a></li> <li><b>Individual dialects</b>: <a href="/wiki/Malvani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvani dialect">Malvani</a>, Mangalorean, Chitpavani, Antruz, Bardeskari, Saxtti, <a href="/wiki/Nawayathi_dialect" title="Nawayathi dialect">Nawayati</a>, Daldi (Nakhuda dialect), Pednekari, Koli and <a href="/wiki/Agri_dialect" title="Agri dialect">Aagri</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi alphabet</a>, official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_Grantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava Grantha">Pallava script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada alphabet</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koleluttu" title="Koleluttu">Koleluttu script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam alphabet</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaliq script">Nastaliq script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Past <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi script</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a><sup id="cite_ref-goacom2049_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goacom2049-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Konkani_Sahitya_Academy" title="Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy">Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Goa" title="Government of Goa">Government of Goa</a><sup id="cite_ref-official_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=239">kok</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kok" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kok">kok</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gom" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gom">gom</a></code> – Goan Konkani<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/knn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:knn">knn</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/goan1235">goan1235</a></code>  Goan Konkani<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/konk1267">konk1267</a></code>  Konkan Marathi</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographic_Distribution_of_Native_Konkani_Speakers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Geographic_Distribution_of_Native_Konkani_Speakers.png/320px-Geographic_Distribution_of_Native_Konkani_Speakers.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Geographic_Distribution_of_Native_Konkani_Speakers.png/480px-Geographic_Distribution_of_Native_Konkani_Speakers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Geographic_Distribution_of_Native_Konkani_Speakers.png/640px-Geographic_Distribution_of_Native_Konkani_Speakers.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="845" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of native Konkani speakers in India</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Konkani</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: <span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="kok">कोंकणी</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_in_the_Roman_script" title="Konkani in the Roman script">Romi</a>: <span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="kok">Konknni</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a>: <span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="kok">ಕೊಂಕಣಿ</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Koleluttu" title="Koleluttu">Koleluttu</a>: <span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="kok">കൊങ്കണി</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a>: <span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="kok" dir="rtl">کونکنی</span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kōṅkṇī</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kok-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kõkɳi]</a></span>) formerly <b>Concani</b> or <b>Concanese</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani people</a>, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> region, along the western <a href="/wiki/Coast_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast of India">coast of India</a>. It is one of the 22 <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">scheduled languages</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Constitution">Indian Constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the official language of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>. It is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Damaon,_Diu_%26_Silvassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Damaon, Diu & Silvassa">Damaon, Diu & Silvassa</a>. </p><p>Konkani is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#Southern_Zone" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Southern Indo-Aryan language</a> group. It retains elements of <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a> structures and shows similarities with both <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#Western_Zone" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#Eastern_Zone" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern Indo-Aryan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Konkani inscription is dated 1187 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-goatourism.gov.in_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goatourism.gov.in-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many Konkani dialects spoken along and beyond the Konkan region, from <a href="/wiki/Damaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Damaon">Damaon</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Karwar" title="Karwar">Karwar</a> in the south; most of which are only partially mutually intelligible with one another due to a lack of linguistic contact and exchanges with the standard and principal forms of Konkani. It is also spoken by migrants outside of the Konkan proper; in <a href="/wiki/Nagpore" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagpore">Nagpore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Malvani_language" title="Malvani language">Malvani</a>, Chitpavani, Damani,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Koli_Christians" title="Koli Christians">Koli</a> & <a href="/wiki/Aagri" class="mw-redirect" title="Aagri">Aagri</a> in Maharashtra; are threatened by <a href="/wiki/Language_assimilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Language assimilation">language assimilation</a> into the linguistic majority of non-Konkani <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">states and territories of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konkani belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> branch. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi-Konkani group</a> of the southern Indo-Aryan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is inflexive, and less distant from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> as compared to other modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>. Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of a variety of <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> vernacular languages. This could be attributed to the confluence of immigrants that the Konkan coast has witnessed over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-paisaci_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paisaci-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_their_etymology">Names and their etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Names and their etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as <i>Prakrit</i> by its speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-pak_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pak-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reference to the name <i>Konkani</i> is not found in literature prior to the 13th century. The first reference of the name <i>Konkani</i> is in "<a href="/wiki/Abhanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhanga">Abhanga</a> 263" of the 13th century <a href="/wiki/Hindu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu religion">Hindu</a> Marathi saint poet, <a href="/wiki/Namadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Namadeva">Namadeva</a> (1270–1350).<sup id="cite_ref-nam_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nam-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konkani has been known by a variety of names: <i>Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana,</i> and <i>Goani</i>. Learned Marathi speakers tend to call it <i>Gomantaki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Konkani was commonly referred to as <i>Língua Canarim</i> by the Portuguese<sup id="cite_ref-rai_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Língua Brahmana</i> by Catholic missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese later started referring to Konkani as <i>Língua Concanim</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Canarim</i> or <i>Língua Canarim</i>, which is how the 16th century European <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stephens_(Jesuit)" title="Thomas Stephens (Jesuit)">Thomas Stephens</a> refers to it in the title of his famous work <i><a href="/wiki/Arte_da_lingoa_Canarim" class="mw-redirect" title="Arte da lingoa Canarim">Arte da lingoa Canarim</a></i> has always been intriguing. It is possible that the term is derived from the Persian word for coast, <i>kinara</i>; if so, it would mean "the language of the coast". The problem is that this term overlaps with <i>Kanarese</i> or <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the European authors, however, recognised two forms of the language in Goa: the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeian</a>, called <i>Canarim</i>, and the more regular (used by the educated classes), called <i>Língua Canarim Brâmana</i> or simply <i>Brâmana de Goa</i>. The latter was the preferred choice of the Europeans, and also of other castes, for writing, sermons, and religious purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different views as to the origin of the word Konkan and hence Konkani: </p> <ul><li>V. P. Chavan states that the etymology of Konkan and hence Konkani is derived from the Kannada word <i>konku</i> meaning '<i>uneven ground</i>'. The Kannada origin suggests that Konkana might have included Kannada territory and '<i>uneven ground</i>' suggests the hilly nature of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Konku</i> in Kannada also means that which is '<i>not straight'</i> and is '<i>crooked'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The word Konkan comes from the Kukkana (<a href="/wiki/Kokna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokna">Kokna</a>) tribe, who were the original inhabitants of the land where Konkani originated.<sup id="cite_ref-manohar_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manohar-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to some texts of <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a> shot his arrow into the sea and commanded the Sea God to recede up to the point where his arrow landed. The new piece of land thus recovered came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> meaning <i>piece of earth</i> or <i>corner of earth</i>, <i>kōṇa</i> (corner) + <i>kaṇa</i> (piece). This legend is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Sahyadrikhanda" title="Sahyadrikhanda">Sahyadrikhanda</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_substrate_influences">Proposed substrate influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proposed substrate influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs attention from an expert in linguistics, languages or India</b>. The specific problem is: <b>The Kurukh and Oraon tribes speak Dravidian languages, not Austroasiatic.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Linguistics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics">WikiProject Linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages">WikiProject Languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_India" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject India">WikiProject India</a> may be able to help recruit an expert.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> of the Konkani language lies in the speech of <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> tribes that may have once inhabited the region.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Anthropological_Society" title="Indian Anthropological Society">Indian Anthropological Society</a>, these Australoid tribes speaking Austro-Asiatic or Munda languages who once inhabited Konkan, migrated to Northern India (<a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirzapur" title="Mirzapur">Mirzapur</a>) and are not found in Konkan any more.<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enthoven_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enthoven-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivinho Gomes in his essay "Medieval Konkani Literature" also mentions the <a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a> substratum.<sup id="cite_ref-others_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-others-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goan Indologist Anant Shenvi Dhume identified many Austro-Asiatic <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> words in Konkani, like <i>mund</i>, <i>mundkar</i>, <i>dhumak</i>, <i>goem-bab</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dhume_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhume-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This substratum is very prominent in Konkani.<sup id="cite_ref-mudns_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mudns-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is difficult to fathom. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of Konkani words of Dravidian origin are: <i>naall</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>), <i>madval</i> (washerman), <i>choru</i> (cooked rice) and <i>mulo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguists also suggest that the substratum of Marathi and Konkani is more closely related to Dravidian Kannada.<sup id="cite_ref-subkan_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subkan-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_early_development">Prehistory and early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistory and early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Migrations of Indo-Aryan vernacular speakers have occurred throughout the history of the Indian west coast. Around 1100-700 BC the first wave of Indo-Aryans dialect speakers might have occurred, with the second wave appearing around 700-500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-dhume_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhume-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many spoke <a href="/wiki/Old_Indo-Aryan#Old_Indic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Indo-Aryan">old Indo-Aryan</a> vernacular languages, which may be loosely related to <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>; others still spoke Dravidian and Desi dialects. Thus the ancient Konkani Prakrit was born as a confluence of the Indo-Aryan dialects while accepting many words from Dravidian speech. Some linguists assume <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shauraseni">Shauraseni</a> to be its progenitor whereas some call it <a href="/wiki/Paisaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisaci">Paisaci</a>. The influence of Paisachi over Konkani can be proved in the findings of Taraporewala, who in his book <i>Elements of Science of Languages</i> (Calcutta University) ascertained that Konkani showed many <a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a> features that are found in present-day <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paisaci_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paisaci-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the archaic form of old Konkani is referred to as Paishachi by some linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-manohar_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manohar-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This progenitor of Konkani (or Paishachi Apabhramsha) has preserved an older form of phonetic and grammatic development, showing a great variety of verbal forms found in Sanskrit and a large number of grammatical forms that are not found in Marathi. (Examples of this are found in many works like <i><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwari" title="Dnyaneshwari">Dnyaneshwari</a></i>, and <i>Leela Charitra</i>.)<sup id="cite_ref-panic_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panic-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konkani thus developed with overall Sanskrit complexity and grammatical structure, which eventually developed into a lexical fund of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-panic_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panic-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second wave of Indo-Aryans is believed to have been accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Dravidians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidians">Dravidians</a> from the Deccan plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-dhume_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhume-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paishachi is also considered to be an Aryan language spoken by Dravidians.<sup id="cite_ref-pishacha_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pishacha-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goa and Konkan were ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya">Konkan Mauryas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bhojas_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhojas of Goa">Bhojas</a>; as a result, numerous migrations occurred from north, east and western India. Immigrants spoke various vernacular languages, which led to a mixture of features of Eastern and Western Prakrit. It was later substantially influenced by Magadhi Prakrit.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overtones of <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a><sup id="cite_ref-panic_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panic-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the liturgical language of the Buddhists) also played a very important role in the development of Konkani Apabhramsha grammar and vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-gom2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gom2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major number of linguistic innovations in Konkani are shared with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern Indo-Aryan languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriya language">Oriya</a>, which have their roots in Magadhi.<sup id="cite_ref-east_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a> is the ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> and Konkani,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the official language of the Satavahana Empire that ruled Goa and Konkan in the early centuries of the Common Era. Under the patronage of the Satavahana Empire, Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit of its time. Studying early Maharashtri compilations, many linguists have called Konkani "the first-born daughter of Maharashtri".<sup id="cite_ref-pani_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pani-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This old language that was prevalent contemporary to old Marathi is found to be distinct from its counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-pani_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pani-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sauraseni impact on Konkani is not as prominent as that of Maharashtri. Very few Konkani words are found to follow the Sauraseni pattern. Konkani forms are rather more akin to Pali than the corresponding Sauraseni forms.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major Sauraseni influence on Konkani is the <i>ao</i> sound found at the end of many nouns in Sauraseni, which becomes <i>o</i> or <i>u</i> in Konkani.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include: <i>dando</i>, <i>suno</i>, <i>raakhano</i>, <i>dukh</i>, <i>rukhu</i>, <i>manisu</i> (from Prakrit), <i>dandao</i>, <i>sunnao</i>, <i>rakkhakao</i>, <i>dukkhao</i>, <i>vukkhao</i>, <i>vrukkhao</i>, and <i>mannisso</i>. Another example could be the sound of <i>ण</i> at the beginning of words; it is still retained in many Konkani words of archaic Shauraseni origin, such as णव (nine). Archaic Konkani born out of <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shauraseni">Shauraseni</a> vernacular Prakrit at the earlier stage of the evolution (and later <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtri">Maharashtri</a> Prakrit), was commonly spoken until 875 AD, and at its later phase ultimately developed into <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhramsha</a>, which could be called a predecessor of old Konkani.<sup id="cite_ref-gom2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gom2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most of the stone inscriptions and copper plates found in Goa (and other parts of Konkan) from the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD are in Prakrit-influenced Sanskrit (mostly written in early Brahmi and archaic Dravidian Brahmi), most of the places, grants, agricultural-related terms, and names of some people are in Konkani. This suggests that Konkani was spoken in Goa and Konkan.<sup id="cite_ref-dhume2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhume2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though it belongs to the Indo-Aryan group, Konkani was influenced by a language of the Dravidian family. A branch of the <a href="/wiki/Kadambas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadambas">Kadambas</a>, who ruled Goa for a long period, had their roots in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. Konkani was never used for official purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-mitra_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitra-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reason Kannada influenced Konkani was the proximity of original Konkani-speaking territories to Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-manohar1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manohar1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old Konkani documents show considerable Kannada influence on grammar as well as vocabulary. Like southern Dravidian languages, Konkani has <a href="/wiki/Prosthesis_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosthesis (linguistics)">prothetic glides</a> <i>y-</i> and <i>w-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-konk_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konk-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kannada influence is more evident in Konkani syntax. The question markers in <i>yes/no</i> questions and the negative marker are sentence final.<sup id="cite_ref-konk_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konk-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula deletion</a> in Konkani is remarkably similar to Kannada.<sup id="cite_ref-konk_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konk-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verbs">Phrasal verbs</a> are not so commonly used in Indo-Aryan languages; however, Konkani spoken in Dravidian regions has borrowed numerous phrasal verb patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-indo_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indo-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, and <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> migrants all settled in Goa during the pre-historic period and later. <i>Chavada</i>, a tribe of warriors (now known as <i>Chaddi</i> or <i>Chaddo</i>), migrated to Goa from <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>, during the 7th and 8th century AD, after their kingdom was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> in 740.<sup id="cite_ref-gazat_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazat-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states, as well as trade relationships, had a major impact on Goan society. Many of these groups spoke different Nagar <a href="/wiki/Apabhramsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsha">Apabhramsha</a> dialects, which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati. </p> <ul><li>Konkani and Gujarati have many words in common, not found in Marathi.<sup id="cite_ref-guj_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guj-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Konkani <i>O</i> (as opposed to the Marathi <i>A</i>, which is of different Prakrit origin), is similar to that in Gujarati.<sup id="cite_ref-guj_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guj-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The case terminations in Konkani, <i>lo</i>, <i>li</i>, and <i>le</i>, and the Gujarati <i>no</i>, <i>ni</i>, and <i>ne</i> have the same Prakrit roots.<sup id="cite_ref-guj_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guj-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In both languages the <a href="/wiki/Present_indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Present indicative">present indicatives</a> have no gender, unlike Marathi.<sup id="cite_ref-guj_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guj-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early">Early</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> An inscription at the foot of the colossal Jain monolith <a href="/wiki/Bahubali" title="Bahubali">Bahubali</a> (The word <i>gomateshvara</i> apparently comes from Konkani <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gomaṭo</i></span></i> which means "beautiful" or "handsome" and <i>īśvara</i> "lord".<sup id="cite_ref-gomto_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gomto-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) at <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> of 981 CE reads, in a variant of Nāgarī:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ suttālē̃ kara viyālē̃" (<a href="/wiki/Chavundaraya" title="Chavundaraya">Chavundaraya</a> got it done, Gangaraya got the surroundings done).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The language of these lines is Konkani according to S.B. Kulkarni (former head of Department of Marathi, <a href="/wiki/Nagpur_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagpur University">Nagpur University</a>) and Jose Pereira (former professor, <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>, USA).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another inscription in <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara">Shilahara</a> King Aparaditya II of the year 1187 AD in <a href="/wiki/Parel" title="Parel">Parel</a> reportedly contains Konkani words, but this has not been reliably verified.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many stone and copper-plate inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan are written in Konkani. The grammar and the base of such texts is in Konkani, whereas very few verbs are in Marathi.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copper plates found in Ponda dating back to the early 13th century, and from <a href="/wiki/Quepem" title="Quepem">Quepem</a> in the early 14th century, have been written in <a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-others_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-others-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such stone inscription or <i>shilalekh</i> (written <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī</a>) is found at the Nageshi temple in Goa (dating back to the year 1463 AD). It mentions that the (then) ruler of Goa, Devaraja Gominam, had gifted land to the <a href="/wiki/Nagueshi" title="Nagueshi">Nagueshi</a> Maharudra temple when Nanjanna Gosavi was the religious head or <i>Pratihasta</i> of the state. It mentions words like, <i>kullgga</i>, <i>kulaagra</i>, <i>naralel</i>, <i>tambavem</i>, and <i>tilel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagueshi_Inscription_1413AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nagueshi_Inscription_1413AD.jpg/220px-Nagueshi_Inscription_1413AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nagueshi_Inscription_1413AD.jpg/330px-Nagueshi_Inscription_1413AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nagueshi_Inscription_1413AD.jpg/440px-Nagueshi_Inscription_1413AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Konkani Inscription with 'Maee Shenvi' of 1413 AD, <a href="/wiki/Nagueshi" title="Nagueshi">Nagueshi</a>, Goa.</figcaption></figure><p> A piece of hymn dedicated to Lord <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> attributed to the 12th century AD says: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>"jaṇẽ rasataḷavāntũ matsyarūpē̃ vēda āṇiyēlē̃. manuśivāka vāṇiyēlē̃. to saṁsārasāgara tāraṇu. mōhō to rākho nārāyāṇu".</i> (The one who brought the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a> up from the ocean in the form of a fish, from the bottoms of the water and offered it to <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a>, he is the one Saviour of the world, that is Narayana my God.).</p></blockquote><p> A hymn from the later 16th century goes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Sardesaya_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sardesaya-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like <i>dzo</i>, <i>jī</i>, and <i>jẽ</i>. These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by <i>koṇa</i>. The conjunctions <i>yedō</i> and <i>tedō</i> ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Maffei_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maffei-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <i>-viyalẽ</i> has been replaced by <i>-aylẽ</i>. The pronoun <i>moho</i>, which is similar to the Brajbhasha word <i>mōhē</i> has been replaced by <i>mākā</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to <a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Canara</a> (today's coastal Karnataka), and Cochin. </p> <ul><li>Exodus (between 1312–1327) when General <a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur" title="Malik Kafur">Malik Kafur</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammed bin Tughlaq</a> destroyed <a href="/wiki/Govapuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Govapuri">Govepuri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kadambas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadambas">Kadambas</a></li> <li>Exodus subsequent to 1470 when the <a href="/wiki/Bahamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamani">Bahamani</a> kingdom captured Goa, and subsequent capture in 1492 by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah" title="Yusuf Adil Shah">Yusuf Adil Shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur</a></li> <li>Exodus of converted Muslims to Bijapur-held territory due to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">Portuguese conquest of Goa</a> in 1510</li> <li>Migration of Hindu converts to <a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a> in South India after the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Goa">Christianisation of Goa</a>, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mahratta_Sackings_of_Goa_and_Bombay-Bassein" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein">Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein</a>.</li></ul> <p>These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn the local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include <i>dār</i> (door) giving way to the word <i>bāgil</i>. Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o". </p><p>Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The <a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslim</a> communities of <a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri" title="Ratnagiri">Ratnagiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Karnataka">Coastal Karnataka</a> came about due to a mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers, Middle East businessman, Britishes and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the <a href="/wiki/Siddis" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddis">Siddis</a>, who are descended from <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> from South East Africa that were brought to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Shah_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shah-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It is written by speakers in their native dialects. The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revitalisation">Revitalisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revitalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Konkani_Language_Agitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkani Language Agitation">Konkani Language Agitation</a></div> <p>Konkani language was in decline, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on a mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single-handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as <a href="/wiki/Shenoi_Goembab" title="Shenoi Goembab">Shenoi Goembab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-goanews_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goanews-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death anniversary, 9 April, is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Vishwa Konkani Dis).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first <a href="/wiki/All_India_Konkani_Parishad" title="All India Konkani Parishad">All India Konkani Parishad</a> in Karwar in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far. </p><p>Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag, Karwar was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar, strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan Patti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence_period">Post-independence period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-independence period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration. </p><p>However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for the merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The <a href="/wiki/Goa_Opinion_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa Opinion Poll">Goa Opinion Poll</a>, a plebiscite, retained Goa as an independent state in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-goanews_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goanews-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani was sidelined.<sup id="cite_ref-goacom2049_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goacom2049-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_as_an_independent_language">Recognition as an independent language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recognition as an independent language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a>, the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_language_status">Official language status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Official language status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: <a href="/wiki/Floriano_Vaz" title="Floriano Vaz">Floriano Vaz</a> from Gogol Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from <a href="/wiki/Aga%C3%A7aim" title="Agaçaim">Agaçaim</a>. Finally, on 4 February 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Legislative_Assembly" title="Goa Legislative Assembly">Goa Legislative Assembly</a> passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-goacom2049_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goacom2049-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Konkani was included in the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India</a> as per the <a href="/wiki/Seventy-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">Seventy-First Amendment</a> on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konkpic.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Konkpic.JPG/220px-Konkpic.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Konkpic.JPG/330px-Konkpic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Konkpic.JPG/440px-Konkpic.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Modern day Goan Konkani in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a>. The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_division" title="Konkan division">Konkan division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, the state of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and the territory of <a href="/wiki/Daman_District,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman District, India">Daman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belagavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Belagavi">belagavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a> along with many districts in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a>. All of the regions and areas have developed distinct <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> styles, vocabulary, tone, and sometimes, significant differences in grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-kurzon_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurzon-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502 making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, 964,305 in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-languagedata2011_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languagedata2011-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 399,255 in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, and 69,449 in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in the decade 2001-2011. It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade. A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates (<a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">NRIs</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Work_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="Work visa">work visas</a> or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries (<a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a>). Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad. </p><p>During the days of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Goa">Portuguese Goa</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="British rule">British rule</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Partition_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Partition India">Pre-Partition India</a> many Goans and non-Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> respectively, and also to the Pakistan of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Partition_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Partition India">Pre-Partition India</a>. The migratory trend has continued well into the post-colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Gulf countries">Persian Gulf countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>. Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status_and_issues">Current status and issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Current status and issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Anachronism plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-anachronism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains statements that are <a href="/wiki/Anachronistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anachronistic">anachronistic</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Encyclopedic style">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons: </p> <ol><li>The fragmentation of Konkani into various, sometimes mutually unintelligible, dialects.</li> <li>The dominance of <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> and the large degree of bilingualism of Konkani Hindus in <a href="/wiki/Goa_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa state">Goa state</a>, the union territory of <a href="/wiki/Damaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Damaon">Damaon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_division" title="Konkan division">Konkan division</a> of Maharashtra.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Progressive inroads made by <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkani Muslim">Konkani Muslim</a> community.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Mutual animosity among various religious sects and caste groups; including a secondary status of Konkani culture to religion.</li> <li>The migration of Konkanis to various parts of India and around the world.</li> <li>The lack of opportunities to study Konkani in schools and colleges. Even until recently there were few Konkani schools in Goa. Populations outside the native Konkani areas have absolutely no access to Konkani language studies, literature and media.</li> <li>The preference among Konkani parents to speak to their children in <i>potaachi bhaas</i> (language of the stomach) over <i>maai bhaas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>). They sometimes speak primarily in English to help their children gain a grip on English in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with <a href="/wiki/Shenoi_Goembab" title="Shenoi Goembab">Shenoi Goembab</a>'s efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a> to Konkani and the institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent. </p><p>Some organisations, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkan_Daiz_Yatra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konkan Daiz Yatra (page does not exist)">Konkan Daiz Yatra</a> organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, <a href="/wiki/World_Konkani_Centre" title="World Konkani Centre">World Konkani Centre</a> and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marathi_dispute">Marathi dispute</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marathi dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language_agitation" title="Konkani language agitation">Konkani language agitation</a></div> <p>José Pereira, in his 1971 work <i>Konkani – A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy</i>, pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is <a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">Grierson</a>. Grierson's work on the languages of India, <i>the Linguistic Survey of India</i>, was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and the Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi. </p><p>S. M. Katre's 1966 work, <i>The Formation of Konkani</i>, which utilised the instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi.<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-languageinindia.com_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languageinindia.com-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shenoi_Goembab" title="Shenoi Goembab">Shenoi Goembab</a>, who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians. </p><p>Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at a time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 (the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Opinion_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa Opinion Poll">Goa Opinion Poll</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a> (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karnataka">Karnataka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Karnataka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></div> <p>MLC <a href="/wiki/Ivan_D%27Souza" title="Ivan D'Souza">Ivan D'Souza</a> attempted to speak in Konkani at the <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> state's Legislative Council, but was urged not to by the Chairman D H Shankaramurthy as most of the audience did not know Konkani. Even though Mr D'Souza pleaded that Konkani was amongst the 22 official languages recognised by the Indian Constitution, he was not given permission to continue in Konkani.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Souza1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Souza1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though there are substantial Konkani Catholics in Bengaluru, efforts to celebrate Holy Mass in Konkani have met with opposition by <a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannada</a> "activists". Konkani Holy Masses has been held in the Sabbhavana and Saccidananda chapels of the Carmelite and Capuchin Fathers respectively, in <a href="/wiki/Yeswanthpur" title="Yeswanthpur">Yeswanthpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajajinagar" title="Rajajinagar">Rajajinagar</a>, Bangalore. These services are under threat from Kannada groups who do not want <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a> to be held in any language other than <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> even though Kannada Catholics constitute only 30% of the Catholic population in the Archdiocese. Konkani activists and associations have been demanding Konkani language mass and services for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-Mass1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mass1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mangalore" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore">Mangalore Diocese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saldanha-Shet_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saldanha-Shet-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multilingualism">Multilingualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Multilingualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Census Department of India, Konkani speakers show a very high degree of <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a>. In the 1991 census, as compared to the national average of 19.44% for bilingualism and 7.26% for trilingualism, Konkani speakers scored 74.20% and 44.68% respectively. This makes the Konkans the most multilingual community of India. </p><p>This has been due to the fact that in most areas where Konkans have settled, they seldom form a majority of the population and have to interact with others in the local tongue. Another reason for bilingualism has been the lack of schools teaching Konkani as a primary or secondary language. </p><p>The bilingualism of Konkanis with Marathi in Daman Goa and Maharashtra has been a source of great discontent because it has led to the belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-languageinindia.com_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languageinindia.com-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence has no bearing on the future of Goa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scripts_and_dialects">Scripts and dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scripts and dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Konkani_alphabets" title="Konkani alphabets">Konkani alphabets</a></div> <p>The problems posed by multiple scripts and varying dialects have come as an impediment in the efforts to unite Konkani people. The Goa state's decision to use <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> as the official script and the Antruz dialect has been met with opposition both within Goa and outside it.<sup id="cite_ref-goacom2049_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goacom2049-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics contend that the Antruz dialect is unintelligible to most Goans, let alone other Konkani people outside Goa, and that Devanagari is used very little as compared to <a href="/wiki/Romi_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Romi Konkani">Romi Konkani</a> in Goa or Konkani in the <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-goacom2049_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goacom2049-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent among the critics are Konkani Christians in Goa, who were at the forefront of the Konkani agitation in 1986–87 and have for a long time used the Roman script, including producing literature in Roman script. They demanded Roman script be given equal status to Devanagari.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Karnataka, which has the largest number of Konkani speakers after Goa, leading organisations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Karnataka has given its approval for teaching of Konkani as an optional third language from 6th to 10th standard students either in Kannada or Devanagari scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_India">Outside India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Outside India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emigration has also brought the Konkani language to foreign countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani phonology</a></div> <p>The Konkani language has 16 basic vowels (excluding an equal number of long vowels), 36 consonants, 5 semi-vowels, 3 sibilants, 1 aspirate, and many <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>. Like the other <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, it has both long and short vowels and syllables with long vowels may appear to be stressed. Different types of nasal vowels are a special feature of the Konkani language.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> stops are <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>. The palatal glides are truly palatal but otherwise the consonants in the palatal column are <a href="/wiki/Alveopalatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveopalatal">alveopalatal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cardona_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardona-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced/voiceless</a> contrasts are found only in the stops and affricates. The fricatives are all voiceless and the <a href="/wiki/Sonorants" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonorants">sonorants</a> are all voiced.<sup id="cite_ref-cardona_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardona-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The initial vowel-syllable is shortened after the <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a>. Many speakers substitute unaspirated consonants for aspirates.<sup id="cite_ref-cardona_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardona-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aspirates in a non-initial position are rare and only occur in careful speech. <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalisation</a>/non-palatisation is found in all <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a>, except for palatal and alveolars. Where a palatalised alveolar is expected, a palatal is found instead. In the case of sonorants, only unaspirated consonants show this contrast, and among the glides only labeo-velar glides exhibit this. Vowels show a contrast between oral and nasal ones<sup id="cite_ref-cardona_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardona-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><b>Vowels</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɵ̃</a></span></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the most distinguishing features of Konkani phonology is the use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a>/</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">close-mid central vowel</a>, instead of the <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>. </p><p>Whereas many Indian languages use only one of the three front vowels, represented by the Devanagari grapheme ए, Konkani uses three: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span>. </p><p>Nasalizations exist for all vowels except for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveopalatal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveopalatal consonant">(Alveolo-)<br />palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th><small>murmured</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">mʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">nʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɳʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡sʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ɕʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th><small>murmured</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡zʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡ʑʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th><small>murmured</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ʋʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">lʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th><small>murmured</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɾʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The consonants in Konkani are similar to those in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konkani grammar is similar to other Indo-Aryan languages. Notably, Konkani grammar is also influenced by Dravidian languages. It cannot be described as a <a href="/wiki/Stress-timed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress-timed language">stress-timed language</a>, nor as a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D2_Konkani_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D2_Konkani-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Speech can be classified into any of the following parts:<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ol><li><i>naam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>)</li> <li><i>sarvanaam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a>)</li> <li><i>visheshan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>)</li> <li><i>kriyapad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>)</li> <li><i>kriyavisheshana</i> (<a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a>)</li> <li><i>ubhayanvayi avyaya</i></li> <li><i>shabdayogi avyaya</i></li> <li><i>kevalaprayogi avyaya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a>)</li></ol> <p>Like most of the Indo-Aryan languages, Konkani is an <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> language, meaning among other things that not only is the verb found at the end of the clause but also <a href="/wiki/Modifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Modifiers">modifiers</a> and complements tend to precede the head and <a href="/wiki/Postpositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpositions">postpositions</a> are far more common than <a href="/wiki/Prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositions">prepositions</a>. In terms of syntax, Konkani is a <i>head-last</i> language, unlike English, which is an <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-kurzden_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurzden-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Almost all the verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and the <i>avyaya</i>s are either <i>tatsama</i> or <i>tadbhava</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs are either <i>tatsama</i> or <i>tadbhava</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellpadding="5px" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:5px; background:white;"> <caption><b>Verbs and their roots:</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <th>Konkani verbs </th> <th>Sanskrit/Prakrit Root </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"> <td>वाच vaach (tatsama) </td> <td>वच् vach </td> <td>read </td></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"> <td>आफय, आपय aaphay, aapay (tatsama) </td> <td>आव्हय् aavhay </td> <td>call, summon </td></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"> <td>रांध raandh (tatsama) </td> <td>रांध् raandh </td> <td>cook </td></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"> <td>बरय baray (tadbhav) </td> <td>वर्णय् varnay </td> <td>write </td></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"> <td>व्हर vhar (tadbhav) </td> <td>हर har </td> <td>take away </td></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"> <td>भक bhak (tadbhav) </td> <td>भक्ष् bhaksh </td> <td>eat </td></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"> <td>हेड hedd (tadbhav) </td> <td>अट् att </td> <td>roam </td></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"> <td>ल्हेव lhev (tadbhav) </td> <td>लेह् leh </td> <td>lick </td></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"> <td>शीन sheen (tadbhav) </td> <td>छिन्न chinna </td> <td>cut </td></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke"> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><small>Source: <i>Koṅkaṇî Dhatukosh</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with <a href="/wiki/Present_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Present participle">present participle</a> of the primary verb, and the auxiliary is partially dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the southern dialects came in contact with Dravidian languages this difference became more prominent in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka Konkani">dialects spoken in Karnataka</a> whereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form.</li></ul> <p>For example, "I eat" and "I am eating" sound similar in Goan Konkani, due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech. "Hāv khātā" corresponds to "I am eating". On the other hand, in Karnataka Konkani "hāv khātā" corresponds to "I eat", and "hāv khātoāsā" or "hāv khāter āsā" means "I am eating". However the word "jito" (living) is universal, "to jitoāsā" (he is living). </p> <ul><li>Out of eight <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical cases">grammatical cases</a>, Konkani has totally lost the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has partially lost the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental cases</a> too.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So the preserved cases are: the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative case</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apabhramsha_and_metathesis">Apabhramsha and metathesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Apabhramsha and metathesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Like Marathi and Gujarati, the Konkani language has three genders. During the Middle Ages, most of the Indo-Aryan languages lost their neuter gender, except Maharashtri, in which it is retained much more in Marathi than Konkani.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gender in Konkani is purely grammatical and unconnected to sex.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a> is a characteristic of all the middle and modern Indo-Aryan languages including Konkani. Consider the Sanskrit word "स्नुषा" (daughter-in law). Here, the ष is dropped, and स्नु alone is utilised, स्नु-->स/नु and you get the word सुन (metathesis of <i>ukar</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-meta_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meta-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Unlike Sanskrit, <i><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></i> has great importance in Konkani. A characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Indo-Aryan">Middle Indo-Aryan</a> dialects, Konkani still retains the <i>anusvara</i> on the initial or final syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly <i><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></i>, is totally lost and is assimilated with उ and/or ओ. For example, in Sanskrit दीपः becomes दिवो and दुःख becomes दुख.</li> <li>Konkani retains the pitch accent, which is a direct derivative of Vedic accent, which probably would account for "nasalism" in Konkani.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "breathed" accent is retained in most of the <i>tatsama</i>s than the <i>tadbhava</i>s.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a> also affects the accent.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Konkani has lost its passive voice, and now the transitive verbs in their perfects are equivalent to passives.</li> <li>Konkani has rejected ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ, ष, and क्ष, which are assimilated with र, ख, ह, श and स.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sanskrit compound letters are avoided in Konkani. For example, in Sanskrit द्वे, प्राय, गृहस्थ, उद्योत become बे, पिराय, गिरेस्त, and उज्जो respectively in Konkani.<sup id="cite_ref-jana_91-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jana-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vocabulary from Konkani comes from a number of sources. The main source is Prakrits. So Sanskrit as a whole has played a very important part in Konkani vocabulary. Konkani vocabulary is made of <span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="kok-Latn">tatsama</i></span> (Sanskrit loanwords without change), <span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="kok-Latn">tadhbhava</i></span> (evolved Sanskrit words), <span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="kok-Latn">deshya</i></span> (indigenous words) and <span title="Konkani (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="kok-Latn">antardeshya</i></span> (foreign words). Other sources of vocabulary are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Finally, Kannada, Marathi, and Portuguese have enriched its lexical content.<sup id="cite_ref-kurzden_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurzden-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Goa was a major trade centre for visiting Arabs and Turks, many Arabic and Persian words infiltrated the Konkani language.<sup id="cite_ref-manohar1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manohar1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of Arabic and Persian words now form an integral part of Konkani vocabulary and are commonly used in day-to-day life; examples are <i>karz</i> (debt), <i>fakt</i> (only), <i>dusman</i> (enemy), and <i>barik</i> (thin).<sup id="cite_ref-manohar1_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manohar1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single and compound words are found wherein the original meaning has been changed or distorted. Examples include <i>mustaiki</i> (from Arabic <i>mustaid</i>, meaning "ready"), and <i>kapan khairo</i> ("eater of one's own shroud", meaning "a miser"). </p><p>Most of the old Konkani Hindu literature does not show any influence from Portuguese. Even the dialects spoken by the majority of Goan Hindus have a very limited Portuguese influence. On the other hand, dialects spoken by the Catholics from Goa (as well as the Canara to some extent) and their religious literature show a strong Portuguese influence. They contain a number of Portuguese lexical items, but these are almost all religious terms. Even in the context of religious terminology, the missionaries adapted native terms associated with Hindu religious concepts. (For example, <i>krupa</i> for grace, Y<i>amakunda</i> for hell, V<i>aikuntha</i> for paradise and so on). The syntax used by <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Goan_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Goan Catholics">their literature</a> shows a prominent Portuguese influence. As a result, many Portuguese loanwords are now commonly found in common Konkani speech.<sup id="cite_ref-porin_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porin-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese influence is also evident in the <a href="/wiki/Marathi%E2%80%93Konkani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi–Konkani languages">Marathi–Konkani</a> spoken in the former Northern Konkan district, <a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thane</a> a variant of Konkani used by <a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indians" title="Bombay East Indians">Bombay East Indians</a> Catholic community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sanskritisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konkani is not highly Sanskritised like <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, but still retains <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apabhramsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsa">apabhramsa</a> structures, verbal forms, and vocabulary. Though the Goan Hindu dialect is highly Prakritised, numerous Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> are found, while the Catholic dialect has historically drawn many terms from Portuguese. The Catholic literary dialect has now adopted Sanskritic vocabulary itself, and the Catholic Church has also adopted a <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-cardona_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardona-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the relative unfamiliarity of the recently introduced Sanskritic vocabulary to the new Catholic generations, there has not been wide resistance to the change.<sup id="cite_ref-cardona_88-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardona-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, southern Konkani dialects, having been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> − one of the languages of Dravidian origin − have undergone re-Sanskritisation over time.<sup id="cite_ref-cardona_88-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardona-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KonkaniNames.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/KonkaniNames.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="364" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>The name <i>Konkani</i> in the five scripts it is written in: <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Konkani_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkani script">Konkani script</a></div> <p>Konkani has been compelled to become a language using a multiplicity of scripts, and not just one single script used everywhere. This has led to an outward splitting up of the same language, which is spoken and understood by all, despite some inevitable dialectal convergences.<sup id="cite_ref-rais_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rais-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past">Past</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Past"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> for Konkani fell into disuse.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, some inscriptions were written in <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">old Nagari</a>. However, owing to the Portuguese conquest in 1510 and the subsequent various restrictions imposed by the Inquisition, some early forms of Devanagari fell out of use in Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-rais_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rais-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese promulgated a law banning the use of non-Roman scripts for Konkani in Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another script, called <i>Kandevi</i> or <i>Goykandi</i>, was used for Konkani since the times of the <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadambas</a>, although it lost its popularity after the 17th century. Kandevi/Goykandi is very different from the <a href="/wiki/Halegannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Halegannada">Halegannada</a> script, with strikingly similar features.<sup id="cite_ref-archives_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Halegannada, Kandevi/Goykandi letters were usually written with a distinctive horizontal bar, like the Nagari scripts. This script may have been evolved out of the <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba script</a>, which was extensively used in Goa and Konkan.<sup id="cite_ref-goy_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goy-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known inscription in Devanagari dates to 1187 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Sardesaya_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sardesaya-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman script">Roman script</a> has the oldest preserved and protected literary tradition, beginning from the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present">Present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konkani is written in five scripts: <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Devanagari is the official script used to write Konkani in Goa and Maharashtra, most Konkanis (especially Hindus) in those two states write the language in Devanagari. However, Konkani is widely written in the Roman script (called <a href="/wiki/Romi_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Romi Konkani">Romi Konkani</a>) by many Konkanis, (especially Catholics).<sup id="cite_ref-konk_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konk-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because for many years, all Konkani literature was in the Latin script, and Catholic <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> and other religious literature has always been in the Roman script. Most people of Karnataka use the <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a>; however, the Saraswats of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> use the Devanagari script in the <a href="/wiki/North_Kanara" class="mw-redirect" title="North Kanara">uttara Kannada</a> district. <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam script</a> was used by the Konkani community in Kerala, but there has been a move towards the usage of the Devanagari script in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a> use Arabic script to write Konkani. There has been to trend towards the usage of the Arabic script among Muslim communities; this coincides with them mixing more Urdu and Arabic words into their Konkani dialects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When the Sahitya Akademi recognised Konkani in 1975 as an independent and literary language, one of the important factors was the literary heritage of Romi Konkani since the year 1556. However, after Konkani in the Devanagari script was made the official language of Goa in 1987, the Sahitya Akademi has supported only writers in the Devanagari script. For a very long time there has been a rising demand for official recognition of Romi Konkani by Catholics in Goa because a sizeable population of the people in Goa use the Roman script. Also a lot of the content on the Internet and the staging of the famed <a href="/wiki/Tiatr" title="Tiatr">Tiatr</a> is written in Romi Konkani. In January 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_High_Court#Goa_bench" title="Bombay High Court">Goa Bench</a> of the Bombay High Court issued a notice to the state government on a <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Interest Litigation">Public Interest Litigation</a> filed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romi_Lipi_Action_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romi Lipi Action Front (page does not exist)">Romi Lipi Action Front</a> seeking to amend the Official Language Act to grant official language status to Romi Konkani but has not yet been granted.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alphabet/vaṇamāḷha"><span id="Alphabet.2Fva.E1.B9.87am.C4.81.E1.B8.B7ha"></span>Alphabet/<i>vaṇamāḷha</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Alphabet/vaṇamāḷha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowels, consonants, and their arrangement are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:60px; width:95%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">अ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">a</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">आ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ā</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">इ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">i</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ई</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ī</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">उ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">u</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ऊ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ū</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ए</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">e</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ऐ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ai</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːi/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ओ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">o</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">औ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">au</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːu/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">अं</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">aṃ</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">अः</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">aḥ</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:400px; width:95%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">क</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ka</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ख</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kha</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ग</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ga</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">घ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gha</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʱ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ङ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṅa</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">च</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ca</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/c,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">छ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">cha</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/cʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃʰ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ज</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ja</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">झ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jha</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟʱ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒʱ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ञ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ña</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ट</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṭa</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ठ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṭha</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʰ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ड</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḍa</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ढ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḍha</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖʱ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ण</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṇa</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">त</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ta</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">थ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tha</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪ʰ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">द</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">da</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ध</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">dha</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪ʱ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">न</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">na</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">प</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pa</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">फ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pha</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ब</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ba</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">भ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bha</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">म</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ma</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">य</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ya</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">र</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ra</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ल</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">la</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">व</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">va</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ष</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṣa</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">श</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śa</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">स</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sa</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ह</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ha</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ळ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḷa</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">//ɭ//</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">क्ष</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṣa</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʃ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ज्ञ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jña</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟʝɲ/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam script</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka Konkani">Karnataka Konkani</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konkani_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Konkani_languages.png/220px-Konkani_languages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Konkani_languages.png/330px-Konkani_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Konkani_languages.png/440px-Konkani_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Venn diagram of the ISO codes of the Konkani languages</figcaption></figure> <p>Konkani, despite having a small population, shows a very high number of <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>. The dialect tree structure of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region, religion, caste, and local tongue influence.<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers, <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Govind_Kalelkar" title="Narayan Govind Kalelkar">N. G. Kalelkar</a> has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups:<sup id="cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Northern Konkani</b>: Dialects spoken in the Sindhudurga district of Maharashtra with strong cultural ties to <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>; i.e. <a href="/wiki/Malvani_language" title="Malvani language">Malvani</a></li> <li><b>Central Konkani</b>: Dialects in Goa and Northern Karnataka, where Konkani came in close contact with Portuguese language and culture.</li> <li><b>Southern Konkani</b>: Dialects spoken in the South Canara region (Mangalore, Udupi) of Karnataka and Kasaragod of Kerala, which came in close contact with <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>. Southern Konkani has absorbed lot of loanwords and elements from kannada along with few loanwords from Tulu, in some case with slight differences in pronunciation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goan_Konkani">Goan Konkani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Goan Konkani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Konkani_language" title="Special:EditPage/Konkani language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Konkani_section_of_the_Golden_Heart_Emporium,_Margao,_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Entrance_to_Konkani_section_of_the_Golden_Heart_Emporium%2C_Margao%2C_Goa.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Konkani_section_of_the_Golden_Heart_Emporium%2C_Margao%2C_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Entrance_to_Konkani_section_of_the_Golden_Heart_Emporium%2C_Margao%2C_Goa.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_Konkani_section_of_the_Golden_Heart_Emporium%2C_Margao%2C_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Entrance_to_Konkani_section_of_the_Golden_Heart_Emporium%2C_Margao%2C_Goa.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_Konkani_section_of_the_Golden_Heart_Emporium%2C_Margao%2C_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to Konkani section of the Golden Heart Emporium, Margao, Goa</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Goan Konkani</b> refers to all the central dialects of the Konkani <a href="/wiki/Macrolanguage" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrolanguage">macrolanguage</a> except for those that fall under <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Konkani" title="Maharashtri Konkani">Maharashtri Konkani</a>. These dialects are collectively assigned the language code <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">gom</code> under the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> classification (since it is sometimes called <i>Goan Marathi</i>). </p><p>In common usage, Goan Konkani refers collectively only to those dialects of Konkani spoken primarily in the state of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, for eg. The Antruz, Bardeskari & Saxtti dialects. But in the broader linguistic context, Goan Konkani also includes dialects spoken outside the official boundaries of Goa, such as <a href="/wiki/Malvani_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvani Konkani">Malvani Konkani</a>, Chitpavani Konkani, Karwari Konkani, <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalorean">Mangalorean</a> Konkani etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisations">Organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Goa_TSKK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/India_Goa_TSKK.jpg/220px-India_Goa_TSKK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/India_Goa_TSKK.jpg/330px-India_Goa_TSKK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/India_Goa_TSKK.jpg/440px-India_Goa_TSKK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The campus of the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stephens_Konkkni_Kendr" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr">Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK)</a>, a research institute working on issues related to the Konkani language, located at Alto Porvorim, near <a href="/wiki/Panaji" title="Panaji">Panaji</a> in Goa</figcaption></figure> <p>There are organisations working for Konkani but, primarily, these were restricted to individual communities. The <a href="/wiki/All_India_Konkani_Parishad" title="All India Konkani Parishad">All India Konkani Parishad</a> founded on 8 July 1939, provided a common ground for Konkani people from all regions.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new organisation known as Vishwa Konkani Parishad, which aims to be an all-inclusive and pluralistic umbrella organisation for Konkanis around the world, was founded on 11 September 2005. </p><p>Mandd Sobhann is the premier organisation that is striving hard to preserve, promote, propagate, and enrich the Konkani language and culture. It all began with the experiment called 'Mandd Sobhann' – a search for a Konkani identity in Konkani music on 30 November 1986 at Mangalore. What began as a performance titled 'Mandd Sobhann', grew into a movement of revival and rejuvenation of Konkani culture; and solidified into an organization called Mandd Sobhann. Today, Mandd Sobhann boasts of all these 3 identities namely - a performance, a movement and an organization.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.manddsobhann.org/">https://www.manddsobhann.org/</a> </p><p>The Konkan Daiz Yatra, started in 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, is the oldest Konkani organisation. The Konkani Bhasha Mandal was born in Mumbai on 5 April 1942, during the Third Adhiveshan of <a href="/wiki/All_India_Konkani_Parishad" title="All India Konkani Parishad">All India Konkani Parishad</a>. On 28 December 1984, <a href="/wiki/Goa_Konkani_Akademi" title="Goa Konkani Akademi">Goa Konkani Akademi</a> (GKA) was founded by the government of Goa to promote Konkani language, literature, and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stephens_Konkkni_Kendr" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr">Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK)</a> is a popular research institute based in the <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goan</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Panaji" title="Panaji">Panaji</a>. It works on issues related to the Konkani language, literature, culture, and education.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dalgado_Konkani_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalgado Konkani Academy">Dalgado Konkani Academy</a> is a popular Konkani organisation based in Panaji. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Konkani_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/World_Konkani_Centre.jpg/220px-World_Konkani_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/World_Konkani_Centre.jpg/330px-World_Konkani_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/World_Konkani_Centre.jpg/440px-World_Konkani_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>World Konkani Centre, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Konkani Triveni Kala Sangam is one more famed Konkani organisation in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, which is engaged in the vocation of patronising Konkani language through the theatre movement. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka" title="Government of Karnataka">government of Karnataka</a> established the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademy on 20 April 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Konkani Ekvott is an umbrella organisation of the Konkani bodies in Goa. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_World_Konkani_Convention" title="First World Konkani Convention">First World Konkani Convention</a> was held in Mangalore in December 1995. The Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation came into being immediately after the World Konkani Convention in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Konkani_Centre" title="World Konkani Centre">World Konkani Centre</a> built on a three-acre plot called Konkani Gaon (Konkani Village) at Shakti Nagar, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> was inaugurated on 17 January 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to serve as a nodal agency for the preservation and overall development of Konkani language, art, and culture involving all the Konkani people the world over." </p><p>The North American Konkani Association (NAKA) serves to unite Konkanis across the United States and Canada. It serves as a parent organization for smaller Konkani associations in various states. Furthermore, the Konkani Young Adult Group serves as a platform under NAKA to allow young adults across America (18+) of Konkani descent to meet each other and celebrate their heritage. Every 2–4 years, a Konkani Sammelan, where Konkanis from across the continent attend, is held in a different city in the US. A Konkani Youth Convention is held yearly. Past locations have included NYC and Atlanta; the upcoming youth convention is slated to be held in Chicago, IL in June. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Konkani_literature" title="Konkani literature">Konkani literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doutrina_Christam_(book_of_Stephens,_1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Doutrina_Christam_%28book_of_Stephens%2C_1622%29.jpg/220px-Doutrina_Christam_%28book_of_Stephens%2C_1622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Doutrina_Christam_%28book_of_Stephens%2C_1622%29.jpg/330px-Doutrina_Christam_%28book_of_Stephens%2C_1622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Doutrina_Christam_%28book_of_Stephens%2C_1622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <i>Dovtrina Christam</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stephens_(missionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stephens (missionary)">Fr. Thomas Stephens</a>, first published work in Konkani, and any Indian language</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> which commenced in 1560, all books found in the Konkani language were burnt, and it is possible that old Konkani literature was destroyed as a consequence.<sup id="cite_ref-onqui_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onqui-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest writer in the history of Konkani language known today is <a href="/wiki/Krishnadas_Shama" title="Krishnadas Shama">Krishnadas Shama</a> from <a href="/wiki/Quelossim" title="Quelossim">Quelossim</a> in Goa. He began writing 25 April 1526, and he authored <i>Ramayana</i>, <i>Mahabharata</i>, and <i>Krishnacharitrakatha</i> in <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> style. The manuscripts have not been found, although transliterations in Roman script are found in <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> in Portugal. The script used by him for his work is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-sama_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sama-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known printed book in Konkani was written by an English <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stephens_(missionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stephens (missionary)">Fr. Thomas Stephens</a> in 1622, and entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Doutrina_Christam_em_Lingoa_Bramana_Canarim" title="Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim">Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim</a></i> (Old Portuguese for: <i>Christian Doctrine in the Canarese Brahman Language</i>). The first book exclusively on Konkani grammar, <i><a href="/wiki/Arte_da_Lingoa_Canarim" title="Arte da Lingoa Canarim">Arte da Lingoa Canarim</a></i>, was printed in 1640 by Father Stephens in Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-manohar_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manohar-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> started broadcasting Konkani news and other services. Radio Goa Pangim started a Konkani broadcast in 1945. AIR Mumbai and Dharwad later started Konkani broadcasts in the years 1952 and 1965 respectively. Portuguese Radio, Lisbon started services in 1955 for India, East Africa, and Portugal. Similarly <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alleppey" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleppey">Alleppey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichur" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichur">Trichur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> AIR centres started Konkani broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-manohar_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manohar-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Manglore and Udupi, many weekly news magazines are published in Konkani. <i>Rakno</i>, <i>Daize</i>, and a few others are very famous among the Christian community. Every Roman Catholic parish will publish three or four magazines in a year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print">Print</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Print"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Udentichem Sallok</i> was the first Konkani periodical published in 1888, from Poona, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Bruno_de_Souza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Bruno de Souza (page does not exist)">Eduardo Bruno de Souza</a>. It started as a monthly and then as a fortnightly. It closed down in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dailies">Dailies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Dailies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sanjechem Nokhetr</i> was started in 1907 by <a href="/wiki/B._F._Cabral" title="B. F. Cabral">B. F. Cabral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, and is the first <i>Concanim</i> (or Konkani) newspaper. It contained detailed news of <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, British India, as it was published from there. In 1982, <i>Novem Goem</i> was a daily edited by <a href="/wiki/Gurunath_Kelekar" title="Gurunath Kelekar">Gurunath Kelekar</a>, F. M. Rebello and Felicio Cardozo. It was started due to people's initiative. In 1989, Fr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freddy_J._da_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freddy J. da Costa (page does not exist)">Freddy J. da Costa</a>, began a Konkani daily <i>Goencho Avaz</i>. It became a monthly after one and a half year. Presently there is just a single Konkani daily newspaper, called <i>Bhaangar Bhuin</i>. For a long time, there was another Konkani daily, <i><a href="/wiki/Sunaparant" title="Sunaparant">Sunaparant</a></i>, which was published in <a href="/wiki/Panjim" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjim">Panjim</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weeklies">Weeklies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Weeklies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>O Luzo-Concanim</i> was a Concanim (Konkani)- Portuguese bilingual weekly, begun in 1891, by Aleixo Caitano José Francisco. From 1892 to 1897, <i>A Luz, O Bombaim Esse, A Lua, "O Intra Jijent</i> and <i>O Opinião Nacional</i> were bilingual Concanim- Portuguese weeklies published. In 1907, <i>O Goano</i> was putblished from Bombay by Honorato Furtado and Francis Xavier Furtado. It was a trilingual weekly in Portuguese, Konkani and English. </p><p>The Society of the Missionaries of Saint Francis Xavier, publish the Konkani weekly (satollem) named <i><a href="/wiki/Vauraddeancho_Ixtt" title="Vauraddeancho Ixtt">Vauraddeancho Ixtt</a></i>. from Pilar. It was started in 1933 by Fr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsencio_Fernandes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsencio Fernandes (page does not exist)">Arsencio Fernandes</a> and Fr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graciano_Moraes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graciano Moraes (page does not exist)">Graciano Moraes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fortnightly">Fortnightly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Fortnightly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a fortnightly published newspaper since 2007 called <i>Kodial Khaber</i>, edited by Venkatesh Baliga Mavinakurve and published by Baliga Publications, Mangalore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monthlies">Monthlies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Monthlies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katolik_Sovostkai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katolik Sovostkai (page does not exist)">Katolik Sovostkai</a></i> was started in 1907 by Roldão Noronha. It later became a fortnightly before ceasing publication. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Dor_Mhoineachi_Rotti" title="Dor Mhoineachi Rotti">Dor Mhoineachi Rotti</a></i> is the oldest running Konkani periodical. It is dedicated to the spreading of the devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a>, and was initially named Dor Muineachi Rotti Povitra Jesucha Calzachem Devoçãõ Vaddounchi. Note that the til (tilde mark) over ãõ in Devoçãõ is one single til. Fr. <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lobo" title="Vincent Lobo">Vincent Lobo</a>, from Sangolda in Goa, who was then curator at the St. Patrick's Church in Karachi, began it in 1915, to feed the spiritual thirst and hunger of the large number of Konkani speaking people there, on noticing the absence of Konkani spiritual literature. The name was changed subsequently to "Dor Muiniachi Rotti, Concanim Messenger of the Sacred Heart". On Fr. Vincent Lobo's passing away on 11 November 1922, Fr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Ludovico_Pereira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Ludovico Pereira (page does not exist)">António Ludovico Pereira</a>, also from Sangolda, took over the responsibility. Dor Mhoineachi Rotti had an estimated readership of around 12,000 people then. After the passing away of Fr. António Ludovico Pereira on 26 July 1936, Fr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antanasio_Moniz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antanasio Moniz (page does not exist)">Antanasio Moniz</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Verna,_Goa" title="Verna, Goa">Verna</a>, took over. On his passing away in 1953, Fr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_D%27Souza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elias D'Souza (page does not exist)">Elias D'Souza</a>, from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodiem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodiem (page does not exist)">Bodiem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tivim" title="Tivim">Tivim</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> became the fourth editor of Dor Mhoineachi Rotti. After shifting to <a href="/wiki/Velha_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Velha Goa">Velha Goa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> around 1964, Fr. <a href="/wiki/Moreno_de_Souza" title="Moreno de Souza">Moreno de Souza</a> was editor for around 42 years. Presently the Dor Mhuineachi Rotti is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> in Goa, edited by Fr. <a href="/wiki/Vasco_do_Rego" title="Vasco do Rego">Vasco do Rego</a>, S. J. and printed and published by Fr. Jose Silveira, S.J. on behalf of the Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in Goa. <a href="/wiki/Dor_Mhoineachi_Rotti" title="Dor Mhoineachi Rotti">Dor Mhoineachi Rotti</a> will complete 100 years on 1 January 2015. </p><p><i>Gulab</i> is a monthly from Goa. It was started by late Fr. Freddy J. da Costa in 1983, and was printed in colour, then uncommon. </p><p>Konkani periodicals published in Goa include <i><a href="/wiki/Vauraddeancho_Ixtt" title="Vauraddeancho Ixtt">Vauraddeancho Ixtt</a></i> (Roman script, weekly), <i>Gulab</i> (Roman script, monthly), <i>Bimb</i> (Devanagari script, monthly), <i>Panchkadayi</i> (Kannada script, monthly) and <i>Poddbimb</i> (Roman script, monthly). Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include "Raknno" (Kannada script, weekly), "DIVO" (Kannada Script, weekly from Mumbai), "Kutmacho Sevak" (Kannada script, monthly), "Dirvem" (Kannada script, monthly),"Amcho Sandesh" (Kannada script, monthly) and "Kajulo" (Kannda script, children's magazine, monthly). Konkani periodical published in Udupi include "Uzwad" (Kannada script, monthly) and Naman Ballok Jezu (Kannada script, monthly). Ekvottavorvim Uzvadd (Devanagari Script, monthly) is published from Belgaum since 1998. Panchkadayi Konkani Monthly magazine from Manipal since 1967. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_and_audible">Digital and audible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Digital and audible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first complete literary website in Konkani started in 2001 using Kannada script was www.maaibhaas.com by Naveen Sequeira of Brahmavara. In 2003 www.daaiz.com started by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, this literary portal was instrumental in creating a wider range of readers across the globe, apart from various columns, literary contests, through Ashawadi Prakashan, he published several books in Konkani, including the first e-book 'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' released by Gerry DMello Bendur in 2005 at Karkala. </p><p>www.poinnari.com is the first literary webportal in Konkani using three scripts (Kannada, Nagari and Romi), started in 2015, is also conducted the first National level literary contest in dual scripts in Konkani in 2017. </p><p>'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' is the first e-book in Konkani, a compilation of 100 poems digitally published by www.daaiz.com and digitally published in 2005 by Ashawadi Prakashan in Karkala. </p><p>'Kathadaaiz' is the first digital audio book digitally published in 2018 by www.poinnari.com. This audio book is also available in the YouTube channel of Ashawari Prakashan. </p><p>'Pattim Gamvak' is the first e-Novel written in Kannada script Konkani in 2002 by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, published in www.maaibhaas.com in 2002-3. </p><p>'Veez' is the first digital weekly in Konkani, started in 2018 by Austine D'Souza Prabhu in Chicago, USA. Veez is the only magazine publishing Konkani in 4 scripts; Kannada, Nagari, Romi and Malayalam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Konkani-language_television_channels" title="List of Konkani-language television channels">List of Konkani-language television channels</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> centre in Panjim produces Konkani programs, which are broadcast in the evening. Many local Goan channels also broadcast Konkani television programs. These include: Prudent Media, Goa 365, HCN, RDX Goa, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani cinema</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 February 2024, the song 'Addicted' by EZD and Chrystal Farrell entered <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> charts of <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> at 3rd position alongside artists like <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Weeknd" title="The Weeknd">The Weeknd</a>, creating a record of becoming the first ever Konkani song on the charts.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Konkani songs of the Goan fisher-folk appear recurrently in a number of <a href="/wiki/Hindi_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi films">Hindi films</a>. Many Hindi movies feature characters with a Goan Catholic accent. A famous song from the 1957 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Aasha_(1957_film)" title="Aasha (1957 film)">Aasha</a></i>, contains the Konkani words "mhaka naka" and became extremely popular. Children were chanting "<a href="/wiki/Eeny,_meeny,_miny,_moe" title="Eeny, meeny, miny, moe">Eeny, meeny, miny, moe</a>", which inspired <a href="/wiki/C_Ramchandra" class="mw-redirect" title="C Ramchandra">C Ramchandra</a> and his assistant John Gomes to create the first line of the song, "Eena Meena Deeka, De Dai Damanika". Gomes, who was a <a href="/wiki/Goan" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan">Goan</a>, added the words "mhaka naka" (Konkani for "I don't want"). They kept on adding more nonsense rhymes until they ended with "Rum pum po!".<sup id="cite_ref-bolly_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolly-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashwin_story_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashwin_story-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An international ad campaign by <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2007 Cricket World Cup">2007 Cricket World Cup</a> featured a Konkani song "Rav Patrao Rav" as the background theme. It was based on the tune of an older song "<a href="/wiki/Bebdo" title="Bebdo">Bebdo</a>", composed by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Perry_(musician)" title="Chris Perry (musician)">Chris Perry</a> and sung by <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Cordeiro" title="Lorna Cordeiro">Lorna Cordeiro</a>. The new lyrics were written by Agnello Dias (who worked in the ad agency that made the ad), recomposed by Ram Sampat, and sung by Ella Castellino. </p><p>A Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, organised by Mandd Sobhann, was held in <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> on 26 and 27 January 2008, and entered the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a> for holding a 40-hour-long non-stop musical singing marathon, beating a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian people">Brazilian</a> musical troupe who had previously held the record of singing non-stop for 36 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay East Indian dialect">Bombay East Indian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canara_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara Konkani">Canara Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_in_the_Roman_script" title="Konkani in the Roman script">Konkani in the Roman script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Language_Agitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkani Language Agitation">Konkani Language Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkani Poets">Konkani Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Script" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkani Script">Konkani Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Konkani" title="List of loanwords in Konkani">List of loanwords in Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Languages with official status in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">List of languages by number of native speakers in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtri">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvani_people" title="Malvani people">Malvani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi%E2%80%93Konkani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi–Konkani languages">Marathi–Konkani languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisaci">Paisaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award_to_Konkani_Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahitya Akademi Award to Konkani Writers">Sahitya Akademi Award to Konkani Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Konkani_Centre" title="World Konkani Centre">World Konkani Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Konkani_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="World Konkani Hall of Fame">World Konkani Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman script is not mandated as an official script by law. However, an ordinance passed by the government of Goa allows the use of Roman script for official communication. This ordinance has been put into effect by various ministries in varying degrees. For example, the 1996 Goa Panchayat Rules stipulate that the various forms used in the election process must be in both the Roman and Devanagari script. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://panchayatsgoa.gov.in/pdfdoc/Panchayat_Raj_Act_and_Rules.pdf?#zoom=100">"Panchayat Raj Act And Rules"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>panchayatsgoa.gov.in</i>. 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610181357/https://panchayatsgoa.gov.in/pdfdoc/Panchayat_Raj_Act_and_Rules.pdf?#zoom=100">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=panchayatsgoa.gov.in&rft.atitle=Panchayat+Raj+Act+And+Rules&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpanchayatsgoa.gov.in%2Fpdfdoc%2FPanchayat_Raj_Act_and_Rules.pdf%3F%23zoom%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The use of Kannada script is not mandated by any law or ordinance. However, in the state of Karnataka, Konkani is used in the Kannada script instead of the Devanagari script.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konkani is a name given to a group of several cognate dialects spoken along the narrow strip of land called <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a>, on the western coast of India. Geographically, Konkan is defined roughly as the area between the <a href="/wiki/Daman_Ganga_River" title="Daman Ganga River">Daman Ganga River</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Kali_River_(Karnataka)" title="Kali River (Karnataka)">Kali River</a> to the south; the north–south length is about 650 km and the east–west breadth is about 50 km. The dialect spoken in Goa, coastal Karnataka and in some parts of Northern Kerala has distinct features and is rightly identified as a separate language called Konkani.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chavundaraya" title="Chavundaraya">Chavundaraya</a> was the military chief of the Ganga dynasty-era King Gangaraya. This inscription on the Bahubali statue draws attention to a Basadi (Jain Temple) initially built by him and then modified by Gangaraya in the 12th century AD. Ref: S. Settar in Adiga (2006), p256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The above inscription has been quite controversial, and is touted as old-Marathi. But the distinctive instrumental <i>viyalem</i> ending of the verb is the hallmark of the Konkani language, and the verb <i>sutatale</i> or <i>sutatalap</i> is not prevalent in Marathi. So linguists and historians such as S.B. Kulkarni of Nagpur University, V.P. Chavan (former vice-president of the Anthropological Society of Mumbai), and others have thus concluded that it is Konkani.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MadhaviSardesai-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadhaviSardesai_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/543/543%20madhavi%20sardesai.htm">Mother Tongue blues</a> – Madhavi Sardesai</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kenya-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kenya_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteley1974" class="citation book cs1">Whiteley, Wilfred Howell (1974). <i>Language in Kenya</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 589.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+Kenya&rft.pages=589&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Whiteley&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+Howell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curzon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curzon_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzon2004" class="citation book cs1">Kurzon, Denis (2004). <i>Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters</i>. Multilingual Matters. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-673-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-673-5"><bdi>978-1-85359-673-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+East+looks+West%3A+success+in+English+in+Goa+and+on+the+Konkan+Coast+Volume+125+of+Multilingual+matters&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-673-5&rft.aulast=Kurzon&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html">"Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011"</a>. <i>www.censusindia.gov.in</i>. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Statement+1%3A+Abstract+of+speakers%27+strength+of+languages+and+mother+tongues+-+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage_MTs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapoor2002" class="citation book cs1">Kapoor, Subodh (10 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LqRXZPJTUoC&pg=PA4230"><i>The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya</i></a>. Cosmo Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788177552713" title="Special:BookSources/9788177552713"><bdi>9788177552713</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Encyclopaedia%3A+La+Behmen-Maheya&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2002-04-10&rft.isbn=9788177552713&rft.aulast=Kapoor&rft.aufirst=Subodh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LqRXZPJTUoC%26pg%3DPA4230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goacom2049-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goacom2049_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goacom2049_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goacom2049_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goacom2049_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goacom2049_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/H1jxktcU/goanet-reader-puzzle-wrapped-in-an-enigma-understanding-konkani-in-goa">"PUZZLE WRAPPED IN AN ENIGMA: UNDERSTANDING KONKANI IN GOA"</a>. 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PUZZLE+WRAPPED+IN+AN+ENIGMA%3A+UNDERSTANDING+KONKANI+IN+GOA&rft.date=2011-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoanet.goanet.narkive.com%2FH1jxktcU%2Fgoanet-reader-puzzle-wrapped-in-an-enigma-understanding-konkani-in-goa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-official-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-official_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304010627/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/419.pdf">"The Goa Daman and Diu Official Language Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/419.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Goa+Daman+and+Diu+Official+Language+Act&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findia.gov.in%2Fallimpfrms%2Fallacts%2F419.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lisindia.net/konkani/konkani.html">"Konkani Language and History"</a>. Language Information Service. 6 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Konkani+Language+and+History&rft.pub=Language+Information+Service&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lisindia.net%2Fkonkani%2Fkonkani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/parta.htm">"Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages- India/ States/ Union Territories – 2001 Census"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+the+22+Scheduled+Languages-+India%2F+States%2F+Union+Territories+%E2%80%93+2001+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2FCensus_Data_2001%2FCensus_Data_Online%2FLanguage%2Fparta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardona,_Jain2007" class="citation book cs1">Cardona, Jain, George, Dhanesh (2007). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Routledge. pp. 1088 pages (see page:803–804). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415772945" title="Special:BookSources/9780415772945"><bdi>9780415772945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=1088+pages+%28see+page%3A803-804%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780415772945&rft.aulast=Cardona%2C+Jain&rft.aufirst=George%2C+Dhanesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardona,_Jain2007" class="citation book cs1">Cardona, Jain, George, Dhanesh (2007). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. 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Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8"><bdi>978-0-19-513977-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics%3A+4-Volume+Set&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2003-05&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513977-8&rft.aulast=Frawley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsl_dDVctycgC%26dq%3DDamani%2BMaharashtri%2BKonkani%26pg%3DRA3-PA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/konkanis-to-be-blamed-for-lingos-precarious-state/articleshow/65494285.cms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Konkanis to be blamed for lingo's precarious state' - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 22 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Konkani Sahitya Prakashan. pp. 118 pages (see page:2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Konkani+language+and+literature%3A+Professor+Armando+Menezes+felicitation+volume&rft.pages=118+pages+%28see+page%3A2%29&rft.pub=Konkani+Sahitya+Prakashan&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Menezes&rft.aufirst=Armando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pak-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pak_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanardhan1991" class="citation book cs1">Janardhan, Pandarinath Bhuvanendra (1991). <i>A Higher Konkani grammar</i>. P.B. Janardhan. pp. 540 pages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Higher+Konkani+grammar&rft.pages=540+pages&rft.pub=P.B.+Janardhan&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Janardhan&rft.aufirst=Pandarinath+Bhuvanendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nam-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nam_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>V.J.P. Saldanha</i>. Sahitya Akademi. 2004. pp. 81 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126020287" title="Special:BookSources/9788126020287"><bdi>9788126020287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V.J.P.+Saldanha&rft.pages=81+pages&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788126020287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Saldanha 717. J. Thekkedath, however, quotes Jose Pereira to the following effect: "A lay brother of the College of St Paul around 1563 composed the first grammar of Konkani. His work was continued by Fr Henry Henriques and later by Fr Thomas Stephens. The grammar of Fr Stephens was ready in manuscript form before the year 1619." (Jose Pereira, ed., "Gaspar de S. Miguel's Arte da Lingoa Canarim, parte 2a, Sintaxis copiossisima na lingoa Bramana e pollida," <i>Journal of the University of Bombay</i> [Sept. 1967] 3–5, as cited in J. Thekkedath, <i>History of Christianity in India, vol. II: From the Middle of the Sixteenth to the End of the Seventeenth Century (1542–1700)</i> [Bangalore: TPI for CHAI, 1982] 409).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rai-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rai_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSardessai2000" class="citation book cs1">Sardessai, Manohar Rai (2000). "Missionary period". <i>A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992</i>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Missionary+period&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Konkani+literature%3A+from+1500+to+1992&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sardessai&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Rai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arte Canarina na lingoa do Norte. Anonymous MS, edited by Cunha Rivara under the title: Gramática da Língua Concani no dialecto do Norte, composta no seculo XVII por um Missionário Português; e agora pela primeira vez dada à estampa (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1858). Cunha Rivara suggested that the author was either a Franciscan or a Jesuit residing in Thana on the island of Salcete; hence the reference to a 'Portuguese missionary' in the title.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portuguese chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a> (1552) <i>Decadas de Asia</i>, Dec. I, Bk.9, ch.1, says that the western Ghats ("serra Gate") goes along the coast, and forms a long and thin strip of coastal land "they call Concan, and its people properly called Concanis, but we call them Canarese." (Barros, p.295-96). He differentiates the "Concanis" people on the coast from the "Decanis" people east of the Ghats. He identifies the "Rio Bate" (<a href="/wiki/Thane_Creek" title="Thane Creek">Thane Creek</a> of Mumbai) as the northern border of this Concan region. But he sets the "rio Aliga" (<a href="/wiki/Kali_River_(Karnataka)" title="Kali River (Karnataka)">Kali River</a>) as the political boundary between the "Kingdom of Decan" (<a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>) and the "Province of Canará" (vassal of "Bisnaga", <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariano Saldanha, "História de Gramática Concani," <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 8 (1935–37)</i> 715. See also M. L. SarDessai, <i>A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992</i> (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2000) 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-ebbs-and-tides-of-konkan/articleshow/52511618.cms">"The Ebbs and Tides of Konkan | Goa News - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 31 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=The+Ebbs+and+Tides+of+Konkan+%7C+Goa+News+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2Fthe-ebbs-and-tides-of-konkan%2Farticleshow%2F52511618.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavan1995" class="citation book cs1">Chavan, V. P. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXAaAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Konkan and the Konkani Language</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0666-1"><bdi>978-81-206-0666-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Konkan+and+the+Konkani+Language&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0666-1&rft.aulast=Chavan&rft.aufirst=V.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXAaAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manohar-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manohar_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manohar_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manohar_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manohar_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaradesāya,_Manohararāya2000" class="citation book cs1">Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). <i>A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992</i>. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-664-7"><bdi>978-81-7201-664-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Konkani+literature%3A+from+1500+to+1992&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-664-7&rft.au=Sarades%C4%81ya%2C+Manoharar%C4%81ya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singh-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singh_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Singh, K.S. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726032722/http://www.friendsofbooks.com/store/people-india-national-series-volume-iii-the-scheduled-tribes-vol-book-144986.html"><i>People of India Vol. III : Scheduled Tribes</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 522, 523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564253-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564253-7"><bdi>978-0-19-564253-7</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India+Vol.+III+%3A+Scheduled+Tribes&rft.pages=522%2C+523&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564253-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsofbooks.com%2Fstore%2Fpeople-india-national-series-volume-iii-the-scheduled-tribes-vol-book-144986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAS-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAS_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Anthropological_Society1986" class="citation book cs1">Indian Anthropological Society (1986). <i>Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society, Volumes 21–22</i>. Indian Anthropological Society. pp. See page 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Anthropological+Society%2C+Volumes+21%E2%80%9322&rft.pages=See+page+75&rft.pub=Indian+Anthropological+Society&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Indian+Anthropological+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enthoven-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-enthoven_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnthoven1990" class="citation book cs1">Enthoven, Reginald Edward (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&q=konkan&pg=PA146"><i>The tribes and castes of Bombay, Volume 1</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0630-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0630-2"><bdi>978-81-206-0630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tribes+and+castes+of+Bombay%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0630-2&rft.aulast=Enthoven&rft.aufirst=Reginald+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFoT6gPrbTp8C%26q%3Dkonkan%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-others-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-others_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomes1997" class="citation book cs1">Gomes, Olivinho (1997). <i>Medieval Indian literature: an anthology, Volume 3 Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology, K. Ayyappapanicker</i>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. <span class="nowrap">256–</span>290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5"><bdi>978-81-260-0365-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+literature%3A+an+anthology%2C+Volume+3+Medieval+Indian+Literature%3A+An+Anthology%2C+K.+Ayyappapanicker&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0365-5&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Olivinho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhume-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dhume_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhume_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhume_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinai_Dhume1986" class="citation book cs1">Sinai Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986). <i>The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D</i>. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp. 355 pages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cultural+history+of+Goa+from+10000+B.C.-1352+A.D&rft.pages=355+pages&rft.pub=Ramesh+Anant+S.+Dhume&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sinai+Dhume&rft.aufirst=Anant+Ramkrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mudns-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mudns_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia._Office_of_the_Registrar_General1961" class="citation book cs1">India. Office of the Registrar General (1961). <i>Census of India, 1961, Volume 1, Issue 1 Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General</i>. Manager of Publications. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1961%2C+Volume+1%2C+Issue+1+Census+of+India%2C+1961%2C+India.+Office+of+the+Registrar+General&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Manager+of+Publications&rft.date=1961&rft.au=India.+Office+of+the+Registrar+General&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003)<i>The Dravidian Languages</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77111-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77111-0">0-521-77111-0</a> at pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) <i>The Dravidian Languages</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77111-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77111-0">0-521-77111-0</a> at pp. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-subkan-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-subkan_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature: Introductory articles</i>. Institute of Asian Studies. 1990. pp. See Page 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Tamil+Literature%3A+Introductory+articles&rft.pages=See+Page+45&rft.pub=Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) <i>The Dravidian Languages</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77111-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77111-0">0-521-77111-0</a> at pp.4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-panic-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-panic_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-panic_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-panic_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyappapanicker" class="citation book cs1">Ayyappapanicker, K. <i>Medieval Indian literature: an anthology</i>. Vol. 3. Sahitya Akademi. p. 256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+literature%3A+an+anthology&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.aulast=Ayyappapanicker&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pishacha-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pishacha_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_HastingsJohn_Alexander_SelbieLouis_Herbert_Gray1919" class="citation book cs1">James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie; Louis Herbert Gray (1919). <i>Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 10</i>. T. & T. 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Chennai, India. 14 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/14/stories/2006031416160300.htm">the original</a> on 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kannada+script+must+be+used+to+teach+Konkani&rft.date=2006-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F03%2F14%2Fstories%2F2006031416160300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=35720&n_tit=Mangalore:+Konkani+Textbooks+in+Devanagari+Released">"News headlines"</a>. Daijiworld.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+headlines&rft.pub=Daijiworld.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D35720%26n_tit%3DMangalore%3A%2BKonkani%2BTextbooks%2Bin%2BDevanagari%2BReleased&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhat" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Bhat, V. Nithyanantha. <i>The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives</i> (in English and Konkani). Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute. pp. 43, 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Konkani+language%3A+historical+and+linguistic+perspectives&rft.pages=43%2C+44&rft.pub=Suk%E1%B9%9Bt%C4%ABndra+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=V.+Nithyanantha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cardona-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cardona_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardona_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardona_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardona_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardona_88-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardona_88-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardona_88-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Cardona, George (2007). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Routledge. p. 1088. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=1088&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Masica" title="Colin Masica">Masica, Colin</a> (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 97, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3RSHWePhXwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D2_Konkani-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D2_Konkani_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroline_Menezes" class="citation web cs1">Caroline Menezes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408205720/http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf">"The question of Konkani?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Project D2, Typology of Information Structure". Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+question+of+Konkani%3F&rft.pub=Project+D2%2C+Typology+of+Information+Structure%22&rft.au=Caroline+Menezes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de%2Fconference%2Fposters%2FD2_Konkani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jana-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jana_91-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanardhan1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Janardhan, Pandarinath Bhuvanendra (1991). <i>A Higher Konkani grammar</i>. Foreign Language Study / Indic Languages Konkani language About (in English and Konkani). P.B. Janardhan. pp. 540 pages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Higher+Konkani+grammar&rft.series=Foreign+Language+Study+%2F+Indic+Languages+Konkani+language+About&rft.pages=540+pages&rft.pub=P.B.+Janardhan&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Janardhan&rft.aufirst=Pandarinath+Bhuvanendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurzden-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kurzden_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurzden_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzon2004" class="citation book cs1">Kurzon, Dennis (2004). <i>Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters</i>. Multilingual Matters. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853596735" title="Special:BookSources/9781853596735"><bdi>9781853596735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+East+looks+West%3A+success+in+English+in+Goa+and+on+the+Konkan+Coast+Volume+125+of+Multilingual+matters&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781853596735&rft.aulast=Kurzon&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meta-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meta_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandarinath1991" class="citation book cs1">Pandarinath, Bhuvanendra Janardhan (1991). <i>A Higher Konkani grammar</i>. P.B. Janardhan. pp. 540 pages (see pages:377 and 384).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Higher+Konkani+grammar&rft.pages=540+pages+%28see+pages%3A377+and+384%29&rft.pub=P.B.+Janardhan&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Pandarinath&rft.aufirst=Bhuvanendra+Janardhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-porin-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-porin_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnvita_AbbiR._S._GuptaAyesha_Kidwai2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anvita_Abbi" title="Anvita Abbi">Anvita Abbi</a>; R. S. Gupta; <a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Kidwai" title="Ayesha Kidwai">Ayesha Kidwai</a> (2001). <i>Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia: papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable</i>. Motilal Banarsidass, 2001 – Language Arts & Disciplines -. pp. 409 pages(Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120817654" title="Special:BookSources/9788120817654"><bdi>9788120817654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+structure+and+language+dynamics+in+South+Asia%3A+papers+from+the+proceedings+of+SALA+XVIII+Roundtable&rft.pages=409+pages%28Chapter+4+Portuguese+influence+on+Konkani+syntax%29&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass%2C+2001+%E2%80%93+Language+Arts+%26+Disciplines+-&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788120817654&rft.au=Anvita+Abbi&rft.au=R.+S.+Gupta&rft.au=Ayesha+Kidwai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Konkani" title="List of loanwords in Konkani">List of loanwords in Konkani</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rais-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rais_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rais_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSardessai2000" class="citation book cs1">Sardessai, Manohar Rai (2000). "Missionary period". <i>A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992</i>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Missionary+period&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Konkani+literature%3A+from+1500+to+1992&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sardessai&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Rai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhat2004" class="citation book cs1">Bhat, V. Nithyanantha (2004). V. Nithyanantha Bhat, Ela Sunītā (ed.). <i>The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives</i>. Vol. 10. Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Konkani+language%3A+historical+and+linguistic+perspectives&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Suk%E1%B9%9Bt%C4%ABndra+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=V.+Nithyanantha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archives-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archives_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indian archives</i>. Vol. 34. National Archives of India. p. 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+archives&rft.pages=1985&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+India&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goy-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goy_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhantkar1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ghantkar, Gajanana (1993). <i>History of Goa through Gõykanadi script</i> (in English, Konkani, Marathi, and Kannada). pp. Page x.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Goa+through+G%C3%B5ykanadi+script&rft.pages=Page+x&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ghantkar&rft.aufirst=Gajanana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html">"Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>. 25 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=HC+notice+to+govt+on+Romi+script&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2FHC-notice-to-govt-on-Romi-script%2Farticleshow%2F18124209.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gomanta Bharati, yatta payali, Published by <a href="/wiki/Goa_Board_of_Secondary_and_Higher_Secondary_Education" title="Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education">Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education</a> ALTO BETIM, page number:11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807185618/http://goanobserver.com/statehood-and-konkani.html">"Goanobserver.com"</a>. <i>www77.goanobserver.com</i>. 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Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangalore%3A+Guinness+Adjudicator+Hopeful+of+Certifying+Konkani+Nirantari&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D42855%26n_tit%3DMangalore%253A%2BGuinness%2BAdjudicator%2BHopeful%2Bof%2BCertifying%2BKonkani%2BNirantari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalli2019" class="citation web cs1">Malli, Karthik (25 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html">"Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Romi+Konkani%3A+The+story+of+a+Goan+script%2C+born+out+of+Portuguese+influence%2C+which+faces+possible+decline.&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.aulast=Malli&rft.aufirst=Karthik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fliving%2Fromi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonkani+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Konkani_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Konkani language">Konkani language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="gom:"> Goan Konkani edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Konkani" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Konkani">Konkani</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Konkani_phrasebook#Q34239" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Konkani phrasebook">Konkani</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916054056/http://v-ixtt.com/">Vauraddeancho Ixtt</a>, Konkani language site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konkaninews.com">Konkani News</a>, Konkani language site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php">Kital</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141115202356/http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php">Archived</a> 15 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Konkani language site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://konkani.chilume.com/">Chilume.com</a>, Konkani Literature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizgoenkar.org/">Niz Goenkar</a>, Konkani-English bilingual site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208104244/http://goa-world.com/GOA/konkani/">Learn Goan Konkani online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/">Read Konkani News online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623021734/http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/">Archived</a> 23 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022341/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/learn_konkani/learn_konkani_main.htm">Learn Mangalorean GSB Konkani online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618141228/http://www.mangalorean.com/konkani/archive.php?ltype=Lesson">Learn Mangalorean Catholic Konkani online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm">An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110502055206/http://manglorean.net/konkani/">Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070112230100/http://www.savemylanguage.org/">Online Konkani (GSB) dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vishwakonkani.org/">World Konkani Centre, Mangalore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konkanverter.com">Konkanverter-Konkani script conversion utility</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Konkani234" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Konkani_language_topics" title="Template:Konkani language topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Konkani_language_topics" title="Template talk:Konkani language topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Konkani_language_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Konkani language topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Konkani234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konkani</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language_agitation" title="Konkani language agitation">Konkani language agitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology and vocabulary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Konkani" title="List of loanwords in Konkani">List of loanwords in Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music and art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award_to_Konkani_Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahitya Akademi Award to Konkani Writers">Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiatr" title="Tiatr">Tiatr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Goa" title="Music of Goa">Goan music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_liturgical_music" title="Konkani liturgical music">Konkani liturgical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_literature" title="Konkani literature">Konkani literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialect groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Konkani">Goan Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malvani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvani dialect">Malwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitpavani_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitpavani Konkani">Chitpavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayathi_dialect" title="Nawayathi dialect">Nawayathi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Konkani_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkani script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_in_the_Roman_script" title="Konkani in the Roman script">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Goa" title="Government of Goa">Government of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Konkani_Akademi" title="Goa Konkani Akademi">Goa Konkani Akademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stephens_Konknni_Kendr" title="Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr">Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalgado_Konknni_Akademi" title="Dalgado Konknni Akademi">Dalgado Konknni Akademi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vauraddeancho_Ixtt" title="Vauraddeancho Ixtt">Vauraddeancho Ixtt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dor_Mhoineachi_Rotti" title="Dor Mhoineachi Rotti">Dor Mhoineachi Rotti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunaparant" title="Sunaparant">Sunaparant</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtri">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisaci">Paisaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauraseni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauraseni">Sauraseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Existing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi-Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhel_pan" class="extiw" title="gom:Mukhel pan">Konkani Wikipedia</a> · <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gom:Mukhel_pan" class="extiw" title="wikt:gom:Mukhel pan">Konkani Wiktionary</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India466" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India466" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages457" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages457" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34239#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata856" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007545970605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027780929">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&oldid=1275796546">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkani_language&oldid=1275796546</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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