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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Revolution of 1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_of_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_to_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_to_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Migration to America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_to_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspaper_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harper's_Weekly_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harper's_Weekly_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span><i>Harper's Weekly</i> gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harper's_Weekly_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="كارل شورتز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل شورتز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="کارل شورتس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارل شورتس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="کارل شورتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل شورتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EC%8A%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0" title="카를 슈르츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를 슈르츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="קארל שורץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קארל שורץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="كارل شورتز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل شورتز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="کارل شوتز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کارل شوتز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84" title="カール・シュルツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール・シュルツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Шурц, Карл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шурц, Карл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carl Schurz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6)" title="卡尔·舒尔茨 (政治家) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡尔·舒尔茨 (政治家)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Secretary of the Interior, Senator, German revolutionary (1829–1906)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Carl Schurz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl-Schurz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carl-Schurz.jpg/220px-Carl-Schurz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carl-Schurz.jpg/330px-Carl-Schurz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carl-Schurz.jpg/440px-Carl-Schurz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="844" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Schurz photographed by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>, c. 1877</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">13th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 12, 1877 – March 7, 1881</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Zachariah Chandler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Kirkwood" title="Samuel J. Kirkwood">Samuel J. Kirkwood</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1875</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Henderson" title="John B. Henderson">John B. Henderson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cockrell" title="Francis Cockrell">Francis Cockrell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Spain">United States Minister to Spain</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 13, 1861 – December 18, 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)" title="William Preston (Kentucky soldier)">William Preston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Koerner" title="Gustav Koerner">Gustav Körner</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Carl Christian Schurz</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1829-03-02</span>)</span>March 2, 1829<br /><a href="/wiki/Erftstadt" title="Erftstadt">Liblar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (now Erftstadt)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 14, 1906<span style="display:none">(1906-05-14)</span> (aged 77)<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, New York, U.S.</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a> (1870–1872)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Margarethe_Schurz" title="Margarethe Schurz">Margarethe Meyer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Schurz_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carl Schurz's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Carl_Schurz_Signature.svg/128px-Carl_Schurz_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Carl_Schurz_Signature.svg/192px-Carl_Schurz_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Carl_Schurz_Signature.svg/256px-Carl_Schurz_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutionaries</a><br />United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">United States Volunteers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1848<br />1862–1865</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas_campaign" title="Carolinas campaign">Carolinas campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #3333FF; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Liberalism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#3333FF; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Liberalism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism#United_States" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern/Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Harm Principle">Harm Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">Legal egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalienable rights">Unalienable rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frank" title="Thomas Frank">Frank (Thomas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ireland" title="Patricia Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monroe_Trotter" title="William Monroe Trotter">Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Abrams" title="Stacey Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams"> Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton (Hillary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Clyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Cuomo (Mario)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank (Barney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Glasser" title="Ira Glasser">Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy (Joseph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy (Ted)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Bonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamelle_Bouie" title="Jamelle Bouie">Bouie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carville" title="James Carville">Carville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chait" title="Jonathan Chait">Chait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dowd" title="Maureen Dowd">Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxane_Gay" title="Roxane Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hayes" title="Chris Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" title="Arianna Huffington">Huffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel" title="Jimmy Kimmel">Kimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meyers" title="Seth Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Moyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Noah" title="Trevor Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Polgreen" title="Lydia Polgreen">Polgreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Withers" title="Dean Withers">Withers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Yglesias" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Yglesias">Yglesias</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Darrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. B. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-tan_faction" title="Black-and-tan faction">Black-and-tans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Republicans">Roosevelt Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (factions)</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Budget and Policy Priorities">Center for Budget and Policy Priorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Constitution_Society" title="American Constitution Society">American Constitution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_For_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennan Center For Justice">Brennan Center For Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Justice_Works" title="Equal Justice Works">Equal Justice Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NARAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAL">NARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Southern Center for Human Rights">Southern Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCC" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCC">SNCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver" title="Last Week Tonight with John Oliver">Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_with_Jon_Stewart" title="The Problem with Jon Stewart">The Problem with Jon Stewart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ThinkProgress" title="ThinkProgress">ThinkProgress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Liberal bias in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">Liberal bias in the media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberal_Imagination" title="The Liberal Imagination">The Liberal Imagination</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #3333FF; border-bottom:1px solid #3333FF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_US" title="Template talk:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carl Schurz</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ʃʊɐ̯ts]</a></span>; March 2, 1829 – May 14, 1906) was a German-American revolutionary and an American statesman, journalist, and reformer. He migrated to the United States after the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a> and became a prominent member of the new <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. After serving as a <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> general in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, he helped found the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a> and became a prominent advocate of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Civil_Service_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Civil Service Reform">civil service reform</a>. Schurz represented <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and was the 13th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a>. </p><p>Born in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a>, Schurz fought for democratic reforms in the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="German revolutions">German revolutions</a> of 1848–1849 as a member of the academic fraternity association <a href="/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Deutsche Burschenschaft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Prussia suppressed the revolution Schurz fled to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. When police forced him to leave France he migrated to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Like many other "<a href="/wiki/Forty-Eighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-Eighters">Forty-Eighters</a>", he then migrated to the United States, settling in <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Wisconsin" title="Watertown, Wisconsin">Watertown, Wisconsin</a>, in 1852. After being admitted to the Wisconsin bar, he established a legal practice in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>. He also became a strong advocate for the anti-slavery movement and joined the newly organized Republican Party, unsuccessfully running for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin. After briefly representing the United States as Minister (ambassador) to <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a>, Schurz served as a general in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> and other major battles. </p><p>After the war, Schurz established a newspaper in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and won election to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German-born American</a> elected to that body.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breaking with Republican President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, Schurz helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a>. The party advocated civil service reform, sound money, low tariffs, low taxes, and an end to railroad grants, and opposed Grant's efforts to protect <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> civil rights in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>. Schurz chaired the <a href="/wiki/1872_Liberal_Republican_convention" title="1872 Liberal Republican convention">1872 Liberal Republican convention</a>, which nominated a ticket that unsuccessfully challenged President Grant in the <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872 presidential election</a>. Schurz lost his own 1874 re-election bid and resumed his career as a newspaper editor. He was elected as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Republican <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 presidential election</a>, he appointed Schurz as his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a>. Schurz sought to make <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">civil service</a> based on merit rather than political and party connections and helped prevent the transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>. Schurz moved to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> after Hayes left office in 1881 and briefly served as the editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Evening Post">New York Evening Post</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> and later became the editorial writer for <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>. He remained active in politics and led the "<a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwump</a>" movement, which opposed nominating <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 presidential election</a>. Schurz opposed <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 presidential election</a> but supported Bryan's <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a> campaign in the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900 presidential election</a>. Schurz died in New York City in 1906. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carl Christian Schurz was born on March 2, 1829, in Liblar (now part of <a href="/wiki/Erftstadt" title="Erftstadt">Erftstadt</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Prussia">Rhenish Prussia</a>, the son of Marianne (née Jussen), a public speaker and journalist, and Christian Schurz, a schoolteacher.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at the <a href="/wiki/Dreik%C3%B6nigsgymnasium" title="Dreikönigsgymnasium">Jesuit Gymnasium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, and learned piano under private instructors. Financial problems in his family obligated him to leave school a year early, without graduating. Later he graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> by passing a special examination and then entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOAB_p466_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p466-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution_of_1848">Revolution of 1848</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolution of 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Schurz_as_a_young_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Carl_Schurz_as_a_young_man.jpg/220px-Carl_Schurz_as_a_young_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Carl_Schurz_as_a_young_man.jpg/330px-Carl_Schurz_as_a_young_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Carl_Schurz_as_a_young_man.jpg/440px-Carl_Schurz_as_a_young_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>Carl Schurz as a young man</figcaption></figure> <p>At Bonn, he developed a friendship with one of his professors, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Kinkel" title="Gottfried Kinkel">Gottfried Kinkel</a>. He joined the nationalistic <a href="/wiki/Studentenverbindung" title="Studentenverbindung">Studentenverbindung</a> <a href="/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Burschenschaft</a> Franconia at Bonn, which at the time included among its members <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Spielhagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Spielhagen">Friedrich von Spielhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Overbeck" title="Johannes Overbeck">Johannes Overbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Julius_Schmidt" title="Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt">Julius Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Otto_Weber" title="Karl Otto Weber">Carl Otto Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Meyer" title="Ludwig Meyer">Ludwig Meyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Strodtmann" title="Adolf Strodtmann">Adolf Strodtmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vancleve_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vancleve-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the early events of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">revolutions of 1848</a>, Schurz and Kinkel founded the <i>Bonner Zeitung</i>, a paper advocating democratic reforms. At first Kinkel was the editor and Schurz a regular contributor. </p><p>These roles were reversed when Kinkel left for Berlin to become a member of the Prussian Constitutional Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt rump parliament</a> called for people to take up arms in defense of the new German constitution, Schurz, Kinkel, and others from the University of Bonn community did so. During this struggle, Schurz became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Sigel" title="Franz Sigel">Franz Sigel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schimmelfennig" title="Alexander Schimmelfennig">Alexander Schimmelfennig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Anneke" title="Fritz Anneke">Fritz Anneke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Beust" title="Friedrich Beust">Friedrich Beust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blenker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Blenker">Ludwig Blenker</a> and others, many of whom he would meet again in the Union Army during the U.S. Civil War. </p><p>During the 1849 military campaign in Palatinate and Baden, he joined the revolutionary army, fighting in several battles against the Prussian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-DOAB_p466_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p466-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schurz was adjunct officer of the commander of the artillery, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Anneke" title="Fritz Anneke">Fritz Anneke</a>, who was accompanied on the campaign by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Franziska_Anneke" title="Mathilde Franziska Anneke">Mathilde Franziska Anneke</a>. The Annekes would later move to the U.S., where each became <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> supporters. Anneke's brother, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Anneke" title="Emil Anneke">Emil Anneke</a>, was a founder of the Republican party in Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fritz Anneke achieved the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> and became the commanding officer of the <a href="/wiki/34th_Wisconsin_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="34th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment">34th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a> during the Civil War; Mathilde Anneke contributed to both the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffrage_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffrage movement">suffrage movements</a> of the United States. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_36c27a586a55f8910cd43bf2be7f08a7_(page_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Carl Schurz seated in a chair; he has dark hair and a mustache and wears glasses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_36c27a586a55f8910cd43bf2be7f08a7_%28page_1%29.jpg/220px-Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_36c27a586a55f8910cd43bf2be7f08a7_%28page_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_36c27a586a55f8910cd43bf2be7f08a7_%28page_1%29.jpg/330px-Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_36c27a586a55f8910cd43bf2be7f08a7_%28page_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_36c27a586a55f8910cd43bf2be7f08a7_%28page_1%29.jpg/440px-Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_36c27a586a55f8910cd43bf2be7f08a7_%28page_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="2478" /></a><figcaption>Carl Schurz, [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1859</span>–1870]. Carte de Visite Collection, Boston Public Library.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the revolutionary army was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Rastatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress of Rastatt">fortress of Rastatt</a> in 1849, Schurz was inside. Knowing that the Prussians intended to kill their prisoners, Schurz managed to escape and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>. In 1850, he returned secretly to Prussia, rescued Kinkel from prison at <a href="/wiki/Spandau" title="Spandau">Spandau</a> and helped him to escape to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh, Scotland">Edinburgh, Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOAB_p466_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p466-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schurz then went to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, but the police forced him to leave France on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/French_coup_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="French coup of 1851">coup d'état of 1851</a>, and he migrated to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Remaining there until August 1852, he made his living by teaching the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration_to_America">Migration to America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Migration to America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While in London, Schurz married fellow revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ronge" title="Johannes Ronge">Johannes Ronge</a>'s sister-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Margarethe_Schurz" title="Margarethe Schurz">Margarethe Meyer</a>, in July 1852 and then, like many other <a href="/wiki/Forty-Eighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-Eighters">Forty-Eighters</a>, migrated to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-DOAB_p466_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p466-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living initially in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, the Schurzes moved to <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Wisconsin" title="Watertown, Wisconsin">Watertown, Wisconsin</a>, where Carl nurtured his interests in politics and Margarethe began her seminal work in early childhood education. </p><p>In Wisconsin, Schurz soon became immersed in the anti-slavery movement and in politics, joining the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. In 1857, he ran unsuccessfully as a Republican for lieutenant governor. In the <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> campaign of the next year between <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, he took part as a speaker on behalf of Lincoln—mostly in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>—which raised Lincoln's popularity among German-American voters. In 1858, Schurz was admitted to the Wisconsin <a href="/wiki/Bar_association" title="Bar association">bar</a> and began to <a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">practice law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>. Beginning 1859, his law partner was <a href="/wiki/Halbert_E._Paine" title="Halbert E. Paine">Halbert E. Paine</a>. With Paine's encouragement, Schurz took more of an interest in politics and public speaking than in law.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the state campaign of 1859, Schurz made a speech attacking the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law_of_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law of 1850">Fugitive Slave Law</a>, arguing for <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Faneuil_Hall" title="Faneuil Hall">Faneuil Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, on April 18, 1859,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he delivered an oration on "True Americanism", which, coming from an alien, was intended to clear the Republican party of the charge of "<a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>". Wisconsin Germans unsuccessfully urged his nomination for governor in 1859. In the <a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican National Convention</a>, Schurz was spokesman of the delegation from Wisconsin, which voted for <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>. Despite this, Schurz was on the committee which brought Lincoln the news of his nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Lincoln's election and in spite of Seward's objection, Lincoln sent Schurz as minister to Spain in 1861,<sup id="cite_ref-DOAB_p467_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p467-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in part because of Schurz's European record as a revolutionary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, Schurz did not manage to cause any lasting impact on the Spanish authorities regarding the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to the US in early 1862 to join the Union army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DBP_1976_895_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_USA_Carl_Schurz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DBP_1976_895_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_USA_Carl_Schurz.jpg/260px-DBP_1976_895_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_USA_Carl_Schurz.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DBP_1976_895_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_USA_Carl_Schurz.jpg/390px-DBP_1976_895_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_USA_Carl_Schurz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DBP_1976_895_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_USA_Carl_Schurz.jpg/520px-DBP_1976_895_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_USA_Carl_Schurz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>"For freedom in Germany and America": <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> commemorative stamp featuring Schurz for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">United States Bicentennial</a>, 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Schurz served with distinction as a general in the Union Army. Persuading Lincoln to grant him a commission, Schurz was made a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> of Union volunteers in April 1862. In June, he took command of a <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a>, first under <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>, and then in <a href="/wiki/Franz_Sigel" title="Franz Sigel">Franz Sigel</a>'s corps, with which he took part in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a> in August 1862. He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> in 1863 and was assigned to lead a division in the <a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(ACW)" class="mw-redirect" title="XI Corps (ACW)">XI Corps</a> at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a>, both under General <a href="/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver O. Howard">Oliver O. Howard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bitter controversy began between Schurz and Howard over the strategy employed at Chancellorsville, resulting in the routing of the XI Corps by the Confederate corps led by <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson</a>. Two months later, the XI Corps again broke during the first day of Gettysburg. Containing several German-American units, the XI Corps performance during both battles was heavily criticized by the press, fueling anti-immigrant sentiments. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_-_a_history_(1890)_(14594110020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Abraham_Lincoln_-_a_history_%281890%29_%2814594110020%29.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_-_a_history_%281890%29_%2814594110020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Abraham_Lincoln_-_a_history_%281890%29_%2814594110020%29.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_-_a_history_%281890%29_%2814594110020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Abraham_Lincoln_-_a_history_%281890%29_%2814594110020%29.jpg/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_-_a_history_%281890%29_%2814594110020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Carl Schurz as Major General of Volunteers during the Civil War.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Gettysburg, Schurz's division was deployed to Tennessee and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chattanooga_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chattanooga III">Battle of Chattanooga</a>. There he served with the future Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Benson_Foraker" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Benson Foraker">Joseph B. Foraker</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Patterson_Rea" title="John Patterson Rea">John Patterson Rea</a>, and Luther Morris Buchwalter, brother to <a href="/wiki/Morris_Lyon_Buchwalter" title="Morris Lyon Buchwalter">Morris Lyon Buchwalter</a>. Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> (R-MA) was a Congressional observer during the Chattanooga Campaign.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later, Schurz was put in command of a Corps of Instruction at <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>. He briefly returned to active service, where in the last months of the war he was with <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a>'s army in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> as chief of staff of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Slocum" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Slocum">Henry Slocum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Georgia" title="Army of Georgia">Army of Georgia</a>. He resigned from the army after the war ended in April 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1865, President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> sent Schurz through the South to study conditions. They then quarreled because Schurz supported General Slocum's order forbidding the organization of militia in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>. Schurz delivered a report to the U.S. Senate documenting conditions in the South which concluded that <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> had succeeded in restoring the basic functioning of government but failed in restoring the loyalty of the people and protecting the rights of the newly legally emancipated who were still considered the slaves of society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It called for a national commitment to maintaining control over the South until free labor was secure, arguing that without national action, <a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a> and violence including numerous <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> documented by Schurz were likely to continue.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report was ignored by the President, but it helped fuel the movement pushing for a larger congressional role in Reconstruction and holding Southern states to higher standards.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspaper_career">Newspaper career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Newspaper career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_0d74998103b05eb360f6bd0e69d68091_(page_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Carl Schurz; he wears glasses and a beard." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_0d74998103b05eb360f6bd0e69d68091_%28page_1%29.jpg/220px-Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_0d74998103b05eb360f6bd0e69d68091_%28page_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_0d74998103b05eb360f6bd0e69d68091_%28page_1%29.jpg/330px-Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_0d74998103b05eb360f6bd0e69d68091_%28page_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_0d74998103b05eb360f6bd0e69d68091_%28page_1%29.jpg/440px-Carl_Schurz_-_DPLA_-_0d74998103b05eb360f6bd0e69d68091_%28page_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2424" /></a><figcaption>Carl Schurz, [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1859</span>–1870]. Carte de Visite Collection, Boston Public Library.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1866, Schurz moved to <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, where he was chief editor of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detroit_Post&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detroit Post (page does not exist)">Detroit Post</a></i>. The following year, he moved to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, becoming editor and joint proprietor with <a href="/wiki/Emil_Preetorius" title="Emil Preetorius">Emil Preetorius</a> of the German-language <i><a href="/wiki/Westliche_Post" title="Westliche Post">Westliche Post</a></i> (Western Post), where he hired <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a> as a cub reporter. In the winter of 1867–1868, he traveled in Germany; and gave an account of his interview with <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> in his <i>Reminiscences</i>. He spoke against "repudiation" of war debts and for "honest money"—code for going back on the gold standard—during the presidential campaign of 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senator">U.S. Senator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: U.S. Senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_Quijote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Schurz_Quijote.jpg/220px-Schurz_Quijote.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Schurz_Quijote.jpg/330px-Schurz_Quijote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Schurz_Quijote.jpg/440px-Schurz_Quijote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption>Carl Schurz is Don Quixote in this cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> from <i>Harper's Weekly</i> of April 6, 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1868, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, becoming the first German American in that body. He earned a reputation for his speeches, which advocated fiscal responsibility, anti-imperialism, and integrity in government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During this period, he broke with the <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> administration, starting the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Liberal_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Liberal Republican Party">Liberal Republican</a> movement in Missouri, which in 1870 elected <a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">B. Gratz Brown</a> governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">William P. Fessenden</a>'s death, Schurz became a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs where Schurz opposed Grant's Southern policy as well as his bid to <a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">annex Santo Domingo</a>. Schurz was identified with the committee's investigation of arms sales to and cartridge manufacture for the French army by the United States government during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. </p><p>In 1869, he became the first U.S. Senator to offer a <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Civil service reform in the United States">Civil Service Reform</a> bill to Congress. During <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>, Schurz was opposed to federal military enforcement and protection of <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, and held nineteenth century ideas of European superiority and fears of <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brands_p489_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brands_p489-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1870, Schurz helped form the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a>, which opposed President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>'s annexation of <a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> and his use of the military to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> in the South under the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a>. </p><p>In 1872, he presided over the Liberal Republican Party convention, which nominated <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> for <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1872" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1872">President</a>. Schurz's own choice was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Francis Adams, Sr.">Charles Francis Adams</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a>, and the convention did not represent Schurz's views on the <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schurz campaigned for Greeley anyway. Especially in this campaign, and throughout his career as a Senator and afterwards, he was a target for the pen of <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i> artist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a>, usually in an unfavorable way.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election was a debacle for the Greeley supporters. Grant won by a landslide, and Greeley died shortly after election day in November, before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> had even met. </p><p>Schurz lost the 1874 Senatorial election to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> challenger and former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Cockrell" title="Francis Cockrell">Francis Cockrell</a>. After leaving office, he worked as an editor for various newspapers. In 1875, he assisted in the successful campaign of <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> to regain the office of <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Governor of Ohio</a>. In 1877, Schurz was appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a> by Hayes, who had been by then been elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>. Although Schurz honestly attempted to reduce the effects of <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> and was partially successful at cleaning up corruption, his recommended actions towards American Indians "in light of late twentieth-century developments" were repressive.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishel-Spragens_p121_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishel-Spragens_p121-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indians were forced to move into low-quality reservation lands that were unsuitable for tribal economic and cultural advancement.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishel-Spragens_p121_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishel-Spragens_p121-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promises made to Indian chiefs at White House meetings with President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> and Schurz were often broken.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishel-Spragens_p121_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishel-Spragens_p121-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_the_Interior">Secretary of the Interior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secretary of the Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_Forester1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Schurz_Forester1.jpg/220px-Schurz_Forester1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Schurz_Forester1.jpg/330px-Schurz_Forester1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Schurz_Forester1.jpg/440px-Schurz_Forester1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Carl Schurz and James Blaine in a <i>Puck</i> political cartoon of c. 1878 by J. Keppler</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1876, he supported Hayes for President, and Hayes named him <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a>, following much of his advice in other cabinet appointments and in his inaugural address. In this department, Schurz put into force his belief that merit should be the principal consideration in appointing people to jobs in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service">Civil Service</a>. He was not in favor of permitting removals except for cause, and supported requiring competitive examinations for candidates for clerkships. His efforts to remove political patronage met with only limited success, however. As an early conservationist, he prosecuted land thieves and attracted public attention to the necessity of forest preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ute_delegation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ute_delegation.jpg/250px-Ute_delegation.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ute_delegation.jpg/375px-Ute_delegation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Ute_delegation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Delegation of Ute Indians in Washington, D.C. in 1880. Background: Woretsiz and general <a href="/wiki/Charles_Adams_(Colorado_Indian_agent)" title="Charles Adams (Colorado Indian agent)">Charles Adams (Colorado Indian agent)</a> are standing. Front from left to right: Chief Ignatio of the Southern Utes; Carl Schurz US Secretary of the Interior; <a href="/wiki/Chief_Ouray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Ouray">Chief Ouray</a> and his wife Chipeta. </figcaption></figure> <p>During Schurz's tenure as Secretary of the Interior, a movement to transfer the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Office of Indian Affairs</a> to the control of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> began, assisted by the strong support of Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restoration of the Indian Office to the War Department, which was anxious to regain control in order to continue its "pacification" program, was opposed by Schurz, and ultimately the Indian Office remained in the Interior Department. The Indian Office had been the most corrupt office in the Interior Department. Positions in it were based on political patronage and were seen as granting license to use the reservations for personal enrichment. Because Schurz realized that the service would have to be cleansed of such corruption before anything positive could be accomplished, he instituted a wide-scale inspection of the service, dismissed several officials, and began civil service reforms whereby positions and promotions were to be based on merit not political patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schurz's leadership of the Indian Affairs Office was at times controversial. While certainly not an architect of <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced displacement</a> of Native Americans, he continued the practice. In response to several nineteenth-century reformers, however, he later changed his mind and promoted an assimilationist policy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg/220px-Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg/330px-Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg/440px-Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>When a statuary tribute to German poet <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> was resisted because of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> opponents in Germany, Schurz's activism aided in its relocation across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> to New York.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon leaving the Interior Department in 1881, Schurz moved to <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York City</a>. That year German-born <a href="/wiki/Henry_Villard" title="Henry Villard">Henry Villard</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway">Northern Pacific Railway</a>, acquired the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Evening Post">New York Evening Post</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> and turned the management over to Schurz, <a href="/wiki/Horace_White_(writer)" title="Horace White (writer)">Horace White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lawrence_Godkin" title="Edwin Lawrence Godkin">Edwin L. Godkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schurz left the <i>Post</i> in the autumn of 1883 because of differences over editorial policies regarding corporations and their employees.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1884, he was a leader in the Independent (or <a href="/wiki/Mugwump" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugwump">Mugwump</a>) movement against the nomination of <a href="/wiki/James_Blaine" class="mw-redirect" title="James Blaine">James Blaine</a> for president and for the election of <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>. From 1888 to 1892, he was general American representative of the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_American_Steamship_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg American Steamship Company">Hamburg American Steamship Company</a>. In 1892, he succeeded <a href="/wiki/George_William_Curtis" title="George William Curtis">George William Curtis</a> as president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Service_Reform_League" title="National Civil Service Reform League">National Civil Service Reform League</a> and held this office until 1901. He also succeeded Curtis as editorial writer for <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i> in 1892 and held this position until 1898. In 1895 he spoke for the Fusion anti-<a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> ticket in New York City. He opposed <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> for <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1896" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1896">president in 1896</a>, speaking for sound money and not under the auspices of the Republican party; he supported Bryan <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1900">four years later</a> because of <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a> beliefs, which also led to his membership in the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">American Anti-Imperialist League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390–391_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390–391-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>True to his anti-imperialist convictions, Schurz exhorted McKinley to resist the urge to annex land following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tp114_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tp114-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He authored an opinion piece warning that prominent imperialists would take in "Spanish- Americans, with all the mixtures of Indian and negro blood, and Malays and other unspeakable Asiatics, by the tens of millions!"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1904" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1904">1904 election</a> he supported <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a>, the Democratic candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carl Schurz lived in a summer cottage in Northwest Bay on Lake George, New York which was built by his good friend <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Jacobi" title="Abraham Jacobi">Abraham Jacobi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schurz died at age 77 on May 14, 1906, in New York City, and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery" title="Sleepy Hollow Cemetery">Sleepy Hollow Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow,_New_York" title="Sleepy Hollow, New York">Sleepy Hollow, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schurz's wife, <a href="/wiki/Margarethe_Schurz" title="Margarethe Schurz">Margarethe Schurz</a>, was instrumental in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> system in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schurz is famous for saying: "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/my_country,_right_or_wrong" class="extiw" title="wikt:my country, right or wrong">My country, right or wrong</a>; if right, to be kept right; and if wrong, to be set right."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> as a friend of the surviving Cheyenne Indians in <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a>'s 1964 film <i><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Autumn" title="Cheyenne Autumn">Cheyenne Autumn</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schurz published a volume of speeches (1865), a two-volume biography of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1887), essays on Abraham Lincoln (1899) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> (posthumous, 1951), and his <i>Reminiscences</i> (posthumous, 1907–09). His later years were spent writing the memoirs recorded in his <i>Reminiscences</i> which he was not able to finish, reaching only the beginnings of his U.S. Senate career. Schurz was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_Society_of_Washington" title="Literary Society of Washington">Literary Society of Washington</a> from 1879 to 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_schurz_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Carl_schurz_statue.jpg/220px-Carl_schurz_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Carl_schurz_statue.jpg/330px-Carl_schurz_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Carl_schurz_statue.jpg/440px-Carl_schurz_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1291" /></a><figcaption>Schurz monument in New York City</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurzpark_nyc2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Schurzpark_nyc2.jpg/220px-Schurzpark_nyc2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Schurzpark_nyc2.jpg/330px-Schurzpark_nyc2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Schurzpark_nyc2.jpg/440px-Schurzpark_nyc2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Carl Schurz Park, Upper East Side Manhattan, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Schurz_Gravesite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carl_Schurz_Gravesite.JPG/220px-Carl_Schurz_Gravesite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carl_Schurz_Gravesite.JPG/330px-Carl_Schurz_Gravesite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carl_Schurz_Gravesite.JPG/440px-Carl_Schurz_Gravesite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Carl Schurz grave, Sleepy Hollow, N.Y.</figcaption></figure> <p>Schurz is commemorated in numerous places around the United States: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz_Park" title="Carl Schurz Park">Carl Schurz Park</a>, a 14.9 acres (6.0 ha) park in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Yorkville,_Manhattan" title="Yorkville, Manhattan">Yorkville, Manhattan</a>, overlooking the waters of <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate" title="Hell Gate">Hell Gate</a>. Named for Schurz in 1910, it is the site of <a href="/wiki/Gracie_Mansion" title="Gracie Mansion">Gracie Mansion</a>, the residence of the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of New York">Mayor of New York</a> since 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bitter" title="Karl Bitter">Karl Bitter</a>'s 1913 monument to Schurz ("Defender Of Liberty And A Friend Of Human Rights") outside <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Park_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morningside Park (New York City)">Morningside Park</a>, at Morningside Drive and 116th Street in New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bitter" title="Karl Bitter">Karl Bitter</a>'s 1914 monument to Schurz ("Our Greatest German American") in Menominee Park, <a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh, Wisconsin</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Carl Schurz and Abraham Jacobi Memorial Park in <a href="/wiki/Bolton_Landing,_New_York" title="Bolton Landing, New York">Bolton Landing, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schurz,_Nevada" title="Schurz, Nevada">Schurz, Nevada</a> named after him<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Carl Schurz Drive, a residential street in the northern end of his former home of <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Wisconsin" title="Watertown, Wisconsin">Watertown, Wisconsin</a></li> <li>Schurz Elementary School, in <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Wisconsin" title="Watertown, Wisconsin">Watertown, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><i>Carl Schurz Park</i>, a private membership park in Stone Bank <a href="/wiki/Merton_(town),_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton (town), Wisconsin">(Town of Merton)</a>, Wisconsin, on the shore of Moose Lake</li> <li>Carl Schurz Forest, a forested section of the <a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_Trail" title="Ice Age Trail">Ice Age Trail</a> near <a href="/wiki/Monches,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Monches, Wisconsin">Monches, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz_High_School" title="Carl Schurz High School">Carl Schurz High School</a>, a historic landmark in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, built in 1910.</li> <li>Schurz Hall, a student residence at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>.</li> <li>Carl Schurz Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">New Braunfels, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Schurz" title="Mount Schurz">Mount Schurz</a>, a mountain in eastern Yellowstone, north of <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Peak_(Wyoming)" title="Eagle Peak (Wyoming)">Eagle Peak</a> and south of Atkins Peak, named in 1885 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, to honor Schurz's commitment to protecting <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a></li> <li>In 1983, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 4-cent <a href="/wiki/Great_Americans_series" title="Great Americans series">Great Americans series</a> postage stamp with his name and portrait</li> <li>In World War II, the United States <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">liberty ship</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Carl_Schurz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Carl Schurz (page does not exist)">SS <i>Carl Schurz</i></a> was named in his honor.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/SMS_Geier" title="SMS Geier">USS <i>Schurz</i></a> was commissioned in 1917 as a Patrol Gun Boat. Formerly the small unprotected cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Geier" title="SMS Geier">SMS <i>Geier</i></a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Imperial_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="German Imperial Navy">German Imperial Navy</a>, the ship had been taken over by the U.S. Navy when hostilities between Germany and the U.S. commenced, after having been interned in Honolulu in 1914. The <i>Schurz</i> sank after a collision on 21 June 1918 off Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina.</li></ul> <p>Several memorials in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> also commemorate the life and work of Schurz, including: </p> <ul><li>Carl-Schurz Kaserne, in <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, has been home to U.S. Army units for several decades, including elements of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward). Today it houses Army transportation units and some civilian commercial activities related to commercial shipping.</li> <li>Streets named after him in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Spandau" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Spandau">Berlin-Spandau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erftstadt" title="Erftstadt">Erftstadt-Liblar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giessen" title="Giessen">Giessen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rastatt" title="Rastatt">Rastatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirmasens" title="Pirmasens">Pirmasens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=And_Bad_Kreuznach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="And Bad Kreuznach (page does not exist)">and Bad Kreuznach</a></li> <li>Schools in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Spandau" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Spandau">Berlin-Spandau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rastatt" title="Rastatt">Rastatt</a> and his place of birth, <a href="/wiki/Erftstadt" title="Erftstadt">Erftstadt-Liblar</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carl-Schurz-Haus_Freiburg" title="Carl-Schurz-Haus Freiburg">Carl-Schurz-Haus Freiburg</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> is an innovative institute (formerly Amerika-Haus) fostering German-American cultural relations</li> <li>an urban area in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li>the Carl Schurz Bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Neckar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neckar River">Neckar River</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a memorial fountain as well as the house where Lt. Schurz was billeted in 1849 in <a href="/wiki/Rastatt" title="Rastatt">Rastatt</a></li> <li>German Armed Forces barracks in <a href="/wiki/Hardheim" title="Hardheim">Hardheim</a></li> <li>German federal stamps in 1952 and 1976</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Schurz-Medaille_(Erftstadt)" class="extiw" title="de:Carl-Schurz-Medaille (Erftstadt)">Carl-Schurz-Medal</a> awarded annually to one distinguished citizen of his home town.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harper's_Weekly_gallery"><span id="Harper.27s_Weekly_gallery"></span><i>Harper's Weekly</i> gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Harper's Weekly gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_Conspirators.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schurz and other anti-Grant "conspirators" – March 16, 1872"><img alt="Schurz and other anti-Grant "conspirators" – March 16, 1872" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Schurz_Conspirators.jpg/120px-Schurz_Conspirators.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Schurz_Conspirators.jpg/180px-Schurz_Conspirators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Schurz_Conspirators.jpg/240px-Schurz_Conspirators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schurz and other anti-Grant "conspirators" – March 16, 1872</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_French_Arms.png" class="mw-file-description" title="French Arms investigation – May 11, 1872"><img alt="French Arms investigation – May 11, 1872" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Schurz_French_Arms.png/109px-Schurz_French_Arms.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Schurz_French_Arms.png/164px-Schurz_French_Arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Schurz_French_Arms.png/219px-Schurz_French_Arms.png 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French Arms investigation – May 11, 1872</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_Victims.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schurz and his victims – September 7, 1872"><img alt="Schurz and his victims – September 7, 1872" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Schurz_Victims.jpg/89px-Schurz_Victims.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Schurz_Victims.jpg/134px-Schurz_Victims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Schurz_Victims.jpg/179px-Schurz_Victims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="940" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schurz and his victims – September 7, 1872</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpetbagger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schurz is depicted as a carpetbagger - November 9, 1872."><img alt="Schurz is depicted as a carpetbagger - November 9, 1872." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carpetbagger.jpg/107px-Carpetbagger.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carpetbagger.jpg/161px-Carpetbagger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carpetbagger.jpg/214px-Carpetbagger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2826" data-file-height="3163" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schurz is depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">carpetbagger</a> - November 9, 1872.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_Senate_Exit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schurz leaves the U.S. Senate – March 20, 1875"><img alt="Schurz leaves the U.S. Senate – March 20, 1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Schurz_Senate_Exit.jpg/88px-Schurz_Senate_Exit.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Schurz_Senate_Exit.jpg/132px-Schurz_Senate_Exit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Schurz_Senate_Exit.jpg/176px-Schurz_Senate_Exit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schurz leaves the U.S. Senate – March 20, 1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_Corruption.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schurz reforms the Indian Bureau – January 26, 1878"><img alt="Schurz reforms the Indian Bureau – January 26, 1878" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schurz_Corruption.jpg/101px-Schurz_Corruption.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schurz_Corruption.jpg/152px-Schurz_Corruption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schurz_Corruption.jpg/202px-Schurz_Corruption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schurz reforms the Indian Bureau – January 26, 1878</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_Have_Patience_With_Indians.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schurz counsels a wounded settler – December 28, 1878"><img alt="Schurz counsels a wounded settler – December 28, 1878" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Schurz_Have_Patience_With_Indians.jpg/84px-Schurz_Have_Patience_With_Indians.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Schurz_Have_Patience_With_Indians.jpg/126px-Schurz_Have_Patience_With_Indians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Schurz_Have_Patience_With_Indians.jpg/168px-Schurz_Have_Patience_With_Indians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schurz counsels a wounded settler – December 28, 1878</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_and_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schurz and Wilhelm II – July 14, 1900"><img alt="Schurz and Wilhelm II – July 14, 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Schurz_and_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg/101px-Schurz_and_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Schurz_and_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg/151px-Schurz_and_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Schurz_and_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg/202px-Schurz_and_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1069" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schurz and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> – July 14, 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_Worships_Aguinaldo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Schurz and Emilio Aguinaldo – August 9, 1902"><img alt="Schurz and Emilio Aguinaldo – August 9, 1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Schurz_Worships_Aguinaldo.png/107px-Schurz_Worships_Aguinaldo.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Schurz_Worships_Aguinaldo.png/161px-Schurz_Worships_Aguinaldo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Schurz_Worships_Aguinaldo.png/214px-Schurz_Worships_Aguinaldo.png 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schurz and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> – August 9, 1902</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="- February 26, 1881"><img alt="- February 26, 1881" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg/103px-Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg/154px-Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg/206px-Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1049" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">- February 26, 1881</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/List_of_foreign-born_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members">List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)" title="List of American Civil War generals (Union)">List of American Civil War generals (Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-Eighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-Eighters">Forty-Eighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="German Americans in the Civil War">German Americans in the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-American_Heritage_Foundation_of_the_USA" title="German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA">German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">List of United States senators born outside the United States</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_from_Carl_Schurz_to_Abraham_Lincoln,_November_8,_1862" class="extiw" title="s:Letter from Carl Schurz to Abraham Lincoln, November 8, 1862">Letter from Carl Schurz to Abraham Lincoln, November 8, 1862</a>.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDvorak2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dvorak, Helge (2002). "Schurz, Carl Christian". <i>Biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Burschenschaft</i> (in German). Vol. Band I: Politiker Teilband 5: R-S. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter. pp. <span class="nowrap">372–</span>376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8253-1256-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-8253-1256-9"><bdi>3-8253-1256-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schurz%2C+Carl+Christian&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+der+Deutschen+Burschenschaft&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E372-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+C.+Winter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-8253-1256-9&rft.aulast=Dvorak&rft.aufirst=Helge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030024230/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2626&search_term=schurz">"Schurz, Carl (1829-1906)"</a>. Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2626&search_term=schurz">the original</a> on 2013-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schurz%2C+Carl+%281829-1906%29&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fdictionary%2Findex.asp%3Faction%3Dview%26term_id%3D2626%26search_term%3Dschurz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1878;smode=advanced;startDoc=21">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fyear%3D1878%3Bsmode%3Dadvanced%3BstartDoc%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreasley2001" class="citation book cs1">Greasley, Philip A. (30 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnuYKJSoHCMC&q=Marianne+%28Jussen%29+Christian+Schurz&pg=PA456"><i>Dictionary of Midwestern Literature, Volume 1: The Authors</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253108411" title="Special:BookSources/0253108411"><bdi>0253108411</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Midwestern+Literature%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Authors&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001-05-30&rft.isbn=0253108411&rft.aulast=Greasley&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZnuYKJSoHCMC%26q%3DMarianne%2B%2528Jussen%2529%2BChristian%2BSchurz%26pg%3DPA456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOAB_p466-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p466_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p466_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p466_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p466_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary Of American Biography</i> (1935), <i>Carl Schurz</i>, p. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schurz, Carl. <i>Reminiscences</i>, Vol. 1, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vancleve-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vancleve_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Cleve, Charles L. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyphikappa01clevgoog/page/n249"><i>Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity From Its Foundation In 1852 To Its Fiftieth Anniversary</i>. p. 209</a>: Philadelphia: Franklin Printing Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schurz, <i>Reminiscences</i>, Vol. 1, Chap. 6, pp. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. R. Mc Cormick: BAY COUNTY Memorial Report: Emil Anneke: in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mifamilyhistory.org/bay/emilanneke.htm">Report of the Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan, Vol. XIV, 1890, Lansing, Michigan, W. S. George & Co., State Printers & Binders, Page 57–58</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185254/http://www.mifamilyhistory.org/bay/emilanneke.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillian1952" class="citation web cs1">Killian, Marcella (April 28, 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watertownhistory.org/articles/Schurz_KillianArticle.htm">"Carl Schurz"</a>. Watertown Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carl+Schurz&rft.pub=Watertown+Historical+Society&rft.date=1952-04-28&rft.aulast=Killian&rft.aufirst=Marcella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watertownhistory.org%2Farticles%2FSchurz_KillianArticle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschhorn, p. 1713.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOAB_p467-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p467_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary Of American Biography</i> (1935), <i>Carl Schurz</i>, p. 467</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2011" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Wayne (2011). <i>Spain and the American Civil War</i>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1938-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1938-1"><bdi>978-0-8262-1938-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+the+American+Civil+War&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1938-1&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurz" class="citation web cs1">Schurz, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8872/pg8872.html">"Report on the Condition of the South"</a>. <i>gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Condition+of+the+South&rft.aulast=Schurz&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F8872%2Fpg8872.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/report-on-the-condition-of-the-south/">"Report on the Condition of the South"</a>. <i>Teaching American History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teaching+American+History&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Condition+of+the+South&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteachingamericanhistory.org%2Fdocument%2Freport-on-the-condition-of-the-south%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mejías-López">Mejías-López</a> (2009), <i>The Inverted Conquest</i>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brands_p489-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brands_p489_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brands">Brands</a> (2012), <i>The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace</i>, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This story, and the conflict between Nast and <i>Harper's</i> editorial writer <a href="/wiki/George_William_Curtis" title="George William Curtis">George William Curtis</a>, is related by Albert Bigelow Paine in <i>Thomas Nast: His Period and His Pictures</i>, 1904.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishel-Spragens_p121-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fishel-Spragens_p121_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fishel-Spragens_p121_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fishel-Spragens_p121_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fishel-Spragens">Fishel-Spragens</a> (1988), <i>Popular Images of American Presidents</i>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1878/12/07/archives/army-charges-answered-the-indian-service-upheld-by-mr-schurz-why-it.html">"Army charges answered"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>: 5. December 7, 1878. <q>ARMY CHARGES ANSWERED; THE INDIAN SERVICE UPHELD BY MR. SCHURZ. WHY IT WOULD BE UNWISE TO TRANSFER THE INDIAN BUREAU TO THE WAR DEPARTMENT--INCONSISTENT AND INACCURATE STATEMENTS BY MILITARY OFFICERS--LOOSE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE ARMY. INCONSISTENT AND INACCURATE STATEMENTS BY ARMY OFFICERS. ALLEGED ARMY DISHONESTY. MEASURES OF IMPORTANCE. MR. SCHURZ CROSS-EXAMINED. OTHER WITNESSES</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Army+charges+answered&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1878-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1878%2F12%2F07%2Farchives%2Farmy-charges-answered-the-indian-service-upheld-by-mr-schurz-why-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trefousse, Hans L., <i>Carl Schurz: A Biography</i>, (U. of Tenn. Press, 1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoxie, Frederick E. <i>A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920,</i> Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, November 1, 1880," In Prucha, Francis Paul, ed., <i>Documents of United States Indian Policy,</i> Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COTvocv68koC&dq=schurz+secretary+interior+indian+affairs&pg=PA152">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/realestate/27scap.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">Sturm und Drang Over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>, May 27, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillard1936" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Garrison_Villard" title="Oswald Garrison Villard">Villard, Oswald Garrison</a> (1936). "White, Horace". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography" title="Dictionary of American Biography">Dictionary of American Biography</a></i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=White%2C+Horace&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Villard&rft.aufirst=Oswald+Garrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1883/12/11/archives/no-longer-an-editor-carl-schurz-severs-his-connection-with-the.html">No Longer an Editor; Carl Schurz Severs his Connection with the 'Evening Post'</a>." <i>The New York Times</i>, December 11, 1883</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390–391-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390–391_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 390–391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tp114-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tp114_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker (1998), p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurz1898" class="citation magazine cs1">Schurz, Carl (Sep 1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512031140/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thoughts_on_American_Imperialism">"Thoughts on American Imperialism"</a>. <i>The Century Magazine</i>. Vol. LVI, no. 5. p. 784. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thoughts_on_American_Imperialism">the original</a> on 12 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Century+Magazine&rft.atitle=Thoughts+on+American+Imperialism&rft.volume=LVI&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=784&rft.date=1898-09&rft.aulast=Schurz&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThoughts_on_American_Imperialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kCDYByxCSYC&dq=carl+schurz+sleepy+hollow&pg=PA47"><i>German Monuments in the Americas</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS12781">"Schurz, Margarethe [Meyer] (Mrs. Carl Schurz) 1833 - 1876"</a>. <i>Wisconsin Historical Society</i>. 8 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Schurz%2C+Margarethe+%5BMeyer%5D+%28Mrs.+Carl+Schurz%29+1833+-+1876&rft.date=2017-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2FRecords%2FArticle%2FCS12781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schurz, Carl, remarks in the Senate, February 29, 1872, <i>The Congressional Globe</i>, vol. 45, p. 1287. See <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/U._S._Senate_Speeches_and_Remarks_of_Carl_Schurz/Sales_of_Arms_to_French_Agents_6" class="extiw" title="s:U. S. Senate Speeches and Remarks of Carl Schurz/Sales of Arms to French Agents 6">Wikisource</a> for the complete speech.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpauling1947" class="citation book cs1">Spauling, Thomas M. (1947). <i>The Literary Society in Peace and War</i>. Washington, D.C.: George Banta Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Society+in+Peace+and+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=George+Banta+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Spauling&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/whi/fullRecord.asp?id=43521&qstring=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/whi/results.asp?search_type=basic&keyword1=schurz&submit=SUBMIT">"Schurz Monument - Postcard - Wisconsin Historical Society"</a>. December 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schurz+Monument+-+Postcard+-+Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fwhi%2FfullRecord.asp%3Fid%3D43521%26qstring%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fwhi%2Fresults.asp%3Fsearch_type%3Dbasic%26keyword1%3Dschurz%26submit%3DSUBMIT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1941" class="citation book cs1">Federal Writers' Project (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwgateway.library.unr.edu/keck/histtopoNV/Origin_of_Place_Names_Files/1941NevadaOriginofNames-pt2.pdf"><i>Origin of Place Names: Nevada</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. W.P.A. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Place+Names%3A+Nevada&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=W.P.A.&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwgateway.library.unr.edu%2Fkeck%2FhisttopoNV%2FOrigin_of_Place_Names_Files%2F1941NevadaOriginofNames-pt2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://333rd.de/html/schurz_bridge.html">"Schurz Bridge"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schurz+Bridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F333rd.de%2Fhtml%2Fschurz_bridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eicher, John H., and <a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a>, <i>Civil War High Commands</i>, Stanford University Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3">0-8047-3641-3</a>.</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schurz,_Carl" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schurz, Carl">Schurz, Carl</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">390–</span>391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schurz%2C+Carl&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E390-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1998" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, David M. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mugwumpspublicmo0000tuck"><i>Mugwumps: public moralists of the gilded age</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1187-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-1187-9"><bdi>0-8262-1187-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mugwumps%3A+public+moralists+of+the+gilded+age&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8262-1187-9&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmugwumpspublicmo0000tuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yockelson,_Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="Yockelson, Mitchell">Yockelson, Mitchell</a>, "Hirschhorn", <i>Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>, Heidler, David S., and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds., W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04758-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04758-X">0-393-04758-X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schurz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schurz, Carl. <i>The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz</i> (three volumes), New York: McClure Publ. Co., 1907–08. Schurz covered the years 1829–1870 in his <i>Reminiscences</i>. He died in the midst of writing them. The third volume is rounded out with <i>A Sketch of Carl Schurz's Political Career 1869–1906</i> by Frederic Bancroft and William A. Dunning. Portions of these <i>Reminiscences</i> were serialized in <i>McClure's Magazine</i> about the time the books were published and included illustrations not found in the books.</li> <li>Bancroft, Frederic, ed. <i>Speeches, Correspondence, and Political Papers of Carl Schurz</i> (six volumes), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913.</li> <li>Brown, Dee, <i>Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee,</i> 1971</li> <li>Donner, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=10820&CISOSHOW=10690&REC=4">"Carl Schurz as Office Seeker,"</a> <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 20, no.2 (December 1936), pp. 127–142.</li> <li>Donner, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=11229&CISOSHOW=11141&REC=5">"Carl Schurz the Diplomat,"</a> <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 20, no. 3 (March 1937), pp. 291–309.</li> <li>Fish, Carl Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=6720&CISOSHOW=6590&REC=2">"Carl Schurz-The American,"</a> <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 12, no. 4 (June 1929), pp. 346–368.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Fuess" title="Claude Fuess">Fuess, Claude Moore</a> <i>Carl Schurz, Reformer</i>, (NY, Dodd Mead, 1932)</li> <li>Nagel, Daniel. <i>Von republikanischen Deutschen zu deutsch-amerikanischen Republikanern. Ein Beitrag zum Identitätswandel der deutschen Achtundvierziger in den Vereinigten Staaten 1850–1861.</i> Röhrig, St. Ingbert 2012.</li> <li>Schafer, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=6331&CISOSHOW=6203&REC=1">"Carl Schurz, Immigrant Statesman,"</a> <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 11, no. 4 (June 1928), pp. 373–394.</li> <li>Schurz, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/lhbum:@field(DOCID+@lit(lhbum09286)):@@@$REF$"><i>Intimate Letters of Carl Schurz 1841-1869</i></a>, Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1928.</li> <li>Trefousse, Hans L. <i>Carl Schurz: A Biography</i>, (1st ed. Knoxville: U. of Tenn. Press, 1982; 2nd ed. New York: Fordham University Press, 1998)</li> <li>Twain, Mark, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twainquotes.com/Schurz.html">Carl Schurz, Pilot</a>," <i>Harper's Weekly</i>, May 26, 1906.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> German <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Carl_Schurz" class="extiw" title="s:de:Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressS000151" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000151">"Carl Schurz (id: S000151)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Carl+Schurz+%28id%3A+S000151%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DS000151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schurz" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 2008-08-12</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2909">Works by Carl Schurz</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Schurz%2C%20Carl%20Christian%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Schurz%2C%20Carl%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Schurz%2C%20C%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20Christian%20Schurz%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20C%2E%20Schurz%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20C%2E%20Schurz%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Schurz%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20Schurz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20Christian%20Schurz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20C%2E%20Schurz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20C%2E%20Schurz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20Christian%20Schurz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schurz%2C%20Carl%20Christian%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schurz%2C%20Carl%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schurz%2C%20C%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schurz%2C%20C%2E%20Christian%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20Schurz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schurz%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20Christian%20Schurz%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20C%2E%20Schurz%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20C%2E%20Schurz%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20Schurz%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20Christian%20Schurz%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20C%2E%20Schurz%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20C%2E%20Schurz%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schurz%2C%20Carl%20Christian%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schurz%2C%20Carl%20C%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20Schurz%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schurz%2C%20Carl%22%29%20OR%20%28%221829-1906%22%20AND%20Schurz%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Carl Schurz</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Reynolds, Robert L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424200251/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1963/2/1963_2_20_print.shtml">"A Man of Conscience"</a>, <i>American Heritage Magazine</i>, vol. 14, no. 2 (1963).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harpers.org/archive/2008/11/hbc-90003773">"Schurz: The True Americanism"</a> <i>Harper's Magazine</i>, November 1, 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828041705/http://www.library.wisc.edu/etext/wireader/WER1027.html">"Carl Schurz"</a> from Charles Rounds, <i>Wisconsin Authors and Their Works</i>, 1918.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/schultze-schuveldt.html">The Political Graveyard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=147&subjectID=2">Abraham Lincoln's White House - Carl Schurz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150905/http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=147&subjectID=2">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hsp.org/collections/Balch%20manuscript_guide/html/schurz.html">Carl Schurz Papers</a>, containing materials especially of interest to the examination of Schurz's image in the press and in the German-American community, are available for research use at the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Historical Society of Pennsylvania">Historical Society of Pennsylvania</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_29-76f1vrk1">Constitutional Minutes episode about Carl Schurz from the American Archive of Public Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/016153">Newspaper clippings about Carl Schurz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_29-76f1vrk1">Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Carl Schurz; Episode Number: 112</a> from American Archive of Public Broadcasting</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)" title="William Preston (Kentucky soldier)">William Preston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Spain">United States Minister to Spain</a> </b><br />1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Koerner" title="Gustav Koerner">Gustav Körner</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Henderson" title="John B. Henderson">John B. Henderson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Missouri">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Missouri</a> </b><br />1869–1875 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Drake" title="Charles D. Drake">Charles D. Drake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._Jewett" title="Daniel T. Jewett">Daniel T. Jewett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Francis Blair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_V._Bogy" title="Lewis V. Bogy">Lewis V. Bogy</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cockrell" title="Francis Cockrell">Francis Cockrell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Zachariah Chandler</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a> </b><br />1877–1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Kirkwood" title="Samuel J. Kirkwood">Samuel J. Kirkwood</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gettysburg_figures6636" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_figures" title="Template:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gettysburg_figures" title="Template talk:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg_figures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gettysburg_figures6636" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg figures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Anderson" title="George T. Anderson">G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Archer" title="James J. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Addison_Armistead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Addison Armistead">Armistead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barksdale" title="William Barksdale">Barksdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Benning" title="Henry L. Benning">Benning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Brockenbrough" title="John M. Brockenbrough">Brockenbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Chambliss" title="John R. Chambliss">Chambliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Daniel" title="Junius Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Davis" title="Joseph R. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Doles" title="George P. Doles">Doles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Garnett" title="Richard B. Garnett">Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Heth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Humphreys" title="Benjamin G. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Imboden" title="John D. Imboden">Imboden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Iverson_Jr." title="Alfred Iverson Jr.">Iverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Jones" title="John M. Jones">J. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jones_(general)" title="William E. Jones (general)">W. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw" title="Joseph B. Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Confederate_general)" title="James Henry Lane (Confederate general)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evander_M._Law" title="Evander M. Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitzhugh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Fitzhugh Lee">W. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Marshall" title="James K. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">McLaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal" title="Edward A. O'Neal">O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Oates" title="William C. Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">Pender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnot_Posey" title="Carnot Posey">Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur" title="Stephen Dodson Ramseur">Ramseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_B._Robertson" title="Jerome B. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Rodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore_Scales" title="Alfred Moore Scales">Scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jones_Semmes" title="Paul Jones Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(brigadier_general)" title="George H. Steuart (brigadier general)">G. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_Thomas" title="Edward Lloyd Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Walker" title="James A. Walker">J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Lindsay_Walker" title="Reuben Lindsay Walker">R. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Wofford" title="William T. Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_R._Wright" title="Ambrose R. Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeyn_B._Ayres" title="Romeyn B. Ayres">Ayres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barnes_(general)" title="James Barnes (general)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baxter" title="Henry Baxter">Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman_Biddle" title="Chapman Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Birney" title="David B. Birney">Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">Buford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Caldwell" title="John C. Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Candy" title="Charles Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henry_Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Henry Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradford_Carr" title="Joseph Bradford Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">J. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_W._Claflin" title="Ira W. Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Cross" title="Edward E. Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Cushing" title="Alonzo Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Cutler" title="Lysander Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Crawford" title="Samuel W. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth" title="Elon J. Farnsworth">Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Geary" title="John W. Geary">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Gilsa" title="Leopold von Gilsa">Gilsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Graham" title="Charles K. Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Greene" title="George S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McMurtrie_Gregg" title="David McMurtrie Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harrow" title="William Harrow">Harrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hays" title="Alexander Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski">Krzyżanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Meredith" title="Solomon Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newton_(engineer)" title="John Newton (engineer)">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_M._Nolan" title="Nicholas M. Nolan">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rene_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Rene Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Pleasonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clay_Rice" title="James Clay Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Algeo_Rowley" title="Thomas Algeo Rowley">Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ruger" title="Thomas H. Ruger">Ruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schimmelfennig" title="Alexander Schimmelfennig">Schimmelfennig</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Stannard" title="George J. Stannard">Stannard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Starr" title="Samuel H. Starr">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_von_Steinwehr" title="Adolph von Steinwehr">Steinwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Tilton" title="William S. Tilton">Tilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Tyler" title="Robert O. Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Vincent" title="Strong Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Wadsworth" title="James S. Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Hobart_Ward" title="J. H. Hobart Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Weed" title="Stephen H. Weed">Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb" title="Alexander S. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Willard" title="George L. Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Zook" title="Samuel K. Zook">Zook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other notable<br />military personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Avery" title="Isaac E. Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_S._Baker" title="Laurence S. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Horatio_Belo" title="Alfred Horatio Belo">Belo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Berdan" title="Hiram Berdan">Berdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Biddle" title="Alexander Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Brooke" title="John R. Brooke">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Brown" title="Stephen F. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goode_Bryan" title="Goode Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_K._Burgwyn" title="Henry K. Burgwyn">Burgwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Burling" title="George C. Burling">Burling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Carroll" title="Samuel S. Carroll">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Carter_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Henry Carter (Civil War)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chamberlain_(soldier)" title="Thomas Chamberlain (soldier)">T. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Colvill" title="William J. Colvill">Colvill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Corby" title="William Corby">Corby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coster" title="Charles Coster">Coster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dearing" title="James Dearing">Dearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Devin" title="Thomas Devin">Devin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_van_Horne_Ellis" title="Augustus van Horne Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Enderlin" title="Richard Enderlin">Enderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Fremantle" title="Arthur Lyon Fremantle">Lyon Fremantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkett_D._Fry" title="Birkett D. Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gamble_(general)" title="William Gamble (general)">Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenner_Garrard" title="Kenner Garrard">Garrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_C._Godwin" title="Archibald C. Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Goree" title="T. J. Goree">Goree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Irvin_Gregg" title="John Irvin Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Grimes" title="Bryan Grimes">Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gwyn" title="James Gwyn">Gwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Hall" title="Norman J. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Harrison" title="Henry Thomas Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Haskell" title="Frank A. Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Hazlett" title="Charles E. Hazlett">Hazlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Stockton_Howell" title="Horatio Stockton Howell">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Humiston" title="Amos Humiston">Humiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Jeffords" title="Harrison Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Jones" title="Marcellus Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kelly_(Civil_War)" title="Patrick Kelly (Civil War)">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Keogh" title="Myles Keogh">Keogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lang_(Civil_War)" title="David Lang (Civil War)">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Latimer" title="Joseph W. Latimer">Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Lewis" title="William G. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCandless" title="William McCandless">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_L._McDougall" title="Archibald L. McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._McFarland" title="George F. McFarland">McFarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baillie_McIntosh" title="John Baillie McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Murphy_Mayo" title="Robert Murphy Mayo">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holman_S._Melcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Holman S. Melcher">Melcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goodale_Morrill" title="Walter Goodale Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Muhlenberg" title="Edward D. Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Rorke" title="Patrick O'Rorke">O'Rorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ario_Pardee,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ario Pardee, Jr.">Pardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ransom_Johnson_Pegram" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ransom Johnson Pegram">Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Poague" title="William T. Poague">Poague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Salomon" title="Edward S. Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orland_Smith" title="Orland Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxley_Sorrel" title="Moxley Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Spear" title="Ellis Spear">Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Stone_(general)" title="Roy Stone (general)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Taylor" title="Walter H. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_de_Trobriand" title="Régis de Trobriand">Trobriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Wainwright" title="Charles S. Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hull_Ward" title="George Hull Ward">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Local civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Broadhead" title="Sarah Broadhead">Broadhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Burns" title="John L. Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_McClean" title="Moses McClean">McClean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McConaughy" title="David McConaughy">McConaughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_McPherson" title="Edward McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnie_Wade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginnie Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wills_(Gettysburg)" title="David Wills (Gettysburg)">Wills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_the_interior85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_interior" title="Template:United States secretaries of interior"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_secretaries_of_interior" title="Template talk:United States secretaries of interior"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_interior" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States secretaries of interior"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_the_interior85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States secretaries of the interior</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean_Thompson_McKennan" title="Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan">McKennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hugh_Holmes_Stuart" title="Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClelland_(American_politician)" title="Robert McClelland (American politician)">McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Thompson" title="Jacob Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Blood_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Caleb Blood Smith">C. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_Usher" title="John Palmer Usher">Usher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(Iowa_politician)" title="James Harlan (Iowa politician)">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Hickman_Browning" title="Orville Hickman Browning">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Dolson_Cox" title="Jacob Dolson Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Delano" title="Columbus Delano">Delano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Kirkwood" title="Samuel J. Kirkwood">Kirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Teller" title="Henry M. Teller">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Vilas" title="William F. Vilas">Vilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Willock_Noble" title="John Willock Noble">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoke_Smith" title="Hoke Smith">H. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Francis" title="David R. Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Newton_Bliss" title="Cornelius Newton Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_A._Hitchcock_(Interior)" title="Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rudolph_Garfield" title="James Rudolph Garfield">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Ballinger" title="Richard A. Ballinger">Ballinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Fisher" title="Walter L. Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Knight_Lane" title="Franklin Knight Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barton_Payne" title="John Barton Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Fall" title="Albert B. Fall">Fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Owen_West" title="Roy Owen West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lyman_Wilbur" title="Ray Lyman Wilbur">Wilbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Ickes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Albert_Krug" title="Julius Albert Krug">Krug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_L._Chapman" title="Oscar L. Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_McKay" title="Douglas McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_A._Seaton" title="Fred A. Seaton">Seaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Udall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Hickel" title="Wally Hickel">Hickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_K._Hathaway" title="Stanley K. Hathaway">Hathaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Kleppe" title="Thomas S. Kleppe">Kleppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Andrus" title="Cecil Andrus">Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Watt" title="James G. Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Clark_Jr." title="William P. Clark Jr.">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_P._Hodel" title="Donald P. Hodel">Hodel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lujan_Jr." title="Manuel Lujan Jr.">Lujan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_Norton" title="Gale Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne" title="Dirk Kempthorne">Kempthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Jewell" title="Sally Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Zinke" title="Ryan Zinke">Zinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bernhardt" title="David Bernhardt">Bernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deb_Haaland" title="Deb Haaland">Haaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Burgum" title="Doug Burgum">Burgum</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of the Interior"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of the Interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Missouri99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="Template:United States senators from Missouri"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="Template talk:United States senators from Missouri"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Missouri"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Missouri99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">United States senators from Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Geyer" title="Henry S. Geyer">Geyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusten_Polk" title="Trusten Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Henderson" title="John B. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cockrell" title="Francis Cockrell">Cockrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warner_(Missouri_politician)" title="William Warner (Missouri politician)">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_C._Patterson" title="Roscoe C. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Briggs" title="Frank P. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Kem" title="James P. Kem">Kem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Symington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">Danforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Carnahan" title="Jean Carnahan">Carnahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Talent" title="Jim Talent">Talent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">McCaskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Barton_(politician)" title="David Barton (politician)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Buckner" title="Alexander Buckner">Buckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Linn" title="Lewis F. Linn">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Green" title="James S. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_P._Johnson" title="Waldo P. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(Missouri_politician)" title="Robert Wilson (Missouri politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Drake" title="Charles D. Drake">Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._Jewett" title="Daniel T. Jewett">Jewett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_V._Bogy" title="Lewis V. Bogy">Bogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Armstrong" title="David H. Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)" title="James Shields (politician, born 1806)">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_Vest" title="George Graham Vest">Vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_P._Wilfley" title="Xenophon P. Wilfley">Wilfley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selden_P._Spencer" title="Selden P. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Williams_(Missouri_politician)" title="George H. Williams (Missouri politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Hawes" title="Harry B. Hawes">Hawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Champ_Clark" title="Bennett Champ Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_C._Donnell" title="Forrest C. Donnell">Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hennings_Jr." title="Thomas C. Hennings Jr.">Hennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V._Long" title="Edward V. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_ambassadors_to_Spain_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain526" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Template:US ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Template talk:US ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_ambassadors_to_Spain_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain526" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Spain" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Spain">United States ambassadors to Spain</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers Plenipotentiary<br />to Spain<br />(1779–1825)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carmichael_(diplomat)" title="William Carmichael (diplomat)">Carmichael</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)" title="William Short (American ambassador)">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Humphreys_(soldier)" title="David Humphreys (soldier)">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Erving" title="George W. Erving">Erving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Erving" title="George W. Erving">Erving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Nelson (American politician)">Nelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy Extraordinary and<br />Minister Plenipotentiary <br />to Spain<br />(1825–1913)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hill_Everett" title="Alexander Hill Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_P._Van_Ness" title="Cornelius P. Van Ness">Van Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Vail</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Mitchell_Saunders" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Mitchell Saunders">Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Moreau_Barringer" title="Daniel Moreau Barringer">Barringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soul%C3%A9" title="Pierre Soulé">Soulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Dodge" title="Augustus C. Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)" title="William Preston (Kentucky soldier)">Preston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Koerner" title="Gustav Koerner">Koerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Fairchild" title="Lucius Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_Lamar_Monroe_Curry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry">Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Belmont" title="Perry Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Palmer" title="Thomas W. Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burd_Grubb_Jr." title="Edward Burd Grubb Jr.">Grubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Loudon_Snowden" title="A. Loudon Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannis_Taylor" title="Hannis Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellamy_Storer_(politician,_born_1847)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellamy Storer (politician, born 1847)">Storer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sherburne_Hardy" title="Arthur Sherburne Hardy">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_Collier" title="William Miller Collier">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Ide" title="Henry Clay Ide">Ide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary<br />to Spain<br />(1913–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Willard" title="Joseph Edward Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Woods" title="Cyrus Woods">Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pollock_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Pollock Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_H._Hammond" title="Ogden H. Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_B._Laughlin" title="Irwin B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Freeman_Matthews" title="H. Freeman Matthews">Matthews</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Weddell" title="Alexander W. Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Armour" title="Norman Armour">Armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Bonsal" title="Philip Bonsal">Bonsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_T._Culbertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul T. Culbertson">Culbertson</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanton_Griffis" title="Stanton Griffis">Griffis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_MacVeagh" title="Lincoln MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clement_Dunn" title="James Clement Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Lodge" title="John Davis Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Jr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Woodward" title="Robert F. Woodward">Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angier_Biddle_Duke" title="Angier Biddle Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Hill" title="Robert C. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horacio_Rivero_Jr." title="Horacio Rivero Jr.">Rivero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Penn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Penn (page does not exist)">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_Stabler" title="Wells Stabler">Stabler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Todman" title="Terence Todman">Todman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Enders" title="Thomas O. Enders">Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bartholomew" title="Reginald Bartholomew">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zappala" title="Joseph Zappala">Zappala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goodwin_Capen_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Goodwin Capen Jr.">Capen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Gardner" title="Richard N. Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Romero" title="Edward L. Romero">Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Argyros" title="George Argyros">Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Aguirre_(diplomat)" title="Eduardo Aguirre (diplomat)">Aguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Solomont" title="Alan Solomont">Solomont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Costos" title="James Costos">Costos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Buchan" title="Duke Buchan">Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julissa_Reynoso_Pantale%C3%B3n" title="Julissa Reynoso Pantaleón">Pantaleón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Rutherford_B._Hayes_(1877–1881)537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hayes_cabinet" title="Template:Hayes cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hayes_cabinet" title="Template talk:Hayes cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hayes_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hayes cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Rutherford_B._Hayes_(1877–1881)537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/100px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/150px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/200px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="3688" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">George W. McCrary</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a> (1879–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Charles Devens</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Key" title="David M. Key">David M. Key</a> (1877–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Horace Maynard</a> (1880–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Thompson" title="Richard W. Thompson">Richard W. Thompson</a> (1877–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Goff_Jr." title="Nathan Goff Jr.">Nathan Goff Jr.</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Schurz</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127437#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3030" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127437#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3030" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127437#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108666526">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7411341">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/763/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtWYy7qgkmWpGxVrgt3Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118611720">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50003179">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12058879w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13907727">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00812593?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000151">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/969522">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118611720.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118611720">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028835131">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582370">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6th8kxm">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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