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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statehood_to_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Statehood to Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statehood_to_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_through_late_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_through_late_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Civil War through late 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_through_late_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>20th century to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Major cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology,_flora,_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology,_flora,_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ecology, flora, and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology,_flora,_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ecological problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Flooding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Race and ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Birth data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>LGBT community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solar_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Solar power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Entertainment and tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_subsidies_and_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_subsidies_and_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Federal subsidies and spending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_subsidies_and_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politics and government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics and government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_alignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_alignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Political alignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_alignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Passenger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Passenger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Freight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Major rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_bodies_of_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_bodies_of_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>Major bodies of water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_bodies_of_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mississippi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 190 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">190 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9A%E1%88%B2%E1%88%B2%E1%8D%92" title="ሚሲሲፒ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሚሲሲፒ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="مسيسيبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسيسيبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%A6%DC%9D" title="ܡܝܣܝܣܝܦܝ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܝܣܝܣܝܦܝ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(%C3%88tat)" title="Mississippi (Ètat) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mississippi (Ètat)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misis%C3%ADpi" title="Misisípi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Misisípi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_suyu" title="Mississippi suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Mississippi suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi_%C5%9Ftat%C4%B1" title="Missisipi ştatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Missisipi ştatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="میسیسیپی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میسیسیپی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="মিসিসিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিসিসিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Миссисипи (штат) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Миссисипи (штат)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Місісіпі (штат) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Місісіпі (штат)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%96_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Місысыпі (штат) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Місысыпі (штат)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="मिसिसिपी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मिसिसिपी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Мисисипи (щат) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мисисипи (щат)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(Bundesstoot)" title="Mississippi (Bundesstoot) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mississippi (Bundesstoot)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="མི་སི་སི་ཕི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མི་སི་སི་ཕི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(stad)" title="Mississippi (stad) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mississippi (stad)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Миссисипи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Миссисипи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississipi" title="Mississipi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mississipi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Миссисипи (штат) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Миссисипи (штат)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(estado)" title="Mississippi (estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mississippi (estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(st%C3%A1t)" title="Mississippi (stát) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mississippi (stát)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(statu)" title="Mississippi (statu) – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mississippi (statu)" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(talaith)" title="Mississippi (talaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mississippi (talaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A" title="ميسيسيپي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ميسيسيپي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(Bundesstaat)" title="Mississippi (Bundesstaat) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mississippi (Bundesstaat)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diichi%C5%82%C3%ADt%C3%B3_Hahoodzo" title="Diichiłító Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Diichiłító Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_osariik" title="Mississippi osariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mississippi osariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%B9" title="Μισισίπι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μισισίπι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missis%C3%ACpi" title="Missisìpi – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Missisìpi" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi" title="Misisipi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Misisipi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipio" title="Misisipio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Misisipio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="میسیسیپی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میسیسیپی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(%C3%89tat)" title="Mississippi (État) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mississippi (État)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippy_(steat)" title="Mississippy (steat) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mississippy (steat)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌹𐍀𐍀𐌴𐌹 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌹𐍀𐍀𐌴𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9C%EC%8B%9C%ED%94%BC%EC%A3%BC" title="미시시피주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미시시피주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(jiha)" title="Mississippi (jiha) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mississippi (jiha)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikikipi" title="Mikikipi – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mikikipi" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB" title="Միսսիսիպի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միսսիսիպի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="मिसिसिप्पी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिसिसिप्पी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF)" title="মিসিসিপি (রাজ্য) – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মিসিসিপি (রাজ্য)" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%A6%E1%93%B0%E1%93%B0%E1%90%B2_(%E1%90%83%E1%93%97%E1%90%8A%E1%93%82)" title="ᒦᓰᓰᐲ (ᐃᓗᐊᓂ) – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᒦᓰᓰᐲ (ᐃᓗᐊᓂ)" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi" title="Misisipi – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Misisipi" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Миссисипи (штат) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Миссисипи (штат)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMisisiphi" title="IMisisiphi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IMisisiphi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(fylki)" title="Mississippi (fylki) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mississippi (fylki)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(stato)" title="Mississippi (stato) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mississippi (stato)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99_(%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="מיסיסיפי (מדינה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיסיסיפי (מדינה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipii" title="Misisipii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Misisipii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მისისიპის შტატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მისისიპის შტატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Миссисипи (штат) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миссисипи (штат)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi_(eta)" title="Misisipi (eta) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Misisipi (eta)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEs%C3%AEs%C3%AEp%C3%AE" title="Mîsîsîpî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîsîsîpî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Миссисипи (штат) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Миссисипи (штат)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Миссисипи (штат) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Миссисипи (штат)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi" title="Misisipi – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Misisipi" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippia" title="Mississippia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mississippia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi_(%C5%A1tats)" title="Misisipi (štats) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Misisipi (štats)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(Bundesstaat)" title="Mississippi (Bundesstaat) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mississippi (Bundesstaat)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisip%C4%97" title="Misisipė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Misisipė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misciscippi" title="Misciscippi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Misciscippi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(staot)" title="Mississippi (staot) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mississippi (staot)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(%C3%A1llam)" title="Mississippi (állam) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mississippi (állam)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="मिसिसिपी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मिसिसिपी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Мисисипи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мисисипи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="മിസിസിപ്പി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിസിസിപ്പി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihihipi" title="Mihihipi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mihihipi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="मिसिसिपी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिसिसिपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მისისიპიშ შტატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მისისიპიშ შტატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%89" title="ميسيسيبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميسيسيبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="می‌سی‌سی‌پی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="می‌سی‌سی‌پی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯃꯤꯁꯁꯤꯁꯁꯤꯞꯄꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯤꯁꯁꯤꯁꯁꯤꯞꯄꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Миссисипи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Миссисипи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="မစ္စစ္စပီပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မစ္စစ္စပီပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(staat)" title="Mississippi (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mississippi (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(stoat)" title="Mississippi (stoat) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mississippi (stoat)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="मिसिसिपी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिसिसिपी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मिसिसिपि राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिसिसिपि राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%94%E5%B7%9E" title="ミシシッピ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミシシッピ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Миссисипи (штат) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Миссисипи (штат)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(Stoot)" title="Mississippi (Stoot) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mississippi (Stoot)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississip%C3%AD_(Estat)" title="Mississipí (Estat) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mississipí (Estat)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Миссисипи (штат) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Миссисипи (штат)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਿਸੀਸਿੱਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਸੀਸਿੱਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="मिसिसिप्पी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मिसिसिप्पी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="مسسسپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مسسسپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(estado)" title="Mississippi (estado) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mississippi (estado)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="میسیسیپی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="میسیسیپی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(%C3%89tot)" title="Mississippi (Étot) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mississippi (Étot)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(Bundsstaat)" title="Mississippi (Bundsstaat) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mississippi (Bundsstaat)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi_(stan)" title="Missisipi (stan) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Missisipi (stan)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi" title="Missisipi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Missisipi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(stadi)" title="Mississippi (stadi) – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mississippi (stadi)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_suyu" title="Mississippi suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mississippi suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Миссисипи (штат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миссисипи (штат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Миссиссиппи – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Миссиссиппи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi" title="Misisipi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Misisipi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="मिसिसिपी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मिसिसिपी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(istadu)" title="Mississippi (istadu) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mississippi (istadu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A" title="مسيسيپي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مسيسيپي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t_USA)" title="Mississippi (štát USA) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mississippi (štát USA)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi_(zvezna_dr%C5%BEava)" title="Misisipi (zvezna država) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Misisipi (zvezna država)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(sztat)" title="Mississippi (sztat) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mississippi (sztat)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="میسیسیپی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میسیسیپی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Мисисипи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мисисипи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(osavaltio)" title="Mississippi (osavaltio) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mississippi (osavaltio)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="மிசிசிப்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிசிசிப்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Миссисипи (штат) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Миссисипи (штат)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5" title="รัฐมิสซิสซิปปี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐมิสซิสซิปปี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D3%A3" title="Миссисипӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Миссисипӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi" title="Missisipi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Missisipi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Міссісіпі (штат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міссісіпі (штат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="مسیسپی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مسیسپی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi_Shitati" title="Misisipi Shitati – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Misisipi Shitati" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E5%B7%9E" title="密西西比州 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="密西西比州" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E5%B7%9E" title="密西西比州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="密西西比州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99" title="מיסיסיפי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיסיסיפי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cp%C3%ADnl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Mississippi" title="Ìpínlẹ̀ Mississippi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìpínlẹ̀ Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E5%B7%9E" title="密西西比州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="密西西比州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%97s%C4%97s%C4%97p%C4%97_(valst%C4%97j%C4%97)" title="Mėsėsėpė (valstėjė) – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mėsėsėpė (valstėjė)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E5%B7%9E" title="密西西比州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="密西西比州" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi" title="Missisipi – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Missisipi" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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For the river, see <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mississippi (disambiguation)">Mississippi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Mississippi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mississippi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mississippi"><img alt="Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/125px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/188px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/250px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mississippi" title="Flag of Mississippi">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Mississippi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Mississippi"><img alt="Official seal of Mississippi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/100px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/150px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/200px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Mississippi" title="Seal of Mississippi">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_nicknames" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state nicknames">Nickname(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"The Magnolia State" and "The Hospitality State"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Virtute_et_armis" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtute et armis">Virtute et armis</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br />(English: <span lang="en">"By valor and arms"</span>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Go,_Mississippi#Proposals_to_change" title="Go, Mississippi">One Mississippi</a>"</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the United States with Mississippi highlighted"><img alt="Map of the United States with Mississippi highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mississippi_in_United_States.svg/240px-Mississippi_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mississippi_in_United_States.svg/360px-Mississippi_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mississippi_in_United_States.svg/480px-Mississippi_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of the United States with Mississippi highlighted</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Territory</a><br />(1798-1817)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union#List_of_U.S._states" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">December 10, 1817 (20th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states%27_largest_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states' largest cities by population">and largest city</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">Largest metro</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_metropolitan_area,_Mississippi" title="Jackson metropolitan area, Mississippi">Greater Jackson</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi" title="Governor of Mississippi">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tate_Reeves" title="Tate Reeves">Tate Reeves</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Mississippi" title="Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi">Lieutenant Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Delbert_Hosemann" title="Delbert Hosemann">Delbert Hosemann</a> (R)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Legislature" title="Mississippi Legislature">Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Senate" title="Mississippi State Senate">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" title="Mississippi House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mississippi" title="Supreme Court of Mississippi">Supreme Court of Mississippi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Mississippi">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Roger Wicker</a> (R)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Hyde-Smith" title="Cindy Hyde-Smith">Cindy Hyde-Smith</a> (R)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States representatives from Mississippi">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Mississippi's 1st congressional district">1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trent_Kelly" title="Trent Kelly">Trent Kelly</a> (R)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Mississippi's 2nd congressional district">2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bennie_Thompson" title="Bennie Thompson">Bennie Thompson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Mississippi's 3rd congressional district">3</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Guest_(politician)" title="Michael Guest (politician)">Michael Guest</a> (R)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Mississippi's 4th congressional district">4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Ezell" title="Mike Ezell">Mike Ezell</a> (R)</span> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Mississippi" title="United States congressional delegations from Mississippi">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">48,430 sq mi (125,443 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">46,952 sq mi (121,607 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1,521 sq mi (3,940 km<sup>2</sup>)  3%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">32nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">340 mi (545 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">170 mi (275 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">300 ft (90 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Woodall_Mountain" title="Woodall Mountain">Woodall Mountain</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">807 ft (246.0 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 ft (0 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,963,914<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau_2021_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau_2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population">35th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">63.5/sq mi (24.5/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">33rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States#Income_by_state" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">US$43,567<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income#States_and_territories_ranked_by_median_household_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">50th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mississippian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Template:Official_languages_of_U.S._states_and_territories" title="Template:Official languages of U.S. states and territories">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">Central</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_abbreviations#Postal_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">MS</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-MS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state abbreviations">Trad. abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Miss.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data">30°12′ N to 35° N</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">88°6′ W to 91°39′ W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ms.gov">ms<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style><table class="infobox ib-region-symbols"><caption class="infobox-title">State symbols of Mississippi</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap;"><span style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_state_symbols" title="List of Mississippi state symbols">List of state symbols</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mississippi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/250px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/375px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/500px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mississippi" title="Flag of Mississippi">Flag of Mississippi</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Mississippi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/150px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/225px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/300px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Mississippi" title="Seal of Mississippi">Seal of Mississippi</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mississippi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coat_of_arms_of_Mississippi.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coat_of_arms_of_Mississippi.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coat_of_arms_of_Mississippi.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="395" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mississippi" title="Coat of arms of Mississippi">Coat of arms of Mississippi</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Slogan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Virtute_et_armis" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtute et armis">Virtute et armis</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Living insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_mockingbird" title="Northern mockingbird">Northern mockingbird</a><br />(<i>Mimus polyglottos</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Butterfly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Papilio_troilus" title="Papilio troilus">Spicebush swallowtail</a><br />(<i>Papilio troilus</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Largemouth_bass" title="Largemouth bass">Largemouth bass</a><br />(<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Insect</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a><br />(<i>Apis mellifera</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a> (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_reptiles" title="List of U.S. state reptiles">Reptile</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a><br />(<i>Alligator mississippiensis</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_grandiflora" title="Magnolia grandiflora">Southern magnolia</a><br />(<i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Inanimate insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_beverages" title="List of U.S. state beverages">Beverage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Milk</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_colors" title="List of U.S. state colors">Color</a>(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">red and blue</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_dances" title="List of U.S. state dances">Dance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clogging" title="Clogging">Clogging</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_foods" title="List of U.S. state foods">Food</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">Sweet potato</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Gemstone</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Emerald</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Mineral</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gold</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Rock</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Granite</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_shells" title="List of U.S. state shells">Shell</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_oyster" title="Eastern oyster">Eastern oyster</a><br />(<i>Crassostrea virginica</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_toys" title="List of U.S. state toys">Toy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Teddy Bear<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States#State_highways" title="Numbered highways in the United States">State route marker</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellipse_sign_15.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Route marker"><img alt="Route marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ellipse_sign_15.svg/85px-Ellipse_sign_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ellipse_sign_15.svg/128px-Ellipse_sign_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ellipse_sign_15.svg/170px-Ellipse_sign_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/50_State_quarters" title="50 State quarters">State quarter</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2002_MS_Proof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mississippi quarter dollar coin"><img alt="Mississippi quarter dollar coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2002_MS_Proof.png/85px-2002_MS_Proof.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2002_MS_Proof.png/128px-2002_MS_Proof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2002_MS_Proof.png/170px-2002_MS_Proof.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="916" /></a></span><div>Released in 2002</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols" title="Lists of United States state symbols">Lists of United States state symbols</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mississippi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/40\/En-us-Mississippi.ogg\/En-us-Mississippi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Mississippi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/En-us-Mississippi.ogg/En-us-Mississippi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Mississippi.ogg" title="File:En-us-Mississippi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MISS</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">SIP</span>-ee</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> to the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> to the northwest. Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, or its historical course.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mississippi is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">32nd largest</a> by area and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by population">35th-most populous</a> of the 50 U.S. states and has the lowest per-capita income. <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a> is both the state's <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">capital</a> and largest city. <a href="/wiki/Jackson_metropolitan_area,_Mississippi" title="Jackson metropolitan area, Mississippi">Greater Jackson</a> is the state's most populous <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">metropolitan area</a>, with a population of 591,978 in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>. Other major cities include <a href="/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi" title="Gulfport, Mississippi">Gulfport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southaven,_Mississippi" title="Southaven, Mississippi">Southaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi" title="Hattiesburg, Mississippi">Hattiesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch,_Mississippi" title="Olive Branch, Mississippi">Olive Branch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi" title="Meridian, Mississippi">Meridian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state's history traces back to around 9500 BC with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>, evolving through periods marked by the development of agricultural societies, rise of the <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a>, and flourishing of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>. European exploration began with the Spanish in the 16th century, followed by French colonization in the 17th century. Mississippi's strategic location along the Mississippi River made it a site of significant economic and strategic importance, especially during the era of cotton plantation agriculture, which led to its wealth pre-Civil War, but entrenched slavery and racial segregation. On December 10, 1817, Mississippi became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">20th state</a> admitted to the Union. By 1860, Mississippi was the nation's top <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>-producing state and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a> accounted for 55% of the state population.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mississippi declared its <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> from <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">the Union</a> on January 9, 1861, and was one of the seven original <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a>, which constituted the largest slaveholding states in the nation. Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, it was restored to the Union on February 23, 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mississippi's political and social landscape was dramatically shaped by the Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, with the state playing a pivotal role in the struggle for civil rights. From the end of the Civil War to the 1960s, Mississippi was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> dedicated to upholding <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>. </p><p>Despite progress, Mississippi continues to grapple with challenges related to health, education, and economic development, often ranking among the lowest in the United States in national metrics for wealth, health care quality, and educational attainment.<sup id="cite_ref-America's_Health_Rankings_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-America's_Health_Rankings-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economically, it relies on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, manufacturing, and an increasing focus on tourism, highlighted by its casinos and historical sites. Mississippi produces more than half of the country's <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">farm-raised catfish</a>, and is a top producer of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, cotton and <a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">pulpwood</a>. Others include advanced manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">utilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transportation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mississippi is almost entirely within the east <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">Gulf Coastal Plain</a>, and generally consists of <a href="/wiki/Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland">lowland</a> <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> and low hills. The northwest remainder of the state consists of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>. Mississippi's highest point is <a href="/wiki/Woodall_Mountain" title="Woodall Mountain">Woodall Mountain</a> at 807 feet (246 m) above sea level adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a>; the lowest is the Gulf of Mexico. Mississippi has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> classification. </p><p>Mississippi is known for its deep religious roots, which play a central role in its residents' lives. The state ranks among the highest of <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">U.S. states</a> in <a href="/wiki/Religiosity" title="Religiosity">religiosity</a>. Mississippi is also known for being the state with the highest proportion of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> residents. The state's governance structure is based on the traditional separation of powers, with political trends showing a strong alignment with conservative values. Mississippi boasts a rich cultural heritage, especially in music, being the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and contributing significantly to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">music of the United States</a> as a whole. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state's name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, which flows along and defines its western boundary. European-American settlers named it after the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> word ᒥᓯ-ᓰᐱ <i>misi-ziibi</i> (English: <span lang="en">great river</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Summarize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section should include only a <strong>brief</strong> summary of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">History of Mississippi</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia:Summary style</a> for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">History of Mississippi</a></div> <p>Near 9500 BC <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> arrived in what today is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guy_prentice_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guy_prentice-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paleo-Indians in the South were <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> who pursued the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">megafauna</a> that became extinct following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> age. In the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>, Native American settlements and agricultural fields were developed on the natural levees, higher ground in the proximity of rivers. The Native Americans developed extensive fields near their permanent villages. Together with other practices, they created some localized <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_United_States" title="Deforestation in the United States">deforestation</a> but did not alter the ecology of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After thousands of years, succeeding cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> eras developed rich and complex agricultural societies, in which surplus supported the development of specialized trades. Both were <a href="/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">mound builder</a> cultures. Those of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> were the largest and most complex, constructed beginning about 950 AD. The peoples had a trading network spanning the continent from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast. Their large earthworks, which expressed their cosmology of political and religious concepts, still stand throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River Valley">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio River Valley">Ohio River</a> valleys. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choctaw_Village_by_Francois_Bernard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Choctaw_Village_by_Francois_Bernard.jpg/220px-Choctaw_Village_by_Francois_Bernard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Choctaw_Village_by_Francois_Bernard.jpg/330px-Choctaw_Village_by_Francois_Bernard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Choctaw_Village_by_Francois_Bernard.jpg/440px-Choctaw_Village_by_Francois_Bernard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption><i>Choctaw Village near the Chefuncte</i>, by Francois Bernard, 1869, Peabody Museum—Harvard University. The women are preparing dye in order to color cane strips for making baskets.</figcaption></figure> <p>Descendant <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes of the Mississippian culture in the Southeast include the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>. Other tribes who inhabited the territory of Mississippi (and whose names were honored by colonists in local towns) include the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazoo tribe">Yazoo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Biloxi_people" title="Biloxi people">Biloxi</a>. </p><p>The first major European expedition into the territory that became Mississippi was that of the Spanish explorer, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando de Soto (explorer)">Hernando de Soto</a>, who passed through the northeast part of the state in 1540, in his second expedition to the New World. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana (New France)</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve (1763)</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a></div> <p>In April 1699, French colonists established the first European settlement at <i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Maurepas" title="Fort Maurepas">Fort Maurepas</a></i> (also known as Old Biloxi), built in the vicinity of present-day <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Ocean Springs, Mississippi">Ocean Springs</a> on the Gulf Coast. It was settled by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a>. In 1716, the French founded <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a> on the Mississippi River (as <i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rosalie" title="Fort Rosalie">Fort Rosalie</a></i>); it became the dominant town and trading post of the area. The French called the greater territory "<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">New France</a>"; the Spanish continued to claim part of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf coast">Gulf coast</a> area (east of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a>) of present-day southern <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, in addition to the entire area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. The British assumed control of the French territory after the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pushmataha_high_resolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pushmataha_high_resolution.jpg/170px-Pushmataha_high_resolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pushmataha_high_resolution.jpg/255px-Pushmataha_high_resolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pushmataha_high_resolution.jpg/340px-Pushmataha_high_resolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pushmataha" title="Pushmataha">Pushmataha</a>, Principal Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial era</a>, European (chiefly French and Spanish) settlers imported <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaved Africans</a> to work on cash crop <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>. Under French and Spanish rule, there developed a class of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> (<i>gens de couleur libres</i>), mostly <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">multiracial</a> descendants of European men and enslaved or free black women, and their <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> children. In the early days the French and Spanish colonists were chiefly men. Even as more European women joined the settlements, the men had interracial unions among women of African descent (and increasingly, multiracial descent), both before and after marriages to European women. Often the European men would help their multiracial children get educated or gain apprenticeships for trades, and sometimes they settled property on them; they often freed the mothers and their children if enslaved, as part of contracts of <i><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">plaçage</a></i>. With this <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>, the free people of color became artisans, and sometimes educated merchants and property owners, forming a third class between the Europeans and most enslaved Africans in the French and Spanish settlements, although not so large a free community as in the city of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana. </p><p>After Great Britain's victory in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>), the French surrendered the Mississippi area to them under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>. They also ceded their areas to the north that were east of the Mississippi River, including the Illinois Country and Quebec. After the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris (1783)</a>, the lower third of Mississippi came under Spanish rule as part of <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>. In 1819 the United States completed the purchase of West Florida and all of <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>, and in 1822 both were merged into the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_territory">United States territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_act#List_of_organic_acts" title="Organic act">Organic act § List of organic acts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Territory</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> (1775–83), Britain ceded this area to the new United States of America. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Territory</a> was <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">organized</a> on April 7, 1798, from territory ceded by <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> to the United States. Their original colonial charters theoretically extended west to the Pacific Ocean. The Mississippi Territory was later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the United States and Spain. </p><p>From 1800 to about 1830, the United States purchased some lands (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Doak%27s_Stand" title="Treaty of Doak's Stand">Treaty of Doak's Stand</a>) from Native American tribes for new settlements of European Americans. The latter were mostly migrants from other Southern states, particularly Virginia and North Carolina, where soils were exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New settlers kept encroaching on Choctaw land, and they pressed the federal government to expel the Native Americans. On September 27, 1830, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a> was signed between the U.S. Government and the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>. The Choctaw agreed to sell their traditional homelands in Mississippi and Alabama, for compensation and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal">removal</a> to reservations in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (now Oklahoma). This opened up land for sale to <a href="/wiki/European-American" class="mw-redirect" title="European-American">European-American</a> migrant settlement. </p><p>Article 14 in the treaty allowed those Choctaw who chose to remain in the states to become U.S. citizens, as they were considered to be giving up their tribal membership. They were the second major Native American ethnic group to do so (some Cherokee were the first, who chose to stay in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and other areas during rather than join the removal).<sup id="cite_ref-us_citizenship_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us_citizenship-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-david_baird_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david_baird-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today their descendants include approximately 9,500 persons identifying as Choctaw, who live in Neshoba, Newton, Leake, and Jones counties. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians">Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians</a> reorganized in the 20th century and is a Federally recognized tribe. </p><p>Many slaveholders brought enslaved <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> with them or purchased them through the domestic slave trade, especially in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. Through the trade, an estimated nearly one million slaves were forcibly transported to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, including Mississippi, in an internal migration that broke up many slave families of the Upper South, where <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> were selling excess slaves. The Southerners imposed slave laws in the Deep South and restricted the rights of free blacks. </p><p>Beginning in 1822, slaves in Mississippi were protected by law from cruel and unusual punishment by their owners.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southern slave codes made the willful killing of a slave illegal in most cases.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the 1860 Mississippi case of <i>Oliver v. State</i> charged the defendant with murdering his own slave.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%27Evereux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/D%27Evereux.jpg/220px-D%27Evereux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/D%27Evereux.jpg/330px-D%27Evereux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/D%27Evereux.jpg/440px-D%27Evereux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4641" data-file-height="3262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/D%27Evereux" title="D'Evereux">D'Evereux Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a>. Built in 1840, the mansion is listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi">National Register of Historic Places</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood_to_Civil_War">Statehood to Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statehood to Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a></div> <p>Mississippi became the 20th state on December 10, 1817. <a href="/wiki/David_Holmes_(politician)" title="David Holmes (politician)">David Holmes</a> was the first governor.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state was still occupied as ancestral land by several Native American tribes, including Choctaw, Natchez, Houma, Creek, and Chickasaw.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plantations were developed primarily along the major rivers, where the waterfront provided access to the major transportation routes. This is also where early towns developed, linked by the <a href="/wiki/Steamboats" class="mw-redirect" title="Steamboats">steamboats</a> that carried commercial products and crops to markets. The remainder of Native American ancestral land remained largely undeveloped but was sold through treaties until 1826, when the Choctaws and Chickasaws refused to sell more land.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of the Mississippi state legislature's abolition of Choctaw Tribal Government in 1829,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Andrew Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a> of 1830,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Choctaw were effectively forced to sell their land and were transported to Oklahoma Territory. The forced migration of the Choctaw, together with other southeastern tribes removed as a result of the Act, became known as the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">cotton was king</a> during the 1850s, Mississippi plantation owners—especially those of the Delta and Black Belt central regions—became wealthy due to the high fertility of the soil, the high price of cotton on the international market, and free labor gained through their holding enslaved African Americans. They used some of their profits to buy more cotton land and more slaves. The planters' dependence on hundreds of thousands of slaves for labor and the severe wealth imbalances among whites, played strong roles both in state politics and in planters' support for <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a>. Mississippi was a slave society, with the economy dependent on slavery. The state was thinly settled, with population concentrated in the riverfront areas and towns. </p><p>By 1860, the enslaved African-American population numbered 436,631 or 55% of the state's total of 791,305 persons. Fewer than 1000 were <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relatively low population of the state before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> reflected the fact that land and villages were developed only along the riverfronts, which formed the main transportation corridors. Ninety percent of the Delta bottomlands were still frontier and undeveloped.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis_Forgotten_Time-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state needed many more settlers for development. The land further away from the rivers was cleared by freedmen and white migrants during Reconstruction and later.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis_Forgotten_Time-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_through_late_19th_century">Civil War through late 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War through late 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi in the American Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_at_Vicksburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/First_at_Vicksburg.jpg/220px-First_at_Vicksburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/First_at_Vicksburg.jpg/330px-First_at_Vicksburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/First_at_Vicksburg.jpg/440px-First_at_Vicksburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2734" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Confederate lines, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a>, May 19, 1863. Shows assault by US 1st Battalion, 13th Infantry.</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 9, 1861, Mississippi became the second state to declare its secession from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union (Civil War)">Union</a>, and it was one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a>. The first six states to secede were those with the highest number of slaves. During the war, Union and Confederate forces struggled for dominance on the Mississippi River, critical to supply routes and commerce. More than 80,000 Mississippians fought in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Civil War</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a>. Around 17,000 black and 545 white Mississippians would serve in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>. Pockets of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Unionism</a> in Mississippi were in places such as the northeastern corner of the state and <a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_Mississippi" title="Jones County, Mississippi">Jones County</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Newton_Knight" title="Newton Knight">Newton Knight</a> formed a revolt with Unionist leanings, known as the "Free State of Jones".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Union General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>'s long siege of <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicksburg Campaign">Vicksburg</a> finally gained the Union control of the river in 1863. </p><p>In the postwar period, <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> withdrew from white-run churches to set up independent congregations. The majority of blacks left the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>, sharply reducing its membership. They created independent black Baptist congregations. By 1895 they had established numerous black Baptist state associations and the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention</a> of black churches.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, independent black denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (established in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a> in the early 19th century) and the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a> (established in New York City), sent <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> to the South in the postwar years. They quickly attracted hundreds of thousands of converts and founded new churches across the South. Southern congregations brought their own influences to those denominations as well.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-docsouth.unc.edu_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docsouth.unc.edu-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>, the first Mississippi constitutional convention in 1868, with delegates both black and white, framed a constitution whose major elements would be maintained for 22 years.<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention was the first political organization in the state to include African-American representatives, 17 among the 100 members (32 counties had black majorities at the time). Some among the black delegates were <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a>, but others were educated free blacks who had migrated from the North. The convention adopted universal suffrage; did away with property qualifications for <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> or for office, a change that also benefited both blacks and poor whites; provided for the state's first public school system; forbade race distinctions in the possession and inheritance of property; and prohibited limiting civil rights in travel.<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the terms of Reconstruction, Mississippi was restored to the Union on February 23, 1870. </p><p>Because the Mississippi Delta contained so much fertile bottomland that had not been developed before the American Civil War, 90 percent of the land was still frontier. After the Civil War, tens of thousands of migrants were attracted to the area by higher wages offered by planters trying to develop land. In addition, black and white workers could earn money by clearing the land and selling timber, and eventually advance to ownership. The new farmers included many freedmen, who by the late 19th century achieved unusually high rates of land ownership in the Mississippi bottomlands. In the 1870s and 1880s, many black farmers succeeded in gaining land ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis_Forgotten_Time-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legislature_of_the_State_of_Mississippi_(1890).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Legislature_of_the_State_of_Mississippi_%281890%29.png/220px-Legislature_of_the_State_of_Mississippi_%281890%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Legislature_of_the_State_of_Mississippi_%281890%29.png/330px-Legislature_of_the_State_of_Mississippi_%281890%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Legislature_of_the_State_of_Mississippi_%281890%29.png/440px-Legislature_of_the_State_of_Mississippi_%281890%29.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>The legislature of the state of Mississippi in 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the start of the 20th century, two-thirds of the Mississippi farmers who owned land in the Delta were <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis_Forgotten_Time-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But many had become overextended with debt during the falling cotton prices of the difficult years of the late 19th century. Cotton prices fell throughout the decades following the Civil War. As another agricultural depression lowered cotton prices into the 1890s, numerous African-American farmers finally had to sell their land to pay off debts, thus losing the land which they had developed by hard, personal labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis_Forgotten_Time-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Democrats had regained control of the state legislature in 1875, after a year of expanded violence against blacks and intimidation of whites in what was called the "white line" campaign, based on asserting <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>. Democratic whites were well armed and formed <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (southern United States)">Red Shirts</a> to suppress black voting. From 1874 to the elections of 1875, they pressured whites to join the Democrats, and conducted violence against blacks in at least 15 known "riots" in cities around the state to intimidate blacks. They killed a total of 150 blacks, although other estimates place the death toll at twice as many. A total of three white Republicans and five white Democrats were reported killed. In rural areas, deaths of blacks could be covered up. Riots (better described as massacres of blacks) took place in Vicksburg, Clinton, Macon, and in their counties, as well-armed whites broke up black meetings and <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynched</a> known black leaders, destroying local political organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing the success of this deliberate "<a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Plan" title="Mississippi Plan">Mississippi Plan</a>", South Carolina and other states followed it and also achieved white Democratic dominance. In 1877 by a national compromise, the last of federal troops were withdrawn from the region. </p><p>Even in this environment, black Mississippians continued to be elected to local office. However, black residents were deprived of all political power after white legislators passed a new state constitution in 1890 specifically to "eliminate the nigger from politics", according to the state's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> governor, <a href="/wiki/James_K._Vardaman" title="James K. Vardaman">James K. Vardaman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NRMcMillenP43_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRMcMillenP43-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It erected barriers to voter registration and instituted electoral provisions that effectively <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchised</a> most black Mississippians and many poor whites. Estimates are that 100,000 black and 50,000 white men were removed from voter registration rolls in the state over the next few years.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The loss of political influence contributed to the difficulties of African Americans in their attempts to obtain extended credit in the late 19th century. Together with imposition of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> and racial segregation laws, whites increased violence against blacks, with lynchings occurring through the period of the 1890s and extending to 1930. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_to_present">20th century to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_these_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/All_these_children.jpg/220px-All_these_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/All_these_children.jpg/330px-All_these_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/All_these_children.jpg/440px-All_these_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Child workers, <a href="/wiki/Pass_Christian,_Mississippi" title="Pass Christian, Mississippi">Pass Christian</a>, 1911, by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Lewis Hine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1900, blacks made up more than half of the state's population. By 1910, a majority of black farmers in the Delta had lost their land and became <a href="/wiki/Sharecropper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecropper">sharecroppers</a>. By 1920, the third generation after freedom, most African Americans in Mississippi were landless laborers again facing poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis_Forgotten_Time-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting about 1913, tens of thousands of black Americans left Mississippi for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> to industrial cities such as <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. They sought jobs, better education for their children, the right to vote, relative freedom from discrimination, and better living. In the migration of 1910–1940, they left a society that had been steadily closing off opportunity. Most migrants from Mississippi took trains directly north to Chicago and often settled near former neighbors. </p><p>Cotton crops failed due to <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a> infestation and successive severe flooding in 1912 and 1913, creating crisis conditions for many African Americans. With control of the ballot box and more access to credit, white planters bought out such farmers, expanding their ownership of Delta bottomlands. They also took advantage of new railroads sponsored by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis_Forgotten_Time-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blacks also faced violence in the form of lynching, shooting, and the burning of churches. In 1923, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> stated "the Negro feels that life is not safe in Mississippi and his life may be taken with impunity at any time upon the slightest pretext or provocation by a white man".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_and_negro_cotton_pickers_inside_plantation_store,_Knowlton_Plantation,_Perthshire,_Miss._Delta._This_transient_labor_is_contracted_for_and_brought_in_trucks_from_Texas_each_season._October_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mexican_and_negro_cotton_pickers_inside_plantation_store%2C_Knowlton_Plantation%2C_Perthshire%2C_Miss._Delta._This_transient_labor_is_contracted_for_and_brought_in_trucks_from_Texas_each_season._October_1939.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mexican_and_negro_cotton_pickers_inside_plantation_store%2C_Knowlton_Plantation%2C_Perthshire%2C_Miss._Delta._This_transient_labor_is_contracted_for_and_brought_in_trucks_from_Texas_each_season._October_1939.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mexican_and_negro_cotton_pickers_inside_plantation_store%2C_Knowlton_Plantation%2C_Perthshire%2C_Miss._Delta._This_transient_labor_is_contracted_for_and_brought_in_trucks_from_Texas_each_season._October_1939.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican American</a> boy and <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> man at the Knowlton Plantation, Perthshire, Mississippi, in 1939, by <a href="/wiki/Marion_Post_Wolcott" title="Marion Post Wolcott">Marion Post Wolcott</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FSA_Dancing_JukeJoint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/FSA_Dancing_JukeJoint.jpg/220px-FSA_Dancing_JukeJoint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/FSA_Dancing_JukeJoint.jpg/330px-FSA_Dancing_JukeJoint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/FSA_Dancing_JukeJoint.jpg/440px-FSA_Dancing_JukeJoint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Dancing at a <a href="/wiki/Juke_joint" title="Juke joint">juke joint</a> near Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1939, by <a href="/wiki/Marion_Post_Wolcott" title="Marion Post Wolcott">Marion Post Wolcott</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century, some industries were established in Mississippi, but jobs were generally restricted to whites, including child workers. The lack of jobs also drove some southern whites north to cities such as Chicago and Detroit, seeking employment, where they also competed with European immigrants. The state depended on agriculture, but mechanization put many farm laborers out of work. </p><p>By 1900, many white ministers, especially in the towns, subscribed to the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> movement, which attempted to apply Christian ethics to social and economic needs of the day. Many strongly supported <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a>, believing it would help alleviate and prevent many sins.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mississippi became a <a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">dry state</a> in 1908 by an act of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Legislature" title="Mississippi Legislature">state legislature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained dry until the legislature passed a <a href="/wiki/Local_option" title="Local option">local option</a> bill in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African-American Baptist churches grew to include more than twice the number of members as their white Baptist counterparts. The African-American call for social equality resonated throughout the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in the 1940s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a> from the South started in the 1940s, lasting until 1970. Almost half a million people left Mississippi in the second migration, three-quarters of them black. Nationwide during the first half of the 20th century, African Americans became rapidly urbanized and many worked in industrial jobs. The Second Great Migration included destinations in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, where the buildup of the defense industry offered higher-paying jobs to both African Americans and whites. </p><p>Blacks and whites in Mississippi generated rich, quintessentially American music traditions: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>. All were invented, promulgated or heavily developed by Mississippi musicians, many of them African American, and most came from the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>. Many musicians carried their music north to Chicago, where they made it the heart of that city's jazz and blues. </p><p>So many African Americans left in the Great Migration that after the 1930s, they became a minority in Mississippi. In 1960 they made up 42% of the state's population.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whites maintained their discriminatory voter registration processes established in 1890, preventing most blacks from voting, even if they were well educated. Court challenges were not successful until later in the century. After World War II, African-American veterans returned with renewed commitment to be treated as full citizens of the United States and increasingly organized to gain enforcement of their constitutional rights. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights movement</a> had many roots in religion, and the strong community of churches helped supply volunteers and moral purpose for their activism. Mississippi was a center of activity, based in black churches, to educate and register black voters, and to work for integration. In 1954 the state had created the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Sovereignty_Commission" title="Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission">Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission</a>, a tax-supported agency, chaired by the Governor, that claimed to work for the state's image but effectively spied on activists and passed information to the local White Citizens' Councils to suppress black activism. <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils" title="Citizens' Councils">White Citizens Councils</a> had been formed in many cities and towns to resist integration of schools following the unanimous 1954 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruling (<i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. They used intimidation and economic blackmail against activists and suspected activists, including teachers and other professionals. Techniques included loss of jobs and eviction from rental housing. </p><p>In the summer of 1964 students and community organizers from across the country came to help register black voters in Mississippi and establish <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a> was established to challenge the all-white Democratic Party of the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>. Most white politicians resisted such changes. Chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and its sympathizers used violence against activists, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner</a> in 1964 during the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> campaign. This was a catalyst for Congressional passage the following year of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>. Mississippi earned a reputation in the 1960s as a reactionary state.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After decades of disenfranchisement, African Americans in the state gradually began to exercise their right to vote again for the first time since the 19th century, following the passage of federal civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965, which ended <i>de jure</i> segregation and enforced constitutional voting rights. Registration of African-American voters increased and black candidates ran in the 1967 elections for state and local offices. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party fielded some candidates. Teacher <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Clark,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert G. Clark, Jr.">Robert G. Clark</a> of Holmes County was the first African American to be elected to the State House since Reconstruction. He continued as the only African American in the state legislature until 1976 and was repeatedly elected into the 21st century, including three terms as Speaker of the House.<sup id="cite_ref-msu_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msu-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, the state was the last to repeal officially statewide <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition of alcohol</a>. Before that, Mississippi had taxed the illegal alcohol brought in by <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootleggers</a>. Governor <a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Johnson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Paul B. Johnson, Jr.">Paul Johnson</a> urged repeal and the sheriff "raided the annual <a href="/wiki/Junior_League" title="Junior League">Junior League</a> <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> ball at the Jackson Country Club, breaking open the liquor cabinet and carting off the Champagne before a startled crowd of <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and high-ranking state officials".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of legal segregation and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> led to the integration of some churches, but most today remain divided along racial and cultural lines, having developed different traditions. After the Civil War, most African Americans left white churches to establish their own independent congregations, particularly Baptist churches, establishing state associations and a national association by the end of the 20th century. They wanted to express their own traditions of worship and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more diverse communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi" title="Hattiesburg, Mississippi">Hattiesburg</a>, some churches have multiracial congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTrace_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTrace-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 17, 1969, <a href="/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_Hurricane_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale">Category 5</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Camille" title="Hurricane Camille">Hurricane Camille</a> hit the Mississippi coast, killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars). Mississippi ratified the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, in March 1984, which had already entered into force by August 1920; granting women the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hattiesburg_Flags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hattiesburg_Flags.jpg/220px-Hattiesburg_Flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hattiesburg_Flags.jpg/330px-Hattiesburg_Flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hattiesburg_Flags.jpg/440px-Hattiesburg_Flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Flagpoles standing behind <a href="/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi" title="Hattiesburg, Mississippi">Hattiesburg, Mississippi</a> sign, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1987, 20 years after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> had ruled in 1967's <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> that a similar Virginian law was unconstitutional, Mississippi repealed its ban on interracial marriage (also known as <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>), which had been enacted in 1890. It also repealed the <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregationist</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a> in 1989. In 1995, the state symbolically ratified the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>, which had abolished slavery in 1865. In 2009, the legislature passed a bill to repeal other discriminatory civil rights laws, which had been enacted in 1964, the same year as the federal <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act</a>, but ruled unconstitutional in 1967 by federal courts. Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Haley Barbour</a> signed the bill into law.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 29, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, though a <a href="/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_Hurricane_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale">Category 3</a> storm upon final landfall, caused even greater destruction across the entire 90 miles (145 km) of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Gulf_Coast" title="Mississippi Gulf Coast">Mississippi Gulf Coast</a> from Louisiana to Alabama. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mississippi_(2001%E2%80%932020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Mississippi_%282001%E2%80%932020%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%282001%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Mississippi_%282001%E2%80%932020%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%282001%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Mississippi_%282001%E2%80%932020%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%282001%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The previous <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mississippi" title="Flag of Mississippi">flag of Mississippi</a>, used until June 30, 2020, featured the Confederate battle flag.</figcaption></figure> <p>The previous <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mississippi" title="Flag of Mississippi">flag of Mississippi</a>, used until June 30, 2020, featured the <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America#Battle_flag" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate battle flag</a>. Mississippi became the last state to remove the Confederate battle flag as an official state symbol on June 30, 2020, when Governor <a href="/wiki/Tate_Reeves" title="Tate Reeves">Tate Reeves</a> signed a law officially retiring the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mississippi#Second_flag" title="Flag of Mississippi">second state flag</a>. The current flag, The "New Magnolia" flag, was selected via referendum as part of the general election on November 3, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It officially became the state flag on January 11, 2021, after being signed into law by the state legislature and governor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Mississippi_NA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_Mississippi_NA.png/300px-Map_of_Mississippi_NA.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_Mississippi_NA.png/450px-Map_of_Mississippi_NA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_Mississippi_NA.png/600px-Map_of_Mississippi_NA.png 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf-River-swamp-North-Mississippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wolf-River-swamp-North-Mississippi.jpg/220px-Wolf-River-swamp-North-Mississippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wolf-River-swamp-North-Mississippi.jpg/330px-Wolf-River-swamp-North-Mississippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wolf-River-swamp-North-Mississippi.jpg/440px-Wolf-River-swamp-North-Mississippi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="1157" /></a><figcaption>Bottomland hardwood swamp near <a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Mississippi" title="Ashland, Mississippi">Ashland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_Delta_SVG_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mississippi_Delta_SVG_Map.svg/220px-Mississippi_Delta_SVG_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="453" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mississippi_Delta_SVG_Map.svg/330px-Mississippi_Delta_SVG_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mississippi_Delta_SVG_Map.svg/440px-Mississippi_Delta_SVG_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Mississippi Delta Region (outlined in green)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mississippi is bordered to the north by <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, to the east by <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, to the south by <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and a narrow coast on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>; and to the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. </p><p>In addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the <a href="/wiki/Big_Black_River_(Mississippi)" title="Big Black River (Mississippi)">Big Black River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(Mississippi-Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (Mississippi-Louisiana)">Pearl River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_River" title="Yazoo River">Yazoo River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_River" title="Pascagoula River">Pascagoula River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tombigbee_River" title="Tombigbee River">Tombigbee River</a>. Major lakes include <a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett_Reservoir" title="Ross Barnett Reservoir">Ross Barnett Reservoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkabutla_Lake" title="Arkabutla Lake">Arkabutla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardis_Lake_(Mississippi)" title="Sardis Lake (Mississippi)">Sardis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grenada_Lake" title="Grenada Lake">Grenada</a>, with the largest being Sardis Lake. </p><p>Mississippi is entirely composed of <a href="/wiki/Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland">lowlands</a>, the highest point being <a href="/wiki/Woodall_Mountain" title="Woodall Mountain">Woodall Mountain</a>, at 807 ft (246 m) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, in the northeastern part of the state. The lowest point is sea level at the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a>. The state's mean elevation is 300 ft (91 m) above sea level. </p><p>Most of Mississippi is part of the east <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">Gulf Coastal Plain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">coastal plain</a> is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Line">Fall Line</a> Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations. Yellow-brown <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of fertile black earth uplands, a geology that extend into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Black Belt (region of Alabama)">Alabama Black Belt</a>. </p><p>The coastline includes large bays at <a href="/wiki/Bay_St._Louis,_Mississippi" title="Bay St. Louis, Mississippi">Bay St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi" title="Pascagoula, Mississippi">Pascagoula</a>. It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico proper by the shallow <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Sound" title="Mississippi Sound">Mississippi Sound</a>, which is partially sheltered by <a href="/wiki/Petit_Bois_Island_(Mississippi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit Bois Island (Mississippi)">Petit Bois Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_Island_(Mississippi)" title="Horn Island (Mississippi)">Horn Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship_Island_(Mississippi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship Island (Mississippi)">East and West Ship Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer_Island_(Mississippi)" title="Deer Island (Mississippi)">Deer Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Round_Island_(Mississippi)" title="Round Island (Mississippi)">Round Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cat_Island_(Mississippi)" title="Cat Island (Mississippi)">Cat Island</a>. </p><p>The northwest remainder of the state consists of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>, a section of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain">Mississippi Alluvial Plain</a>. The plain is narrow in the south and widens north of <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a>. The region has rich soil, partly made up of <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> which had been regularly deposited by the <a href="/wiki/Flood_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood plain">flood waters</a> of the Mississippi River. </p><p>Areas under the management of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> include:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brices_Cross_Roads_National_Battlefield_Site" title="Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site">Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site</a> near <a href="/wiki/Baldwyn,_Mississippi" title="Baldwyn, Mississippi">Baldwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands_National_Seashore" title="Gulf Islands National Seashore">Gulf Islands National Seashore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_National_Historical_Park" title="Natchez National Historical Park">Natchez National Historical Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_National_Scenic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail">Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_Parkway" title="Natchez Trace Parkway">Natchez Trace Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupelo_National_Battlefield" title="Tupelo National Battlefield">Tupelo National Battlefield</a> in Tupelo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_National_Military_Park" title="Vicksburg National Military Park">Vicksburg National Military Park and Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities_and_towns">Major cities and towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Major cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mississippi_90.jpg/220px-Mississippi_90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mississippi_90.jpg/330px-Mississippi_90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mississippi_90.jpg/440px-Mississippi_90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Map with all counties and their county seats</figcaption></figure> <p>Mississippi City Population Rankings of at least 50,000 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> as of 2017):<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Population_Estimates_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Population_Estimates-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a> (166,965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi" title="Gulfport, Mississippi">Gulfport</a> (71,822)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southaven,_Mississippi" title="Southaven, Mississippi">Southaven</a> (54,031)</li></ol></div> <p>Mississippi City Population Rankings of at least 20,000 but fewer than 50,000 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> as of 2017):<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Population_Estimates_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Population_Estimates-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"><div><ol start="4"><li><a href="/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi" title="Hattiesburg, Mississippi">Hattiesburg</a> (46,377)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a> (45,908)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo</a> (38,114)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi" title="Meridian, Mississippi">Meridian</a> (37,940)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch,_Mississippi" title="Olive Branch, Mississippi">Olive Branch</a> (37,435)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville</a> (30,686)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_Lake,_Mississippi" title="Horn Lake, Mississippi">Horn Lake</a> (27,095)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pearl,_Mississippi" title="Pearl, Mississippi">Pearl</a> (26,534)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Mississippi" title="Madison, Mississippi">Madison</a> (25,627)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Starkville,_Mississippi" title="Starkville, Mississippi">Starkville</a> (25,352)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Mississippi" title="Clinton, Mississippi">Clinton</a> (25,154)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ridgeland,_Mississippi" title="Ridgeland, Mississippi">Ridgeland</a> (24,266)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Mississippi" title="Columbus, Mississippi">Columbus</a> (24,041)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Mississippi" title="Brandon, Mississippi">Brandon</a> (23,999)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi" title="Oxford, Mississippi">Oxford</a> (23,639)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a> (22,489)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi" title="Pascagoula, Mississippi">Pascagoula</a> (21,733)</li></ol></div></div> <p>Mississippi City Population Rankings of at least 10,000 but fewer than 20,000 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> as of 2017):<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Population_Estimates_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Population_Estimates-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"><div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Gautier,_Mississippi" title="Gautier, Mississippi">Gautier</a> (18,512)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Laurel,_Mississippi" title="Laurel, Mississippi">Laurel</a> (18,493)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Ocean Springs, Mississippi">Ocean Springs</a> (17,682)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hernando,_Mississippi" title="Hernando, Mississippi">Hernando</a> (15,981)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Clarksdale,_Mississippi" title="Clarksdale, Mississippi">Clarksdale</a> (15,732)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_Mississippi" title="Long Beach, Mississippi">Long Beach</a> (15,642)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a> (14,886)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Corinth,_Mississippi" title="Corinth, Mississippi">Corinth</a> (14,643)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_Mississippi" title="Greenwood, Mississippi">Greenwood</a> (13,996)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Point,_Mississippi" title="Moss Point, Mississippi">Moss Point</a> (13,398)</li><li><a href="/wiki/McComb,_Mississippi" title="McComb, Mississippi">McComb</a> (13,267)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_St._Louis,_Mississippi" title="Bay St. Louis, Mississippi">Bay St. Louis</a> (13,043)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Mississippi" title="Canton, Mississippi">Canton</a> (12,725)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Grenada,_Mississippi" title="Grenada, Mississippi">Grenada</a> (12,267)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Brookhaven,_Mississippi" title="Brookhaven, Mississippi">Brookhaven</a> (12,173)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Mississippi" title="Cleveland, Mississippi">Cleveland</a> (11,729)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Byram,_Mississippi" title="Byram, Mississippi">Byram</a> (11,671)</li><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Iberville,_Mississippi" title="D'Iberville, Mississippi">D'Iberville</a> (11,610)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Picayune,_Mississippi" title="Picayune, Mississippi">Picayune</a> (11,008)</li><li><a href="/wiki/West_Point,_Mississippi" title="West Point, Mississippi">West Point</a> (10,675)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_City,_Mississippi" title="Yazoo City, Mississippi">Yazoo City</a> (11,018)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Petal,_Mississippi" title="Petal, Mississippi">Petal</a> (10,633)</li></ol></div></div> <p><i>(See: Lists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Mississippi">cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns and villages in Mississippi">towns and villages</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of census-designated places in Mississippi">census-designated places</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Mississippi" title="List of metropolitan areas in Mississippi">metropolitan areas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_micropolitan_areas_in_Mississippi" title="List of micropolitan areas in Mississippi">micropolitan areas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Mississippi" title="List of counties in Mississippi">counties</a> in Mississippi)</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Mississippi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Mississippi.png/220px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Mississippi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Mississippi.png/330px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Mississippi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Mississippi.png/440px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Mississippi.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of Mississippi, using 1991-2020 <a href="/wiki/Climatological_normal" title="Climatological normal">climate normals</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mississippi has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> with long, hot and humid summers, and short, mild winters. Temperatures average about 81 °F (27 °C) in July and about 42 °F (6 °C) in January. The temperature varies little statewide in the summer; however, in winter, the region near <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Sound" title="Mississippi Sound">Mississippi Sound</a> is significantly warmer than the inland portion of the state. The recorded temperature in Mississippi has ranged from −19 °F (−28 °C), in 1966, at <a href="/wiki/Corinth,_Mississippi" title="Corinth, Mississippi">Corinth</a> in the northeast, to 115 °F (46 °C), in 1930, at <a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Holly Springs, Mississippi">Holly Springs</a> in the north. Snowfall is scant throughout the state, occurring only rarely in the south. Yearly <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> generally increases from north to south, with the regions closer to the Gulf being the most humid. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Clarksdale,_Mississippi" title="Clarksdale, Mississippi">Clarksdale</a>, in the northwest, gets about 50 in (1,300 mm) of precipitation annually and <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a>, in the south, about 61 in (1,500 mm). Small amounts of snow fall in northern and central Mississippi; snow is occasional in the southern part of the state. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricanes_Camille_and_Katrina_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hurricanes_Camille_and_Katrina_comparison.jpg/220px-Hurricanes_Camille_and_Katrina_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hurricanes_Camille_and_Katrina_comparison.jpg/330px-Hurricanes_Camille_and_Katrina_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hurricanes_Camille_and_Katrina_comparison.jpg/440px-Hurricanes_Camille_and_Katrina_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Hurricanes Camille (left) and Katrina from satellite imagery, as they approached the Mississippi Gulf Coast</figcaption></figure> <p>The late summer and fall is the seasonal period of risk for <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricanes</a> moving inland from the Gulf of Mexico, especially in the southern part of the state. <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Camille" title="Hurricane Camille">Hurricane Camille</a> in 1969 and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> in 2005, which killed 238 people in the state, were the most devastating hurricanes to hit the state. Both caused nearly total <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a> destruction of structures in and around <a href="/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi" title="Gulfport, Mississippi">Gulfport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi" title="Pascagoula, Mississippi">Pascagoula</a>. </p><p>As in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, thunderstorms are common in Mississippi, especially in the southern part of the state. On average, Mississippi has around 27 <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> annually; the northern part of the state has more tornadoes earlier in the year and the southern part a higher frequency later in the year. Two of the five deadliest tornadoes in United States history have occurred in the state. These storms struck <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a>, in southwest Mississippi (see <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Natchez_Tornado" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Natchez Tornado">The Great Natchez Tornado</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo</a>, in the northeast corner of the state. About seven F5 tornadoes have been recorded in the state. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;">Monthly normal high and low temperatures (°F) for various Mississippi cities </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e5afaa; height:17px;">City </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Jan </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Feb </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Mar </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Apr </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">May </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Jun </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Jul </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Aug </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Sep </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Oct </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Nov </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Dec </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#c5dfe1; height:16px;">Gulfport </th> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">61/43 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">64/46 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">70/52 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">77/59 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">84/66 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">89/72 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">91/74 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">91/74 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">87/70 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">79/60 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">70/51 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">63/45 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f8f3ca; height:16px;">Jackson </th> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">55/35 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">60/38 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">68/45 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">75/52 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">82/61 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">89/68 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">91/71 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">91/70 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">86/65 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">77/52 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">66/43 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">58/37 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#c5dfe1; height:16px;">Meridian </th> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">58/35 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">63/38 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">70/44 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">77/50 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">84/60 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">90/67 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">93/70 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">93/70 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">88/64 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">78/51 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">68/43 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">60/37 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f8f3ca; height:16px;">Tupelo </th> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">50/30 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">56/34 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">65/41 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">74/48 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">81/58 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">88/66 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">91/70 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">91/68 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">85/62 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">75/49 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">63/40 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">54/33 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mississippi (1980–2010) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.3<br />(12.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.7<br />(14.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.2<br />(24.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.6<br />(28.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.9<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.4<br />(33.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.5<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.3<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.9<br />(24.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.5<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.6<br />(13.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74.7<br />(23.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.8<br />(6.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.3<br />(10.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.3<br />(15.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.6<br />(19.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.6<br />(21.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.7<br />(20.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63<br />(17) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.9<br />(11.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.1<br />(6.2) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52.3<br />(11.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(130) </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(130) </td> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(130) </td> <td style="background: #3636FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(130) </td> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(130) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(110) </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(110) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(99) </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(91) </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(100) </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(120) </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(140) </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56.5<br />(1,420) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: USA.com<sup id="cite_ref-USA_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mississippi" title="Climate change in Mississippi">Climate change in Mississippi</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Mississippi&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mississippi" title="Climate change in Mississippi">Climate change in Mississippi</a> encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, in the U.S. state of Mississippi. </p><p>Studies show that Mississippi is among a string of "<a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>" states that will experience the worst effects of climate change in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) reports: </p> "In the coming decades, Mississippi will become warmer, and both floods and droughts may be more severe. Unlike most of the nation, Mississippi did not become warmer during the last 50 to 100 years. But soils have become drier, annual rainfall has increased, more rain arrives in heavy downpours, and sea level is rising about one inch every seven years. The changing climate is likely to increase damages from tropical storms, reduce crop yields, harm livestock, increase the number of unpleasantly hot days, and increase the risk of heat stroke and other heat-related illnesses".<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Mississippi_EPA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Mississippi_EPA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology,_flora,_and_fauna"><span id="Ecology.2C_flora.2C_and_fauna"></span>Ecology, flora, and fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ecology, flora, and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WelcomeToMississippiSignWalls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WelcomeToMississippiSignWalls.jpg/220px-WelcomeToMississippiSignWalls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WelcomeToMississippiSignWalls.jpg/330px-WelcomeToMississippiSignWalls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WelcomeToMississippiSignWalls.jpg/440px-WelcomeToMississippiSignWalls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Leaving Tennessee on US Highway 61</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clark_creek_natural_area_ms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Clark_creek_natural_area_ms.jpg/170px-Clark_creek_natural_area_ms.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Clark_creek_natural_area_ms.jpg/255px-Clark_creek_natural_area_ms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Clark_creek_natural_area_ms.jpg/340px-Clark_creek_natural_area_ms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Clark Creek Natural Area, Wilkinson County</figcaption></figure> <p>Mississippi is heavily forested, with over half of the state's area covered by wild or cultivated trees. The southeastern part of the state is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Longleaf_pine" title="Longleaf pine">longleaf pine</a>, in both uplands and lowland <a href="/wiki/Flatwoods" title="Flatwoods">flatwoods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitcher_plant" title="Pitcher plant">Sarracenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Bogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogs">bogs</a>. The Mississippi Alluvial Plain, or <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Delta</a>, is primarily farmland and aquaculture ponds but also has sizeable tracts of <a href="/wiki/Populus_deltoides" title="Populus deltoides">cottonwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salix_nigra" title="Salix nigra">willows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bald_cypress" class="mw-redirect" title="Bald cypress">bald cypress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>. A belt of <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> extends north to south in the western part of the state, where the Mississippi Alluvial Plain reaches the first hills; this region is characterized by rich, mesic mixed hardwood forests, with some species <a href="/wiki/Disjunct_distribution" title="Disjunct distribution">disjunct</a> from Appalachian forests.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two bands of historical <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Prairie" title="Jackson Prairie">Jackson Prairie</a> and the Black Belt, run northwest to southeast in the middle and northeastern part of the state. Although these areas have been highly degraded by conversion to agriculture, a few areas remain, consisting of grassland with interspersed woodland of <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana" title="Juniperus virginiana">eastern redcedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maclura_pomifera" title="Maclura pomifera">osage-orange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celtis" title="Celtis">sugarberry</a>. The rest of the state, primarily north of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_20" title="Interstate 20">Interstate 20</a> not including the prairie regions, consists of mixed pine-hardwood forest, common species being <a href="/wiki/Pinus_taeda" title="Pinus taeda">loblolly pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Quercus_nigra" title="Quercus nigra">water oak</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua" title="Liquidambar styraciflua">sweetgum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>. Areas along large rivers are commonly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Bald_cypress" class="mw-redirect" title="Bald cypress">bald cypress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyssa_aquatica" title="Nyssa aquatica">water tupelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planera_aquatica" title="Planera aquatica">water elm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carya_aquatica" title="Carya aquatica">bitter pecan</a>. Commonly cultivated trees include loblolly pine, longleaf pine, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_pagoda" title="Quercus pagoda">cherrybark oak</a>, and cottonwood. </p><p>There are approximately 3000 species of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a> known from Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, a project funded by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> aims to update that checklist of plants with museum (<a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">herbarium</a>) <a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">vouchers</a> and create an online <a href="/wiki/Atlas" title="Atlas">atlas</a> of each species's distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 420 species of <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Mississippi" title="List of birds of Mississippi">birds are known to inhabit Mississippi</a>. </p><p>Mississippi has one of the richest fish faunas in the United States, with 204 native fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mississippi also has a rich <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_mussel" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater mussel">freshwater mussel</a> fauna, with about 90 species in the primary family of native mussels (<a href="/wiki/Unionidae" title="Unionidae">Unionidae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these species were extirpated during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee-Tombigbee_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway">Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway</a>. </p><p>Mississippi is home to 63 <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> species, including at least 17 <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mississippi is home to eight <a href="/wiki/Capniidae" title="Capniidae">winter stonefly</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_problems">Ecological problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecological problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flooding">Flooding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flooding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_River_floods" title="List of Mississippi River floods">List of Mississippi River floods</a></div> <p>Due to seasonal flooding, possible from December to June, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_River" title="Yazoo River">Yazoo</a> rivers and their tributaries created a fertile <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> in the Mississippi Delta. The river's flooding created natural levees, which planters had built higher to try to prevent flooding of land cultivated for cotton crops. Temporary workers built <a href="/wiki/Levees" class="mw-redirect" title="Levees">levees</a> along the Mississippi River on top of the natural levees that formed from dirt deposited after the river flooded. </p><p>From 1858 to 1861, the state took over levee building, accomplishing it through contractors and hired labor. In those years, planters considered their slaves too valuable to hire out for such dangerous work. Contractors hired gangs of Irish immigrant laborers to build levees and sometimes clear land. Many of the Irish were relatively recent immigrants from the famine years who were struggling to get established.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the earthwork levees averaged six feet in height, although in some areas they reached twenty feet. </p><p>Flooding has been an integral part of Mississippi history, but clearing of the land for cultivation and to supply wood fuel for steamboats took away the absorption of trees and undergrowth. The banks of the river were denuded, becoming unstable and changing the character of the river. After the Civil War, major floods swept down the valley in 1865, 1867, 1874 and 1882. Such floods regularly overwhelmed levees damaged by Confederate and Union fighting during the war, as well as those constructed after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Otto_Solomon_1999,_pp.10-11_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Otto_Solomon_1999,_pp.10-11-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1877, the state created the Mississippi Levee District for southern counties. </p><p>In 1879, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River Commission">Mississippi River Commission</a>, whose responsibilities included aiding state levee boards in the construction of levees. Both white and black transient workers were hired to build the levees in the late 19th century. By 1882, levees averaged seven feet in height, but many in the southern Delta were severely tested by the flood that year.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Otto_Solomon_1999,_pp.10-11_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Otto_Solomon_1999,_pp.10-11-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1882 flood, the levee system was expanded. In 1884, the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta Levee District was established to oversee levee construction and maintenance in the northern Delta counties; also included were some counties in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> which were part of the Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-about_the_levee_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about_the_levee-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flooding overwhelmed northwestern Mississippi in 1912–1913, causing heavy damage to the levee districts. Regional losses and the Mississippi River Levee Association's lobbying for a flood control bill helped gain passage of national bills in 1917 and 1923 to provide federal matching funds for local levee districts, on a scale of 2:1. Although U.S. participation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> interrupted funding of levees, the second round of funding helped raise the average height of levees in the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta to 22 feet (6.7 m) in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists now understand the levees have increased the severity of flooding by increasing the flow speed of the river and reducing the area of the floodplains. The region was severely damaged due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a>, which broke through the levees. There were losses of millions of dollars in property, stock and crops. The most damage occurred in the lower Delta, including <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Mississippi" title="Washington County, Mississippi">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivar_County,_Mississippi" title="Bolivar County, Mississippi">Bolivar</a> counties.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even as scientific knowledge about the Mississippi River has grown, upstream development and the consequences of the levees have caused more severe flooding in some years. Scientists now understand that the widespread clearing of land and building of the levees have changed the nature of the river. Such work removed the natural protection and absorption of wetlands and forest cover, strengthening the river's current. The state and federal governments have been struggling for the best approaches to restore some natural habitats in order to best interact with the original riverine ecology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>7,600</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>31,306</td><td></td><td>311.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>75,448</td><td></td><td>141.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>136,621</td><td></td><td>81.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>375,651</td><td></td><td>175.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>606,526</td><td></td><td>61.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>791,305</td><td></td><td>30.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>827,922</td><td></td><td>4.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>1,131,597</td><td></td><td>36.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>1,289,600</td><td></td><td>14.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>1,551,270</td><td></td><td>20.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>1,797,114</td><td></td><td>15.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>1,790,618</td><td></td><td>−0.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>2,009,821</td><td></td><td>12.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>2,183,796</td><td></td><td>8.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>2,178,914</td><td></td><td>−0.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>2,178,141</td><td></td><td>0.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>2,216,912</td><td></td><td>1.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>2,520,638</td><td></td><td>13.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>2,573,216</td><td></td><td>2.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>2,844,658</td><td></td><td>10.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>2,967,297</td><td></td><td>4.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>2,961,279</td><td></td><td>−0.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">2,939,690</td><td></td><td>−0.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">Source: 1910–2020<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />2022<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_population_map_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mississippi_population_map_2.png/220px-Mississippi_population_map_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mississippi_population_map_2.png/330px-Mississippi_population_map_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mississippi_population_map_2.png/440px-Mississippi_population_map_2.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Mississippi population density map</figcaption></figure><p>Mississippi's population has remained from 2 million people at the <a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930 U.S. census</a>, to 2.9 million at the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast with <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> to its east, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> to its west, Mississippi has been the slowest growing of the three <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf coast</a> states by population.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, Mississippi's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_population" title="Center of population">center of population</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Leake_County,_Mississippi" title="Leake County, Mississippi">Leake County</a>, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Lena,_Mississippi" title="Lena, Mississippi">Lena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">HUD</a>'s 2022 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Homeless_Assessment_Report_to_Congress" title="Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress">Annual Homeless Assessment Report</a>, there were an estimated 1,196 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Mississippi">homeless people in Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2000 to 2010, the United States Census Bureau reported that Mississippi had the highest rate of increase in people identifying as mixed-race, up 70 percent in the decade; it amounts to a total of 1.1 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTrace_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTrace-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Mississippi led the nation for most of the last decade in the growth of mixed marriages among its population. The total population has not increased significantly, but is young. Some of the above change in identification as mixed-race is due to new births. But, it appears mostly to reflect those residents who have chosen to identify as more than one race, who in earlier years may have identified by just one race or ethnicity. A binary racial system had been in place since slavery times and the days of official government <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>. In the civil rights era, people of African descent banded together in an inclusive community to achieve political power and gain restoration of their civil rights. </p><p>As the demographer <a href="/wiki/William_H._Frey" title="William H. Frey">William H. Frey</a> noted, "In Mississippi, I think it's [identifying as mixed race] changed from within."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTrace_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTrace-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically in Mississippi, after <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> in the 1830s, the major groups were designated as black (African American), who were then mostly enslaved, and white (primarily European American). Matthew Snipp, also a demographer, commented on the increase in the 21st century in the number of people identifying as being of more than one race: "In a sense, they're rendering a more accurate portrait of their racial heritage that in the past would have been suppressed."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTrace_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTrace-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After having accounted for a majority of the state's population since well before the American Civil War and through the 1930s, today <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> constitute approximately 37.8 percent of the state's population. Most have ancestors who were <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslaved</a>, with many forcibly transported from the Upper South in the 19th century to work on the area's new plantations. Many of these slaves were mixed race, with European ancestors, as there were many children born into slavery with white fathers. Some also have Native American ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first half of the 20th century, a total of nearly 400,000 African Americans left the state during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>, for opportunities in the North, Midwest and West. They became a minority in the state for the first time since early in its development.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, The top countries of origin for Mississippi's immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_counties_by_race.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mississippi_counties_by_race.svg/156px-Mississippi_counties_by_race.svg.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mississippi_counties_by_race.svg/234px-Mississippi_counties_by_race.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mississippi_counties_by_race.svg/312px-Mississippi_counties_by_race.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Map of counties in Mississippi by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Legend</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <b>Non-Hispanic White</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dd7e6b; color:black;"> </span> 40–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cc4125; color:white;"> </span> 50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a61c00; color:white;"> </span> 60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#85200c; color:white;"> </span> 70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5b0f00; color:white;"> </span> 80–90%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#410b00; color:white;"> </span> 90%+</div> <b>Black or African American</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffe599; color:black;"> </span> 40–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd966; color:black;"> </span> 50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f1c232; color:black;"> </span> 60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bf9000; color:black;"> </span> 70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7f6000; color:white;"> </span> 80–90%</div>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Racial and ethnic composition as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<sup id="cite_ref-:1_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Alone </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">55.4% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">55.4</span><div style="width:110.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td> <td align="right">57.9% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">57.9</span><div style="width:115.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">36.4% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">36.4</span><div style="width:72.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">37.6% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">37.6</span><div style="width:75.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">— </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">3.6% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">3.6</span><div style="width:7.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">1.1% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1.1</span><div style="width:2.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1.5% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1.5</span><div style="width:3px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> </td> <td align="right">0.5% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.5</span><div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1.6% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1.6</span><div style="width:3.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> </td> <td align="right">0.04% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.04</span><div style="width:0.08px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td> <td align="right">0.1% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.1</span><div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td align="right">0.2% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.2</span><div style="width:0.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td> <td align="right">0.7% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.7</span><div style="width:1.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed collapsible"> <caption><b>Historical racial and ethnic composition from 1990 to 2020</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Racial composition</th> <th>1990<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2000<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2010<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020DP1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020DP1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a></td> <td>63.5%</td> <td>61.4%</td> <td>59.1%</td> <td>56.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a></td> <td>35.6%</td> <td>36.3%</td> <td>37.0%</td> <td>36.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a></td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Other race</a></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>3.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Americans of <a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a> ancestry are present throughout the state. It is believed that there are more people with such ancestry than identify as such on the census, in part because their immigrant ancestors are more distant in their family histories. <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> are generally the most under-reported ancestry groups in both the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">South Atlantic states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">East South Central states</a>. The historian <a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">David Hackett Fischer</a> estimated that a minimum 20% of Mississippi's population is of English ancestry, though the figure is probably much higher, and another large percentage is of Scottish ancestry. Many Mississippians of such ancestry identify simply as <a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American</a> on questionnaires, because their families have been in North America for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980 U.S. census, 656,371 Mississippians of a total of 1,946,775 identified as being of English ancestry, making them 38% of the state at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state in 2010 had the highest proportion of African Americans in the nation. The African American percentage of population has begun to increase due mainly to a younger population than the whites (the <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rates</a> of the two races are approximately equal). Due to patterns of settlement and whites putting their children in private schools, in almost all of Mississippi's public school districts, a majority of students are African American. African Americans are the majority ethnic group in the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Yazoo Delta</a>, and the southwestern and the central parts of the state. These are areas where, historically, African Americans owned land as farmers in the 19th century following the Civil War, or worked on cotton plantations and farms.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People of <a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French Creole</a> ancestry form the largest demographic group in <a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Mississippi" title="Hancock County, Mississippi">Hancock County</a> on the Gulf Coast. The African American, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Neshoba_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Neshoba County">Neshoba County</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese American</a> portions of the population are also almost entirely native born. </p><p>The Chinese first came to Mississippi as <a href="/wiki/Indentured" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured">contract workers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans#California_Gold_Rush" title="History of Chinese Americans">California</a> in the 1870s, and they originally worked as laborers on the cotton plantations. However, most Chinese families came later between 1910 and 1930 from other states, and most operated small family-owned groceries stores in the many small towns of the Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these roles, the ethnic Chinese carved out a niche in the state between black and white, where they were concentrated in the Delta. These small towns have declined since the late 20th century, and many ethnic Chinese have joined the exodus to larger cities, including Jackson. Their population in the state overall has increased in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1980s many <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese American">Vietnamese</a> immigrated to Mississippi and other states along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, where they became employed in fishing-related work.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italians were one of the largest immigrant groups in the state during the first three decades of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2011, 53.8% of Mississippi's population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_data">Birth data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Birth data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Mississippi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ethnic_Origins_in_Mississippi.png/270px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Mississippi.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ethnic_Origins_in_Mississippi.png/405px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Mississippi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ethnic_Origins_in_Mississippi.png/540px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Mississippi.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="3627" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in Mississippi</figcaption></figure><p><i>Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.</i> </p><table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Race</a> </th> <th>2013<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2014<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2016<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2017<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2018<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2019<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2021<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2022<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a>: </td> <td>20,818 (53.9%) </td> <td>20,894 (53.9%) </td> <td>20,730 (54.0%) </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>> <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic White</a> </td> <td>19,730 (51.0%) </td> <td>19,839 (51.3%) </td> <td>19,635 (51.1%) </td> <td>19,411 (51.2%) </td> <td>18,620 (49.8%) </td> <td>18,597 (50.2%) </td> <td>18,229 (49.8%) </td> <td>17,648 (49.8%) </td> <td>17,818 (50.7%) </td> <td>17,703 (51.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td>17,020 (44.0%) </td> <td>17,036 (44.0%) </td> <td>16,846 (43.9%) </td> <td>15,879 (41.9%) </td> <td>16,087 (43.1%) </td> <td>15,797 (42.7%) </td> <td>15,706 (42.9%) </td> <td>15,155 (42.7%) </td> <td>14,619 (41.6%) </td> <td>14,035 (40.5%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td>504 (1.3%) </td> <td>583 (1.5%) </td> <td>559 (1.5%) </td> <td>475 (1.3%) </td> <td>502 (1.3%) </td> <td>411 (1.1%) </td> <td>455 (1.2%) </td> <td>451 (1.3%) </td> <td>404 (1.1%) </td> <td>396 (1.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> </td> <td>292 (0.7%) </td> <td>223 (0.6%) </td> <td>259 (0.7%) </td> <td>215 (0.6%) </td> <td>225 (0.6%) </td> <td>238 (0.6%) </td> <td>242 (0.7%) </td> <td>252 (0.7%) </td> <td>227 (0.6%) </td> <td>246 (0.7%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a></i> (of any race) </td> <td><i>1,496</i> (3.9%) </td> <td><i>1,547</i> (4.0%) </td> <td><i>1,613</i> (4.2%) </td> <td><i>1,664</i> (4.4%) </td> <td><i>1,650</i> (4.4%) </td> <td><i>1,666</i> (4.5%) </td> <td><i>1,709</i> (4.7%) </td> <td><i>1,679</i> (4.7%) </td> <td><i>1,756</i> (5.0%) </td> <td><i>1,930</i> (5.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total Mississippi</b> </td> <td><b>38,634</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>38,736</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>38,394</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>37,928</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>37,357</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>37,000</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>36,636</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>35,473</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>35,156</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>34,675</b> (100%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Since 2016, data for births of <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a> origin are not collected, but included in one <i>Hispanic</i> group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.</li></ul> <p>In 2022, Mississippi had the highest teen birth rate of any state, at 26.4 births per 1,000 females ages 15 to 19 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT_community">LGBT community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: LGBT community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2010 United States census counted 6,286 same-sex unmarried-partner households in Mississippi, an increase of 1,512 since the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 United States census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LGBTCensus_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LGBTCensus-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of those same-sex couples roughly 33% contained at least one child, giving Mississippi the distinction of leading the nation in the percentage of same-sex couples raising children.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mississippi has the largest percentage of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT African Americans">African American</a> same-sex couples among total households. The state capital, Jackson, ranks tenth in the nation in concentration of African American same-sex couples. The state ranks fifth in the nation in the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic Americans">Hispanic</a> same-sex couples among all Hispanic households and ninth in the highest concentration of same-sex couples who are <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">seniors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; float:center"> <caption>Top 10 non-English languages spoken in Mississippi </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Percentage of population<br /><small>(as of 2010)</small><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a> (tied)</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (tied)</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr></tbody></table><p>In 2000, 96.4% of Mississippi residents five years old and older spoke only English in the home, a decrease from 97.2% in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-city-data.com_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city-data.com-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English is largely <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>, with some South Midland speech in northern and eastern Mississippi. There is a common absence of final /r/, particularly in the elderly natives and African Americans, and the lengthening and weakening of the diphthongs /aɪ/ and /ɔɪ/ as in 'ride' and 'oil'. South Midland terms in northern Mississippi include: tow sack (burlap bag), dog irons (andirons), plum peach (clingstone peach), snake doctor (dragonfly), and stone wall (rock fence).<sup id="cite_ref-city-data.com_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city-data.com-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:red; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 63.461929754415px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 54.975465219277px; border-left-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 47.056428121225px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.802672842827px 6.2790519529313px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religious self-identification, per <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a>'s 2022 <i>American Values Survey</i><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestantism</a> (74%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in the United States">Catholicism</a> (8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Pink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Unaffiliated</a> (15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> (1%)</div> </div> </div></div><p>Under French and Spanish rule beginning in the 17th century, European colonists were mostly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>. The growth of the cotton culture after 1815 brought in tens of thousands of Anglo-American settlers each year, most of whom were Protestants from Southeastern states. Due to such migration, there was rapid growth in the number of Protestant denominations and churches, especially among the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-religion_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_baptist_church_amite_county_ms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liberty_baptist_church_amite_county_ms.jpg/220px-Liberty_baptist_church_amite_county_ms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liberty_baptist_church_amite_county_ms.jpg/330px-Liberty_baptist_church_amite_county_ms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liberty_baptist_church_amite_county_ms.jpg/440px-Liberty_baptist_church_amite_county_ms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4284" data-file-height="2809" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Mississippi" title="Liberty, Mississippi">Liberty</a> Baptist Church, <a href="/wiki/Amite_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Amite County">Amite County</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The revivals of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> in the late 18th and early 19th centuries initially attracted the <a href="/wiki/Plain_Folk_of_the_Old_South" title="Plain Folk of the Old South">"plain folk"</a> by reaching out to all members of society, including women and blacks. Both slaves and free blacks were welcomed into Methodist and Baptist churches. Independent black Baptist churches were established before 1800 in Virginia, Kentucky, South Carolina and Georgia, and later developed in Mississippi as well. </p><p>In the post-Civil War years, religion became more influential as the South became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>". By 2014, the Pew Research Center determined 83% of its population was Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a separate study by the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020, 80% of the population was Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another Public Religion study in 2022, 84% of the population was Christian spread throughout Protestants (74%), Catholics (8%), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (1%), and <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a> (1%). </p><p>Since the 1970s, fundamentalist conservative churches have grown rapidly, fueling Mississippi's conservative political trends among whites.<sup id="cite_ref-religion_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a> attracted numerous conservative congregations. As of 2010, Mississippi remained a stronghold of the denomination, which originally was brought by Scots immigrants. The state has the highest adherence rate of the PCA in 2010, with 121 congregations and 18,500 members. It is among the few states where the PCA has higher membership than the PC(USA).<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> (ARDA), in 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> had 907,384 adherents and was the largest religious denomination in the state, followed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> with 204,165, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> with 112,488.<sup id="cite_ref-www.thearda.com_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.thearda.com-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other religions have a small presence in Mississippi; as of 2010, there were 5,012 <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a>; 4,389 <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a>; and 816 of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www.thearda.com_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.thearda.com-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Pew Research Center in 2014, with <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestantism">evangelical Protestantism</a> as the predominant Christian affiliation, the Southern Baptist Convention remained the largest denomination in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-denominational Evangelicals were the second-largest, followed by <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">historically African American denominations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention, USA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_National_Baptist_Convention" title="Progressive National Baptist Convention">Progressive National Baptist Convention</a>. </p><p>Public opinion polls have consistently ranked Mississippi as the most religious state in the United States, with 59% of Mississippians considering themselves "very religious". The same survey also found that 11% of the population were non-Religious.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2009 Gallup poll, 63% of Mississippians said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly—the highest percentage of all states (U.S. average was 42%, and the lowest percentage was in Vermont at 23%).<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2008 Gallup poll found that 85% of Mississippians considered religion an important part of their daily lives, the highest figure among all states (U.S. average 65%).<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state is ranked 50th or last place among all the states for health care, according to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Fund" title="Commonwealth Fund">Commonwealth Fund</a>, a nonprofit foundation working to advance performance of the health care system.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mississippi has the highest rate of infant and neonatal deaths of any U.S. state. Age-adjusted data also shows Mississippi has the highest overall <a href="/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rate</a>, and the highest death rate from <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_renal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertensive renal disease">hypertensive renal disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Mississippi (and Arkansas) had the fewest dentists per capita in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For three years in a row, more than 30 percent of Mississippi's residents have been classified as <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a>. In a 2006 study, 22.8 percent of the state's children were classified as such. Mississippi had the <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">highest rate of obesity of any U.S. state</a> from 2005 to 2008, and also ranks first in the nation for <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">adult inactivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2008 study of <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> women, contributing risk factors were shown to be: lack of knowledge about <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI), dietary behavior, physical inactivity and lack of social support, defined as motivation and encouragement by friends.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2002 report on African-American adolescents noted a 1999 survey which suggests that a third of children were obese, with higher ratios for those in the Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-OATAAA_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OATAAA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study stressed that "obesity starts in early childhood extending into the adolescent years and then possibly into adulthood". It noted impediments to needed behavioral modification, including the Delta likely being "the most <a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">underserved</a> region in the state" with African Americans the major ethnic group; lack of accessibility and availability of medical care; and an estimated 60% of residents living below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty level">poverty level</a>. Additional risk factors were that most schools had no <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a> curriculum and <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_education" title="Nutrition education">nutrition education</a> is not emphasized. Previous intervention strategies may have been largely ineffective due to not being <a href="/wiki/Culturally_sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturally sensitive">culturally sensitive</a> or practical.<sup id="cite_ref-OATAAA_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OATAAA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2006 survey found nearly 95 percent of Mississippi adults considered <a href="/wiki/Childhood_obesity" title="Childhood obesity">childhood obesity</a> to be a serious problem.<sup id="cite_ref-PPCOMA_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPCOMA-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 study found that Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Mississippi was the leading health insurer with 53% followed by <a href="/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group" title="UnitedHealth Group">UnitedHealth Group</a> at 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_locations_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi locations by per capita income">Mississippi locations by per capita income</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_quarter,_reverse_side,_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mississippi_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2002.jpg/170px-Mississippi_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mississippi_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2002.jpg/255px-Mississippi_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mississippi_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2002.jpg/340px-Mississippi_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>A Mississippi <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">U.S. quarter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a> estimates that Mississippi's total state product in 2024 was $150 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-GDPByState_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDPByState-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GDP growth was .5 percent in 2015 and is estimated to be 2.4 in 2016 according to Darrin Webb, the state's chief economist, who noted it would make two consecutive years of positive growth since the recession.<sup id="cite_ref-Pender,_2017_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pender,_2017-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per capita personal income in 2006 was $26,908, the lowest per capita personal income of any state, but the state also has the nation's lowest living costs. 2015 data records the adjusted per capita personal income at $40,105.<sup id="cite_ref-Pender,_2017_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pender,_2017-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mississippians consistently rank as one of the highest per capita in charitable contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 56 percent, the state has one of the lowest workforce participation rates in the country. Approximately 70,000 adults are disabled, which is 10 percent of the workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-Pender,_2017_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pender,_2017-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mississippi's rank as one of the poorest states is related to its dependence on cotton agriculture before and after the Civil War, late development of its frontier bottomlands in the Mississippi Delta, repeated natural disasters of flooding in the late 19th and early 20th century that required massive capital investment in levees, and ditching and draining the bottomlands, and slow development of railroads to link bottomland towns and river cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_Final_Frontiers_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_Final_Frontiers-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, when Democrats regained control of the state legislature, they passed the 1890 constitution that discouraged corporate industrial development in favor of rural agriculture, a legacy that would slow the state's progress for years.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg/260px-Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg/390px-Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg/520px-Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption>Slaves picking cotton while being observed by an overseer on horseback, c. 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the Civil War, Mississippi was the fifth-wealthiest state in the nation, its wealth generated by the labor of slaves in cotton plantations along the rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves were counted as property and the rise in the cotton markets since the 1840s had increased their value. By 1860, a majority—55 percent—of the population of Mississippi was enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ninety percent of the Delta bottomlands were undeveloped and the state had low overall density of population. </p><p>Largely due to the domination of the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a> economy, focused on the production of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, the state's elite was reluctant to invest in infrastructure such as roads and railroads. They educated their children privately. <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">Industrialization</a> did not reach many areas until the late 20th century. The planter aristocracy, the elite of <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum era">antebellum</a> Mississippi, kept the tax structure low for their own benefit, making only private improvements. Before the war the most successful planters, such as <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, owned riverside properties along the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers in the Mississippi Delta. Away from the riverfronts, most of the Delta was undeveloped frontier. </p><p>During the Civil War, 30,000 Mississippi soldiers, mostly white, died from wounds and disease, and many more were left crippled and wounded. Changes to the labor structure and an agricultural depression throughout the South caused severe losses in wealth. In 1860 assessed valuation of property in Mississippi had been more than $500 million, of which $218 million (43 percent) was estimated as the value of slaves. By 1870, total assets had decreased in value to roughly $177 million.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Poor_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor white">Poor whites</a> and landless former slaves suffered the most from the postwar economic depression. The constitutional convention of early 1868 appointed a committee to recommend what was needed for relief of the state and its citizens. The committee found severe destitution among the laboring classes.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took years for the state to rebuild levees damaged in battles. The upset of the commodity system impoverished the state after the war. By 1868 an increased cotton crop began to show possibilities for free labor in the state, but the crop of 565,000 bales produced in 1870 was still less than half of prewar figures.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blacks cleared land, selling timber and developing bottomland to achieve ownership. In 1900, two-thirds of farm owners in Mississippi were blacks, a major achievement for them and their families. Due to the poor economy, low cotton prices and difficulty of getting credit, many of these farmers could not make it through the extended financial difficulties. Two decades later, the majority of African Americans were sharecroppers. The low prices of cotton into the 1890s meant that more than a generation of African Americans lost the result of their labor when they had to sell their farms to pay off accumulated debts.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis_Forgotten_Time-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daughter_of_a_sharecropper,_Lauderdale_County,_Mississippi,_8a07022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Daughter_of_a_sharecropper%2C_Lauderdale_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_8a07022.jpg/220px-Daughter_of_a_sharecropper%2C_Lauderdale_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_8a07022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Daughter_of_a_sharecropper%2C_Lauderdale_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_8a07022.jpg/330px-Daughter_of_a_sharecropper%2C_Lauderdale_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_8a07022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Daughter_of_a_sharecropper%2C_Lauderdale_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_8a07022.jpg/440px-Daughter_of_a_sharecropper%2C_Lauderdale_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_8a07022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4120" data-file-height="2761" /></a><figcaption>Sharecropper's daughter, Lauderdale County, 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Civil War, the state refused for years to build human capital by fully educating all its citizens. In addition, the reliance on agriculture grew increasingly costly as the state suffered loss of cotton crops due to the devastation of the <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a> in the early 20th century, devastating floods in 1912–1913 and 1927, collapse of cotton prices after 1920, and drought in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_Final_Frontiers_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_Final_Frontiers-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until 1884, after the flood of 1882, that the state created the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta District Levee Board and started successfully achieving longer-term plans for levees in the upper Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-about_the_levee_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about_the_levee-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the state's building and reinforcing levees for years, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a> broke through and caused massive flooding of 27,000 square miles (70,000 km<sup>2</sup>) throughout the Delta, homelessness for hundreds of thousands, and millions of dollars in property damages. With the Depression coming so soon after the flood, the state suffered badly during those years. In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>, hundreds of thousands of African Americans migrated North and West for jobs and chances to live as full citizens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar_power">Solar power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Solar power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Mississippi" title="Solar power in Mississippi">Solar power in Mississippi</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_Mississippi&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:As_solar_firmengebaude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/As_solar_firmengebaude.jpg/300px-As_solar_firmengebaude.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/As_solar_firmengebaude.jpg/450px-As_solar_firmengebaude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/As_solar_firmengebaude.jpg/600px-As_solar_firmengebaude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Solar panels</figcaption></figure> <p>Mississippi has substantial potential for solar power, though it remains an underutilized generation method. The rate of installations has increased in recent years, reaching 438 MW of installed capacity in early 2023, ranking 36th among the states.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rooftop <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a> could provide 31.2% of all electricity used in Mississippi from 11,700 MW if solar panels were installed on every available roof.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> sued the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> which was providing investment in a <a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">coal gasification</a> plant being built by <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Power" title="Mississippi Power">Mississippi Power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 Mississippi Power had only 0.05% renewables in its power mix. In a settlement in 2014, Mississippi Power agreed to allow net metering, and to offer 100 MW of wind or solar power purchase agreements. Mississippi is one of only two states, along with Florida, to have no potential for standard commercial wind power, having no locations that would provide at least 30% capacity factor, although 30,000 MW of 100 meter high turbines would operate at 25% capacity factor.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar-powered_pump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Solar-powered_pump.jpg/220px-Solar-powered_pump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Solar-powered_pump.jpg/330px-Solar-powered_pump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Solar-powered_pump.jpg/440px-Solar-powered_pump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption>Solar-powered pump, <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi" title="Oxford, Mississippi">Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mississippi Power which provides energy in southeast Mississippi has started a program to contract for 210 MW of solar power in 2014, possibly increasing to 525 MW. 100 MW would be from small scale distributed installations.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Offering <a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">net metering</a> is required by federal law, but Mississippi is one of only four states to not have adopted a statewide policy on net metering, which means it needs to be negotiated with the utility.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_tourism">Entertainment and tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Entertainment and tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legislature's 1990 decision to legalize casino gambling along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast has led to increased revenues and economic gains for the state. Gambling towns in Mississippi have attracted increased tourism: they include the Gulf Coast resort towns of <a href="/wiki/Bay_St._Louis,_Mississippi" title="Bay St. Louis, Mississippi">Bay St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi" title="Gulfport, Mississippi">Gulfport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a>, and the Mississippi River towns of <a href="/wiki/Tunica_Resorts,_Mississippi" title="Tunica Resorts, Mississippi">Tunica</a> (the third largest gaming area in the United States), <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a>. </p><p>Before <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> struck the Gulf Coast, Mississippi was the second-largest gambling state in the Union, after <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> and ahead of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In August 2005, an estimated $500,000 per day in tax revenue, equivalent to $780,031 in 2023, was lost following Hurricane Katrina's severe damage to several coastal casinos in Biloxi.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the destruction from this hurricane, on October 17, 2005, Governor <a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Haley Barbour</a> signed a bill into law that allows casinos in Hancock and Harrison counties to rebuild on land (but within 800 feet (240 m) of the water). The only exception is in <a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Mississippi" title="Harrison County, Mississippi">Harrison County</a>, where the new law states that casinos can be built to the southern boundary of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_90" title="U.S. Route 90">U.S. Route 90</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2012, Mississippi had the sixth largest gambling revenue of any state, at $2.25 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians">Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians</a> has established a gaming casino on its reservation, which yields revenue to support education and economic development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Momentum_Mississippi" title="Momentum Mississippi">Momentum Mississippi</a>, a statewide, public–private partnership dedicated to the development of economic and employment opportunities in Mississippi, was adopted in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Toyota_Corolla_built_in_Blue_Springs,_Mississippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2014_Toyota_Corolla_built_in_Blue_Springs%2C_Mississippi.jpg/220px-2014_Toyota_Corolla_built_in_Blue_Springs%2C_Mississippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2014_Toyota_Corolla_built_in_Blue_Springs%2C_Mississippi.jpg/330px-2014_Toyota_Corolla_built_in_Blue_Springs%2C_Mississippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2014_Toyota_Corolla_built_in_Blue_Springs%2C_Mississippi.jpg/440px-2014_Toyota_Corolla_built_in_Blue_Springs%2C_Mississippi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>2014 Corolla built by <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Mississippi" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi">Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi</a> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Tupelo_Automobile_Museum" title="Tupelo Automobile Museum">Tupelo Automobile Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mississippi, like the rest of its southern neighbors, is a <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law#U.S._states_with_right-to-work_laws" title="Right-to-work law">right-to-work state</a>. It has some major automotive factories, such as the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Mississippi" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi">Toyota Mississippi Plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Blue Springs, Mississippi">Blue Springs</a> and a Nissan Automotive plant in <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Mississippi" title="Canton, Mississippi">Canton</a>. The latter produces the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Titan" title="Nissan Titan">Nissan Titan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of August 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Mississippi collects personal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat</a> rate of 5% for all income over $10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The retail <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a> rate in Mississippi is 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rate is applied also to groceries, making it the highest grocery tax in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupelo levies a local sales tax of 2.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State sales tax growth was 1.4 percent in 2016 and estimated to be slightly less in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Pender,_2017_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pender,_2017-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For purposes of assessment for <a href="/wiki/Ad_valorem_tax" title="Ad valorem tax">ad valorem taxes</a>, taxable <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a> is divided into five classes.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 30, 2007, a report by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> indicated that Mississippi was the poorest state in the country. Major cotton farmers in the Delta have large, mechanized plantations, and they receive the majority of extensive federal subsidies going to the state, yet many other residents still live as poor, rural, landless laborers. The state's sizable poultry industry has faced similar challenges in its transition from family-run farms to large mechanized operations.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of $1.2 billion from 2002 to 2005 in federal subsidies to farmers in the Bolivar County area of the Delta, only 5% went to small farmers. There has been little money apportioned for rural development. Small towns are struggling. More than 100,000 people have left the region in search of work elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state had a median household income of $34,473.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of February 2023, the state's unemployment rate was 3.7%, the eleventh-highest in the country, tied with <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LocalAreaUnemploymentStatistics_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LocalAreaUnemploymentStatistics-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an improvement over the 3.9% rate in January 2023, and 4% over the previous year. The highest unemployment rate recorded in the state was in April 2020, during the start of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, at 15.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_subsidies_and_spending">Federal subsidies and spending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Federal subsidies and spending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mississippi ranks as having the second-highest ratio of spending to tax receipts of any state. In 2005, Mississippi citizens received approximately $2.02 per dollar of taxes in the way of federal spending. This ranks the state second-highest nationally, and represents an increase from 1995, when Mississippi received $1.54 per dollar of taxes in federal spending and was 3rd highest nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This figure is based on federal spending after large portions of the state were devastated by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, requiring large amounts of federal aid from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA). However, from 1981 to 2005, it was at least number four in the nation for federal spending vs. taxes received.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A proportion of federal spending in Mississippi is directed toward large federal installations such as <a href="/wiki/Camp_Shelby" title="Camp Shelby">Camp Shelby</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Stennis Space Center">John C. Stennis Space Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Meridian" title="Naval Air Station Meridian">Meridian Naval Air Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Air_Force_Base" title="Columbus Air Force Base">Columbus Air Force Base</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keesler_Air_Force_Base" title="Keesler Air Force Base">Keesler Air Force Base</a>. Three of these installations are located in the area affected by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Politics and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Legislature" title="Mississippi Legislature">Mississippi Legislature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mississippi" title="Government of Mississippi">Government of Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Mississippi">List of Governors of Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Mississippi" title="Political party strength in Mississippi">Political party strength in Mississippi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governors_of_Mississippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Governors_of_Mississippi.jpg/220px-Governors_of_Mississippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Governors_of_Mississippi.jpg/330px-Governors_of_Mississippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Governors_of_Mississippi.jpg/440px-Governors_of_Mississippi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>Five Governors of Mississippi in 1976, from left: <a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Ross Barnett</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_P._Coleman" title="James P. Coleman">James P. Coleman</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_L._Waller" class="mw-redirect" title="William L. Waller">William L. Waller</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Williams" title="John Bell Williams">John Bell Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Johnson_Jr." title="Paul B. Johnson Jr.">Paul B. Johnson Jr.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As with all other U.S. states and the federal government, Mississippi's government is based on the separation of legislative, executive and judicial power. Executive authority in the state rests with the Governor, currently <a href="/wiki/Tate_Reeves" title="Tate Reeves">Tate Reeves</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>). The lieutenant governor, currently <a href="/wiki/Delbert_Hosemann" title="Delbert Hosemann">Delbert Hosemann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>), is elected on a separate ballot. Both the governor and lieutenant governor are elected to four-year terms of office. Unlike the federal government, but like many other U.S. states, most of the heads of major executive departments are elected by the citizens of Mississippi rather than appointed by the governor. </p><p>Mississippi is one of five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years (the others are <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>). Mississippi holds elections for these offices every four years, always in the year preceding presidential elections. </p><p>In a 2020 study, Mississippi was ranked as the 4th hardest state for citizens to vote in.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws">Laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_State_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the State of Mississippi">Constitution of the State of Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law in Mississippi">Abortion law in Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mississippi">LGBT rights in Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Mississippi" title="Gun laws in Mississippi">Gun laws in Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Mississippi" title="Capital punishment in Mississippi">Capital punishment in Mississippi</a></div> <p>In 2004, Mississippi voters approved a state <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> banning <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> and prohibiting Mississippi from recognizing same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. The amendment passed 86% to 14%, the largest margin in any state.<sup id="cite_ref-USAT1_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAT1-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSNBCgay_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBCgay-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Same-sex marriage became legal in Mississippi on June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court invalidated all state-level bans on same-sex marriage as unconstitutional in the landmark case <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mississippi_Gay_Marriage_Ban_Struck_Down_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mississippi_Gay_Marriage_Ban_Struck_Down-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the passing of HB 1523 in April 2016, from July it became legal in Mississippi to refuse service to same-sex couples, based on one's religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill has become the subject of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A federal judge blocked the law in July of that year;<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it was challenged, and a federal appeals court ruled in favor of the law in October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mississippi's regulations on <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> are among the most restrictive in the United States. A 2014 poll by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found that 59% of the state's population thinks <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> should be illegal in all/most cases, while only 36% of the state's population thinks abortion should be legal in all/most cases.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mississippi has banned <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">sanctuary cities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mississippi retains the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Mississippi" title="Capital punishment in Mississippi">capital punishment in Mississippi</a>). The preferred form of execution is the <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 265 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_State_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the State of Mississippi">Constitution of the State of Mississippi</a> declares that "No person who denies the existence of a Supreme Being shall hold any office in this state."<sup id="cite_ref-Mississippi_State_Constitution_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mississippi_State_Constitution-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this religious test restriction was held to be unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Torcaso_v._Watkins" title="Torcaso v. Watkins">Torcaso v. Watkins</a></i> (1961). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Mississippi" title="Gun laws in Mississippi">Gun laws in Mississippi</a> are among the most permissive in the country, with no license or background check required to openly carry handguns in most places in the state. </p><p>In 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a 6−3 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Mississippi" title="Jones v. Mississippi">Jones v. Mississippi</a></i> that a Mississippi law allowing mandatory sentencing of children to life imprisonment without parole is valid and that states and judges can impose such sentences without separately deciding if the child can be rehabilitated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_alignment">Political alignment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Political alignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi,_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi%2C_2016.svg/200px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi%2C_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi%2C_2016.svg/300px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi%2C_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi%2C_2016.svg/400px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi%2C_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="3201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Treemap" class="mw-redirect" title="Treemap">Treemap</a> of the popular vote by county, <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi" title="2016 United States presidential election in Mississippi">2016 presidential election</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mississippi led the South in developing a <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchising</a> constitution, passing it in 1890. By raising barriers to voter registration, the state legislature disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites, excluding them from politics until the late 1960s. It established a one-party state dominated by white Democrats, particularly those politicians who supported poor whites and farmers. Although the state was dominated by one party, there were a small number of Democrats who fought against most legislative measures that disenfranchised most blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also side with the small group of Mississippi Republicans that still existed in the state and Republicans at the federal level on legislative measures that benefited them. </p><p>Most blacks were still disenfranchised under the state's 1890 constitution and discriminatory practices, until passage of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> and concerted grassroots efforts to achieve registration and encourage voting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 1980s, whites divided evenly between the parties. In the 1990s, those voters largely shifted their allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, first for national and then for state offices.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, a lawsuit was filed against an 1890 election law known as The Mississippi Plan, which requires that candidates must win the popular vote and a majority of districts.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/2020_Mississippi_elections" title="2020 Mississippi elections">the following year</a>, 79% of Mississippians voted to remove the requirement of doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mississippi has six airports with commercial passenger service, the busiest in Jackson (<a href="/wiki/Jackson-Evers_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson-Evers International Airport">Jackson-Evers International Airport</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mississippi is the only American state where people in cars may legally consume beer. Some localities have laws restricting the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the state was ranked number eight in the Union in terms of impaired driving deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicksburg_bridge_over_the_mississippi_morning-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vicksburg_bridge_over_the_mississippi_morning-edit.jpg/220px-Vicksburg_bridge_over_the_mississippi_morning-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vicksburg_bridge_over_the_mississippi_morning-edit.jpg/330px-Vicksburg_bridge_over_the_mississippi_morning-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vicksburg_bridge_over_the_mississippi_morning-edit.jpg/440px-Vicksburg_bridge_over_the_mississippi_morning-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_Bridge" title="Vicksburg Bridge">Vicksburg Bridge</a> carries I-20 and U.S. 80 across the Mississippi River at Vicksburg.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mississippi is served by nine <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">interstate highways</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I-10.svg/24px-I-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I-10.svg/36px-I-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I-10.svg/48px-I-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Mississippi" title="Interstate 10 in Mississippi">I-10</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/I-110.svg/30px-I-110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/I-110.svg/45px-I-110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/I-110.svg/60px-I-110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_110_(Mississippi)" title="Interstate 110 (Mississippi)">I-110</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/I-20.svg/24px-I-20.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/I-20.svg/36px-I-20.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/I-20.svg/48px-I-20.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Mississippi" title="Interstate 20 in Mississippi">I-20</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/I-220.svg/30px-I-220.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/I-220.svg/45px-I-220.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/I-220.svg/60px-I-220.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_220_(Mississippi)" title="Interstate 220 (Mississippi)">I-220</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/I-22.svg/24px-I-22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/I-22.svg/36px-I-22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/I-22.svg/48px-I-22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_22" title="Interstate 22">I-22</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/I-55.svg/24px-I-55.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/I-55.svg/36px-I-55.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/I-55.svg/48px-I-55.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_55_in_Mississippi" title="Interstate 55 in Mississippi">I-55</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I-59.svg/24px-I-59.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I-59.svg/36px-I-59.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I-59.svg/48px-I-59.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_59_in_Mississippi" title="Interstate 59 in Mississippi">I-59</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/I-69.svg/24px-I-69.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/I-69.svg/36px-I-69.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/I-69.svg/48px-I-69.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_69_in_Mississippi" title="Interstate 69 in Mississippi">I-69</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/I-269.svg/30px-I-269.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/I-269.svg/45px-I-269.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/I-269.svg/60px-I-269.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_269" title="Interstate 269">I-269</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>and fourteen main <a href="/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Numbered Highways">U.S. Routes</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_11.svg/24px-US_11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_11.svg/36px-US_11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_11.svg/48px-US_11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Mississippi" title="U.S. Route 11 in Mississippi">US 11</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_45.svg/24px-US_45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_45.svg/36px-US_45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_45.svg/48px-US_45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_45_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 45 in Mississippi">US 45</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/US_49.svg/24px-US_49.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/US_49.svg/36px-US_49.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/US_49.svg/48px-US_49.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_49_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 49 in Mississippi">US 49</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/US_51.svg/24px-US_51.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/US_51.svg/36px-US_51.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/US_51.svg/48px-US_51.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_51_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 51 in Mississippi">US 51</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/US_61.svg/24px-US_61.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/US_61.svg/36px-US_61.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/US_61.svg/48px-US_61.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_61_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 61 in Mississippi">US 61</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/US_72.svg/24px-US_72.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/US_72.svg/36px-US_72.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/US_72.svg/48px-US_72.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_72_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 72 in Mississippi">US 72</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_78.svg/24px-US_78.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_78.svg/36px-US_78.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_78.svg/48px-US_78.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 78 in Mississippi">US 78</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_278.svg/30px-US_278.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_278.svg/45px-US_278.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_278.svg/60px-US_278.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_278_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 278 in Mississippi">US 278</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_80.svg/24px-US_80.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_80.svg/36px-US_80.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_80.svg/48px-US_80.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 80 in Mississippi">US 80</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/US_82.svg/24px-US_82.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/US_82.svg/36px-US_82.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/US_82.svg/48px-US_82.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Mississippi" title="U.S. Route 82 in Mississippi">US 82</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/US_84.svg/24px-US_84.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/US_84.svg/36px-US_84.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/US_84.svg/48px-US_84.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 84 in Mississippi">US 84</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_90.svg/24px-US_90.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_90.svg/36px-US_90.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_90.svg/48px-US_90.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 90 in Mississippi">US 90</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/US_98.svg/24px-US_98.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/US_98.svg/36px-US_98.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/US_98.svg/48px-US_98.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_98_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 98 in Mississippi">US 98</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/US_425.svg/30px-US_425.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/US_425.svg/45px-US_425.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/US_425.svg/60px-US_425.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_425_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 425 in Mississippi">US 425</a></li></ul> </div> <p>as well as a system of <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Mississippi" title="List of state highways in Mississippi">State Highways</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.RMbs{width:120px;min-width:120px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMdbs{width:130px;min-width:130px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bs{width:140px;min-width:140px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_dbs{width:150px;min-width:150px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMw{width:160px;min-width:160px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_w{width:180px;min-width:180px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbw{width:200px;min-width:200px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bw{width:220px;min-width:220px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMsw{width:240px;min-width:240px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_sw{width:260px;min-width:260px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbsw{width:280px;min-width:280px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bsw{width:300px;min-width:300px}.mw-parser-output .RMsplit{font-weight:inherit;color:black;background:transparent;margin-top:-3px;margin-bottom:-3px;width:initial!important;box-sizing:initial;display:inline-table;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl>.RMsplit,.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr>.RMsplit{font-size:90%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}</style> <table class="collapsible RMbox" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:1em;empty-cells:show;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:#FFF;background:#27404E;text-align:center;padding:5px"><div><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;margin-left:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">Mississippi passenger rail</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend" title="Template:Railway line legend">Legend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans_(train)" title="City of New Orleans (train)">City of New Orleans</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station" title="Chicago Union Station">Chicago</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Crescent_(train)" title="Crescent (train)">Crescent</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/New_York_Penn_Station" title="New York Penn Station">New York City</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/10px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/20px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marks_station" title="Marks station">Marks</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Meridian,_Mississippi)" title="Union Station (Meridian, Mississippi)">Meridian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Greenwood_station_(Mississippi)" title="Greenwood station (Mississippi)">Greenwood</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Laurel_station_(Mississippi)" title="Laurel station (Mississippi)">Laurel</a> <div class="RMsi"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/10px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/20px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/10px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/20px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_City_station" title="Yazoo City station">Yazoo City</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hattiesburg_station" title="Hattiesburg station">Hattiesburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Jackson,_Mississippi)" title="Union Station (Jackson, Mississippi)">Jackson</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Picayune_station" title="Picayune station">Picayune</a> <div class="RMsi"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/10px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/20px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/10px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/20px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hazlehurst_station" title="Hazlehurst station">Hazlehurst</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Crescent_(train)" title="Crescent (train)">Crescent</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Union_Passenger_Terminal" title="New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal">New Orleans</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Godbold_Transportation_Center" title="Godbold Transportation Center">Brookhaven</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/10px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/20px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/McComb_station" title="McComb station">McComb</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><i><b>Suspended 2005</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans_(train)" title="City of New Orleans (train)">City of New Orleans</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Union_Passenger_Terminal" title="New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal">New Orleans</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exCONTg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BSicon_exCONTg.svg/20px-BSicon_exCONTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BSicon_exCONTg.svg/30px-BSicon_exCONTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BSicon_exCONTg.svg/40px-BSicon_exCONTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a> to <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Health/Amtrak_station" title="Orlando Health/Amtrak station">Orlando</a> (Suspended)</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Limited" title="Gulf Coast Limited">Gulf Coast Limited</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mobile_station_(Amtrak)" title="Mobile station (Amtrak)">Mobile</a> (Planned)</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exBHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_station" title="Pascagoula station">Pascagoula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_station" title="Biloxi station">Biloxi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exBHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gulfport_station" title="Gulfport station">Gulfport</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bay_St._Louis_station" title="Bay St. Louis station">Bay St. Louis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exCONTf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_exCONTf.svg/20px-BSicon_exCONTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_exCONTf.svg/30px-BSicon_exCONTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_exCONTf.svg/40px-BSicon_exCONTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a> to <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)" title="Union Station (Los Angeles)">Los Angeles</a> (Suspended)</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Limited" title="Gulf Coast Limited">Gulf Coast Limited</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Union_Passenger_Terminal" title="New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal">New Orleans</a> (Planned)</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:0px 5px 3px;text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This diagram: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mississippi_rail_network" title="Template:Mississippi rail network"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mississippi_rail_network" title="Template talk:Mississippi rail network"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippi_rail_network" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippi rail network"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passenger">Passenger</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Passenger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> provides scheduled passenger service along two routes, the <i><a href="/wiki/Crescent_(Amtrak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescent (Amtrak)">Crescent</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans_(train)" title="City of New Orleans (train)">City of New Orleans</a></i>. Prior to severe damage from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a></i> traversed the far south of the state; the route originated in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a> and it terminated in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. Restoration of services on the portion of this line from New Orleans, LA to Mobile, AL has been approved <sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but actual resumption of services have been delayed.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freight">Freight</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Freight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All but two of the United States <a href="/wiki/Class_I_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I railroad">Class I railroads</a> serve Mississippi (the exceptions are the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific">Union Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pacific">Canadian Pacific</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a> subsidiary provides north–south service.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a> has a northwest–southeast line across northern Mississippi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railway" title="Kansas City Southern Railway">Kansas City Southern Railway</a> provides east–west service in the middle of the state and north–south service along the <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> state line.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">Norfolk Southern Railway</a> provides service in the extreme north and southeast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX</a> has a line along the Gulf Coast.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_rivers">Major rivers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Major rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Black_River_(Mississippi)" title="Big Black River (Mississippi)">Big Black River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_River" title="Pascagoula River">Pascagoula River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(Mississippi-Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (Mississippi-Louisiana)">Pearl River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee-Tombigbee_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway">Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_River" title="Yazoo River">Yazoo River</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_bodies_of_water">Major bodies of water</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Major bodies of water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ross_Barnett_Reservoir_sunset_picture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ross_Barnett_Reservoir_sunset_picture.jpg/220px-Ross_Barnett_Reservoir_sunset_picture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ross_Barnett_Reservoir_sunset_picture.jpg/330px-Ross_Barnett_Reservoir_sunset_picture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ross_Barnett_Reservoir_sunset_picture.jpg/440px-Ross_Barnett_Reservoir_sunset_picture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Ross Barnett Reservoir at sunset</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkabutla_Lake" title="Arkabutla Lake">Arkabutla Lake</a> 19,550 acres (79.1 km<sup>2</sup>) of water; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Springs_Lake" title="Bay Springs Lake">Bay Springs Lake</a> 6,700 acres (27 km<sup>2</sup>) of water and 133 miles (214 km) of shoreline; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada_Lake" title="Grenada Lake">Grenada Lake</a> 35,000 acres (140 km<sup>2</sup>) of water; became operational in 1954; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett_Reservoir" title="Ross Barnett Reservoir">Ross Barnett Reservoir</a> 33,000 acres (130 km<sup>2</sup>) of water; named for <a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Ross Barnett</a>, the 52nd <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Mississippi">Governor of Mississippi</a>; became operational in 1966; constructed and managed by The Pearl River Valley Water Supply District, a state agency; provides water supply for the City of Jackson.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis_Lake_(Mississippi)" title="Sardis Lake (Mississippi)">Sardis Lake</a> 98,520 acres (398.7 km<sup>2</sup>) of water; became operational in October 1940; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enid_Lake" title="Enid Lake">Enid Lake</a> 44,000 acres (180 km<sup>2</sup>) of water; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Mississippi" title="List of colleges and universities in Mississippi">List of colleges and universities in Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mississippi" title="Education in Mississippi">Education in Mississippi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYA-%22Lee_County_Training_School(Negro)%22-Tupelo,_Mississippi-students_at_work_in_library_-_NARA_-_195369.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/NYA-%22Lee_County_Training_School%28Negro%29%22-Tupelo%2C_Mississippi-students_at_work_in_library_-_NARA_-_195369.tif/lossy-page1-220px-NYA-%22Lee_County_Training_School%28Negro%29%22-Tupelo%2C_Mississippi-students_at_work_in_library_-_NARA_-_195369.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/NYA-%22Lee_County_Training_School%28Negro%29%22-Tupelo%2C_Mississippi-students_at_work_in_library_-_NARA_-_195369.tif/lossy-page1-330px-NYA-%22Lee_County_Training_School%28Negro%29%22-Tupelo%2C_Mississippi-students_at_work_in_library_-_NARA_-_195369.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/NYA-%22Lee_County_Training_School%28Negro%29%22-Tupelo%2C_Mississippi-students_at_work_in_library_-_NARA_-_195369.tif/lossy-page1-440px-NYA-%22Lee_County_Training_School%28Negro%29%22-Tupelo%2C_Mississippi-students_at_work_in_library_-_NARA_-_195369.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>Lee County Training School, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> era, Mississippi had a small number of schools and no educational institutions for <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>. The first school for black students was not established until 1862. </p><p>During Reconstruction in 1871, black and white Republicans drafted a constitution that was the first to provide for a system of free <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> in the state. The state's dependence on agriculture and resistance to taxation limited the funds it had available to spend on any schools. In the early 20th century, there were still few schools in rural areas, particularly for black children. With seed money from the <a href="/wiki/Julius_Rosenwald" title="Julius Rosenwald">Julius Rosenwald</a> Fund, many rural black communities across Mississippi raised matching funds and contributed public funds to build new schools for their children. Essentially, many black adults taxed themselves twice and made significant sacrifices to raise money for the education of children in their communities, in many cases donating land or labor to build such schools.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blacks and whites attended separate, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregated</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a> in Mississippi until the late 1960s, although such segregation had been declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in its 1954 ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>. In the majority-black Mississippi Delta counties, white parents worked through <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils" title="Citizens' Councils">White Citizens' Councils</a> to set up private <a href="/wiki/Segregation_academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregation academies">segregation academies</a>, where they enrolled their children. Often funding declined for the public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-bolton178_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolton178-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the state as a whole, only a small minority of white children were withdrawn from public schools. State officials believed they needed to maintain public education to attract new businesses. Many black parents complained that they had little representation in school administration, and that many of their former administrators and teachers had been pushed out. They have had to work to have their interests and children represented.<sup id="cite_ref-bolton178_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolton178-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1980s, Mississippi's 954 public schools enrolled about 369,500 elementary and 132,500 <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary</a> students. Some 45,700 students attended <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a>. </p><p>In the 21st century, 91% of white children and most of the black children in the state attend public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Mississippi was ranked last among the fifty states in academic achievement by the <a href="/wiki/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council" title="American Legislative Exchange Council">American Legislative Exchange Council</a>'s <i>Report Card on Education</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-alec_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alec-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the lowest average <a href="/wiki/ACT_(examination)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT (examination)">ACT</a> scores and sixth-lowest spending per pupil in the nation. In contrast, Mississippi had the 17th-highest average <a href="/wiki/SAT_(examination)" class="mw-redirect" title="SAT (examination)">SAT</a> scores in the nation. As an explanation, the Report noted that 92% of Mississippi high school graduates took the ACT, but only 3% of graduates took the SAT, apparently a self-selection of higher achievers. This breakdown compares to the national average of high school graduates taking the ACT and SAT, of 43% and 45%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-alec_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alec-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally prohibited in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> at large, <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">school corporal punishment</a> is not unusual in Mississippi, with 31,236 public school students<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> paddled at least one time <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2016</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A greater percentage of students were <a href="/wiki/Paddle_(spanking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddle (spanking)">paddled</a> in Mississippi than in any other state, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.<sup id="cite_ref-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, Mississippi students scored the lowest of any state on the National Assessments of Educational Progress in both math and science.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_MS" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson, MS">Jackson</a>, the state's capital city, is the site of the state residential school for deaf and hard of hearing students. <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_School_for_the_Deaf" title="Mississippi School for the Deaf">The Mississippi School for the Deaf</a> was established by the state legislature in 1854 before the civil war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Culture of Mississippi" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_New_State_Capitol_Building_in_Jackson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mississippi_New_State_Capitol_Building_in_Jackson.jpg/220px-Mississippi_New_State_Capitol_Building_in_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mississippi_New_State_Capitol_Building_in_Jackson.jpg/330px-Mississippi_New_State_Capitol_Building_in_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mississippi_New_State_Capitol_Building_in_Jackson.jpg/440px-Mississippi_New_State_Capitol_Building_in_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Capitol" title="Mississippi State Capitol">Mississippi State Capitol</a> was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 2016.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Mississippi has been especially known for its music and literature, it has embraced other forms of art. Its strong religious traditions have inspired striking works by <a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">outsider artists</a> who have been shown nationally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Jackson established the <a href="/wiki/USA_International_Ballet_Competition" title="USA International Ballet Competition">USA International Ballet Competition</a>, which is held every four years. This ballet competition attracts the most talented young dancers from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Independent_Film_Festival" title="Magnolia Independent Film Festival">Magnolia Independent Film Festival</a>, still held annually in <a href="/wiki/Starkville,_Mississippi" title="Starkville, Mississippi">Starkville</a>, is the first and oldest in the state. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Ohr" class="mw-redirect" title="George Ohr">George Ohr</a>, known as the "Mad Potter of Biloxi" and the father of abstract expressionism in pottery, lived and worked in Biloxi, MS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mississippi" title="Music of Mississippi">Music of Mississippi</a></div> <p>Musicians of the state's Delta region were historically significant to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>. Although by the end of the 19th century, two-thirds of the farm owners were black, continued low prices for cotton and national financial pressures resulted in most of them losing their land. More problems built up with the boll weevil infestation, when thousands of agricultural jobs were lost. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a>, a native of Meridian and guitarist/singer/songwriter known as the "Father of Country Music", played a significant role in the development of the blues. He and <a href="/wiki/Chester_Arthur_Burnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Arthur Burnett">Chester Arthur Burnett</a> were friends and admirers of each other's music. Their friendship and respect is an important example of Mississippi's musical legacy. While the state has had a reputation for being racist, Mississippi musicians created new forms by combining and creating variations on musical traditions from African American traditions, and the musical traditions of white Southerners strongly shaped by Scots-Irish and other styles. </p><p>The state is creating a <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Blues_Trail" title="Mississippi Blues Trail">Mississippi Blues Trail</a>, with dedicated markers explaining historic sites significant to the history of blues music, such as <a href="/wiki/Clarksdale,_Mississippi" title="Clarksdale, Mississippi">Clarksdale</a>'s Riverside Hotel, where <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a> died after her auto accident on <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_61" title="U.S. Route 61">Highway 61</a>. The Riverside Hotel is just one of many historical blues sites in Clarksdale. The <a href="/wiki/Delta_Blues_Museum" title="Delta Blues Museum">Delta Blues Museum</a> there is visited by tourists from all over the world. Close by is "Ground Zero", a contemporary blues club and restaurant co-owned by actor <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, who created a sensation in the 1950s as a crossover artist and contributed to rock 'n' roll, was a native of <a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo</a>. From opera star <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/3_Doors_Down" title="3 Doors Down">3 Doors Down</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Western_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf and Western (music genre)">Gulf and Western</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Buffett" title="Jimmy Buffett">Jimmy Buffett</a>, modern rock/jazz/world music guitarist-producer <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Hyde" title="Clifton Hyde">Clifton Hyde</a>, to rappers <a href="/wiki/David_Banner" title="David Banner">David Banner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_K.R.I.T." title="Big K.R.I.T.">Big K.R.I.T.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afroman" title="Afroman">Afroman</a>, Mississippi musicians have been significant in all genres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_college_athletic_programs_in_Mississippi" title="List of college athletic programs in Mississippi">List of college athletic programs in Mississippi</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Biloxi_Shuckers" title="Biloxi Shuckers">Biloxi Shuckers</a> baseball team, the <a href="/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)" title="Double-A (baseball)">Double-A</a> <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">minor league</a> affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers" title="Milwaukee Brewers">Milwaukee Brewers</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%93present)" title="Southern League (1964–present)">Southern League</a> playing at <a href="/wiki/Keesler_Federal_Park" title="Keesler Federal Park">Keesler Federal Park</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Sea_Wolves_(FPHL)" title="Mississippi Sea Wolves (FPHL)">Mississippi Sea Wolves</a> hockey team, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Prospects_Hockey_League" title="Federal Prospects Hockey League">Federal Prospects Hockey League</a> playing at <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Coast_Coliseum" title="Mississippi Coast Coliseum">Mississippi Coast Coliseum</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Mississippi" title="Clinton, Mississippi">Clinton</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Brilla_FC" title="Mississippi Brilla FC">Mississippi Brilla FC</a>, a <a href="/wiki/USL_League_Two" title="USL League Two">USL League Two</a> soccer team.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southaven,_Mississippi" title="Southaven, Mississippi">Southaven</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Hustle" title="Memphis Hustle">Memphis Hustle</a> basketball team. The Hustle are an affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies" title="Memphis Grizzlies">Memphis Grizzlies</a>. They play in the <a href="/wiki/NBA_G_League" title="NBA G League">NBA G League</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mississippi" title="Portal:Mississippi">Mississippi portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mississippi-related_articles" title="Index of Mississippi-related articles">Index of Mississippi-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mississippi" title="Outline of Mississippi">Outline of Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Mississippi" title="List of people from Mississippi">List of people from Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_literature" title="Mississippi literature">Mississippi literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elevation adjusted to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">North American Vertical Datum of 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Please note this figure refers to only the number of students paddled, regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be substantially higher.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=EG1487">"Knob Reset"</a>. <i>NGS Data Sheet</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">National Geodetic Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NGS+Data+Sheet&rft.atitle=Knob+Reset&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fds_mark.prl%3FPidBox%3DEG1487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html">"Elevations and Distances in the United States"</a>. United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html">the original</a> on October 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elevations+and+Distances+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegsc.usgs.gov%2Fisb%2Fpubs%2Fbooklets%2Felvadist%2Felvadist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bureau_2021-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bureau_2021_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html">"2020 Census Apportionment Results"</a>. <i>The United States Census Bureau</i>. 2021-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=2020+Census+Apportionment+Results&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2020%2Fdec%2F2020-apportionment-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MS,US/PST045218">"Median Annual Household Income"</a>. <i>census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=Median+Annual+Household+Income&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2FMS%2CUS%2FPST045218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2010/title-3/3/3-3-43/">"3-3-43 - State toy"</a>. <i>2010 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mississippi Code (page does not exist)">Mississippi Code</a></i>. Justia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2010+Mississippi+Code&rft.atitle=3-3-43+-+State+toy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcodes%2Fmississippi%2F2010%2Ftitle-3%2F3%2F3-3-43%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Mississippi">"Mississippi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Mississippi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FMississippi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/147001/meandering-mississippi-river">"Meandering Mississippi River"</a>. <i>earthobservatory.nasa.gov</i>. July 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Meandering+Mississippi+River&rft.date=2020-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2F147001%2Fmeandering-mississippi-river&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">"2020 Population and Housing State Data"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=2020+Population+and+Housing+State+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2F2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615105736/http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/161/cotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860">"Cotton in a Global Economy: Mississippi (1800-1860) | Mississippi History Now"</a>. <i>mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/161/cotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860">the original</a> on June 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us&rft.atitle=Cotton+in+a+Global+Economy%3A+Mississippi+%281800-1860%29+%7C+Mississippi+History+Now&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us%2Farticles%2F161%2Fcotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2009" class="citation book cs1">Richter, William L. (2009). <i>The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MS">the original</a> on April 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Census+Browser&rft.pub=Fisher.lib.virginia.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffisher.lib.virginia.edu%2Fcollections%2Fstats%2Fhistcensus%2Fphp%2Fstate.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willis_Forgotten_Time-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willis_Forgotten_Time_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Willis, <i>Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta after the Civil War</i>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813919829" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813919829">978-0813919829</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothman, Lily. (June 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4377951/free-state-of-jones-true-story/">Free State of Jones: Why You Probably Hadn't Heard the Real Free State of Jones Story Before</a>. <i>Time</i>. Retrieved April 10, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-campbell-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_T._Campbell1995" class="citation book cs1">James T. Campbell (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XfWCqvkp_OUC&pg=PA215"><i>Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536005-9"><bdi>978-0-19-536005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Zion%3A+The+African+Methodist+Episcopal+Church+in+the+United+States+and+South+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536005-9&rft.au=James+T.+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfWCqvkp_OUC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-docsouth.unc.edu-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-docsouth.unc.edu_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/intro.html">"The Church in the Southern Black Community"</a>. <i>Documenting the South</i>. University of North Carolina. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documenting+the+South&rft.atitle=The+Church+in+the+Southern+Black+Community&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Fchurch%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dubois-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuBois1998" class="citation book cs1">DuBois, W. E. B. (1998). <i>Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880</i>. 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"The Race Issue in the Overthrow of Reconstruction in Mississippi: A Paper Read before the American Historical Association, 1940". <i>Phylon</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 362–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F271241">10.2307/271241</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/271241">271241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phylon&rft.atitle=The+Race+Issue+in+the+Overthrow+of+Reconstruction+in+Mississippi%3A+A+Paper+Read+before+the+American+Historical+Association%2C+1940&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=362-370&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F271241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F271241%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=V.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRMcMillenP43-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRMcMillenP43_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillen1990" class="citation book cs1">McMillen, Neil R. 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University of Illinois Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06156-1"><bdi>978-0-252-06156-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+the+Disfranchised&rft.btitle=Dark+Journey%3A+Black+Mississippians+in+the+Age+of+Jim+Crow&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06156-1&rft.aulast=McMillen&rft.aufirst=Neil+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbIN1gR92_SIC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Edward Cresswell, <i>Rednecks, Redeemers and Race: Mississippi after Reconstruction</i>, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2006, p. 124, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578068470" title="Special:BookSources/978-1578068470">978-1578068470</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624215521/http://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/ref/collection/leader/id/9763">"The Louisville Leader. Louisville, Kentucky"</a>. <i>Louisville Leader Collection</i>. library.louisville.edu. May 19, 1923. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/ref/collection/leader/id/9763">the original</a> on June 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louisville+Leader+Collection&rft.atitle=The+Louisville+Leader.+Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.date=1923-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.louisville.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fleader%2Fid%2F9763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/16188">Randy J. Sparks. <i>Religion in Mississippi</i></a> (online edition). Rice University (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antiprohibitionm17nati"><i>The Anti-Prohibition Manual: A Summary of Facts and Figures Dealing with Prohibition, 1917</i></a>. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Association of Distillers and Wholesale Dealers. 1917. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antiprohibitionm17nati/page/8">8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anti-Prohibition+Manual%3A+A+Summary+of+Facts+and+Figures+Dealing+with+Prohibition%2C+1917&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Distillers+and+Wholesale+Dealers&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantiprohibitionm17nati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy2015" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, Janice Branch (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AujuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Mississippi Moonshine Politics: How Bootleggers & the Law Kept a Dry State Soaked</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mississippi+Moonshine+Politics%3A+How+Bootleggers+%26+the+Law+Kept+a+Dry+State+Soaked&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1625852885&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Janice+Branch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAujuBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php">Historical Census Browser, 1960 United States Census, University of Virginia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823030234/http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php">Archived</a> August 23, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed March 13, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernspaces.org/2006/mississippi-metaphor-state-region-and-nation-historical-imagination">Joseph Crespino, "Mississippi as Metaphor: State, Region and Nation in Historical Imagination", <i>Southern Spaces</i>, October 23, 1996</a>, accessed October 1, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queenspress.com/archives/nfp/2002/1018/nfp.htm">Michael Schenkler, "Memories of Queens College and an American Tragedy", <i>Queens Press</i>, October 18, 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117094449/http://www.queenspress.com/archives/nfp/2002/1018/nfp.htm">Archived</a> January 17, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed March 15, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msu-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msu_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.msstate.edu/collins/speakers/clark/">"Robert G. 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Leveeboard.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leveeboard.org/about_the_levee/history/physical_development.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+levee%3A+Physical+development+of+a+levee+system&rft.pub=Leveeboard.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leveeboard.org%2Fabout_the_levee%2Fhistory%2Fphysical_development.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon1999" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, John Otto (1999). <i>The Final Frontiers, 1880–1930: Settling the Southern Bottomlands</i>. 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At least 11 other states have, too"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Florida+is+about+to+ban+sanctuary+cities.+At+least+11+other+states+have%2C+too&rft.date=2019-05-09&rft.aulast=Shoichet&rft.aufirst=Catherine+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F05%2F09%2Fpolitics%2Fsanctuary-city-bans-states%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2015/title-99/chapter-19/in-general/section-99-19-51/">"§ 99-19-51 - Manner of execution of death sentence"</a>. law.justia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A7+99-19-51+-+Manner+of+execution+of+death+sentence&rft.pub=law.justia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcodes%2Fmississippi%2F2015%2Ftitle-99%2Fchapter-19%2Fin-general%2Fsection-99-19-51%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mississippitoday.org/2022/06/21/new-law-mdoc-commissioner-execution-choice/">"New law gives MDOC commissioner choice in how people are executed"</a>. 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+law+gives+MDOC+commissioner+choice+in+how+people+are+executed&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmississippitoday.org%2F2022%2F06%2F21%2Fnew-law-mdoc-commissioner-execution-choice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mississippi_State_Constitution-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mississippi_State_Constitution_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.state.ms.us/ed_pubs/constitution/constitution.asp">"Mississippi State Constitution"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+Age&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Status+of+Amtrak+Gulf+Coast+Service%3F&rft.aulast=Luczak&rft.aufirst=Marybeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwayage.com%2Fregulatory%2Fwhats-the-status-of-amtrak-gulf-coast-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715060052/http://www.mvk.usace.army.mil/Lakes/arkabutlalake/">"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District: Arkabutla Lake"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvk.usace.army.mil/Lakes/arkabutlalake/">the original</a> on July 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers+Vicksburg+District%3A+Arkabutla+Lake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvk.usace.army.mil%2FLakes%2Farkabutlalake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310210717/http://www.mvk.usace.army.mil/Lakes/grenadalake/">"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District: Grenada Lake"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvk.usace.army.mil/Lakes/grenadalake/">the original</a> on March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers+Vicksburg+District%3A+Grenada+Lake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvk.usace.army.mil%2FLakes%2Fgrenadalake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310232752/http://www.mvk.usace.army.mil/Lakes/sardislake/">"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District: Sardis Lake"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvk.usace.army.mil/Lakes/sardislake/">the original</a> on March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers+Vicksburg+District%3A+Sardis+Lake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvk.usace.army.mil%2FLakes%2Fsardislake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James D. Anderson,<i><a href="/wiki/The_Education_of_Blacks_in_the_South,_1860%E2%80%931935" title="The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935">The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935</a></i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1988, pp. 160–161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bolton178-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bolton178_193-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bolton178_193-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolton, Charles C. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hardest_Deal_of_All:_The_Battle_Over_School_Integration_in_Mississippi,_1870%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hardest Deal of All: The Battle Over School Integration in Mississippi, 1870–1980">The Hardest Deal of All: The Battle Over School Integration in Mississippi, 1870–1980</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>, 2005, pp. 136, 178–179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1604730609" title="Special:BookSources/1604730609">1604730609</a>, 9781604730609.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2005" class="citation book cs1">Bolton (2005). <i>The Hardest Deal of All</i>. pp. 178–179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hardest+Deal+of+All&rft.pages=178-179&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Bolton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alec-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alec_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alec_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110407120218/http://www.alec.org/am/pdf/education/2008_report_card/mississippi08.pdf">"Report Card on Education"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alec.org/am/pdf/education/2008_report_card/mississippi08.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+Card+on+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alec.org%2Fam%2Fpdf%2Feducation%2F2008_report_card%2Fmississippi08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL_197-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL_197-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2016" class="citation web cs1">Farrell, Colin (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpun.com/counuss.htm">"Corporal punishment in US schools"</a>. World Corporal Punishment Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporal+punishment+in+US+schools&rft.pub=World+Corporal+Punishment+Research&rft.date=2016-02&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorpun.com%2Fcounuss.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2007" class="citation news cs1">Dillon, Sam (November 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/education/14students.html">"Study Compares States' Math and Science Scores With Other Countries'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Study+Compares+States%27+Math+and+Science+Scores+With+Other+Countries%27&rft.date=2007-11-14&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F11%2F14%2Feducation%2F14students.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span>, <i>The New York Times</i> (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925073440/http://www.usaibc.com/">"USA International Ballet Competition"</a>. Usaibc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaibc.com/">the original</a> on September 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+International+Ballet+Competition&rft.pub=Usaibc.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaibc.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Busbee, Westley F. <i>Mississippi: A History</i> (2005).</li> <li>Gonzales, Edmond, ed. <i>A Mississippi Reader: Selected Articles from the Journal of Mississippi History</i> (1980)</li> <li>Krane, Dale and Stephen D. Shaffer. <i>Mississippi Government & Politics: Modernizers versus Traditionalists</i> (1992), government textbook</li> <li>Loewen, James W. and Charles Sallis, eds. <i>Mississippi: Conflict and Change</i> (2nd ed. 1980), high school textbook</li> <li>McLemore, Richard, ed. <i>A History of Mississippi</i> 2 vols. (1973), thorough coverage by scholars</li> <li>Mitchell, Dennis J., <i>A New History of Mississippi</i> (2014)</li> <li>Ownby, ted et al. eds. <i>The Mississippi Encyclopedia</i> (2017)</li> <li>Skates, John Ray. <i>Mississippi: A Bicentennial History</i> (1979), popular</li> <li>Sparks, Randy J. <i>Religion in Mississippi</i> (2001) 374 pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/16188">online edition</a></li> <li>Swain, Martha H. ed. <i>Mississippi Women: Their Histories, Their Lives</i> (2003). 17 short biographies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Mississippi</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mississippi (state)">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mississippi" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Mississippi">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mississippi" class="extiw" title="q:Mississippi">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mississippi" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mississippi">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mississippi" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mississippi">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mississippi" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Mississippi">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mississippi" class="extiw" title="voy:Mississippi">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ms.gov/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitmississippi.org/">Mississippi Travel and Tourism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mississippi.org/">Mississippi Development Authority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mississippibelieveit.com">The "Mississippi Believe It" Campaign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=28&StateName=Mississippi#.U8QvirEXtQs">USDA Mississippi State Facts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upress.state.ms.us/">University Press of Mississippi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://newftp.epa.gov/EPADataCommons/ORD/Ecoregions/ms/ms_eco_pg.pdf">Ecoregions of Mississippi</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernspaces.org/2006/mississippi-metaphor-state-region-and-nation-historical-imagination">Mississippi as Metaphor State, Region, and Nation in Historical Imagination</a>", <i>Southern Spaces</i>, October 23, 2006.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/161943">Mississippi</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208234440/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Mississippi">Mississippi State Databases</a>, an annotated list of searchable databases compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a> </b><br />Admitted on December 10, 1817 (20th) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Mississippi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Mississippi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Mississippi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mississippi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mississippi" title="Outline of Mississippi">Outline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mississippi-related_articles" title="Index of Mississippi-related articles">Index</a></b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_related_to_MississippiThe_Magnolia_State" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Topics_related_to_MississippiThe_Magnolia_State" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics related to Mississippi</span><br /><i>The Magnolia State</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Mississippi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mississippi" title="Template:Mississippi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mississippi" title="Template talk:Mississippi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Mississippi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mississippi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mississippi" title="Outline of Mississippi">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mississippi-related_articles" title="Index of Mississippi-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mississippi">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mississippi" title="Climate change in Mississippi">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Geography</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Mississippi" title="United States congressional delegations from Mississippi">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Mississippi" title="List of governors of Mississippi">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Mississippi">Lieutenant governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Legislature" title="Mississippi Legislature">Legislature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">History</a></li> <li>Law <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mississippi" title="Constitution of Mississippi">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mississippi" title="Music of Mississippi">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_Landmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mississippi Landmarks">State landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_state_parks" title="List of Mississippi state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_state_symbols" title="List of Mississippi state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Mississippi" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Mississippi">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mississippi" title="Abortion in Mississippi">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mississippi" title="Crime in Mississippi">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Mississippi">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Mississippi">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Mississippi">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mississippi" title="Education in Mississippi">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Mississippi">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Mississippi" title="Gun laws in Mississippi">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Mississippi" title="Category:Mass media in Mississippi">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Mississippi" title="List of newspapers in Mississippi">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Mississippi" title="List of radio stations in Mississippi">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Mississippi" title="List of television stations in Mississippi">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mississippi">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Mississippi" title="List of people from Mississippi">Mississippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mississippi#Politics" title="Government of Mississippi">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Mississippi" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">The Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Mississippi)" title="Golden Triangle (Mississippi)">Golden Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Gulf_Coast" title="Mississippi Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain">Mississippi Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_District" title="Natchez District">Natchez District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Mississippi" title="North Mississippi">North Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Belt_(Mississippi)" title="Pine Belt (Mississippi)">Pine Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Mississippi" title="List of metropolitan areas in Mississippi">Metros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulfport%E2%80%93Biloxi_metropolitan_area" title="Gulfport–Biloxi metropolitan area">Gulfport-Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattiesburg_metropolitan_area" title="Hattiesburg metropolitan area">Hattiesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson, Mississippi metropolitan area">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_metropolitan_area" title="Memphis metropolitan area">Memphis (TN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_metropolitan_area" title="Pascagoula metropolitan area">Pascagoula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Major_cities_and_towns">Larger cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi" title="Gulfport, Mississippi">Gulfport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southaven,_Mississippi" title="Southaven, Mississippi">Southaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_smaller_cities_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of smaller cities in Mississippi">Smaller cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_St._Louis,_Mississippi" title="Bay St. Louis, Mississippi">Bay St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Mississippi" title="Brandon, Mississippi">Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookhaven,_Mississippi" title="Brookhaven, Mississippi">Brookhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Mississippi" title="Canton, Mississippi">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksdale,_Mississippi" title="Clarksdale, Mississippi">Clarksdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Mississippi" title="Cleveland, Mississippi">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Mississippi" title="Clinton, Mississippi">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Mississippi" title="Columbus, Mississippi">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinth,_Mississippi" title="Corinth, Mississippi">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier,_Mississippi" title="Gautier, Mississippi">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_Mississippi" title="Greenwood, Mississippi">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada,_Mississippi" title="Grenada, Mississippi">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi" title="Hattiesburg, Mississippi">Hattiesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_Lake,_Mississippi" title="Horn Lake, Mississippi">Horn Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianola,_Mississippi" title="Indianola, Mississippi">Indianola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itta_Bena,_Mississippi" title="Itta Bena, Mississippi">Itta Bena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iuka,_Mississippi" title="Iuka, Mississippi">Iuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel,_Mississippi" title="Laurel, Mississippi">Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_Mississippi" title="Long Beach, Mississippi">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Mississippi" title="Louisville, Mississippi">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Mississippi" title="Madison, Mississippi">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magee,_Mississippi" title="Magee, Mississippi">Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McComb,_Mississippi" title="McComb, Mississippi">McComb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendenhall,_Mississippi" title="Mendenhall, Mississippi">Mendenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi" title="Meridian, Mississippi">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Point,_Mississippi" title="Moss Point, Mississippi">Moss Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Ocean Springs, Mississippi">Ocean Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch,_Mississippi" title="Olive Branch, Mississippi">Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi" title="Oxford, Mississippi">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi" title="Pascagoula, Mississippi">Pascagoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_Christian,_Mississippi" title="Pass Christian, Mississippi">Pass Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl,_Mississippi" title="Pearl, Mississippi">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picayune,_Mississippi" title="Picayune, Mississippi">Picayune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgeland,_Mississippi" title="Ridgeland, Mississippi">Ridgeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starkville,_Mississippi" title="Starkville, Mississippi">Starkville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica,_Mississippi" title="Tunica, Mississippi">Tunica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveland,_Mississippi" title="Waveland, Mississippi">Waveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Hattiesburg,_Mississippi" title="West Hattiesburg, Mississippi">West Hattiesburg (Oak Grove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Point,_Mississippi" title="West Point, Mississippi">West Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_City,_Mississippi" title="Yazoo City, Mississippi">Yazoo City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Mississippi" title="List of counties in Mississippi">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Mississippi" title="Adams County, Mississippi">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcorn_County,_Mississippi" title="Alcorn County, Mississippi">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amite_County,_Mississippi" title="Amite County, Mississippi">Amite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attala_County,_Mississippi" title="Attala County, Mississippi">Attala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Mississippi" title="Benton County, Mississippi">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivar_County,_Mississippi" title="Bolivar County, Mississippi">Bolivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Mississippi" title="Calhoun County, Mississippi">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Mississippi" title="Carroll County, Mississippi">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_County,_Mississippi" title="Chickasaw County, Mississippi">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_County,_Mississippi" title="Choctaw County, Mississippi">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_County,_Mississippi" title="Claiborne County, Mississippi">Claiborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_County,_Mississippi" title="Clarke County, Mississippi">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Mississippi" title="Clay County, Mississippi">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahoma_County,_Mississippi" title="Coahoma County, Mississippi">Coahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copiah_County,_Mississippi" title="Copiah County, Mississippi">Copiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covington_County,_Mississippi" title="Covington County, Mississippi">Covington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeSoto_County,_Mississippi" title="DeSoto County, Mississippi">DeSoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_County,_Mississippi" title="Forrest County, Mississippi">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Mississippi" title="Franklin County, Mississippi">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_County,_Mississippi" title="George County, Mississippi">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Mississippi" title="Greene County, Mississippi">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada_County,_Mississippi" title="Grenada County, Mississippi">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Mississippi" title="Hancock County, Mississippi">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Mississippi" title="Harrison County, Mississippi">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinds_County,_Mississippi" title="Hinds County, Mississippi">Hinds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_County,_Mississippi" title="Holmes County, Mississippi">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphreys_County,_Mississippi" title="Humphreys County, Mississippi">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issaquena_County,_Mississippi" title="Issaquena County, Mississippi">Issaquena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawamba_County,_Mississippi" title="Itawamba County, Mississippi">Itawamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Mississippi" title="Jackson County, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_Mississippi" title="Jasper County, Mississippi">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Mississippi" title="Jefferson County, Mississippi">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_County,_Mississippi" title="Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_Mississippi" title="Jones County, Mississippi">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemper_County,_Mississippi" title="Kemper County, Mississippi">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Mississippi" title="Lafayette County, Mississippi">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_County,_Mississippi" title="Lamar County, Mississippi">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauderdale_County,_Mississippi" title="Lauderdale County, Mississippi">Lauderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Mississippi" title="Lawrence County, Mississippi">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leake_County,_Mississippi" title="Leake County, Mississippi">Leake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Mississippi" title="Lee County, Mississippi">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leflore_County,_Mississippi" title="Leflore County, Mississippi">Leflore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Mississippi" title="Lincoln County, Mississippi">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County,_Mississippi" title="Lowndes County, Mississippi">Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Mississippi" title="Madison County, Mississippi">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Mississippi" title="Marion County, Mississippi">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Mississippi" title="Marshall County, Mississippi">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Mississippi" title="Monroe County, Mississippi">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Mississippi" title="Montgomery County, Mississippi">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshoba_County,_Mississippi" title="Neshoba County, Mississippi">Neshoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Mississippi" title="Newton County, Mississippi">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noxubee_County,_Mississippi" title="Noxubee County, Mississippi">Noxubee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktibbeha_County,_Mississippi" title="Oktibbeha County, Mississippi">Oktibbeha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panola_County,_Mississippi" title="Panola County, Mississippi">Panola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_County,_Mississippi" title="Pearl River County, Mississippi">Pearl River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Mississippi" title="Perry County, Mississippi">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Mississippi" title="Pike County, Mississippi">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontotoc_County,_Mississippi" title="Pontotoc County, Mississippi">Pontotoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentiss_County,_Mississippi" title="Prentiss County, Mississippi">Prentiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitman_County,_Mississippi" title="Quitman County, Mississippi">Quitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankin_County,_Mississippi" title="Rankin County, Mississippi">Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Mississippi" title="Scott County, Mississippi">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharkey_County,_Mississippi" title="Sharkey County, Mississippi">Sharkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_County,_Mississippi" title="Simpson County, Mississippi">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_County,_Mississippi" title="Smith County, Mississippi">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_County,_Mississippi" title="Stone County, Mississippi">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_County,_Mississippi" title="Sunflower County, Mississippi">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahatchie_County,_Mississippi" title="Tallahatchie County, Mississippi">Tallahatchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_County,_Mississippi" title="Tate County, Mississippi">Tate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippah_County,_Mississippi" title="Tippah County, Mississippi">Tippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishomingo_County,_Mississippi" title="Tishomingo County, Mississippi">Tishomingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_County,_Mississippi" title="Tunica County, Mississippi">Tunica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Mississippi" title="Union County, Mississippi">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walthall_County,_Mississippi" title="Walthall County, Mississippi">Walthall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Mississippi" title="Warren County, Mississippi">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Mississippi" title="Washington County, Mississippi">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Mississippi" title="Wayne County, Mississippi">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_County,_Mississippi" title="Webster County, Mississippi">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_County,_Mississippi" title="Wilkinson County, Mississippi">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_County,_Mississippi" title="Winston County, Mississippi">Winston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalobusha_County,_Mississippi" title="Yalobusha County, Mississippi">Yalobusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_County,_Mississippi" title="Yazoo County, Mississippi">Yazoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mississippi" title="Portal:Mississippi">Mississippi portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Mississippi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Mississippi" title="Template:Protected areas of Mississippi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Mississippi" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Mississippi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Mississippi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Mississippi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Mississippi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mississippi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site (United States)">National Historical Parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">national monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_National_Historical_Park" title="Natchez National Historical Park">Natchez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_battlefields" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Battlefields</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_military_parks" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Military Parks</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_battlefield_sites" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Battlefield Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brices_Cross_Roads_National_Battlefield_Site" title="Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site">Brices Cross Roads NBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_National_Military_Park" title="Shiloh National Military Park">Shiloh NMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupelo_National_Battlefield" title="Tupelo National Battlefield">Tupelo NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_National_Military_Park" title="Vicksburg National Military Park">Vicksburg NMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_lakeshores_and_seashores_of_the_United_States" title="List of national lakeshores and seashores of the United States">National Seashores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands_National_Seashore" title="Gulf Islands National Seashore">Gulf Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_Trails_System" title="National Trails System">National Trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_Parkway" title="Natchez Trace Parkway">Natchez Trace Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_Trail" title="Natchez Trace Trail">Natchez Trace Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bienville_National_Forest" title="Bienville National Forest">Bienville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Soto_National_Forest" title="De Soto National Forest">De Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_National_Forest" title="Delta National Forest">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs_National_Forest" title="Holly Springs National Forest">Holly Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochitto_National_Forest" title="Homochitto National Forest">Homochitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombigbee_National_Forest" title="Tombigbee National Forest">Tombigbee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogue_Chitto_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge">Bogue Chitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Coldwater River National Wildlife Refuge">Coldwater River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Dahomey National Wildlife Refuge">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge">Grand Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Hillside National Wildlife Refuge">Hillside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Collier_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Holt Collier National Wildlife Refuge">Holt Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathews_Brake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Mathews Brake National Wildlife Refuge">Mathews Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Sandhill_Crane_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge">Mississippi Sandhill Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Brake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Morgan Brake National Wildlife Refuge">Morgan Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_Swamp_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Panther Swamp National Wildlife Refuge">Panther Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_D._Hamilton_Noxubee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge">Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Catherine_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="St. Catherine Creek National Wildlife Refuge">St. Catherine Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahatchie_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Tallahatchie National Wildlife Refuge">Tallahatchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge">Yazoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="National Estuarine Research Reserve">National Estuarine Research Reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bay_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve">Grand Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">National Wild and Scenic Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Creek_(Mississippi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Creek (Mississippi)">Black Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Law_and_government">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="State_Parks" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_state_parks" title="List of Mississippi state parks">State Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer_State_Park" title="Buccaneer State Park">Buccaneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Creek_Natural_Area" title="Clark Creek Natural Area">Clark Creek Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarkco_State_Park" title="Clarkco State Park">Clarkco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florewood_State_Park" title="Florewood State Park">Florewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Cossar_State_Park" title="George P. Cossar State Park">George P. Cossar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Memorial_State_Park" title="Golden Memorial State Park">Golden Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Gulf_Military_State_Park" title="Grand Gulf Military State Park">Grand Gulf Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_River_Road_State_Park" title="Great River Road State Park">Great River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_County_State_Park" title="Holmes County State Park">Holmes County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_White_State_Park" title="Hugh White State Park">Hugh White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kyle_State_Park" title="John W. Kyle State Park">John W. Kyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Coleman_State_Park" title="J. P. Coleman State Park">J. P. Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lincoln_State_Park" title="Lake Lincoln State Park">Lake Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lowndes_State_Park" title="Lake Lowndes State Park">Lake Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeFleur%27s_Bluff_State_Park" title="LeFleur's Bluff State Park">LeFleur's Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_State_Park" title="Legion State Park">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Percy_State_Park" title="Leroy Percy State Park">Leroy Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_State_Park" title="Natchez State Park">Natchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Johnson_State_Park" title="Paul B. Johnson State Park">Paul B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Quin_State_Park" title="Percy Quin State Park">Percy Quin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_State_Park" title="Roosevelt State Park">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_State_Park" title="Shepard State Park">Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishomingo_State_Park" title="Tishomingo State Park">Tishomingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombigbee_State_Park" title="Tombigbee State Park">Tombigbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_State_Park" title="Trace State Park">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Doxey_State_Park" title="Wall Doxey State Park">Wall Doxey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Department_of_Wildlife,_Fisheries,_and_Parks" title="Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks">Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_United_States" title="Template talk:Southern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Economy" title="Southern United States">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Geography" title="Southern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Politics of the Southern United States">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Sports" title="Southern United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston (SC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_France" title="Template:New France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_France" title="Template talk:New France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history" title="Timeline of New France history">Timeline of New France history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Beginnings–1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans" title="History of the Franco-Americans">History of the French-Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1604–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> (1608–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve</a> (1662–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> (1682–1763, 1801–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a> (1713–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_New_France" title="List of towns and villages in New France">Towns and<br /> villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Détroit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Île Royale <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of French forts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Buade" title="Fort de Buade">Fort de Buade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Conde">Fort Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">Fort St. Louis (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort St. Louis (Texas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France" title="Intendant of New France">Intendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="List of governors of Trois-Rivières">Governor of Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montreal" title="Governor of Montreal">Governor of Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Governors_of_Plaisance,_1655–1713" title="List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurial system of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_in_New_France" title="Criminal justice in New France">Criminal justice in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Superior Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provostship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Officiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_du_Roy" title="Chemin du Roy">Chemin du Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureur des bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of 100 Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Crozat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Crozat">Crozat's Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of New France">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1666_census_of_New_France" title="1666 census of New France">1666 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Daughters" title="King's Daughters">King's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_girl" title="Casquette girl">Casquette girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Gens de couleur libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_France" title="Alcohol in New France">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_livre" title="New France livre">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_money_in_New_France" title="Card money in New France">card money</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_Intellectual_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="New France Intellectual Life">Intellectual life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Récollets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns" title="Grey Nuns">Grey Nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Priests_of_Saint_Sulpice" title="Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice">Sulpicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">Intercolonial Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">French and Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_massacre" title="Lachine massacre">Lachine Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_massacre" title="Schenectady massacre">Schenectady Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Deerfield Raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_France" title="Category:New France">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Spain_(1521–1821)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Spain" title="Template:New Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Spain" title="Template talk:New Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Spain_(1521–1821)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (1521–1821)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)">Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Seven Years' War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain and the American Revolutionary War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts with indigenous<br />peoples during colonial rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_War" title="Mixtón War">Mixtón War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippine revolts against Spain</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee_Rebellion" title="Acaxee Rebellion">Acaxee Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoma Massacre">Acoma Massacre</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_Revolt" title="Tepehuán Revolt">Tepehuán Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_Rebellion_of_1712" title="Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712">Tzeltal Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima Revolt">Pima Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central<br />government<br />and<br /> administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philp III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbon Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after Louis I</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viceroys of New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">List of viceroys of New Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Mexico" title="Real Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General">Captancies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indendancies_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indendancies of New Spain">Intendancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comayagua" title="Comayagua">Comayagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida, Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Gobernaciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">Captain general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor (position)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Congress of Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />cities,<br />provinces,<br />and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Veracruz_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeche_(city)" title="Campeche (city)">Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango_(city)" title="Durango (city)">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuca" title="Pachuca">Pachuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_(city)" title="Querétaro (city)">Querétaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_(city)" title="San Luis Potosí (city)">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Pueblo de Los Ángeles">Los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena,_California" title="Yerba Buena, California">Yerba Buena (San Francisco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Jose,_California#First_Spanish_pueblo_in_California" title="History of San Jose, California">San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Diego" title="Presidio of San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Antonio" title="History of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">Manila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Province">Baja California</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Extremadura" title="Nueva Extremadura">Nueva Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="New Kingdom of León">New Kingdom of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers,<br />adventurers and<br />conquistadors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-New Spain<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers and<br /><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Nuño de Guzmán">Nuño de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Villafa%C3%B1e" title="Ángel de Villafañe">Ángel de Villafañe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Gaspar de Portolá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quimper" title="Manuel Quimper">Manuel Quimper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano" title="Dionisio Alcalá Galiano">Dionisio Alcalá Galiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Heceta" title="Bruno de Heceta">Bruno de Heceta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">Alonso de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_de_Arteaga_y_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán">Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Bustamante_y_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Bustamante y Guerra">José de Bustamante y Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="José María Narváez">José María Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gil_Y%27Barbo" title="Antonio Gil Y'Barbo">Antonio Gil Y'Barbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage_(priest)" title="Thomas Gage (priest)">Thomas Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br />in New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions<br />in the Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Arizona" title="Spanish missions in Arizona">Spanish missions in Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Baja_California" title="Spanish missions in Baja California">Spanish missions in Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Carolinas" title="Spanish missions in the Carolinas">Spanish missions in the Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">Spanish missions in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Spanish missions in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Louisiana" title="Spanish missions in Louisiana">Spanish missions in Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in Mexico">Spanish missions in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in New Mexico">Spanish missions in New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Sonoran_Desert" title="Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert">Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Spanish missions in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission" title="Ajacán Mission">Spanish missions in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Trinidad" title="Spanish missions in Trinidad">Spanish missions in Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Friars, fathers,<br />priests, and bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Gante" title="Pedro de Gante">Pedro de Gante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Aguilar" title="Gerónimo de Aguilar">Gerónimo de Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toribio de Benavente Motolinia">Toribio de Benavente Motolinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Zum%C3%A1rraga" title="Juan de Zumárraga">Juan de Zumárraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Mont%C3%BAfar" title="Alonso de Montúfar">Alonso de Montúfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga" title="Vasco de Quiroga">Vasco de Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Molina" title="Alonso de Molina">Alonso de Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Mendieta" title="Gerónimo de Mendieta">Gerónimo de Mendieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fray_Juan_de_Torquemada" title="Fray Juan de Torquemada">Juan de Torquemada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza" title="Juan de Palafox y Mendoza">Juan de Palafox y Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Sig%C3%BCenza_y_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora">Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Francisco Javier Clavijero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pal%C3%B3u" title="Francisco Palóu">Francisco Palóu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_T%C3%A1pis" title="Esteban Tápis">Esteban Tápis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_de_Paula_Se%C3%B1an" title="José Francisco de Paula Señan">José Francisco de Paula Señan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A0_Paieres_i_Borr%C3%A0s" title="Marià Paieres i Borràs">Mariano Payeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Montero" title="Sebastián Montero">Sebastián Montero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ayeta" title="Francisco de Ayeta">Francisco de Ayeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Margil" title="Antonio Margil">Antonio Margil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Marroquín">Francisco Marroquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Abad_y_Queipo" title="Manuel Abad y Queipo">Manuel Abad y Queipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="José María Morelos">José María Morelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mission_clash_of_cultures" title="California mission clash of cultures">California mission clash of cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_system" title="Cargo system">Cargo system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reductions">Indian Reductions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society<br />and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoamerican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarascan_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarascan state">P'urhépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowoj" title="Kowoj">Kowoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poqomam_people" title="Poqomam people">Poqomam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica (Southwest US)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akimel_O%27odham" title="Akimel O'odham">Akimel O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_people" title="Solano people">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee" title="Acaxee">Acaxee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Junta_Indians" title="La Junta Indians">La Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains">Southern Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">Indigenous people during De Soto's travels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jororo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jororo">Jororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yustaga" title="Yustaga">Yustaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Peoples of Palawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Colonial_architecture_by_country" title="Category:Spanish Colonial architecture by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_architecture_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:Baroque architecture in the Spanish Empire">Colonial Baroque style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_colonial_fortifications" title="Category:Spanish colonial fortifications">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Spanish missions in the Americas">Missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade and economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Pardos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Negros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasekura_Tsunenaga" title="Hasekura Tsunenaga">Hasekura Tsunenaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Spain" title="Category:New Spain">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a> (1861–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_West_Virginia" title="Confederate government of West Virginia">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Confederate States"><img alt="Map of the Confederate States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/175px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/263px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/350px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="572" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Governments in exile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> June 20, 1863.</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Organized January 18, 1862.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1494#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1494#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1494#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140657496">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207034/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgxpvDfT9yvtDg4ddFR8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4039588-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79138969">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120326006">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120326006">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00654247">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mississippi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130027&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455332">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555083405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6fddb177-f3fc-4c30-9d49-9c7e949fe0bc">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04856681?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026629631">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045240">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mississippi&params=33_N_90_W_dim:300000_region:US-MS_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Mississippi"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°N</span> <span class="longitude">90°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33°N 90°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33; -90</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">State of Mississippi</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&oldid=1258567739">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&oldid=1258567739</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mississippi" 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