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(1708–1717)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Weimar_(1708–1717)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Köthen_(1717–1723)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Köthen_(1717–1723)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Köthen (1717–1723)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Köthen_(1717–1723)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leipzig_(1723–1750)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leipzig_(1723–1750)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Leipzig (1723–1750)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leipzig_(1723–1750)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment_in_Leipzig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_in_Leipzig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Appointment in Leipzig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_in_Leipzig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantata_cycle_years_(1723–1729)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantata_cycle_years_(1723–1729)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Cantata cycle years (1723–1729)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantata_cycle_years_(1723–1729)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_years_of_the_Leipzig_period_(1730–1739)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_years_of_the_Leipzig_period_(1730–1739)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Middle years of the Leipzig period (1730–1739)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_years_of_the_Leipzig_period_(1730–1739)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death_(1740–1750)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death_(1740–1750)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Final years and death (1740–1750)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death_(1740–1750)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Musical style</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Musical_style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Musical style subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Musical_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four-part_harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four-part_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Four-part harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four-part_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornamentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ornamentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuo_instruments_solos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuo_instruments_solos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Continuo instruments solos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuo_instruments_solos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterpoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterpoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Counterpoint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterpoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Structure and lyrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Compositions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compositions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Passions_and_oratorios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passions_and_oratorios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Passions and oratorios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passions_and_oratorios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantatas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantatas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cantatas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantatas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church_cantatas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_cantatas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Church cantatas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_cantatas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_cantatas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_cantatas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Secular cantatas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_cantatas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_cappella_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_cappella_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>A cappella music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_cappella_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Motets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chorale_harmonisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chorale_harmonisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Chorale harmonisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chorale_harmonisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_music_in_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_music_in_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Church music in Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_music_in_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magnificat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnificat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Magnificat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnificat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_in_B_minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_in_B_minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Mass in B minor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_in_B_minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Keyboard music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organ_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organ_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Organ works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organ_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harpsichord_and_other_stringed_keyboard_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harpsichord_and_other_stringed_keyboard_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Harpsichord and other stringed keyboard instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harpsichord_and_other_stringed_keyboard_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestral_and_chamber_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestral_and_chamber_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Orchestral and chamber music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestral_and_chamber_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violin_concertos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violin_concertos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Violin concertos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violin_concertos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brandenburg_Concertos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brandenburg_Concertos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span><i>Brandenburg Concertos</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brandenburg_Concertos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard_concertos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_concertos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Keyboard concertos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_concertos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestral_suites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestral_suites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Orchestral suites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestral_suites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copies,_arrangements_and_uncertain_attributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copies,_arrangements_and_uncertain_attributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Copies, arrangements and uncertain attributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copies,_arrangements_and_uncertain_attributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Burial site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Johann Sebastian Bach</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 215 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-215" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">215 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Иоган Себастиан Бах – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Иоган Себастиан Бах" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%90%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B4%E1%89%A3%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%AD" title="ዮሐን ሴባስትያን ባክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዮሐን ሴባስትያን ባክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC" title="योहान सेबास्तियन बाख़ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="योहान सेबास्तियन बाख़" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бах, Иоганн Себастиан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Бах, Иоганн Себастиан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="يوهان سباستيان باخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوهان سباستيان باخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AD" title="Եոհան Սեպասթիան Պախ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եոհան Սեպասթիան Պախ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="জোহান চেবাষ্টিয়ান বাক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জোহান চেবাষ্টিয়ান বাক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="योहान सेबास्तियन बाख – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="योहान सेबास्तियन बाख" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A3_Sevasti%C3%A3_Bach" title="Huã Sevastiã Bach – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Huã Sevastiã Bach" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Йогьанн Себастиан Бах – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Йогьанн Себастиан Бах" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ohann_Sebastyan_Bax" title="İohann Sebastyan Bax – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İohann Sebastyan Bax" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="یوهان سباستیان باخ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوهان سباستیان باخ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96" title="ইয়োহান জেবাস্টিয়ান বাখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়োহান জেবাস্টিয়ান বাখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Йоһанн Себастьян Бах – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йоһанн Себастьян Бах" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Іаган Себасцьян Бах – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іаган Себасцьян Бах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Ёган Сэбастыян Бах – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ёган Сэбастыян Бах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A" title="जोहान सेबेस्टियन बाच – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जोहान सेबेस्टियन बाच" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Йохан Себастиан Бах – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йохан Себастиан Бах" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Йоһанн Себастьян Бах – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Йоһанн Себастьян Бах" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Бах Иоганн Себастьян – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бах Иоганн Себастьян" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%87" title="Γιόχαν Σεμπάστιαν Μπαχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιόχαν Σεμπάστιαν Μπαχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Бах, Иоганн Себастьян – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бах, Иоганн Себастьян" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="یوهان سباستیان باخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوهان سباستیان باخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-S%C3%A9bastien_Bach" title="Jean-Sébastien Bach – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean-Sébastien Bach" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="巴赫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="巴赫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A" title="જોહાન સેબેસ્ટિયન બાચ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જોહાન સેબેસ્ટિયન બાચ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Бах, Иоганн Себастьян – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Бах, Иоганн Себастьян" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C_%EC%A0%9C%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%88_%EB%B0%94%ED%9D%90" title="요한 제바스티안 바흐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요한 제바스티안 바흐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AD" title="Յոհան Սեբաստիան Բախ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոհան Սեբաստիան Բախ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC" title="योहान सेबास्तियन बाख़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="योहान सेबास्तियन बाख़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Бах, Иоганн Себастьян – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бах, Иоганн Себастьян" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9A" title="יוהאן סבסטיאן באך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוהאן סבסטיאן באך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯೋಹಾನ್ ಸೆಬಾಸ್ಟಿಯನ್ ಬಾಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೋಹಾನ್ ಸೆಬಾಸ್ಟಿಯನ್ ಬಾಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="იოჰან სებასტიან ბახი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოჰან სებასტიან ბახი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Йоганн Себастиан Бах – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йоганн Себастиан Бах" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Иоганн Себастьян Бах – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иоганн Себастьян Бах" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99_%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99_%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%84" title="ໂຍຮັນ ເຊບັສທີອັນ ບັຄ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຍຮັນ ເຊບັສທີອັນ ບັຄ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iohannes_Sebastianus_Bachius" title="Iohannes Sebastianus Bachius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iohannes Sebastianus Bachius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johans_Sebasti%C4%81ns_Bahs" title="Johans Sebastiāns Bahs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Johans Sebastiāns Bahs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Иогьанн Себастьян Бах – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Иогьанн Себастьян Бах" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/io%27an.zebastian.bax" title="io'an.zebastian.bax – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="io'an.zebastian.bax" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="योहान सेबास्तियन बाख – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="योहान सेबास्तियन बाख" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Јохан Себастијан Бах – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јохан Себастијан Бах" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D" title="യൊഹാൻ സെബാസ്റ്റ്യൻ ബാഹ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൊഹാൻ സെബാസ്റ്റ്യൻ ബാഹ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="योहान सेबास्टियन बाख – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="योहान सेबास्टियन बाख" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="იოჰან სებასტიან ბახი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იოჰან სებასტიან ბახი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="باخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Иоханн Себастиан Бах – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иоханн Себастиан Бах" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BA" title="ယိုဟန် ဆီဘက်ရှန်း ဘက်ရှ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယိုဟန် ဆီဘက်ရှန်း ဘက်ရှ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="योहान सेबास्तियन बाख – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="योहान सेबास्तियन बाख" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="योहान सेबेस्टियन बाख – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="योहान सेबेस्टियन बाख" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BC%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%83%8F" title="ヨハン・ゼバスティアン・バッハ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨハン・ゼバスティアン・バッハ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Иоганн Себастьян Бах – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Иоганн Себастьян Бах" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D" title="ଜୋହାନ୍ ସେବାଷ୍ଟିଆନ୍ ବାକ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୋହାନ୍ ସେବାଷ୍ଟିଆନ୍ ବାକ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC" title="ਯੋਹਾਨ ਸੇਬਾਸਤੀਅਨ ਬਾਖ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੋਹਾਨ ਸੇਬਾਸਤੀਅਨ ਬਾਖ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="یوہان سبسٹیان باخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوہان سبسٹیان باخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86" title="جوهان سباستیان باچ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جوهان سباستیان باچ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85" title="ចូហានសឺបាសៀនបាច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចូហានសឺបាសៀនបាច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohann_Sebastyan_Bah" title="Yohann Sebastyan Bah – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yohann Sebastyan Bah" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Йоганн Себастьян Бах – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Йоганн Себастьян Бах" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Бах, Иоганн Себастьян – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бах, Иоганн Себастьян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%99%D0%BEh%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бах Йоhанн Себастиан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бах Йоhанн Себастиан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehan._Saypa-sedi%E2%80%99-an.Pa-ha%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88" title="Yehan. Saypa-sedi’-an.Pa-ha約翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴哈 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Yehan. Saypa-sedi’-an.Pa-ha約翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴哈" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0,_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱵᱮᱠ, ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱚᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱮᱠ, ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱚᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="ජොහාන් සෙබස්තියන් බාක් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජොහාන් සෙබස්තියන් බාක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="جوهان سباستين باخ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جوهان سباستين باخ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="یۆھان سباستیان باخ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆھان سباستیان باخ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Јохан Себастијан Бах – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јохан Себастијан Бах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="யோகான் செபாஸ்தியன் பாக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோகான் செபாஸ்தியன் பாக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohann_Sibastyan_Bax" title="Yohann Sibastyan Bax – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Yohann Sibastyan Bax" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Иоһанн Себастьян Бах – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иоһанн Себастьян Бах" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D" title="జోహన్ సెబాస్టియన్ బాచ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జోహన్ సెబాస్టియన్ బాచ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84" title="โยฮัน เซบัสทีอัน บัค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โยฮัน เซบัสทีอัน บัค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A3%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%BD" title="ዮሃን ሰባስትያን ባኽ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዮሃን ሰባስትያን ባኽ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Иоҳанн Бах – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иоҳанн Бах" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%B2%E1%8E%AD%E1%8F%82_%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%98%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82_%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏲᎭᏂ ᏎᏆᏍᏘᎠᏂ ᏆᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏲᎭᏂ ᏎᏆᏍᏘᎠᏂ ᏆᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Йоганн Себастьян Бах – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йоганн Себастьян Бах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%81%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="یوہن سباستیان باخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوہن سباستیان باخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="يوھان سېباستىيان باخ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يوھان سېباستىيان باخ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah_Iogann_Sebast%27jan" title="Bah Iogann Sebast'jan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bah Iogann Sebast'jan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachi_Johann_Sebastian" title="Bachi Johann Sebastian – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bachi Johann Sebastian" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="巴赫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴赫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="巴赫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴赫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9A" title="יאהאן זעבאסטיאן באך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יאהאן זעבאסטיאן באך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%B4%E6%8F%90%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88" title="約翰·施巴提恩·巴哈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約翰·施巴提恩·巴哈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Johann Sebastian Bach" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bach&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German composer (1685–1750)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bach" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bach_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bach (disambiguation)">Bach (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Johann Sebastian Bach (disambiguation)">Johann Sebastian Bach (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Johann Sebastian Bach</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/220px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/330px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/440px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="591" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1748 portrait of Bach, showing him holding a copy of the six-part <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a> <a href="/wiki/BWV_1076" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1076">BWV 1076</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001"10._Iconography"_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001"10._Iconography"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">21 March 1685 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">(O.S.)</a><br />31 March 1685<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1685-03-31</span>)</span> <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">(N.S.)</a><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 July 1750<span style="display:none">(1750-07-28)</span> (aged 65)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bach_family" title="Bach family">Bach family</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_signature.svg/180px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_signature.svg/270px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_signature.svg/360px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="72" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Johann Sebastian Bach</b><sup id="cite_ref-IPA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (31 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 21 March] 1685 – 28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the late <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque period</a>. He is known for his prolific output across a variety of instruments and forms, including the orchestral <i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos">Brandenburg Concertos</a></i>; solo instrumental works such as the <a href="/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)" title="Cello Suites (Bach)">cello suites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonatas_and_Partitas_for_Solo_Violin_(Bach)" title="Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin (Bach)">sonatas and partitas for solo violin</a>; keyboard works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations" title="Goldberg Variations">Goldberg Variations</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Clavier" title="The Well-Tempered Clavier">The Well-Tempered Clavier</a></i>; organ works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCbler_Chorales" title="Schübler Chorales">Schübler Chorales</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565">Toccata and Fugue in D minor</a>; and choral works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor" title="Mass in B minor">Mass in B minor</a>. Since the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Bach_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach Revival">Bach Revival</a>, he has been widely regarded as one of the greatest composers in the history of Western music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECristStauff2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECristStauff2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bach_family" title="Bach family">Bach family</a> already had several composers when Johann Sebastian was born as the last child of a city musician, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ambrosius_Bach" title="Johann Ambrosius Bach">Johann Ambrosius</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a>. After being orphaned at age 10, he lived for five years with his eldest brother, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Bach_(organist_at_Ohrdruf)" title="Johann Christoph Bach (organist at Ohrdruf)">Johann Christoph</a>, then continued his musical education in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a>. In 1703 he returned to <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, working as a musician for <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches in <a href="/wiki/Arnstadt" title="Arnstadt">Arnstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a>, and for longer periods at courts in <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar" title="Saxe-Weimar">Weimar</a>, where he expanded his <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a> repertory, and <a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a>, where he was mostly engaged with <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>. In 1723 he was hired as <a href="/wiki/Thomaskantor" title="Thomaskantor">Thomaskantor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cantor_(Christianity)" title="Cantor (Christianity)">cantor</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_School,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas School, Leipzig">St Thomas's</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. There he composed music for the principal <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> churches of the city and its university's student ensemble <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Musicum" title="Collegium Musicum">Collegium Musicum</a>. In 1726 <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach_printed_during_his_lifetime" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach printed during his lifetime">he began publishing</a> his <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard</a> and organ music. In Leipzig, as had happened during some of his earlier positions, he had difficult relations with his employer. This situation was somewhat remedied when his sovereign, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a>, granted him the title of court composer in 1736. In the last decades of his life, Bach reworked and extended many of his earlier compositions. He died of complications after a botched eye surgery in 1750 at the age of 65. </p><p>Bach enriched established German styles through his mastery of <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motivic</a> organisation,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his adaptation of rhythms, forms, and textures from abroad, particularly Italy and France. <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">His compositions</a> include <a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">hundreds of cantatas</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Church_cantata_(Bach)" title="Church cantata (Bach)">sacred</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_secular_cantatas_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of secular cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach">secular</a>. He <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_church_music_in_Latin" title="Bach's church music in Latin">composed Latin church music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passions_(Bach)" title="Passions (Bach)">Passions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_masses,_passions_and_oratorios_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach#Oratorios_and_associated_cantatas" title="List of masses, passions and oratorios by Johann Sebastian Bach">oratorios</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_motets_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of motets by Johann Sebastian Bach">motets</a>. He often adopted <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymns</a>, not only in his larger vocal works but, for instance, also in <a href="/wiki/List_of_chorale_harmonisations_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of chorale harmonisations by Johann Sebastian Bach">his four-part chorales</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_and_arias_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of songs and arias by Johann Sebastian Bach">his sacred songs</a>. Bach wrote extensively <a href="/wiki/List_of_organ_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of organ compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">for organ</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_keyboard_and_lute_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of keyboard and lute compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">for other keyboard instruments</a>. He <a href="/wiki/List_of_concertos_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach">composed concertos</a>, for instance <a href="/wiki/List_of_orchestral_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach#Violin_concertos_(BWV_1041–1043)" title="List of orchestral works by Johann Sebastian Bach">for violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_concertos_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Keyboard concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach">for harpsichord</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suite_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suite (Bach)">suites</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_music_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of chamber music works by Johann Sebastian Bach">as chamber music</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_suites_(Bach)" title="Orchestral suites (Bach)">for orchestra</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_fugal_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of fugal works by Johann Sebastian Bach">Many of his works use</a> contrapuntal techniques like <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a>. </p><p>In the 18th century Bach was primarily known as an <a href="/wiki/Organist" title="Organist">organist</a>, while his keyboard music, such as <i>The Well-Tempered Clavier</i>, was appreciated for its didactic qualities. The 19th century saw the publication of some significant <a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Biographies of Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach biographies</a>, and by the end of that century all of his known music had been printed. Dissemination of scholarship on the composer continued through periodicals (and later also websites) exclusively devoted to him and other publications such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis" title="Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis">Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis</a></i> (BWV, a numbered catalogue of his works) and new critical editions of his compositions. His music was further popularised through a multitude <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcriptions_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of transcriptions of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">of arrangements</a>, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Air_on_the_G_String" title="Air on the G String">Air on the G String</a></i> and "<a href="/wiki/Jesu,_Joy_of_Man%27s_Desiring" title="Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring">Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring</a>", and of recordings such as three different box sets with complete performances of his oeuvre marking the 250th anniversary of his death. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_(1685–1703)"><span id="Childhood_.281685.E2.80.931703.29"></span>Childhood (1685–1703)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Ambrosius_Bach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Johann_Ambrosius_Bach.jpg/170px-Johann_Ambrosius_Bach.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Johann_Ambrosius_Bach.jpg/255px-Johann_Ambrosius_Bach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Johann_Ambrosius_Bach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ambrosius_Bach" title="Johann Ambrosius Bach">Johann Ambrosius Bach</a>, 1685, Bach's father. Painting attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_David_Herlicius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann David Herlicius (page does not exist)">Johann David Herlicius</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_David_Herlicius" class="extiw" title="de:Johann David Herlicius">de</a>]</span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bach_family" title="Bach family">Bach family</a></div> <p>Johann Sebastian Bach<sup id="cite_ref-IPA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born in <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Eisenach">duchy of Saxe-Eisenach</a>, in present-day Germany, on 21 March 1685 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> (31 March 1685 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">N.S.</a>). He was the eighth and youngest child of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ambrosius_Bach" title="Johann Ambrosius Bach">Johann Ambrosius Bach</a>, the director of the town musicians, and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Elisabeth_L%C3%A4mmerhirt" title="Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt">Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20073_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20073-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeck2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA2_2],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA156_156]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeck2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA2_2],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA156_156]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd20006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd20006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father likely taught him <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and basic <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a>. His uncles were all professional musicians who worked as church organists, court chamber musicians, and composers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmeryWollnyLeisinger2018II._List_of_all_family_members_alphabetically_by_first_name_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffEmeryWollnyLeisinger2018II._List_of_all_family_members_alphabetically_by_first_name-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One uncle, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Bach_(musician_at_Arnstadt)" title="Johann Christoph Bach (musician at Arnstadt)">Johann Christoph Bach</a>, introduced him to the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)"> organ</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an older second cousin, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Bach" title="Johann Ludwig Bach">Johann Ludwig Bach</a>, was a well-known composer and violinist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmeryWollnyLeisinger2018II._List_of_all_family_members_alphabetically_by_first_name_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffEmeryWollnyLeisinger2018II._List_of_all_family_members_alphabetically_by_first_name-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bach's mother died in 1694, and his father died eight months later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles196286–87_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196286–87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 10-year-old Bach moved in with his eldest brother, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Bach_(organist_at_Ohrdruf)" title="Johann Christoph Bach (organist at Ohrdruf)">Johann Christoph Bach</a>, the organist at <a href="/wiki/Michaeliskirche_(Ohrdruf)" title="Michaeliskirche (Ohrdruf)">St. Michael's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ohrdruf" title="Ohrdruf">Ohrdruf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd20007–8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd20007–8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he studied, performed, and copied music, including his brother's, despite being forbidden to do so because scores were so valuable and private and blank ledger paper was costly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998299_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998299-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff200045_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200045-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received valuable teaching from his brother, who instructed him on the <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a>. Johann Christoph exposed him to the works of great composers of the day, including South Germans such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Kerll" title="Johann Caspar Kerll">Johann Caspar Kerll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger" title="Johann Jakob Froberger">Johann Jakob Froberger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a> (under whom Johann Christoph had studied); North Germans;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff200019,_46_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200019,_46-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frenchmen such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marchand" title="Louis Marchand">Louis Marchand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">Marin Marais</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff200073_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200073-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Italian <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000170_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000170-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learned <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek"> Greek</a> at the local <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899a186–187_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899a186–187-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 3 April 1700, Bach and his school friend Georg Erdmann—who was two years older than Bach—studied at <a href="/wiki/St._Michaelis,_L%C3%BCneburg" title="St. Michaelis, Lüneburg">St. Michael</a>'s School in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a>, some two weeks' travel north of Ohrdruf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff200041–43_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200041–43-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EidamChI_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EidamChI-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their journey was probably undertaken mostly on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-EidamChI_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EidamChI-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His two years there were critical in exposing Bach to a broader range of European culture. In addition to singing in the choir, he played the school's three-manual organ and <a href="/wiki/Harpsichords" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpsichords">harpsichords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroquenet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also came into contact with sons of aristocrats from northern Germany who had been sent to the nearby <i>Ritter-Academie</i> to prepare for careers in other disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff200055–56_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200055–56-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar,_Arnstadt,_and_Mühlhausen_(1703–1708)"><span id="Weimar.2C_Arnstadt.2C_and_M.C3.BChlhausen_.281703.E2.80.931708.29"></span>Weimar, Arnstadt, and Mühlhausen (1703–1708)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnstadt_Bachkirche_Wender-Orgel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Arnstadt_Bachkirche_Wender-Orgel.jpg/220px-Arnstadt_Bachkirche_Wender-Orgel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Arnstadt_Bachkirche_Wender-Orgel.jpg/330px-Arnstadt_Bachkirche_Wender-Orgel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Arnstadt_Bachkirche_Wender-Orgel.jpg/440px-Arnstadt_Bachkirche_Wender-Orgel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Wender" title="Johann Friedrich Wender">Wender</a> organ Bach played in Arnstadt</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1703, shortly after graduating from St. Michael's and being turned down for the post of organist at <a href="/wiki/Sangerhausen" title="Sangerhausen">Sangerhausen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich199527_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich199527-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach was appointed court musician in the chapel of Duke <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_III,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Ernst III, Duke of Saxe-Weimar">Johann Ernst III</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd200015–16_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd200015–16-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His role there is unclear, but it probably included menial, non-musical duties. During his seven-month tenure at Weimar, his reputation as a keyboardist spread so widely that he was invited to inspect the new organ and give the inaugural recital at the New Church (now <a href="/wiki/Bach_Church,_Arnstadt" title="Bach Church, Arnstadt">Bach Church</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Arnstadt" title="Arnstadt">Arnstadt</a>, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of Weimar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiapusso196862_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiapusso196862-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 August 1703, he became the organist at the New Church,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with light duties, a relatively generous salary, and a new organ tuned in a temperament that allowed music written in a wider range of keys to be played.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a40_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a40-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite strong family connections and a musically enthusiastic employer, tension built up between Bach and the authorities after several years in the post. Bach felt discontented by the calibre of musicians he was collaborating with. He called one of them, Geyersbach, a "Zippel Fagottist" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/weenie" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:weenie">weenie</a> <a href="/wiki/Bassoonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassoonist">bassoonist</a>). Late one evening, Geyersbach went after Bach with a stick. Bach filed a complaint against Geyersbach with the authorities. They acquitted Geyersbach with a minor reprimand and ordered Bach to be more moderate about the musical qualities he expected from his students. Some months later, Bach upset his employer with a prolonged absence from Arnstadt: after obtaining leave for four weeks, he was absent for around four months in 1705–1706 to take lessons from the organist and composer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Reincken" title="Johann Adam Reincken">Johann Adam Reincken</a> and to hear him and <a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a> play in the northern city of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>. The visit to Buxtehude and Reincken involved a 450-kilometre (280 mi) journey each way, reportedly on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff2000pp83ff_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff2000pp83ff-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buxtehude probably introduced Bach to his friend Reincken so that he could learn from his compositional technique (especially his mastery of <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a>), his organ playing and his skills with improvisation. Bach knew Reincken's music very well; he copied Reincken's monumental <a href="/wiki/An_Wasserfl%C3%BCssen_Babylon_(Reincken)" title="An Wasserflüssen Babylon (Reincken)"><i>An Wasserflüssen Babylon</i></a> when he was 15 years old. Bach later wrote several other works on the same theme. When Bach revisited Reincken in 1720 and showed him his improvisatory skills on the organ, Reincken reportedly remarked: "I thought that this art was dead, but I see that it lives in you."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1706, Bach applied for a post as organist at the <a href="/wiki/Divi_Blasii" title="Divi Blasii">Blasius Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WolffP102_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WolffP102-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwX-rF2_k_S8CpgPA38_38–39]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwX-rF2_k_S8CpgPA38_38–39]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of his application, he had a <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> performed on Easter, 24 April 1707, likely an early version of his <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Christ_lag_in_Todes_Banden,_BWV_4" title="Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4">Christ lag in Todes Banden</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach's application was accepted a month later, and he took up the post in July.<sup id="cite_ref-WolffP102_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WolffP102-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position included significantly higher remuneration, improved conditions, and a better choir. Four months after arriving at Mühlhausen, Bach married <a href="/wiki/Maria_Barbara_Bach" title="Maria Barbara Bach">Maria Barbara Bach</a>, his second cousin. Bach convinced the church and town government at Mühlhausen to fund an expensive renovation of the organ at the Blasius Church. In 1708, Bach wrote <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gott_ist_mein_K%C3%B6nig,_BWV_71" title="Gott ist mein König, BWV 71">Gott ist mein König</a></i></span>, a festive <a href="/wiki/Church_cantata_(Bach)#New_council" title="Church cantata (Bach)">cantata for the inauguration of the new council</a>, which was published at the council's expense.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroquenet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Weimar_(1708–1717)"><span id="Return_to_Weimar_.281708.E2.80.931717.29"></span>Return to Weimar (1708–1717)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Erschallet,_ihr_Lieder,_erklinget,_ihr_Saiten!_BWV_172#Background" title="Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172">Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172 § Background</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Paulinerkirche_Scheibe-Orgel_um_1720.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Leipzig_Paulinerkirche_Scheibe-Orgel_um_1720.jpg/170px-Leipzig_Paulinerkirche_Scheibe-Orgel_um_1720.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Leipzig_Paulinerkirche_Scheibe-Orgel_um_1720.jpg/255px-Leipzig_Paulinerkirche_Scheibe-Orgel_um_1720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Leipzig_Paulinerkirche_Scheibe-Orgel_um_1720.jpg/340px-Leipzig_Paulinerkirche_Scheibe-Orgel_um_1720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="4207" /></a><figcaption>Organ of the <a href="/wiki/Paulinerkirche,_Leipzig" title="Paulinerkirche, Leipzig">St. Paul's Church in Leipzig</a>, tested by Bach in 1717</figcaption></figure> <p>Bach left Mühlhausen in 1708, returning to Weimar this time as organist and from 1714 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Konzertmeister</i></span> (director of music) at the ducal court, where he could work with a large, well-funded contingent of professional musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroquenet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach and his wife moved into a house near the ducal palace.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, their first child, Catharina Dorothea, was born, and Maria Barbara's elder, unmarried sister joined them. She remained to help run the household until she died in 1729. Three sons were also born in Weimar: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">Wilhelm Friedemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Carl Philipp Emanuel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Bernhard_Bach" title="Johann Gottfried Bernhard Bach">Johann Gottfried Bernhard</a>. Johann Sebastian and Maria Barbara had three more children—twins born in 1713 and a single birth; none survived past their first birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen358mode1up_Table_VII,_p._309]_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen358mode1up_Table_VII,_p._309]-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bach's time in Weimar began a sustained period of composing keyboard and orchestral works. He attained the proficiency and confidence to extend the prevailing structures and include influences from abroad. He learned to write dramatic openings and employ the dynamic rhythms and harmonic schemes found in the music of Italians such as <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Corelli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli" title="Giuseppe Torelli">Torelli</a>. Bach absorbed these stylistic aspects to a certain extent by transcribing Vivaldi's string and wind concertos for harpsichord and organ; many of these transcribed works are still regularly performed. Bach was particularly attracted to the Italian style, in which one or more solo instruments alternate section-by-section with the full orchestra throughout a <a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Weimar, Bach continued to play and compose for the organ and perform concert music with the duke's ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroquenet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also began to write the <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">preludes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugues</a> that were later assembled into his monumental work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Clavier" title="The Well-Tempered Clavier">The Well-Tempered Clavier</a></i> ("clavier" meaning clavichord or harpsichord),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiapusso1968168_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiapusso1968168-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of two books,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweitzer1923331_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweitzer1923331-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each containing 24 preludes and fugues in every <a href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minor_scale" title="Minor scale">minor</a> key. In Weimar Bach also started work on the <i><a href="/wiki/Orgelb%C3%BCchlein" title="Orgelbüchlein">Little Organ Book</a></i>, containing traditional <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a> tunes set in complex textures. In 1713, Bach was offered a post in <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a> when he advised the authorities during a renovation by Christoph Cuntzius of the main organ in the west gallery of the <a href="/wiki/Marktkirche_Unser_Lieben_Frauen" title="Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen">Market Church of Our Dear Lady</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sadie1998p205_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadie1998p205-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1714, Bach was promoted to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Konzertmeister</i></span>, an honour that entailed performing a church cantata monthly in the castle church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000147,_156_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000147,_156-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first three cantatas in the new series Bach composed in Weimar were <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Himmelsk%C3%B6nig,_sei_willkommen,_BWV_182" title="Himmelskönig, sei willkommen, BWV 182"><i>Himmelskönig, sei willkommen</i>, BWV 182</a></span></span>, for <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>, which coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> that year; <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weinen,_Klagen,_Sorgen,_Zagen,_BWV_12" title="Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen, BWV 12"><i>Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen</i>, BWV 12</a></span></span>, for <a href="/wiki/Jubilate_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilate Sunday">Jubilate Sunday</a>; and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Erschallet,_ihr_Lieder,_erklinget,_ihr_Saiten!_BWV_172" title="Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172"><i>Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten!</i>  BWV 172</a></span></span> for <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff30_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff30-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach's first Christmas cantata, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Christen,_%C3%A4tzet_diesen_Tag,_BWV_63" title="Christen, ätzet diesen Tag, BWV 63"><i>Christen, ätzet diesen Tag</i>, BWV 63</a></span></span>, premiered in 1714 or 1715.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1717, Bach fell out of favour in Weimar and, according to a translation of the court secretary's report, was jailed for almost a month before being unfavorably dismissed: "On November 6, [1717,] the quondam [former] concertmaster and organist Bach was confined to the County Judge's place of detention for too stubbornly forcing the issue of his dismissal and finally on December 2 was freed from arrest with notice of his unfavorable discharge."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff199880_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff199880-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Köthen_(1717–1723)"><span id="K.C3.B6then_.281717.E2.80.931723.29"></span>Köthen (1717–1723)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BWV1001-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BWV1001-cropped.jpg/220px-BWV1001-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BWV1001-cropped.jpg/330px-BWV1001-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BWV1001-cropped.jpg/440px-BWV1001-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>Bach's autograph of the first movement of the <a href="/wiki/BWV_1001" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1001">first sonata for solo violin, BWV 1001</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="272" data-mwtitle="J._S._Bach_–_Violin_Sonata_No.1_in_G_minor,_BWV_1001,_I._Adagio.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/J._S._Bach_%E2%80%93_Violin_Sonata_No.1_in_G_minor%2C_BWV_1001%2C_I._Adagio.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/J._S._Bach_%E2%80%93_Violin_Sonata_No.1_in_G_minor%2C_BWV_1001%2C_I._Adagio.ogg/J._S._Bach_%E2%80%93_Violin_Sonata_No.1_in_G_minor%2C_BWV_1001%2C_I._Adagio.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Leopold,_Prince_of_Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen">Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen</a>, hired Bach to serve as his <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a></i></span> (director of music) in 1717. Himself a musician, Leopold appreciated Bach's talents, paid him well, and gave him considerable latitude in composing and performing. Leopold was a <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> and did not use elaborate music in his worship; accordingly, most of Bach's work from this period is secular,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles196257_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196257-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_suites_(Bach)" title="Orchestral suites (Bach)">orchestral suites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)" title="Cello Suites (Bach)">cello suites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonatas_and_Partitas_for_Solo_Violin_(Bach)" title="Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin (Bach)">sonatas and partitas for solo violin</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos">Brandenburg Concertos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd200074_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd200074-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach also composed secular cantatas for the court, such as <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit,_die_Tag_und_Jahre_macht,_BWV_134a" title="Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht, BWV 134a"><i>Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht</i>, BWV 134a</a></span></span>. </p><p>Despite being born in the same year and only about 130 kilometres (80 mi) apart, Bach and <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a> never met. In 1719, Bach made the 35-kilometre (22 mi) journey from <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6then_(Anhalt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Köthen (Anhalt)">Köthen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a> with the intention to meet Handel, but Handel had left town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Til200769,_372_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Til200769,_372-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDent200423_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDent200423-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1730, Bach's oldest son, Wilhelm Friedemann, travelled to Halle to invite Handel to visit the Bach family in Leipzig, but the visit did not take place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpaeth193737_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpaeth193737-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 July 1720, while Bach was away in <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Carlsbad</a> with Leopold, his wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Barbara_Bach" title="Maria Barbara Bach">Maria Barbara Bach</a>, suddenly died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b11_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b11-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, he met <a href="/wiki/Anna_Magdalena_Bach" title="Anna Magdalena Bach">Anna Magdalena Wilcke</a>, a young, gifted soprano 16 years his junior, who performed at the court in Köthen; they married on 3 December 1721.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer196650_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer196650-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together they had 13 children, six of whom survived into adulthood: <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_Bach" title="Gottfried Heinrich Bach">Gottfried Heinrich</a>; Elisabeth Juliane Friederica (1726–1781); <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_Bach" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach">Johann Christoph Friedrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">Johann Christian</a>, who both, especially Johann Christian, became significant musicians; Johanna Carolina (1737–1781); and Regina Susanna (1742–1809).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff198398,_111_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff198398,_111-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leipzig_(1723–1750)"><span id="Leipzig_.281723.E2.80.931750.29"></span>Leipzig (1723–1750)</h3></div> <p>In 1723, Bach was appointed <a href="/wiki/Thomaskantor" title="Thomaskantor">Thomaskantor</a> director of church music in Leipzig. He had to direct the <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_School,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas School, Leipzig">St. Thomas School</a> and provide four churches with music, the <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas Church, Leipzig">St. Thomas Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig">St. Nicholas Church</a>, and to a lesser extent, the <a href="/wiki/St._Matthew,_Leipzig" title="St. Matthew, Leipzig">New Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter,_Leipzig" title="St. Peter, Leipzig">St. Peter's Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage192mode2up_192–193]_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage192mode2up_192–193]-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was "the leading cantorate in Protestant Germany",<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff253_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff253-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in the mercantile city in the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a>, which he held for 27 years, until his death. During that time he gained further prestige through honorary appointments at the courts of Köthen and Weissenfels, as well as that of the Elector <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Frederick Augustus</a> (who was also <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff253_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff253-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach frequently disagreed with his employer, Leipzig's city council, which he regarded as "penny-pinching".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2013345_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2013345-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appointment_in_Leipzig">Appointment in Leipzig</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomaskirche_und_-schule_1723.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Thomaskirche_und_-schule_1723.jpg/220px-Thomaskirche_und_-schule_1723.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Thomaskirche_und_-schule_1723.jpg/330px-Thomaskirche_und_-schule_1723.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Thomaskirche_und_-schule_1723.jpg/440px-Thomaskirche_und_-schule_1723.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas Church, Leipzig">St. Thomas Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_School,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas School, Leipzig">School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in 1723</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Kuhnau" title="Johann Kuhnau">Johann Kuhnau</a> had been Thomaskantor in Leipzig from 1701 until his death on 5 June 1722. Bach had visited Leipzig during Kuhnau's tenure: in 1714, he attended the service at the St. Thomas Church on the first Sunday of Advent,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage265mode1up_265]_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage265mode1up_265]-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1717 he had tested the organ of the <a href="/wiki/Paulinerkirche,_Leipzig" title="Paulinerkirche, Leipzig">St. Paul's Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage184mode1up_184]_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage184mode1up_184]-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1716, Bach and Kuhnau met on the occasion of the testing and inauguration of an organ in Halle.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadie1998p205_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadie1998p205-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position was offered to Bach only after it had been offered to <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Graupner" title="Christoph Graupner">Christoph Graupner</a>, both of whom chose to stay where they were—Telemann in Hamburg and Graupner in Darmstadt—after using the Leipzig offer to negotiate better terms of employment.<sup id="cite_ref-BL_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BL-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2013348_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2013348-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bach was required to instruct the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Thomasschule</i></span> students in singing and provide church music for the main churches in Leipzig. He was also assigned to teach <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> but was allowed to employ four "prefects" (deputies) to do this instead. The prefects also aided with musical instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2013349_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2013349-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cantata was required for the church services on Sundays and additional church holidays during the <a href="/wiki/Church_cantata_(Bach)" title="Church cantata (Bach)">liturgical year</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cantata_cycle_years_(1723–1729)"><span id="Cantata_cycle_years_.281723.E2.80.931729.29"></span>Cantata cycle years (1723–1729)</h4></div> <p>Bach usually led performances of his <a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">cantatas</a>, most composed within three years of his relocation to Leipzig. He assumed the office of Thomaskantor on 30 May 1723, presenting the first new cantata, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Elenden_sollen_essen,_BWV_75" title="Die Elenden sollen essen, BWV 75"><i>Die Elenden sollen essen</i>, BWV 75</a></span></span>, in the St. Nicholas Church on the first Sunday after <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDürrJones2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm9JuwslMcq4CpgPA384_384]_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDürrJones2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm9JuwslMcq4CpgPA384_384]-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach collected his cantatas in annual cycles. Five are mentioned in obituaries, and three are extant.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff30_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff30-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the more than 300 cantatas he composed in Leipzig, over 100 have been lost to posterity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff5_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these works expound on the Gospel readings prescribed for every Sunday and feast day in the Lutheran year. Bach started a second annual cycle on the first Sunday after the Trinity of 1724 and composed only <a href="/wiki/Chorale_cantata_(Bach)" title="Chorale cantata (Bach)">chorale cantatas</a>, each based on a single church hymn. These include <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/O_Ewigkeit,_du_Donnerwort,_BWV_20" title="O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort, BWV 20"><i>O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort</i>, BWV 20</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wachet_auf,_ruft_uns_die_Stimme,_BWV_140" title="Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140"><i>Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme</i>, BWV 140</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nun_komm,_der_Heiden_Heiland,_BWV_62" title="Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62"><i>Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland</i>, BWV 62</a></span></span>, and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wie_sch%C3%B6n_leuchtet_der_Morgenstern,_BWV_1" title="Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, BWV 1"><i>Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern</i>, BWV 1</a></span></span>. </p><p>Bach drew the soprano and alto choristers from the school and the tenors and basses from the school and elsewhere in Leipzig. Performing at weddings and funerals provided extra income for these groups; probably for this purpose, and for in-school training, he wrote at least six <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of his regular church work, he performed other composers' motets, which served as formal models for his own.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bach's predecessor as cantor, Johann Kuhnau, had also been music director for the St. Paul's Church, the church of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a>. But when Bach was installed as cantor in 1723, he was put in charge only of music for festal (church holiday) services at St. Paul's Church; his petition to also provide music for regular Sunday services there (for a corresponding salary increase) went all the way to the Elector but was denied. In 1725, Bach "lost interest" in working even for festal services at St. Paul's Church and decided to appear there only on "special occasions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd2000112–113_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd2000112–113-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The St. Paul's Church had a much better and newer (1716) organ than the St. Thomas Church or the St. Nicholas Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b288–290_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b288–290-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach was not required to play any organ in his official duties, but it is believed he liked to play on the St. Paul's Church organ for his own pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b281,_287_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b281,_287-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimmermannsches_Caffeehaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zimmermannsches_Caffeehaus.jpg/130px-Zimmermannsches_Caffeehaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zimmermannsches_Caffeehaus.jpg/195px-Zimmermannsches_Caffeehaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zimmermannsches_Caffeehaus.jpg/260px-Zimmermannsches_Caffeehaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Zimmermann" title="Café Zimmermann">Café Zimmermann</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1720</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Bach broadened his composing and performing beyond the liturgy by taking over, in March 1729, the directorship of the <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Musicum" title="Collegium Musicum">Collegium Musicum</a>, a secular performance ensemble Telemann started. This was one of the dozens of private societies in the major German-speaking cities established by musically active university students; they had become increasingly important in public musical life and were typically led by the most prominent professionals in a city. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Christoph Wolff</a>, assuming the directorship was a shrewd move that "consolidated Bach's firm grip on Leipzig's principal musical institutions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000341_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000341-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every week, the <i>Collegium Musicum</i> gave two-hour performances, in winter at the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Zimmermann" title="Café Zimmermann">Café Zimmermann</a>, a coffeehouse on Catherine Street off the main market square, and in summer in the proprietor's outdoor coffee garden just outside the town walls, near the East Gate. The concerts, all free of charge, ended with Gottfried Zimmermann's death in 1741. Apart from showcasing his earlier orchestral repertoire, such as the <i>Brandenburg Concertos</i> and orchestral suites, many of Bach's newly composed or reworked pieces were performed for these venues, including parts of his <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Clavier-%C3%9Cbung" title="Clavier-Übung">Clavier-Übung</a></i></span> (<i>Keyboard Practice</i>), his violin and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_concertos_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Keyboard concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach">keyboard concertos</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Coffee_Cantata" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee Cantata">Coffee Cantata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroquenet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stauffer_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stauffer-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_years_of_the_Leipzig_period_(1730–1739)"><span id="Middle_years_of_the_Leipzig_period_.281730.E2.80.931739.29"></span>Middle years of the Leipzig period (1730–1739)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_Seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bach_Seal.svg/260px-Bach_Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bach_Seal.svg/390px-Bach_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bach_Seal.svg/520px-Bach_Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bach's seal (centre), used throughout his Leipzig years. It contains the superimposed letters <i><span class="nowrap">J S B</span></i> in a mirror image topped with a crown. The flanking letters illustrate the arrangement on the seal.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1733, Bach composed a <a href="/wiki/Mass_for_the_Dresden_court_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass for the Dresden court (Bach)">Kyrie–Gloria Mass in B minor</a> that he later incorporated in his Mass in B minor. He presented the manuscript to the Elector in a successful bid to persuade the prince to give him the title of Court Composer.<sup id="cite_ref-baroquemusic_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baroquemusic-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later extended this work into a full mass by adding a <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la">Credo</span></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la">Sanctus</span></span>, and <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la">Agnus Dei</span></span>, the music for which was partly based on his own cantatas and partly original. Bach's appointment as Court Composer was an element of his long-term struggle to achieve greater bargaining power with the Leipzig council. Between 1737 and 1739, Bach's former pupil <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gotthelf_Gerlach" title="Carl Gotthelf Gerlach">Carl Gotthelf Gerlach</a> held the directorship of the Collegium Musicum. </p><p>In 1735, Bach started preparing his first organ music publication, which was printed as the <a href="/wiki/Clavier-%C3%9Cbung_III" title="Clavier-Übung III">third <i>Clavier-Übung</i></a> in 1739.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From around that year he started to compile and compose the set of preludes and fugues for harpsichord that became the second book of <i>The Well-Tempered Clavier</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the title of "Royal Court Composer" from <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a> in 1736.<sup id="cite_ref-baroquemusic_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baroquemusic-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles196286–87_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196286–87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_years_and_death_(1740–1750)"><span id="Final_years_and_death_.281740.E2.80.931750.29"></span>Final years and death (1740–1750)</h4></div> <p>From 1740 to 1748 Bach copied, transcribed, expanded or programmed music in an older <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> style (<i><a href="/wiki/Stile_antico" title="Stile antico">stile antico</a></i>) by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a> (<a href="/wiki/BNB_I/P/2" class="mw-redirect" title="BNB I/P/2">BNB I/P/2</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Kerll" title="Johann Caspar Kerll">Kerll</a> (<a href="/wiki/BWV_241" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 241">BWV 241</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Torri" title="Pietro Torri">Torri</a> (<a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._30" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 30">BWV Anh. 30</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Bassani" title="Giovanni Battista Bassani">Bassani</a> (<a href="/wiki/BWV_1081" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1081">BWV 1081</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Gasparini" title="Francesco Gasparini">Gasparini</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Missa_Canonica_(Gasparini)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missa Canonica (Gasparini)">Missa Canonica</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" title="Antonio Caldara">Caldara</a> (<a href="/wiki/BWV_1082" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1082">BWV 1082</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach's style shifted in the last decade of his life, showing an increased integration of polyphonic structures and canons and other elements of the <i>stile antico</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-LISA_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LISA-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His fourth and last <i>Clavier-Übung</i> volume, the <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations" title="Goldberg Variations">Goldberg Variations</a></i> for two-manual harpsichord, contained nine canons and was published in 1741.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Bach also continued to adapt music of contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a> (<a href="/wiki/BNB_I/K/2" class="mw-redirect" title="BNB I/K/2">BNB I/K/2</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel" title="Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel">Stölzel</a> (<a href="/wiki/BWV_200" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 200">BWV 200</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gave many of his own earlier compositions, such as the <i>St Matthew</i> and <i>St John</i> Passions and the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Eighteen_Chorale_Preludes" title="Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes">Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their final revisions. He also programmed and adapted music by composers of a younger generation, including <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Pergolesi</a> (<a href="/wiki/BWV_1083" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1083">BWV 1083</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his own students, such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Goldberg" title="Johann Gottlieb Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/BNB_I/G/2" class="mw-redirect" title="BNB I/G/2">BNB I/G/2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1746 Bach was preparing to enter <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Christoph_Mizler" title="Lorenz Christoph Mizler">Lorenz Christoph Mizler</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Correspondierende_Societ%C3%A4t_der_musicalischen_Wissenschaften&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Correspondierende Societät der musicalischen Wissenschaften (page does not exist)">Society of Musical Sciences</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondierende_Societ%C3%A4t_der_musicalischen_Wissenschaften" class="extiw" title="de:Correspondierende Societät der musicalischen Wissenschaften">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be admitted, he had to submit a composition. He chose his <a href="/wiki/Canonic_Variations_on_%22Vom_Himmel_hoch_da_komm%27_ich_her%22" title="Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her"">Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her"</a>, and a portrait painted by <a href="/wiki/Elias_Gottlob_Haussmann" title="Elias Gottlob Haussmann">Elias Gottlob Haussmann</a> that featured Bach's <i><a href="/wiki/BWV_1076" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1076">Canon triplex á 6 Voc</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1747, Bach visited the court of King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick II of Prussia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>. The king played a theme for Bach and challenged him to improvise a fugue based on it. Bach obliged, playing a three-part fugue on one of Frederick's <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepianos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998224_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998224-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new type of instrument at the time. Upon his return to Leipzig he composed a set of fugues and canons and a trio sonata based on the <i>Thema Regium</i> ("king's theme"). Within a few weeks this music was published as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Offering" title="The Musical Offering">The Musical Offering</a></i> and dedicated to Frederick. The <i><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCbler_Chorales" title="Schübler Chorales">Schübler Chorales</a></i>, a set of six chorale preludes transcribed from cantata movements Bach had written two decades earlier, were published within a year.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, the set of five canonic variations Bach had submitted when entering Mizler's society in 1747 were also printed.<sup id="cite_ref-Nekrolog_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nekrolog-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two large-scale compositions occupied a central place in Bach's last years. Beginning around 1742, he wrote and revised the various canons and fugues of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Fugue" title="The Art of Fugue">The Art of Fugue</a></i>, which he continued to prepare for publication until shortly before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiapusso1968277_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiapusso1968277-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After extracting a cantata, <a href="/wiki/BWV_191" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 191">BWV 191</a> from his <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_Missa_of_1733" title="Bach's Missa of 1733">1733 Kyrie-Gloria Mass for the Dresden court</a> in the mid-1740s, Bach expanded that <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">setting</a> into his <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor" title="Mass in B minor">Mass in B minor</a> in the last years of his life. The complete mass was not performed during his lifetime. It is considered among the greatest choral works in history.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1749, Bach's daughter Elisabeth Juliane Friederica married his pupil <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Altnickol" title="Johann Christoph Altnickol">Johann Christoph Altnickol</a>. Bach's health was declining. On 2 June, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Br%C3%BChl" title="Heinrich von Brühl">Heinrich von Brühl</a> wrote to one of the Leipzig <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">burgomasters</a> to request that his music director, <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Harrer" title="Gottlob Harrer">Gottlob Harrer</a>, fill the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Thomaskantor</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Director musices</i></span> posts "upon the eventual ... decease of Mr. Bach".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Becoming blind, Bach underwent eye surgery in March 1750 and again in April by the British eye surgeon <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(oculist)" title="John Taylor (oculist)">John Taylor</a>, a man widely understood today as a charlatan and believed to have blinded hundreds of people.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach died on 28 July 1750 from complications due to the unsuccessful treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998188_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998188-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899c[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb03spituoftpage274mode1up_274]_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899c[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb03spituoftpage274mode1up_274]-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inventory drawn up a few months after Bach's death shows that his estate included five <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichords</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Lautenwerck" title="Lautenwerck">lute-harpsichords</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">violas</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viola da gamba</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a>, and 52 "sacred books", including works by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998191–197_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998191–197-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C.P.E. Bach saw to it that <i>The Art of Fugue</i>, though unfinished, was published in 1751.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with one of J.S. Bach's former students, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Agricola" title="Johann Friedrich Agricola">Johann Friedrich Agricola</a>, C.P.E. Bach also wrote the obituary ("<a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_Nekrolog" title="Bach's Nekrolog">Nekrolog</a>"), which was published in Mizler's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musikalische_Bibliothek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musikalische Bibliothek (page does not exist)"><i>Musikalische Bibliothek</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikalische_Bibliothek" class="extiw" title="de:Musikalische Bibliothek">de</a>]</span>, a periodical journal produced by the Society of Musical Sciences, in 1754.<sup id="cite_ref-Nekrolog_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nekrolog-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_style">Musical style</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_Calov-Bibel_2_Chr_5,13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bach_Calov-Bibel_2_Chr_5%2C13.jpg/170px-Bach_Calov-Bibel_2_Chr_5%2C13.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bach_Calov-Bibel_2_Chr_5%2C13.jpg/255px-Bach_Calov-Bibel_2_Chr_5%2C13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bach_Calov-Bibel_2_Chr_5%2C13.jpg/340px-Bach_Calov-Bibel_2_Chr_5%2C13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A handwritten note by Bach in his copy of the <a href="/wiki/Calov_Bible" title="Calov Bible">Calov Bible</a>. The note next to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#5:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Chronicles">2 Chronicles 5:13</a> reads: "NB Bey einer andächtigen Musiq ist allezeit Gott mit seiner Gnaden Gegenwart" (<a href="/wiki/Nota_bene" title="Nota bene"><span class="nowrap">N(ota) B(ene)</span></a> In a music of worship God is always present with his grace).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> <p>From an early age, Bach studied the works of his musical contemporaries of the Baroque period and those of earlier generations, and those influences are reflected in his music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000166_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000166-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like his contemporaries Handel, Telemann, and Vivaldi, Bach composed concertos, suites, recitatives, <a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">da capo arias</a>, and four-part choral music, and employed <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a>. His music is harmonically more innovative than his peers', employing surprisingly <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a> chords and progressions, often extensively exploring harmonic possibilities within one piece.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bach's hundreds of sacred works are usually seen as manifesting not just his craft but also a deep faith in God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerl2004123_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerl2004123-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had taught <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small Catechism</a> as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Thomaskantor</i></span> in Leipzig, and some of his pieces represent it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaver2007280,_289–291_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaver2007280,_289–291-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a> was the basis of much of his work. In elaborating these hymns into his chorale preludes, he wrote more cogent and tightly integrated works than most, even when they were massive and lengthy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The large-scale structure of every major Bach sacred vocal work is evidence of subtle, elaborate planning to create religiously and musically powerful expression. For example, the <i>St Matthew Passion</i>, like other works of its kind, illustrated the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a> with Bible text reflected in recitatives, arias, choruses, and chorales, but in crafting this work, Bach created an overall experience that has been found over the intervening centuries to be both musically thrilling and spiritually profound.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bach published or carefully compiled in manuscript many collections of pieces that explored the range of artistic and technical possibilities inherent in almost every genre of his time except <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>. For example, <i>The Well-Tempered Clavier</i> comprises two books, each of which presents a prelude and fugue in every major and minor key, displaying a dizzying variety of structural, contrapuntal and fugal techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four-part_harmony">Four-part harmony</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg/220px-Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg/330px-Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg/440px-Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden" class="mw-redirect" title="O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden">O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden</a>": the four-part chorale setting as included in the <i>St. Matthew Passion</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Four-part_harmony" title="Four-part harmony">Four-part harmony</a> predates Bach, but he lived during a time when <a href="/wiki/Modal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal music">modal music</a> in Western tradition was largely supplanted by the <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal system</a>. In this system a piece of music progresses from one <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a> to the next according to certain rules, with each chord characterised by four notes. The principles of four-part harmony are found not only in Bach's four-part choral music; he also prescribes it for instance in <a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">figured bass</a> accompaniment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899c[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb03spituoftpage315mode1up_vol._3,_appendix_XII,_p._315]_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899c[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb03spituoftpage315mode1up_vol._3,_appendix_XII,_p._315]-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new system was at the core of Bach's style, and his compositions are to a large extent considered to have laid down the rules for the evolving scheme that dominated musical expression in the next centuries. Some examples of this characteristic of Bach's style and its influence: </p> <ul><li>When in the 1740s Bach staged <a href="/wiki/BWV_1083" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1083">his arrangement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Pergolesi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(Pergolesi)" title="Stabat Mater (Pergolesi)">Stabat Mater</a></i>, he upgraded the viola part (which in the original composition plays in unison with the bass part) to fill in the harmony, thus adapting the composition to four-part harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>When, starting in the 19th century in Russia, there was a discussion about the authenticity of four-part court chant settings compared to earlier Russian traditions, <a href="/wiki/List_of_chorale_harmonisations_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of chorale harmonisations by Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach's four-part chorale settings</a>, such as those ending his <a href="/wiki/Chorale_cantata_(Bach)" title="Chorale cantata (Bach)">Chorale cantatas</a>, were considered foreign-influenced models, but such influence was deemed unavoidable.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_Fantasia_and_Fugue" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue">Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue</a> BWV 903 performed by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacLeod" title="Kevin MacLeod">Kevin MacLeod</a></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromatic_Fantasia_(Bach_BWV_903).ogg" title="File:Chromatic Fantasia (Bach BWV 903).ogg">1. Fantasia</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="402" data-mwtitle="Chromatic_Fantasia_(Bach_BWV_903).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Chromatic_Fantasia_%28Bach_BWV_903%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Chromatic_Fantasia_%28Bach_BWV_903%29.ogg/Chromatic_Fantasia_%28Bach_BWV_903%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromatic_Fuge_(Bach_BWV_903).ogg" title="File:Chromatic Fuge (Bach BWV 903).ogg">2. Fugue</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="354" data-mwtitle="Chromatic_Fuge_(Bach_BWV_903).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Chromatic_Fuge_%28Bach_BWV_903%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Chromatic_Fuge_%28Bach_BWV_903%29.ogg/Chromatic_Fuge_%28Bach_BWV_903%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Bach re-interpreting older genres tied to the modal system</div></div></div></div> </div> <p>Bach's insistence on the tonal system and contribution to shaping it did not imply he was less at ease with the older modal system and the genres associated with it: more than his contemporaries (who had "moved on" to the tonal system without much exception), Bach often returned to the then-antiquated modes and genres. His <i><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_Fantasia_and_Fugue" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue">Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue</a></i>, emulating the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_fantasia" title="Chromatic fantasia">chromatic fantasia</a> genre used by earlier composers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">Dowland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Sweelinck</a> in D <a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">dorian mode</a> (comparable to <a href="/wiki/D_minor" title="D minor">D minor</a> in the tonal system), is an example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modulation">Modulation</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">Modulation</a>, or changing <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a> in the course of a piece, is another style characteristic where Bach goes beyond the norm in his time. Baroque instruments vastly limited modulation possibilities: keyboard instruments, before a workable system of <a href="/wiki/Musical_temperament" title="Musical temperament">temperament</a>, limited the keys that could be modulated to, and wind instruments, especially brass instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_trumpet" title="Natural trumpet">trumpets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">horns</a>, about a century before they were fitted with valves, were tied to the key of their tuning. Bach pushed the limits: he added "strange tones" in his organ playing, confusing the singers, according to an indictment he had to face in Arnstadt,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._IV_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._IV-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marchand" title="Louis Marchand">Louis Marchand</a>, another early experimenter with modulation, seems to have avoided confrontation with Bach because the latter went further than anyone had done before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._IX_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._IX-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the "Suscepit Israel" of his 1723 <i>Magnificat</i>, he had the trumpets in E-flat play a melody in the <a href="/wiki/Enharmonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enharmonic">enharmonic</a> scale of C minor.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_1989_3–17_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_1989_3–17-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major development in Bach's time to which he contributed in no small way was a temperament for keyboard instruments that allowed their use in every key (12 major and 12 minor) and also modulation without retuning. His <i><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_on_the_departure_of_a_beloved_brother" class="mw-redirect" title="Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother">Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother</a></i>, a very early work, showed a gusto for modulation unlike any contemporary work it has been compared to,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._III_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._III-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the full expansion came with the <i>Well-Tempered Clavier</i>, using all keys, which Bach apparently had been developing since around 1720, the <i><a href="/wiki/Klavierb%C3%BCchlein_f%C3%BCr_Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach</a></i> being one of its earliest examples.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornamentation">Ornamentation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach-ornamentguide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bach-ornamentguide.jpg/220px-Bach-ornamentguide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bach-ornamentguide.jpg/330px-Bach-ornamentguide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bach-ornamentguide.jpg/440px-Bach-ornamentguide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>Bach's guide on <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornaments</a> as contained in the <i><a href="/wiki/Klavierb%C3%BCchlein_f%C3%BCr_Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldberg_Variations_-_Aria_-_1st_edition_(BnF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Goldberg_Variations_-_Aria_-_1st_edition_%28BnF%29.png/220px-Goldberg_Variations_-_Aria_-_1st_edition_%28BnF%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Goldberg_Variations_-_Aria_-_1st_edition_%28BnF%29.png/330px-Goldberg_Variations_-_Aria_-_1st_edition_%28BnF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Goldberg_Variations_-_Aria_-_1st_edition_%28BnF%29.png/440px-Goldberg_Variations_-_Aria_-_1st_edition_%28BnF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Aria of the <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations" title="Goldberg Variations">Goldberg Variations</a></i>, showing Bach's use of ornaments<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="302" data-mwtitle="Bach.Aria.Goldberg-Variationen.WerckmeisterIII.Harpsichord.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Bach.Aria.Goldberg-Variationen.WerckmeisterIII.Harpsichord.ogg/Bach.Aria.Goldberg-Variationen.WerckmeisterIII.Harpsichord.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Bach.Aria.Goldberg-Variationen.WerckmeisterIII.Harpsichord.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The second page of the <i>Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornament</a> notation and performance guide that Bach wrote for his eldest son when he was nine years old. Bach was generally quite specific on ornamentation in his compositions (in his time, much ornamentation was not written out by composers but rather considered a liberty of the performer),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonington198291_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonington198291-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his ornamentation was often quite elaborate. For instance, the "Aria" of the <i>Goldberg Variations</i> has rich ornamentation in nearly every measure. Bach's approach to ornamentation can also be seen in a keyboard arrangement he made of <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Marcello" title="Alessandro Marcello">Marcello</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oboe_Concerto_(Marcello)" title="Oboe Concerto (Marcello)">Oboe Concerto</a>: he added explicit ornamentation, which centuries later is still played.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Bach wrote no operas, he was not averse to the genre or its ornamented vocal style. In church music, Italian composers had imitated the operatic vocal style in genres such as the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan mass">Neapolitan mass</a>. In Protestant surroundings, there was more reluctance to adopt such a style for liturgical music. Kuhnau had notoriously shunned opera and Italian virtuoso vocal music.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach was less moved. After a performance of his <i>St Matthew Passion</i>, someone said it all sounded much like opera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._XVIII_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._XVIII-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuo_instruments_solos">Continuo instruments solos</h3></div> <p>In concerted playing in Bach's time, the basso continuo, consisting of instruments such as organ, <a href="/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da gamba">viola da gamba</a>, or harpsichord, usually had the role of accompaniment, providing a piece's harmonic and rhythmic foundation. Beginning in the 1720s, Bach had the organ play <a href="/wiki/Concertante" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertante">concertante</a> (i.e., as a soloist) with the orchestra in instrumental cantata movements,<sup id="cite_ref-Isoir1993_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isoir1993-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decade before Handel published his first organ concertos.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concerto_No._5" title="Brandenburg Concerto No. 5">5th <i>Brandenburg Concerto</i></a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/BWV_1044" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1044">Triple Concerto</a></i>, which already had harpsichord soloists in the 1720s, Bach wrote and arranged his harpsichord concertos in the 1730s,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in his sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord neither instrument plays a continuo part: they are treated as equal soloists, far beyond the figured bass. In this way, Bach played a key role in the development of genres such as the keyboard concerto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg20061–2_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg20061–2-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3></div> <p>Bach wrote virtuoso music for specific instruments as well as music independent of instrumentation. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Sonatas_and_Partitas_for_Solo_Violin_(Bach)" title="Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin (Bach)">sonatas and partitas for solo violin</a> are considered the pinnacle of what has been written for violin, within reach of only accomplished players. The music fits the instrument, using the full gamut of its possibilities and requiring virtuosity but without <a href="/wiki/Bravura" title="Bravura">bravura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lester_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lester-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notwithstanding that the music and the instrument seem inseparable, Bach transcribed some pieces in this collection for other instruments. Similarly, the virtuoso <a href="/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)" title="Cello Suites (Bach)">cello suites</a> seem tailored to the instrument, the best of what is offered for it, but Bach arranged one of the suites for lute. The same applies to much of his most virtuoso keyboard music. Bach exploited an instrument's capacities to the fullest while keeping the core of the music independent of the instrument on which it is performed. </p><p>In this sense, it is no surprise that Bach's music is easily and often performed on instruments it was not written for, that it is <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcriptions_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of transcriptions of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">transcribed</a> so often, and that his melodies turn up in unexpected places, such as jazz music. Apart from this, Bach left several compositions without specified instrumentation: the canons <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach#BWV_Chapter_12" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">BWV 1072–1078</a> are in that category, as is the bulk of the <i>Musical Offering</i> and the <i>Art of Fugue</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterpoint">Counterpoint</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Analysis of the counterpoint of the chorale prelude <i>Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend',</i> <a href="/wiki/BWV_632" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 632">BWV 632</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Orgelb%C3%BCchlein" title="Orgelbüchlein">Orgelbüchlein</a></i>)</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ,_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv" title="File:Anàlisi contrapuntística fragment BWV 632 Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend'.ogv">BWV 632 (extract)</a> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">0</span>:<span class="s">48</span></span>)</div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv/215px--An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" height="121" data-durationhint="49" data-mwtitle="Anàlisi_contrapuntística_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ,_dich_zu_uns_wend'.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv/An%C3%A0lisi_contrapunt%C3%ADstica_fragment_BWV_632_Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend%27.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="description">This video shows the intertwining of melodies and motives, including the melody of the chorale "<a href="/wiki/Herr_Jesu_Christ,_dich_zu_uns_wend" title="Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend">Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend</a>".<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="47" data-mwtitle="Herr_Jesu_Christ,_dich_zu_uns_wend.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend.mid/Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend.mid/Herr_Jesu_Christ%2C_dich_zu_uns_wend.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Sonata No. 3 in G minor for viola da gamba and harpsichord BWV 1029 performed by John Michel</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_1st_mvt.ogg" title="File:CELLO LIVE PERFORMANCES JOHN MICHEL-J S Bach Gamba Sonata in g 1st mvt.ogg">1st movement</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="303" data-mwtitle="CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_1st_mvt.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_1st_mvt.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_1st_mvt.ogg/CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_1st_mvt.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_2nd_mvt.ogg" title="File:CELLO LIVE PERFORMANCES JOHN MICHEL-J S Bach Gamba Sonata in g 2nd mvt.ogg">2nd movement</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="365" data-mwtitle="CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_2nd_mvt.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_2nd_mvt.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_2nd_mvt.ogg/CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_2nd_mvt.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_3rd_mvt.ogg" title="File:CELLO LIVE PERFORMANCES JOHN MICHEL-J S Bach Gamba Sonata in g 3rd mvt.ogg">3rd movement</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="216" data-mwtitle="CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_3rd_mvt.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_3rd_mvt.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_3rd_mvt.ogg/CELLO_LIVE_PERFORMANCES_JOHN_MICHEL-J_S_Bach_Gamba_Sonata_in_g_3rd_mvt.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Continuo instruments moving to the front (here performed on cello and piano)</div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/BWV_1052" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1052">Keyboard Concerto No. 1 in D minor, BWV 1052</a> performed by the Fulda Symphonic Orchestra conducted by Simon Schindler with Johannes Volker Schmidt (piano)</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_1._Allegro.ogg" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach - Klavierkonzert d-moll - 1. Allegro.ogg">1. Allegro</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_9" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="461" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_1._Allegro.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_1._Allegro.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_1._Allegro.ogg/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_1._Allegro.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_2._Adagio.ogg" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach - Klavierkonzert d-moll - 2. Adagio.ogg">2. Adagio</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_10" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="398" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_2._Adagio.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_2._Adagio.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_2._Adagio.ogg/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_2._Adagio.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_3._Allegro.ogg" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach - Klavierkonzert d-moll - 3. Allegro.ogg">3. Allegro</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_11" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="480" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_3._Allegro.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_3._Allegro.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_3._Allegro.ogg/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Klavierkonzert_d-moll_-_3._Allegro.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Keyboard concerto</div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Two_Violins_(Bach)" title="Concerto for Two Violins (Bach)">Double Violin Concerto in D minor BWV 1043</a> performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with David Perry and Roxana Pavel Goldstein (violins)</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_1._Vivace.ogg" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach - Concerto for Two Violins in D minor - 1. Vivace.ogg">1. Vivace</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_12" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="230" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_1._Vivace.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_1._Vivace.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_1._Vivace.ogg/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_1._Vivace.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_2._Largo_ma_non_tanto.ogg" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach - Concerto for Two Violins in D minor - 2. Largo ma non tanto.ogg">2. Largo ma non tanto</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_13" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="402" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_2._Largo_ma_non_tanto.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_2._Largo_ma_non_tanto.ogg/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_2._Largo_ma_non_tanto.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_2._Largo_ma_non_tanto.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_3._Allegro.ogg" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach - Concerto for Two Violins in D minor - 3. Allegro.ogg">3. Allegro</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_14" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="290" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_3._Allegro.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_3._Allegro.ogg/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_3._Allegro.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Concerto_for_Two_Violins_in_D_minor_-_3._Allegro.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A strictly contrapuntal composition (the two violins playing in canon throughout) in the guise of an Italian type of concerto</div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fugal_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of fugal works by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of fugal works by Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> <p>Another characteristic of Bach's style is his extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophony</a> used in his four-part chorale settings, for example. Bach's canons, and especially his fugues, are the most characteristic of this style, which he did not invent but contributed to so fundamentally that to a large extent he defined it. Fugues are as characteristic of Bach's style as, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a> is of the composers of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._XXX_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._XXX-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These strictly contrapuntal compositions, and most of Bach's music in general, are characterised by distinct melodic lines for each voice, where the chords formed by the notes sounding at a given point follow the rules of four-part harmony. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Nikolaus_Forkel" title="Johann Nikolaus Forkel">Johann Nikolaus Forkel</a>, Bach's first biographer, gives this description of this feature of Bach's music, which sets it apart from most other music: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the language of music is merely the utterance of a melodic line, a simple sequence of musical notes, it can justly be accused of poverty. The addition of a Bass puts it upon a harmonic foundation and clarifies it but defines rather than gives it added richness. A melody so accompanied—even though all the notes are not those of the true Bass—or treated with simple embellishments in the upper parts or with simple chords used to be called "homophony". But it is a very different thing when two melodies are so interwoven that they converse together like two persons upon a footing of pleasant equality. In the first case, the accompaniment is subordinate and serves merely to support the first or principal part. In the second case, the two parts are not similarly related. New melodic combinations spring from their interweaving, out of which new forms of musical expression emerge. Suppose more parts are interwoven in the same free and independent manner. In that case, the apparatus of language is correspondingly enlarged and becomes practically inexhaustible if, in addition, varieties of form and rhythm are introduced. Hence, harmony becomes no longer a mere accompaniment of melody but rather a potent agency for augmenting the richness and expressiveness of musical conversation. To serve that end, a simple accompaniment will not suffice. True harmony is the interweaving of several melodies, which emerge now in the upper, now in the middle, and now in the lower parts.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><p> From 1720, when he was thirty-five until he died in 1750, Bach's harmony consists of this melodic interweaving of independent melodies, so perfect in their union that each part seems to constitute the true melody. Herein, Bach excels all the composers in the world. At least, I have found no one to equal him in music known to me. Even in his four-part writing, we can, not infrequently, leave out the upper and lower parts and still find the middle parts harmonious and agreeable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb00forkuoftpage73mode1up_73–74]_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb00forkuoftpage73mode1up_73–74]-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_lyrics">Structure and lyrics</h3></div> <p>Bach devoted more attention than his contemporaries to his compositions' structure. This can be seen in minor adjustments he made when adapting someone else's work, such as his earliest version of the <a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(attributed_to_Keiser)" title="St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser)">"Keiser" <i>St Mark Passion</i></a>, where he enhances scene transitions,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the architecture of his own work, such as <a href="/wiki/Magnificat_in_E-flat_major,_BWV_243a#Scoring_and_structure" title="Magnificat in E-flat major, BWV 243a">his Magnificat</a><sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_1989_3–17_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_1989_3–17-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Passions_(Bach)#Structure" title="Passions (Bach)">Leipzig <i>Passions</i></a>. In his last years, Bach revised several of his compositions. Often, recasting such previously composed music in an enhanced structure was the most salient change, as in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor_structure" title="Mass in B minor structure">Mass in B minor</a>. Bach's known preoccupation with structure led (peaking around the 1970s) to various numerological analyses of his compositions, although many of these were later rejected, especially those that wandered into symbolism-ridden hermeneutics.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1980p217_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1980p217-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">librettos</a>, or lyrics, of his vocal compositions played an essential role for Bach. He sought collaboration with various text authors for his cantatas and major vocal compositions, possibly writing or adapting such texts himself to make them fit the structure of the composition when he could not rely on the talents of other text authors. His collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Picander" title="Picander">Picander</a> for the <i>St Matthew Passion</i> libretto is best known, but there was a similar process in achieving a multi-layered structure for his <i>St John Passion</i> libretto a few years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compositions">Compositions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> <p>In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Schmieder" title="Wolfgang Schmieder">Wolfgang Schmieder</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Thematic_catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Thematic catalogue">thematic catalogue</a> of Bach's compositions called the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis" title="Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis">Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis</a></i></span> (Bach Works Catalogue).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmieder largely followed the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bach-Gesellschaft-Ausgabe</i></span></i>, a comprehensive edition of the composer's works that was produced between 1850 and 1900. The first edition of the catalogue listed 1,080 surviving compositions indisputably composed by Bach.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Original <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis</i></span> (Bach Works Catalogue) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">BWV Range</th> <th scope="col">Compositions </th></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 1–224</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bach_cantatas" title="List of Bach cantatas">Cantatas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 225–231</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_motets_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of motets by Johann Sebastian Bach">Motets</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 232–243</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masses,_Mass_movements_and_Magnificats_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Masses, Mass movements and Magnificats by Johann Sebastian Bach">Liturgical compositions in Latin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 244–249</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Passions_and_Oratorios_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Passions and Oratorios by Johann Sebastian Bach">Passions and oratorios</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 250–438</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_chorale_harmonisations_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of chorale harmonisations by Johann Sebastian Bach">Four-part chorales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 439–524</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_and_arias_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of songs and arias by Johann Sebastian Bach">Small vocal works</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 525–771</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_organ_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of organ compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">Organ compositions</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 772–994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_solo_keyboard_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of solo keyboard compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">Other keyboard works</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 995–1000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_solo_lute_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of solo lute compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">Lute compositions</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 1001–1040</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_music_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of chamber music works by Johann Sebastian Bach">Other chamber music</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 1041–1071</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_orchestral_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of orchestral works by Johann Sebastian Bach">Orchestral music</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 1072–1078</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_canons_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of canons by Johann Sebastian Bach">Canons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BWV 1079–1080</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_late_contrapuntal_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of late contrapuntal works by Johann Sebastian Bach">Late contrapuntal works</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach#20th-century_additions_to_the_BWV_catalogue_and_Anhang" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">BWV 1081–1126</a> were added to the catalogue in the second half of the 20th century, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach#BWV_Later" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">BWV 1127 and higher</a> are 21st-century additions.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BDW1307_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDW1307-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuznik2008_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuznik2008-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passions_and_oratorios">Passions and oratorios</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lama_asabthani.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lama_asabthani.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Lama_asabthani.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lama_asabthani.tif/lossy-page1-450px-Lama_asabthani.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lama_asabthani.tif/lossy-page1-600px-Lama_asabthani.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Bach's autograph of the recitative with the gospel text of Christ's death from <i>St Matthew Passion</i> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wikisource)/Matthew#27:45" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (Wikisource)/Matthew">Matthew 27:45–47a</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_masses,_passions_and_oratorios_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach#Passions_and_oratorios" title="List of masses, passions and oratorios by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of masses, passions and oratorios by Johann Sebastian Bach § Passions and oratorios</a></div> <p>Bach composed <a href="/wiki/Passions_(Bach)" title="Passions (Bach)">Passions</a> for Good Friday services and oratorios such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Oratorio" title="Christmas Oratorio">Christmas Oratorio</a></i>, which is a set of six cantatas for use in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical season</a> of Christmas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaver2007430_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaver2007430-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a114_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a114-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shorter oratorios include the <i><a href="/wiki/Easter_Oratorio" title="Easter Oratorio">Easter Oratorio</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Lobet_Gott_in_seinen_Reichen,_BWV_11" title="Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen, BWV 11">Ascension Oratorio</a></i>. With its double choir and orchestra, the <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> is one of Bach's most extended works. The <i><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a></i> was the first passion Bach composed during his tenure as Thomaskantor in Leipzig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantatas">Cantatas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Cantata <a href="/wiki/Wachet_auf,_ruft_uns_die_Stimme,_BWV_140" title="Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140"><i>Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme</i>, BWV 140</a> performed by the MIT Concert Choir conducted by W. Cutter</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_cantata_140._1._chorus.ogg" title="File:Bach - cantata 140. 1. chorus.ogg">1. Chorus "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_15" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="348" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_cantata_140._1._chorus.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Bach_-_cantata_140._1._chorus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Bach_-_cantata_140._1._chorus.ogg/Bach_-_cantata_140._1._chorus.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_cantata_140._2._recitative.ogg" title="File:Bach - cantata 140. 2. recitative.ogg">2. Recitative "Er kommt, er kommt, der Bräut'gam kommt"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_16" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="68" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_cantata_140._2._recitative.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Bach_-_cantata_140._2._recitative.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Bach_-_cantata_140._2._recitative.ogg/Bach_-_cantata_140._2._recitative.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABach_-_cantata_140._2._recitative.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABach_-_cantata_140._2._recitative.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_cantata_140._3._duet.ogg" title="File:Bach - cantata 140. 3. duet.ogg">3. Duet "Wenn kömmst du, mein Heil?"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_17" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="356" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_cantata_140._3._duet.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Bach_-_cantata_140._3._duet.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Bach_-_cantata_140._3._duet.ogg/Bach_-_cantata_140._3._duet.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_cantata_140._4._chorale.ogg" title="File:Bach - cantata 140. 4. chorale.ogg">4. Chorale "Zion hört die Wächter singen"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_18" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="281" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_cantata_140._4._chorale.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Bach_-_cantata_140._4._chorale.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Bach_-_cantata_140._4._chorale.ogg/Bach_-_cantata_140._4._chorale.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_cantata_140._5._recitative.ogg" title="File:Bach - cantata 140. 5. recitative.ogg">5. Recitative "So geh herein zu mir"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_19" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_cantata_140._5._recitative.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Bach_-_cantata_140._5._recitative.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Bach_-_cantata_140._5._recitative.ogg/Bach_-_cantata_140._5._recitative.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_cantata_140._6._duet.ogg" title="File:Bach - cantata 140. 6. duet.ogg">6. Duet "Mein Freund ist mein!"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_20" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="341" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_cantata_140._6._duet.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Bach_-_cantata_140._6._duet.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Bach_-_cantata_140._6._duet.ogg/Bach_-_cantata_140._6._duet.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_cantata_140._7._chorale.ogg" title="File:Bach - cantata 140. 7. chorale.ogg">7. Chorale "Gloria sei dir gesungen"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_21" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="99" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_cantata_140._7._chorale.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Bach_-_cantata_140._7._chorale.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Bach_-_cantata_140._7._chorale.ogg/Bach_-_cantata_140._7._chorale.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000172?XSL.Style=detail&lang=en">Cantata text</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">Bach cantata</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bach_cantatas" title="List of Bach cantatas">List of Bach cantatas</a></div> <p>According to his obituary, Bach would have composed <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_cantata_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach's cantata cycles">five year-cycles of sacred cantatas</a> and additional church cantatas for weddings and funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-Nekrolog_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nekrolog-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 200 of these sacred works are extant, an estimated two-thirds of the total number of church cantatas he composed.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff5_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website lists 50 known secular cantatas by the composer,<sup id="cite_ref-BDWlist_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDWlist-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about half of which are extant or largely reconstructable.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_cantatas">Church cantatas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Church_cantata_(Bach)" title="Church cantata (Bach)">Church cantata (Bach)</a></div> <p>Bach's cantatas vary greatly in form and instrumentation. Many consist of a large opening chorus followed by one or more recitative-aria pairs for soloists (or duets) and a concluding chorale. The melody of the concluding chorale often appears as a <a href="/wiki/Cantus_firmus" title="Cantus firmus">cantus firmus</a> in the opening movement.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_early_cantatas" title="Bach's early cantatas">Bach's earliest cantatas</a> date from his years in Arnstadt and Mühlhausen. The earliest surviving work in the genre is <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nach_dir,_Herr,_verlanget_mich,_BWV_150" title="Nach dir, Herr, verlanget mich, BWV 150"><i>Nach dir, Herr, verlanget mich</i>, BWV 150</a></span></span>. Overall, the extant early works show remarkable mastery and skill. Many feature an instrumental opening which displays effective use of the limited instrumental forces available to Bach, whether it be in the subdued combination of two recorders and two violas de gamba for <a href="/wiki/Gottes_Zeit_ist_die_allerbeste_Zeit,_BWV_106" title="Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit, BWV 106">BWV 106</a>, or the independent bassoon in <a href="/wiki/Der_Herr_denket_an_uns,_BWV_196" title="Der Herr denket an uns, BWV 196">BWV 196</a>. Bach's compositional skills also manifest through his daring harmonies and advanced, unprecedented chord progressions. According to <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Christoph Wolff</a>, Bach's early cantatas are impressive evidence of how the modest means at his disposal did not restrain the composer in the slightest, and they compare favourably with compositions by the most talented composers from the beginning of the 18th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Krieger" title="Johann Philipp Krieger">Krieger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Kuhnau" title="Johann Kuhnau">Kuhnau</a> or <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Zachow" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow">Zachow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000100–101_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000100–101-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After taking up his office as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Thomaskantor" title="Thomaskantor">Thomaskantor</a></i></span> in late May 1723, Bach performed a cantata each Sunday and feast day, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">lectionary</a> readings of the week.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroquenet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_first_cantata_cycle" title="Bach's first cantata cycle">His first cantata cycle</a> ran from the first Sunday after <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity</a> of 1723 to Trinity Sunday the next year. For instance, the Visitation cantata <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Herz_und_Mund_und_Tat_und_Leben,_BWV_147" title="Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147"><i>Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben</i>, BWV 147</a></span></span>, containing the chorale that is known in English as "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring", belongs to this first cycle. The cantata cycle of his second year in Leipzig is called the <a href="/wiki/Chorale_cantata_cycle" title="Chorale cantata cycle">chorale cantata cycle</a> as it consists mainly of works in the <a href="/wiki/Chorale_cantata" title="Chorale cantata">chorale cantata</a> format. <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_third_cantata_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach's third cantata cycle">His third cantata cycle</a> was developed over several years, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Picander_cycle_of_1728%E2%80%9329" title="Picander cycle of 1728–29">Picander cycle of 1728–29</a>. </p><p>Later church cantatas include the chorale cantatas <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ein_feste_Burg_ist_unser_Gott,_BWV_80" title="Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80"><i>Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott</i>, BWV 80</a></span></span> (final version)<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wachet_auf,_ruft_uns_die_Stimme,_BWV_140" title="Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140"><i>Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme</i>, BWV 140</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the first three Leipzig cycles are more or less completely extant. Apart from his own work, Bach also performed cantatas by Telemann and by his distant relative <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Bach" title="Johann Ludwig Bach">Johann Ludwig Bach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroquenet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secular_cantatas">Secular cantatas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_secular_cantatas_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of secular cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of secular cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> <p>Bach also wrote secular cantatas, for instance for members of the royal Polish and prince-electoral Saxonian families (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Trauer-Ode" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauer-Ode">Trauer-Ode</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other public or private occasions (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Cantata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting Cantata">Hunting Cantata</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text of these cantatas was occasionally in dialect (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Cantata" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Cantata">Peasant Cantata</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Italian (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Amore_traditore" class="mw-redirect" title="Amore traditore">Amore traditore</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the secular cantatas were lost, but for some of them, the text and occasion are known. For instance, when Picander later published their librettos (e.g. <a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._11" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 11">BWV Anh. 11</a>–<a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._12" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 12">12</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the surviving secular cantatas have a plot involving mythological figures of Greek antiquity (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Streit_zwischen_Phoebus_und_Pan" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Streit zwischen Phoebus und Pan">Der Streit zwischen Phoebus und Pan</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others were almost miniature <a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa"><i>buffo</i></a> operas (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Coffee_Cantata" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee Cantata">Coffee Cantata</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Bach never expressed any interest in opera,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his secular cantatas, or <i><a href="/wiki/Dramma_per_musica" title="Dramma per musica">drammi per musica</a></i>, would have allowed Leipzig audiences, deprived of opera since 1720, to experience musical performances comparable to the royal opera in Dresden. These were not "poor or makeshift substitutes for real opera" but spectacles displaying "full mastery of the dramatic genre and the proper pacing of the dialogues."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000363_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000363-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_cappella_music">A cappella music</h3></div> <p>Bach's a cappella music includes motets and chorale harmonisations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motets">Motets</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Motets_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motets (Bach)">Motets (Bach)</a></div> <p>Bach's <a href="/wiki/List_of_motets_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of motets by Johann Sebastian Bach">motets</a> (BWV 225–231) are pieces on sacred themes for choir and continuo, with instruments playing <a href="/wiki/Colla_parte" class="mw-redirect" title="Colla parte">colla parte</a>. Several of them were composed for funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six motets definitely composed by Bach are <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Singet_dem_Herrn_ein_neues_Lied,_BWV_225" title="Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied, BWV 225">Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Geist_hilft_unser_Schwachheit_auf,_BWV_226" title="Der Geist hilft unser Schwachheit auf, BWV 226">Der Geist hilft unser Schwachheit auf</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Jesu,_meine_Freude,_BWV_227" title="Jesu, meine Freude, BWV 227">Jesu, meine Freude</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrchte_dich_nicht,_BWV_228" title="Fürchte dich nicht, BWV 228">Fürchte dich nicht</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Komm,_Jesu,_komm,_BWV_229" title="Komm, Jesu, komm, BWV 229">Komm, Jesu, komm</a></i></span>, and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lobet_den_Herrn,_alle_Heiden,_BWV_230" title="Lobet den Herrn, alle Heiden, BWV 230">Lobet den Herrn, alle Heiden</a></i></span>. The motet <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sei Lob und Preis mit Ehren</i></span> (BWV 231) is part of the composite motet <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Jauchzet_dem_Herrn,_alle_Welt,_BWV_Anh_160" class="mw-redirect" title="Jauchzet dem Herrn, alle Welt, BWV Anh 160">Jauchzet dem Herrn, alle Welt</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh." title="BWV Anh.">BWV Anh.</a> 160), other parts of which may be based on work by Telemann.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chorale_harmonisations">Chorale harmonisations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chorale_harmonisations_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of chorale harmonisations by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of chorale harmonisations by Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> <p>Bach wrote hundreds of four-part harmonisations of Lutheran chorales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_music_in_Latin">Church music in Latin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_church_music_in_Latin" title="Bach's church music in Latin">Bach's church music in Latin</a></div> <p>Bach's church music in Latin includes the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat_(Bach)" title="Magnificat (Bach)">Magnificat</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Missa_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missa (Bach)">Kyrie–Gloria Masses</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor" title="Mass in B minor">Mass in B minor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnificat">Magnificat</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Magnificat_(Bach)" title="Magnificat (Bach)">Magnificat (Bach)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Magnificat_in_E-flat_major,_BWV_243a" title="Magnificat in E-flat major, BWV 243a">first version of Bach's Magnificat</a> dates from 1723, but the work is best known in its <a href="/wiki/Magnificat_in_D_major,_BWV_243" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnificat in D major, BWV 243">D major version</a> of 1733. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_in_B_minor">Mass in B minor</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">from <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor" title="Mass in B minor">Mass in B minor</a></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Mass_in_B_minor_-_Agnus_Dei.ogg" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach - Mass in B minor - Agnus Dei.ogg">Agnus Dei</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_22" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="281" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Mass_in_B_minor_-_Agnus_Dei.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Mass_in_B_minor_-_Agnus_Dei.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Mass_in_B_minor_-_Agnus_Dei.ogg/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Mass_in_B_minor_-_Agnus_Dei.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">performed by Solomija Drozd (voice), Petro Titiajev (violin) and Ivan Ostapovych (organ)</div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor" title="Mass in B minor">Mass in B minor</a></div> <p>In 1733, Bach composed a <a href="/wiki/Mass_for_the_Dresden_court_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass for the Dresden court (Bach)">Kyrie–Gloria Mass for the Dresden court</a>. Near the end of his life, around 1748–1749, he expanded this composition into the large-scale <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor" title="Mass in B minor">Mass in B minor</a>. The work was never performed in full during Bach's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerz1985187_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerz1985187-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard_music">Keyboard music</h3></div> <p>Bach wrote for organ and for <a href="/wiki/Stringed_keyboard_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Stringed keyboard instrument">stringed keyboard instruments</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lute-harpsichord" class="mw-redirect" title="Lute-harpsichord">lute-harpsichord</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organ_works">Organ works</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/Prelude_and_Fugue_in_A_minor,_BWV_543" title="Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 543">Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 543</a> performed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_K%C3%B6bler" title="Robert Köbler">Robert Köbler</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Silbermann_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Silbermann organs">Silbermann organ</a> in the village church of <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fhartmannsdorf" title="Großhartmannsdorf">Großhartmannsdorf</a>, Saxony</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Prelude_in_A_minor_BWV_543_Robert_K%C3%B6bler_Silbermann-Organ.mp3" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach Prelude in A minor BWV 543 Robert Köbler Silbermann-Organ.mp3">Prelude</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_23" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="198" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Prelude_in_A_minor_BWV_543_Robert_Köbler_Silbermann-Organ.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Prelude_in_A_minor_BWV_543_Robert_K%C3%B6bler_Silbermann-Organ.mp3/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Prelude_in_A_minor_BWV_543_Robert_K%C3%B6bler_Silbermann-Organ.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Prelude_in_A_minor_BWV_543_Robert_K%C3%B6bler_Silbermann-Organ.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Fugue_in_A_minor_BWV_543_Robert_K%C3%B6bler_Silbermann-Organ.mp3" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach Fugue in A minor BWV 543 Robert Köbler Silbermann-Organ.mp3">Fugue</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_24" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="385" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Fugue_in_A_minor_BWV_543_Robert_Köbler_Silbermann-Organ.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Fugue_in_A_minor_BWV_543_Robert_K%C3%B6bler_Silbermann-Organ.mp3/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Fugue_in_A_minor_BWV_543_Robert_K%C3%B6bler_Silbermann-Organ.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Fugue_in_A_minor_BWV_543_Robert_K%C3%B6bler_Silbermann-Organ.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_organ_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of organ compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of organ compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> <p>Bach was best known during his lifetime as an organist, organ consultant, and composer of organ works in both the traditional German free genres (such as <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">preludes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">fantasias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toccata" title="Toccata">toccatas</a>) and stricter forms (such as <a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">chorale preludes</a> and fugues).<sup id="cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroquenet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a young age, he established a reputation for creativity and the ability to integrate foreign styles into his organ works. A decidedly North German influence was exerted by <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%B6hm" title="Georg Böhm">Georg Böhm</a>, with whom Bach came into contact in Lüneburg, and <a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a>, whom the young organist visited in Lübeck in 1704 on an extended leave of absence from his job in Arnstadt. Around this time, Bach copied the works of numerous French and Italian composers to gain insights into their compositional languages and later arranged violin concertos by Vivaldi and others for organ and harpsichord. During his most productive period (1708–1714), he composed about a dozen pairs of preludes and fugues, five toccatas and fugues, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Orgelb%C3%BCchlein" title="Orgelbüchlein">Orgelbüchlein</a></i> or "Little Organ Book", an unfinished collection of 46 short chorale preludes that demonstrate compositional techniques in the setting of chorale tunes. After leaving Weimar, Bach wrote less for organ, although some of his best-known works (the six <a href="/wiki/Organ_Sonatas_(Bach)" title="Organ Sonatas (Bach)">Organ Sonatas</a>, the German Organ Mass in <a href="/wiki/Clavier-%C3%9Cbung_III" title="Clavier-Übung III"><i>Clavier-Übung</i> III</a> from 1739, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eighteen_Chorale_Preludes" title="Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes">Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes</a>, revised late in his life) were composed after leaving Weimar. Later in his life, Bach extensively consulted on organ projects, tested new organs, and dedicated playing organs to afternoon recitals.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canonic_Variations_on_%22Vom_Himmel_hoch_da_komm%27_ich_her%22" title="Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her"">Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her"</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCbler_Chorales" title="Schübler Chorales">Schübler Chorales</a></i> are organ works Bach published in the last years of his life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harpsichord_and_other_stringed_keyboard_instruments">Harpsichord and other stringed keyboard instruments</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Title_page_of_The_Art_of_Fugue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Title_page_of_The_Art_of_Fugue.jpg/220px-Title_page_of_The_Art_of_Fugue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Title_page_of_The_Art_of_Fugue.jpg/330px-Title_page_of_The_Art_of_Fugue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Title_page_of_The_Art_of_Fugue.jpg/440px-Title_page_of_The_Art_of_Fugue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption><i>The Art of Fugue</i> (title page) – performed by Mehmet Okonsar on organ and harpsichord <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_25" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="2393" data-mwtitle="ArtofFugue-Part1of2-1to12.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:ArtofFugue-Part1of2-1to12.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/ArtofFugue-Part1of2-1to12.ogg/ArtofFugue-Part1of2-1to12.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/ArtofFugue-Part1of2-1to12.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Nos. 1–12</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_26" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1862" data-mwtitle="ArtofFugue-Part2of2-13to20.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:ArtofFugue-Part2of2-13to20.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/ArtofFugue-Part2of2-13to20.ogg/ArtofFugue-Part2of2-13to20.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/ArtofFugue-Part2of2-13to20.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Nos. 13–20</figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Prelude No. 1 in C major BWV 846 performed on harpsichord by Robert Schröter</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_C_Major_Prelude_Werckmeister.ogg" title="File:Bach C Major Prelude Werckmeister.ogg">Prelude No. 1 in C major BWV 846</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_27" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="118" data-mwtitle="Bach_C_Major_Prelude_Werckmeister.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Bach_C_Major_Prelude_Werckmeister.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Bach_C_Major_Prelude_Werckmeister.ogg/Bach_C_Major_Prelude_Werckmeister.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Concerto_(Bach)" title="Italian Concerto (Bach)"><i>Italian Concerto</i> BWV 971</a> performed by Martha Goldstein</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_1st_movement.ogg" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach - Italian Concerto - F Major - 1st movement.ogg">1st movement</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_28" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="264" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_1st_movement.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_1st_movement.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_1st_movement.ogg/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_1st_movement.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_Andante.ogg" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach - Italian Concerto - F Major - Andante.ogg">2nd movement</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_29" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="330" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_Andante.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_Andante.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_Andante.ogg/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_Andante.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_Presto.ogg" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach - Italian Concerto - F Major - Presto.ogg">3rd movement</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_30" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="197" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_Presto.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_Presto.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_Presto.ogg/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Italian_Concerto_-_F_Major_-_Presto.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_solo_keyboard_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of solo keyboard compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of solo keyboard compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> <p>Bach wrote many works for harpsichord, some of which may also have been played on the clavichord or lute-harpsichord. Some of his more significant works, such as <a href="/wiki/Clavier-%C3%9Cbung_II" title="Clavier-Übung II"><i>Clavier-Übung</i> II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clavier-%C3%9Cbung_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavier-Übung IV">IV</a>, are intended for a harpsichord with two manuals: performing them on a keyboard instrument with a single manual (like a piano) may present technical difficulties for the crossing of hands. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Clavier" title="The Well-Tempered Clavier">The Well-Tempered Clavier</a></i>, Books 1 and 2 (BWV 846–893). Each book consists of a prelude and fugue in each of the 24 major and minor <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">keys</a>, in chromatic order from C major to B minor (thus, the whole collection is often referred to as "the 48"). "Well-tempered" in the title refers to the <a href="/wiki/Musical_temperament" title="Musical temperament">temperament</a> (system of tuning); many temperaments before Bach's time were not flexible enough to allow compositions to utilise more than just a few keys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweitzer1923333_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweitzer1923333-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Inventions_and_Sinfonias_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)">Inventions and Sinfonias</a></i> (BWV 772–801). These short two- and three-part contrapuntal works are arranged in the same chromatic order as <i>The Well-Tempered Clavier</i>, omitting certain rarer keys. Bach intended these pieces for instructional purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Three collections of <a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">dance suites</a>: the <i><a href="/wiki/English_Suites_(Bach)" title="English Suites (Bach)">English Suites</a></i> (BWV 806–811), <i><a href="/wiki/French_Suites_(Bach)" title="French Suites (Bach)">French Suites</a></i> (BWV 812–817), and <a href="/wiki/Partitas_for_keyboard_(Bach)" title="Partitas for keyboard (Bach)">Partitas for keyboard</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Clavier-Übung I</i></span>, BWV 825–830). Each collection contains six suites built on the standard model (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Allemande" title="Allemande">allemande</a></i></span>–<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Courante" title="Courante">courante</a></i></span>–<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sarabande" title="Sarabande">sarabande</a></i></span>–(optional movement)–<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Gigue" title="Gigue">gigue</a></i></span>). The English Suites closely follow the traditional model, adding a prelude before the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">allemande</i></span> and including a single movement between the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sarabande</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">gigue</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Suites omit preludes but have multiple movements between the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sarabande</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">gigue</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The partitas expand the model further with elaborate introductory movements and miscellaneous movements between the basic elements of the model.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations" title="Goldberg Variations">Goldberg Variations</a></i> (BWV 988), an aria with 30 <a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">variations</a>. The collection has a complex and unconventional structure: the variations build on the <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bass line</a> of the aria rather than its melody, and musical <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canons</a> are interpolated according to a grand plan. There are nine canons within the 30 variations; every third variation is a canon.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These variations move in order from canon at unison to canon at the ninth. The first eight are in pairs (unison and octave, second and seventh, third and sixth, fourth and fifth). The ninth canon stands on its own due to compositional dissimilarities. The final variation, instead of being the expected canon at the tenth, is a <a href="/wiki/Quodlibet" title="Quodlibet">quodlibet</a>.</li> <li>Miscellaneous pieces such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Overture_in_the_French_style,_BWV_831" title="Overture in the French style, BWV 831">Overture in the French Style</a></i> (<i>French Overture</i>, BWV 831) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Italian_Concerto_(Bach)" title="Italian Concerto (Bach)">Italian Concerto</a></i> (BWV 971) (published together as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Clavier-Übung II</i></span>), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_Fantasia_and_Fugue" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue">Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue</a></i> (BWV 903).</li></ul> <p>Among Bach's lesser known keyboard works are seven <a href="/wiki/Toccata" title="Toccata">toccatas</a> <a href="/wiki/Toccatas_for_Keyboard_(Bach)" title="Toccatas for Keyboard (Bach)">(BWV 910–916)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duets_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duets (Bach)">four duets</a> (BWV 802–805), <a href="/wiki/Sonata" title="Sonata">sonatas</a> for keyboard (BWV 963–967), the <a href="/wiki/Six_Little_Preludes_(Bach)" title="Six Little Preludes (Bach)">Six Little Preludes</a> (BWV 933–938), and the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Aria_variata_alla_maniera_italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Aria variata alla maniera italiana">Aria variata alla maniera italiana</a></i></span> (BWV 989). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchestral_and_chamber_music">Orchestral and chamber music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_music_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of chamber music works by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of chamber music works by Johann Sebastian Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_orchestral_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of orchestral works by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of orchestral works by Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> <p>Bach wrote for single instruments, duets, and small ensembles. Many of his solo works, such as the six <a href="/wiki/Sonatas_and_Partitas_for_Solo_Violin_(Bach)" title="Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin (Bach)">sonatas and partitas for violin</a> (BWV 1001–1006) and the six <a href="/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)" title="Cello Suites (Bach)">cello suites</a> (BWV 1007–1012), are widely considered to be among the most profound in the repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lester_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lester-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote sonatas for a solo instrument such as the viola de gamba accompanied by harpsichord or continuo, as well as trio sonatas (two instruments and continuo). </p><p><i>The Musical Offering</i> and <i>The Art of Fugue</i> are late contrapuntal works containing pieces for unspecified or combinations of instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1991111_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1991111-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Violin_concertos">Violin concertos</h4></div> <p>Surviving works in the concerto form include two violin concertos (<a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_in_A_minor_(Bach)" title="Violin Concerto in A minor (Bach)">BWV 1041</a> in A minor and <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_in_E_major_(Bach)" title="Violin Concerto in E major (Bach)">BWV 1042</a> in E major) and a concerto for two violins in D minor, <a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Two_Violins_(Bach)" title="Concerto for Two Violins (Bach)">BWV 1043</a>, often referred to as Bach's "double concerto". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brandenburg_Concertos"><i>Brandenburg Concertos</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/BWV_1049" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1049">Brandenburg Concerto No. 4 in G Major, BWV 1049</a></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandenburg_Concerto_No._4_in_G,_Movement_I_(Allegro),_BWV_1049_(ISRC_USUAN1100303).oga" title="File:Brandenburg Concerto No. 4 in G, Movement I (Allegro), BWV 1049 (ISRC USUAN1100303).oga">1. Allegro</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_31" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="438" data-mwtitle="Brandenburg_Concerto_No._4_in_G,_Movement_I_(Allegro),_BWV_1049_(ISRC_USUAN1100303).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Brandenburg_Concerto_No._4_in_G%2C_Movement_I_%28Allegro%29%2C_BWV_1049_%28ISRC_USUAN1100303%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Brandenburg_Concerto_No._4_in_G%2C_Movement_I_%28Allegro%29%2C_BWV_1049_%28ISRC_USUAN1100303%29.oga/Brandenburg_Concerto_No._4_in_G%2C_Movement_I_%28Allegro%29%2C_BWV_1049_%28ISRC_USUAN1100303%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_Brandenburg_ConcertoNo._4_in_G_Major-_II._Andante.ogg" title="File:Bach - Brandenburg ConcertoNo. 4 in G Major- II. Andante.ogg">2. Andante</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_32" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="276" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_Brandenburg_ConcertoNo._4_in_G_Major-_II._Andante.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Bach_-_Brandenburg_ConcertoNo._4_in_G_Major-_II._Andante.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Bach_-_Brandenburg_ConcertoNo._4_in_G_Major-_II._Andante.ogg/Bach_-_Brandenburg_ConcertoNo._4_in_G_Major-_II._Andante.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_Brandenburg_Concerto.No.4_in_G_Major-_III._Presto.ogg" title="File:Bach - Brandenburg Concerto.No.4 in G Major- III. Presto.ogg">3. Presto</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_33" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="257" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_Brandenburg_Concerto.No.4_in_G_Major-_III._Presto.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Bach_-_Brandenburg_Concerto.No.4_in_G_Major-_III._Presto.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Bach_-_Brandenburg_Concerto.No.4_in_G_Major-_III._Presto.ogg/Bach_-_Brandenburg_Concerto.No.4_in_G_Major-_III._Presto.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos">Brandenburg Concertos</a></div> <p>Bach's best-known orchestral works are the <i>Brandenburg Concertos</i>, so named because he submitted them in the hope of gaining employment from <a href="/wiki/Margrave_Christian_Ludwig_of_Brandenburg-Schwedt" title="Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt">Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt</a> in 1721; his application was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroquenet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These works are examples of the <a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">concerto grosso</a> genre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keyboard_concertos">Keyboard concertos</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_concertos_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Keyboard concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach">Keyboard concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> <p>Bach composed and transcribed concertos for one to four harpsichords. Many of the harpsichord concertos were not original works, but arrangements of his concertos for other instruments are now lost.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several violin, oboe, and flute concertos have been reconstructed from these. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orchestral_suites">Orchestral suites</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_suites_(Bach)" title="Orchestral suites (Bach)">Orchestral suites (Bach)</a></div> <p>In addition to concertos, Bach wrote four <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_suites_(Bach)" title="Orchestral suites (Bach)">orchestral suites</a>, each suite being a series of stylised dances for orchestra, preceded by a <a href="/wiki/French_overture" title="French overture">French overture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copies,_arrangements_and_uncertain_attributions"><span id="Copies.2C_arrangements_and_uncertain_attributions"></span>Copies, arrangements and uncertain attributions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Some of Bach's most popular melodies are, more often than not, heard in various arrangements:</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_naxos_8.550194_01_13.ogg" title="File:Wiki naxos 8.550194 01 13.ogg"><i>Air on the G String</i> (excerpt)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_34" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="170" data-mwtitle="Wiki_naxos_8.550194_01_13.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Wiki_naxos_8.550194_01_13.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Wiki_naxos_8.550194_01_13.ogg/Wiki_naxos_8.550194_01_13.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">"Air", 2nd movement from <a href="/wiki/BWV_1068" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1068">Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D major, BWV 1068</a>, performed in an <i><a href="/wiki/Air_on_the_G_String" title="Air on the G String">Air on the G String</a></i> adaptation by <a href="/wiki/Capella_Istropolitana" class="mw-redirect" title="Capella Istropolitana">Capella Istropolitana</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi" title="Oliver von Dohnányi">Oliver von Dohnányi</a> (courtesy of <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Records">Naxos</a>)</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheep_May_Safely_Graze_BWV_208.ogg" title="File:Sheep May Safely Graze BWV 208.ogg">"Sheep May Safely Graze" (instrumental version)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_35" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="238" data-mwtitle="Sheep_May_Safely_Graze_BWV_208.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Sheep_May_Safely_Graze_BWV_208.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Sheep_May_Safely_Graze_BWV_208.ogg/Sheep_May_Safely_Graze_BWV_208.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The aria "Schafe können sicher weiden" (Sheep May Safely Graze), No. 9 from the <i><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Cantata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting Cantata">Hunting Cantata</a></i>, BWV 208: composed for soprano, recorders, and continuo, the music of this movement exists in a variety of instrumental arrangements.</div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh." title="BWV Anh.">BWV Anh.</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcriptions_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of transcriptions of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of transcriptions of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> <p>In his early youth, Bach copied pieces by other composers to learn from them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen49mode2up_10–11]_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen49mode2up_10–11]-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he copied and arranged music for performance or as study material for his pupils. Some of these pieces, like "<a href="/wiki/Bist_du_bei_mir" title="Bist du bei mir">Bist du bei mir</a>" (copied not by Bach but by Anna Magdalena), became famous before being dissociated with Bach. Bach copied and arranged Italian masters such as Vivaldi (e.g. <a href="/wiki/BWV_1065" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1065">BWV 1065</a>), <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Pergolesi</a> (<a href="/wiki/BWV_1083" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1083">BWV 1083</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a> (<a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Missa_Sine_nomine_(Palestrina,_Giovanni_Pierluigi_da)#Arrangements_and_Transcriptions" class="extiw" title="scores:Missa Sine nomine (Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da)">Missa Sine nomine</a>), French masters such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Notebook_for_Anna_Magdalena_Bach#The_1725_notebook" title="Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach">BWV Anh. 183</a>), and, closer to home, various German masters including Telemann (e.g. <a href="/wiki/List_of_solo_keyboard_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach#Miscellaneous_suites_(818–824)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of solo keyboard compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">BWV 824</a>=<a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Suite_in_A_major,_TWV_32:14_(Telemann,_Georg_Philipp)" class="extiw" title="scores:Suite in A major, TWV 32:14 (Telemann, Georg Philipp)">TWV 32:14</a>) and Handel (<a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_pastiche#Leipzig_1747–1748_(BC_D_5)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mark Passion pastiche">arias from <i>Brockes Passion</i></a>), and music from members of his own family. He also often copied and arranged his own music (e.g. movements from cantatas for his short masses <a href="/wiki/Kyrie%E2%80%93Gloria_masses,_BWV_233%E2%80%93236" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrie–Gloria masses, BWV 233–236">BWV 233–236</a>), as his music was likewise copied and arranged by others. Some of these arrangements, like the late 19th-century "<a href="/wiki/Air_on_the_G_String" title="Air on the G String">Air on the G String</a>", helped to popularise Bach's music. </p><p>Sometimes, "who copied whom" is not clear. For instance, Forkel mentions a Mass for double chorus among the works composed by Bach. The work was published and performed in the early 19th century. Although a score partially in Bach's handwriting exists, the work was later considered spurious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen187mode2up_140–141]_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen187mode2up_140–141]-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, the design of the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis was to keep such works out of the main catalogue: if there was a strong association with Bach they could be listed in its appendix (German: <i>Anhang</i>, abbreviated as Anh.). Thus, for instance, the aforementioned Mass for double chorus became <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_church_music_in_Latin#Copies" title="Bach's church music in Latin">BWV Anh. 167</a>. But this was far from the end of the attribution issues. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Schlage_doch,_gew%C3%BCnschte_Stunde,_BWV_53" title="Schlage doch, gewünschte Stunde, BWV 53"><i>Schlage doch, gewünschte Stunde</i>, BWV 53</a>, was later attributed to <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Hoffmann_(composer)" title="Melchior Hoffmann (composer)">Melchior Hoffmann</a>. For other works, Bach's authorship was put in doubt without a generally accepted answer to the question of whether or not he composed it: the best-known organ composition in the BWV catalogue, the <a href="/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565">Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565</a>, was indicated as one of these uncertain works in the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach%27s_music" title="Reception of Johann Sebastian Bach's music">Reception of Johann Sebastian Bach's music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnstadt_Bachkirche_au%C3%9Fen_Chor_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arnstadt_Bachkirche_au%C3%9Fen_Chor_03.jpg/220px-Arnstadt_Bachkirche_au%C3%9Fen_Chor_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arnstadt_Bachkirche_au%C3%9Fen_Chor_03.jpg/330px-Arnstadt_Bachkirche_au%C3%9Fen_Chor_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arnstadt_Bachkirche_au%C3%9Fen_Chor_03.jpg/440px-Arnstadt_Bachkirche_au%C3%9Fen_Chor_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="2769" /></a><figcaption>The church in Arnstadt where Bach had been the organist from 1703 to 1707. In 1935, the church was renamed "Bachkirche".</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, Bach's music was appreciated mostly by distinguished connoisseurs. The 19th century started with the publication of the first biography of Bach and ended with the <a href="/wiki/Bach_Gesellschaft" title="Bach Gesellschaft">Bach Gesellschaft</a>'s completion and publication of all his known works. Starting with the <a href="/wiki/Bach_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach Revival">Bach Revival</a>, he began to be regarded as one of the greatest composers, a reputation he has maintained. The <a href="/wiki/BACH_motif" title="BACH motif">BACH motif</a>, which Bach occasionally used in his compositions, has been used in dozens of tributes to him since the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17b_Bach-Bild_von_%27Gebel%27,_vor_1798.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/17b_Bach-Bild_von_%27Gebel%27%2C_vor_1798.jpg/220px-17b_Bach-Bild_von_%27Gebel%27%2C_vor_1798.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/17b_Bach-Bild_von_%27Gebel%27%2C_vor_1798.jpg/330px-17b_Bach-Bild_von_%27Gebel%27%2C_vor_1798.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/17b_Bach-Bild_von_%27Gebel%27%2C_vor_1798.jpg/440px-17b_Bach-Bild_von_%27Gebel%27%2C_vor_1798.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2457" data-file-height="3152" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Johann Sebastian Bach by 'Gebel', before 1798</figcaption></figure> <p>In his own time, Bach was highly regarded by his colleagues,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeck2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA141_141]_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeck2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA141_141]-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his reputation outside this small circle of connoisseurs was due not to his compositions (which had an extremely narrow circulation),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but to his virtuosic abilities. Nevertheless, during his life, Bach received public recognition, such as the title of court composer by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a> and the appreciation he was shown by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Karl_von_Keyserling" title="Hermann Karl von Keyserling">Hermann Karl von Keyserling</a>. This appreciation contrasted with the humiliations he faced, for instance, in Leipzig.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach also had detractors in the contemporary press (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolf_Scheibe" title="Johann Adolf Scheibe">Johann Adolf Scheibe</a> suggested he write less complex music) and supporters, such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Mattheson" title="Johann Mattheson">Johann Mattheson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Christoph_Mizler" title="Lorenz Christoph Mizler">Lorenz Christoph Mizler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death, Bach's reputation as a composer initially declined: his work was regarded as old-fashioned compared to the emerging <a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">galant</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was remembered more as a virtuoso organ player and a teacher. The bulk of the music <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach_printed_during_his_lifetime" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach printed during his lifetime">printed during his lifetime</a>, at least the remembered parts, was for organ or harpsichord. Thus his reputation as a composer was initially mostly limited to his keyboard music, which was relatively limited in its value to music education. </p><p>Bach's surviving family members, who inherited many of his manuscripts, were not all equally concerned with preserving them, leading to considerable losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000456–461_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000456–461-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Carl Philipp Emanuel</a>, his second-eldest son, was most active in safeguarding his father's legacy: he co-authored his father's obituary, contributed to the publication of his four-part chorales,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen130mode1up_85–86]_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen130mode1up_85–86]-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> staged some of his works, and helped preserve the bulk of his previously unpublished work.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">Wilhelm Friedemann</a>, the eldest son, performed several of his father's cantatas in <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a>, but after becoming unemployed sold part of the large collection of his father's works he owned.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen186mode1up_139]_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen186mode1up_139]-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2013459_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2013459-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of students of Johann Sebastian Bach">students of the old master</a>, such as his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Altnickol" title="Johann Christoph Altnickol">Johann Christoph Altnickol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Agricola" title="Johann Friedrich Agricola">Johann Friedrich Agricola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Kirnberger" title="Johann Kirnberger">Johann Kirnberger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krebs" title="Johann Ludwig Krebs">Johann Ludwig Krebs</a>, contributed to the dissemination of his legacy. The early devotees were not all musicians; for example, in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Itzig" title="Daniel Itzig">Daniel Itzig</a>, a high official of Frederick the Great's court, venerated Bach.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff2005_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff2005-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His eldest daughters took lessons from Kirnberger and their sister Sara from <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">Wilhelm Friedemann Bach</a>, who was in Berlin from 1774 to 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff2005_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff2005-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apple14_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple14-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sara Itzig Levy became an avid collector of work by J.S. Bach and his sons and was a "patron" of C.P.E. Bach.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple14_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple14-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Bach was in Leipzig, performances of his church music were limited to some of his motets, and, under <a href="/wiki/Thomaskantor" title="Thomaskantor">cantor</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Doles" title="Johann Friedrich Doles">Doles</a>, some of his <a href="/wiki/Passions_(Bach)" title="Passions (Bach)">Passions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage518mode2up_518–519],_[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage611mode1up_611]_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage518mode2up_518–519],_[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage611mode1up_611]-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new generation of Bach aficionados emerged who studiously collected and copied his music, including some of his large-scale works such as the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor" title="Mass in B minor">Mass in B minor</a>, and performed it privately. One was <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_van_Swieten" title="Gottfried van Swieten">Gottfried van Swieten</a>, a high-ranking Austrian official who was instrumental in passing Bach's legacy on to the composers of the <a href="/wiki/First_Viennese_School" title="First Viennese School">Viennese school</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a> owned manuscript copies of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Clavier" title="The Well-Tempered Clavier">The Well-Tempered Clavier</a></i> and the Mass in B minor and was influenced by Bach's music. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> owned a copy of one of Bach's motets,<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transcribed some of his instrumental works (<a href="/w/index.php?title=K._404a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. 404a (page does not exist)">K. 404a</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=K._405&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. 405 (page does not exist)">405</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wrote contrapuntal music influenced by his style.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apbrown_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apbrown-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> played the entire <i>Well-Tempered Clavier</i> by the time he was 11 and described Bach as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Urvater der Harmonie</i></span> (progenitor of harmony).<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schenk1959p101_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schenk1959p101-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerst1904101_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerst1904101-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bach_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach Revival">Bach Revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion#19th_century" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion § 19th century</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altes_Bachdenkmal_(Leipzig)_-_Holzstich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Altes_Bachdenkmal_%28Leipzig%29_-_Holzstich.jpg/170px-Altes_Bachdenkmal_%28Leipzig%29_-_Holzstich.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Altes_Bachdenkmal_%28Leipzig%29_-_Holzstich.jpg/255px-Altes_Bachdenkmal_%28Leipzig%29_-_Holzstich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Altes_Bachdenkmal_%28Leipzig%29_-_Holzstich.jpg/340px-Altes_Bachdenkmal_%28Leipzig%29_-_Holzstich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>Image of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_century_Bach_memorial_(Leipzig)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th century Bach memorial (Leipzig) (page does not exist)">Bach memorial</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altes_Bach-Denkmal_in_Leipzig" class="extiw" title="de:Altes Bach-Denkmal in Leipzig">de</a>]</span> erected by Felix Mendelssohn in Leipzig in 1843</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1802, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Nikolaus_Forkel" title="Johann Nikolaus Forkel">Johann Nikolaus Forkel</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach:_His_Life,_Art,_and_Work" title="Johann Sebastian Bach: His Life, Art, and Work">Johann Sebastian Bach: His Life, Art, and Work</a></i>, the first Bach biography, dedicated to van Swieten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeck20069–10_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeck20069–10-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1805, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Mendelssohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Mendelssohn">Abraham Mendelssohn</a>, who had married one of Itzig's granddaughters, bought a substantial collection of Bach manuscripts that had come down from C.P.E. Bach, and donated it to the <a href="/wiki/Sing-Akademie_zu_Berlin" title="Sing-Akademie zu Berlin">Berlin Sing-Akademie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff2005_192-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff2005-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sing-Akademie occasionally performed Bach's works in public concerts, for instance, his <a href="/wiki/BWV_1052" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1052">first keyboard concerto</a>, with Sara Itzig Levy at the piano.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff2005_192-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff2005-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first decades of the 19th century saw an increasing number of first publications of Bach's music: Breitkopf started publishing chorale preludes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen99mode1up_94]_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen99mode1up_94]-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoffmeister harpsichord music,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen101mode1up_96–97]_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen101mode1up_96–97]-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Well-Tempered Clavier</i> was printed concurrently by Simrock (Germany), Nägeli (Switzerland) and Hoffmeister (Germany and Austria) in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen105mode1up_100]_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen105mode1up_100]-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vocal music was also published: motets in 1802 and 1803, followed by the E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> major version of the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat_(Bach)" title="Magnificat (Bach)">Magnificat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BWV_234" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 234">Kyrie-Gloria Mass in A major</a>, and the cantata <a href="/wiki/Ein_feste_Burg_ist_unser_Gott,_BWV_80" title="Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80"><i>Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott</i> (BWV 80)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen22mode1up_xvii]_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen22mode1up_xvii]-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1818, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_N%C3%A4geli" title="Hans Georg Nägeli">Hans Georg Nägeli</a> called the Mass in B minor the greatest composition ever.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach's influence was felt in the next generation of early Romantic composers.<sup id="cite_ref-Schenk1959p101_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schenk1959p101-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham's son Felix, aged 13, produced his first Magnificat setting in 1822, and it is clearly inspired by the then-unpublished D major version of Bach's Magnificat.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>'s 1829 performance of the <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> precipitated the Bach Revival. The <i><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a></i> saw its 19th-century premiere in 1833, and the first public performance of the Mass in B minor followed in 1844. Besides these and other public performances and increased coverage of the composer and his compositions in printed media, the 1830s and 1840s also saw the first publication of more Bach vocal works: six cantatas, the <i>St Matthew Passion</i>, and the Mass in B minor. A series of organ compositions were first published in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> started composing his <a href="/wiki/24_Preludes,_Op._28_(Chopin)" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Preludes, Op. 28 (Chopin)">24 Preludes, Op. 28</a>, inspired by the <i>Well-Tempered Clavier</i>, in 1835, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a> published his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sechs_Fugen_%C3%BCber_den_Namen_B-A-C-H&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sechs Fugen über den Namen B-A-C-H (page does not exist)">Sechs Fugen über den Namen B-A-C-H</a></i> in 1845. Bach's music was transcribed and arranged to suit contemporary tastes and performance practice by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Zelter" title="Carl Friedrich Zelter">Carl Friedrich Zelter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Robert Franz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, or combined with new music such as the melody line of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Bach/Gounod)" title="Ave Maria (Bach/Gounod)">Ave Maria</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_200-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupferberg1985126_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupferberg1985126-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> were among the composers who promoted Bach's music or wrote glowingly about it. </p><p>In 1850, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bach_Gesellschaft" title="Bach Gesellschaft">Bach-Gesellschaft</a></i></span> (Bach Society) was founded to promote Bach's music. In the second half of the 19th century, the Society published a comprehensive edition of his works. In 1854, Bach was deemed one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Bs" title="Three Bs">three Bs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cornelius" title="Peter Cornelius">Peter Cornelius</a>, the others being Beethoven and <a href="/wiki/Berlioz" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlioz">Berlioz</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a> replaced Berlioz with Brahms.) From 1873 to 1880, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spitta" title="Philipp Spitta">Philipp Spitta</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Spitta%27s_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Spitta's Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></i>, the standard work on Bach's life and music.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th century, 200 books were published on Bach. By the end of the century, local Bach societies were established in several cities, and his music had been performed in all major musical centers.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_200-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 19th-century Germany, Bach was coupled with nationalist feeling, and he was inscribed in a religious revival. In England, Bach was coupled with a revival of religious and baroque music. By the end of the century, Bach was firmly established as one of the greatest composers, recognised for both his instrumental and his vocal music.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_200-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_J.S._Bach_in_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Statue_of_J.S._Bach_in_Leipzig.jpg/170px-Statue_of_J.S._Bach_in_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Statue_of_J.S._Bach_in_Leipzig.jpg/255px-Statue_of_J.S._Bach_in_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Statue_of_J.S._Bach_in_Leipzig.jpg/340px-Statue_of_J.S._Bach_in_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>1908 Statue of Bach in front of the Thomaskirche in Leipzig</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002806_004_Besucher_der_Messe_in_der_Thomaskirche_zu_Ehren_Bachs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002806_004_Besucher_der_Messe_in_der_Thomaskirche_zu_Ehren_Bachs.jpg/170px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002806_004_Besucher_der_Messe_in_der_Thomaskirche_zu_Ehren_Bachs.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002806_004_Besucher_der_Messe_in_der_Thomaskirche_zu_Ehren_Bachs.jpg/255px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002806_004_Besucher_der_Messe_in_der_Thomaskirche_zu_Ehren_Bachs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002806_004_Besucher_der_Messe_in_der_Thomaskirche_zu_Ehren_Bachs.jpg/340px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002806_004_Besucher_der_Messe_in_der_Thomaskirche_zu_Ehren_Bachs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>28 July 1950: memorial service for Bach in Leipzig's Thomaskirche, on the 200th anniversary of the composer's death</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 20th century, the process of recognising the musical as well as the <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogic</a> value of some of the works continued, as in the promotion of the <a href="/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)" title="Cello Suites (Bach)">cello suites</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a>, the first major performer to record them.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading performers of classical music such as <a href="/wiki/Willem_Mengelberg" title="Willem Mengelberg">Willem Mengelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Fischer" title="Edwin Fischer">Edwin Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Enescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Enescu">Georges Enescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Walcha" title="Helmut Walcha">Helmut Walcha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Landowska" title="Wanda Landowska">Wanda Landowska</a>, <a href="/wiki/I_Musici" title="I Musici">I Musici</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> recorded his music.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant development in the later 20th century was <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a> practice, with forerunners such as <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a> acquiring prominence through their performances of Bach's music. Bach's keyboard music was again performed on the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> and other Baroque instruments rather than on modern pianos and 19th-century romantic organs. Ensembles playing and singing Bach's music not only kept to the instruments and the performance style of his day but were also reduced to the size of the groups Bach used for his performances.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But that was not the only way Bach's music came to the forefront in the 20th century: his music was heard in versions ranging from <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>'s late romantic <a href="/wiki/Bach-Busoni_Editions" title="Bach-Busoni Editions">piano transcriptions</a> to the orchestrations of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a>, whose interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor">Toccata and Fugue in D minor</a> opened <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)"><i>Fantasia</i></a>, to jazzy interpretations such as those by <a href="/wiki/The_Swingle_Singers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Swingle Singers">The Swingle Singers</a> on their album <i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Sebastian_Bach" title="Jazz Sebastian Bach">Jazz Sebastian Bach</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> performances such as <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Carlos" title="Wendy Carlos">Wendy Carlos</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Switched-On_Bach" title="Switched-On Bach">Switched-On Bach</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Synthesizer" title="The Well-Tempered Synthesizer">The Well-Tempered Synthesizer</a></i>. </p><p>Bach's music has influenced other genres. <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> musicians have adapted it, with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Loussier" title="Jacques Loussier">Jacques Loussier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Anderson" title="Ian Anderson">Ian Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uri_Caine" title="Uri Caine">Uri Caine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Jazz_Quartet" title="Modern Jazz Quartet">Modern Jazz Quartet</a> among those creating jazz versions of his works.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several 20th-century composers referred to Bach or his music, for example <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Eugène Ysaÿe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Six_Sonatas_for_solo_violin_(Ysa%C3%BFe)" title="Six Sonatas for solo violin (Ysaÿe)">Six Sonatas for solo violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> in <a href="/wiki/24_Preludes_and_Fugues_(Shostakovich)" title="24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)">24 Preludes and Fugues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Bachianas_Brasileiras" title="Bachianas Brasileiras">Bachianas Brasileiras</a></i>. All kinds of publications involved Bach: there were the <i>Bach Jahrbuch</i> publications of the Neue Bachgesellschaft and various other biographies and studies by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanford_Terry_(historian)" title="Charles Sanford Terry (historian)">Charles Sanford Terry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr" title="Alfred Dürr">Alfred Dürr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Christoph Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Williams_(musicologist)" title="Peter Williams (musicologist)">Peter Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Butt_(musician)" title="John Butt (musician)">John Butt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1950 first edition of the <a href="/wiki/Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis" title="Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis">Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis</a>. Books such as <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a></i> put the composer's art in a wider perspective. Bach's music was extensively listened to, performed, broadcast, arranged, adapted, and commented upon in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-KVNM2000_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KVNM2000-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 2000, the 250th anniversary of Bach's death, three record companies issued box sets of recordings of his complete works.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three works by Bach are featured on the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a>, a gramophone record containing a broad sample of the images, sounds, languages, and music of Earth, sent into space with the two <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a> probes: the first movement of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos"><i>Brandenburg Concerto</i> No. 2</a> (conducted by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Richter_(conductor)" title="Karl Richter (conductor)">Karl Richter</a>), the "Gavotte en rondeaux" from the <a href="/wiki/Partita_for_Violin_No._3_(Bach)" title="Partita for Violin No. 3 (Bach)">Partita for Violin No. 3</a> (played by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a>), and the Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C major from <i>The Well-Tempered Clavier</i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20th-century tributes to Bach include statues erected in his honour and things such as streets and space objects named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A multitude of musical ensembles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bach_Aria_Group" title="Bach Aria Group">Bach Aria Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bachsolisten" title="Deutsche Bachsolisten">Deutsche Bachsolisten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachchor_Stuttgart" title="Bachchor Stuttgart">Bachchor Stuttgart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bach_Collegium_Japan" title="Bach Collegium Japan">Bach Collegium Japan</a> took the composer's name. <a href="/wiki/Bach_festival" title="Bach festival">Bach festivals</a> were held on several continents, and competitions and prizes such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Competition" title="International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition">International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music_Bach_Prize" title="Royal Academy of Music Bach Prize">Royal Academy of Music Bach Prize</a> were named after him. While by the end of the 19th century, Bach had been inscribed in nationalism and religious revival, the late 20th century saw Bach as the subject of a secularised art-as-religion (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kunstreligion" title="Kunstreligion">Kunstreligion</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_200-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KVNM2000_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KVNM2000-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <p>In the 21st century, Bach's compositions have become available online, for instance at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-resolution facsimiles of Bach's autographs became available at the <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 21st-century biographers include <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Christoph Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Williams_(musicologist)" title="Peter Williams (musicologist)">Peter Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Bach's handwritten personal copy of the Mass in B minor, held by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Library" title="Berlin State Library">Berlin State Library</a>, was added to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme#Memory_of_the_World_Register" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World Register</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a program intended to protect culturally significant manuscripts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a> writes, "Bach became an absolute master of his art by never ceasing to be a student of it. His most exalted sacred works—the two extant Passions, from the seventeen-twenties, and the Mass in B Minor, completed not long before his death in 1750—are feats of synthesis, mobilizing secular devices to spiritual ends. They are rooted in archaic chants, hymns, and chorales. They honor, with consummate skill, the scholastic discipline of canon and fugue. They make expert use of the word-painting techniques of the Renaissance madrigal and Baroque opera. They absorb such stock scenes as the lament, the pastoral, the lullaby, the rage aria, the tempest. They allude to courtly French dances, Italian love songs, [and] the polonaise. Their furious development of brief motifs anticipates Beethoven, who worshipped Bach when he was young. And their most daring harmonic adventures—for example, the otherworldly modulations in the 'Confiteor' of the B-Minor Mass—look ahead to Wagner, even to Schoenberg."<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Bach was named the greatest composer of all time in a poll of 174 living composers.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church</a> remembers Bach with a <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> on 28 July;<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of Saints</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran church">Lutheran churches</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">ELCA</a>, remembers Bach, Handel, and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_site">Burial site</h3></div> <p>Bach was originally buried at Old St. John's Cemetery in Leipzig. His grave went unmarked for nearly 150 years, but in 1894 his remains were found and moved to a vault in St. John's Church. This building was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">Allied bombing during World War II</a>, and in 1950, Bach's remains were taken to their present grave in St. Thomas Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroquenet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later research has called into question whether the remains in the grave are actually Bach's.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Portraits of Johann Sebastian Bach">Portraits of Johann Sebastian Bach</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IPA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">German: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈjoːhan<span class="wrap"> </span>zeˈbasti̯a(ː)n<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbax]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a1\/De-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.ogg\/De-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Johann Sebastian Bach.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/De-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.ogg/De-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.ogg" title="File:De-Johann Sebastian Bach.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>. The surname appears in English as <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BAHKH</span></i></a> on <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Sebastian Bach drafted a genealogy around 1735, titled "Origin of the musical Bach family", printed in translation in <a href="#CITEREFDavidMendelWolff1998">David, Mendel & Wolff 1998</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information, please click the articles on performers; see also reviews and listings in <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diapason_(magazine)" title="Diapason (magazine)">Diapason</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muziekweb" class="mw-redirect" title="Muziekweb">Muziekweb</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSchweitzer1911">Schweitzer 1911</a> (1905 and 1908 editions)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTerry1928">Terry 1928</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDürr1981">Dürr 1981</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDürrJones2006">Dürr & Jones 2006</a> (English translation)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWolff1991">Wolff 1991</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1980">Williams 1980</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFButt1997">Butt 1997</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003a">Williams 2003a</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2007">Williams 2007</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2016">Williams 2016</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGardiner2013">Gardiner 2013</a></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001"10._Iconography"-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001"10._Iconography"_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolffEmery2001">Wolff & Emery 2001</a>, "10. Iconography".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECristStauff2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECristStauff2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCristStauff2011">Crist & Stauff 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlanning2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning, T. C. W.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6RptffQRvEEC"><i>The Triumph of Music: The Rise of Composers, Musicians and Their Art</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6RptffQRvEEC&pg=PA272">272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03104-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03104-3"><bdi>978-0-674-03104-3</bdi></a>. <q>And of course the greatest master of harmony and counterpoint of all time was Johann Sebastian Bach, 'the <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> of music'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Music%3A+The+Rise+of+Composers%2C+Musicians+and+Their+Art&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03104-3&rft.aulast=Blanning&rft.aufirst=T.+C.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6RptffQRvEEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511060103/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/bach-johann-sebastian">"Bach, Johann Sebastian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/bach_johann_sebastian">the original</a> on 11 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bach%2C+Johann+Sebastian&rft.pub=Lexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fbach_johann_sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326122332/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/johann-sebastian-bach">"Bach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/johann-sebastian-bach">the original</a> on 26 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bach&rft.pub=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fjohann-sebastian-bach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20073-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20073_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2007">Jones 2007</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeck2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA2_2],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA156_156]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeck2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA2_2],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA156_156]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeck2003">Geck 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1zSVDYTCXgC&pg=PA2">2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1zSVDYTCXgC&pg=PA156">156</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd20006-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd20006_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd2000">Boyd 2000</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffEmeryWollnyLeisinger2018II._List_of_all_family_members_alphabetically_by_first_name-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmeryWollnyLeisinger2018II._List_of_all_family_members_alphabetically_by_first_name_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmeryWollnyLeisinger2018II._List_of_all_family_members_alphabetically_by_first_name_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolffEmeryWollnyLeisinger2018">Wolff et al. 2018</a>, II. List of all family members alphabetically by first name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffEmery2001_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolffEmery2001">Wolff & Emery 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196286–87-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles196286–87_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles196286–87_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1962">Miles 1962</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd20007–8-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd20007–8_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd2000">Boyd 2000</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998299-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998299_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidMendelWolff1998">David, Mendel & Wolff 1998</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200045-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff200045_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200019,_46-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff200019,_46_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, pp. 19, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200073-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff200073_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000170-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000170_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899a186–187-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899a186–187_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899a">Spitta 1899a</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200041–43-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff200041–43_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EidamChI-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EidamChI_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EidamChI_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEidam2001">Eidam 2001</a>, Ch. I</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baroquenet-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroquenet_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baroquemusic.org/bqxjsbach.html">"Johann Sebastian Bach: a detailed informative biography"</a>. <i>The Baroque Music Site</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220080633/http://www.baroquemusic.org/bqxjsbach.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baroque+Music+Site&rft.atitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+a+detailed+informative+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baroquemusic.org%2Fbqxjsbach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200055–56-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff200055–56_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERich199527-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich199527_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRich1995">Rich 1995</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd200015–16-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd200015–16_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd2000">Boyd 2000</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiapusso196862-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiapusso196862_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiapusso1968">Chiapusso 1968</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a40-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a40_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003a">Williams 2003a</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff2000pp83ff-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolff2000pp83ff_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YtJVFiHnepcC&pg=PA83">83ff</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2007" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Kerala J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSXGOoambNcC&pg=PA104"><i>Dieterich Buxtehude: Organist in Lübeck</i></a> (2nd ed.). University Rochester Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">104–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-253-2"><bdi>978-1-58046-253-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928212929/https://books.google.com/books?id=qSXGOoambNcC&pg=PA104">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dieterich+Buxtehude%3A+Organist+in+L%C3%BCbeck&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-253-2&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Kerala+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSXGOoambNcC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/reincken.html">Sojourn: Jan Adams Reincken</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060522010526/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/reincken.html">Archived</a> 22 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Timothy A. Smith</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WolffP102-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WolffP102_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WolffP102_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YtJVFiHnepcC&pg=PA102">102–104</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwX-rF2_k_S8CpgPA38_38–39]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwX-rF2_k_S8CpgPA38_38–39]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003a">Williams 2003a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wX-rF2_k_S8C&pg=PA38">38–39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bach Digital Work <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000005?lang=en">00005</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach-digital.de">www<wbr />.bach-digital<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachhausweimar.de/en/arguments/history-of-the-bach-house/then-and-now.html">"History of the Bach House"</a>. <i>Bach House Weimar</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126011612/http://www.bachhausweimar.de/en/arguments/history-of-the-bach-house/then-and-now.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+House+Weimar&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Bach+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bachhausweimar.de%2Fen%2Farguments%2Fhistory-of-the-bach-house%2Fthen-and-now.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen358mode1up_Table_VII,_p._309]-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen358mode1up_Table_VII,_p._309]_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForkel1920">Forkel 1920</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastian01terrgoog#page/n358/mode/1up">Table VII, p. 309</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornburgh" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Thornburgh" title="Elaine Thornburgh">Thornburgh, Elaine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905175129/http://trumpet.sdsu.edu/M345/Baroque_Music1.html">"Baroque Music – Part One"</a>. <i>Music in Our World</i>. San Diego State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trumpet.sdsu.edu/M345/Baroque_Music1.html">the original</a> on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+in+Our+World&rft.atitle=Baroque+Music+%E2%80%93+Part+One&rft.aulast=Thornburgh&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrumpet.sdsu.edu%2FM345%2FBaroque_Music1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiapusso1968168-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiapusso1968168_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiapusso1968">Chiapusso 1968</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweitzer1923331-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweitzer1923331_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweitzer1923">Schweitzer 1923</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoster" class="citation web cs1">Koster, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.rug.nl/Linguistics/diversen/bach/weimar2.html">"Weimar (II) 1708–1717"</a>. <i>J. S. Bach Archive and Bibliography</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328175204/http://www.let.rug.nl/Linguistics/diversen/bach/weimar2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J.+S.+Bach+Archive+and+Bibliography&rft.atitle=Weimar+%28II%29+1708%E2%80%931717&rft.aulast=Koster&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.rug.nl%2FLinguistics%2Fdiversen%2Fbach%2Fweimar2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadie1998p205-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sadie1998p205_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sadie1998p205_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadie1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Anne_Sadie" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Anne Sadie">Sadie, Julie Anne</a>, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip6voIceW0AC&pg=PA205"><i>Companion to Baroque Music</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21414-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21414-9"><bdi>978-0-520-21414-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514185450/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip6voIceW0AC&pg=PA205">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+to+Baroque+Music&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21414-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIp6voIceW0AC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000147,_156-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000147,_156_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, pp. 147, 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff30-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff30_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff30_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1991">Wolff 1991</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">Gardiner, John Eliot</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Rec-BIG/Gardiner-P18c%5Bsdg174_gb%5D.pdf">"Cantatas for Christmas Day: Herderkirche, Weimar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043302/http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Rec-BIG/Gardiner-P18c%5Bsdg174_gb%5D.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cantatas+for+Christmas+Day%3A+Herderkirche%2C+Weimar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=John+Eliot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach-cantatas.com%2FPic-Rec-BIG%2FGardiner-P18c%255Bsdg174_gb%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Wolff, Christoph</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Rec-BIG/Koopman-C03-1c%5BErato-3CD%5D.pdf">"From konzertmeister to thomaskantor: Bach's cantata production 1713–1723"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043330/http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Rec-BIG/Koopman-C03-1c%5BErato-3CD%5D.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+konzertmeister+to+thomaskantor%3A+Bach%27s+cantata+production+1713%E2%80%931723&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach-cantatas.com%2FPic-Rec-BIG%2FKoopman-C03-1c%255BErato-3CD%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff199880-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff199880_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidMendelWolff1998">David, Mendel & Wolff 1998</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196257-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles196257_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1962">Miles 1962</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd200074-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd200074_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd2000">Boyd 2000</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Til200769,_372-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Til200769,_372_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Til2007">Van Til 2007</a>, pp. 69, 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDent200423-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDent200423_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDent2004">Dent 2004</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpaeth193737-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpaeth193737_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpaeth1937">Spaeth 1937</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b11-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b11_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899b">Spitta 1899b</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer196650-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer196650_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiringer1966">Geiringer 1966</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff198398,_111-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff198398,_111_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1983">Wolff 1983</a>, pp. 98, 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage192mode2up_192–193]-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage192mode2up_192–193]_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899b">Spitta 1899b</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastianb02spituoft#page/192/mode/2up">192–193</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff253-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff253_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff253_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2013">Wolff 2013</a>, p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2013345-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2013345_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2013">Wolff 2013</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage265mode1up_265]-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage265mode1up_265]_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899b">Spitta 1899b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastianb02spituoft#page/265/mode/1up">265</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage184mode1up_184]-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage184mode1up_184]_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899b">Spitta 1899b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastianb02spituoft#page/184/mode/1up">184</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BL-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BL_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/musicmanu/bach/">"Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>: Online Gallery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085658/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/musicmanu/bach/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach+%281685%E2%80%931750%29&rft.pub=British+Library%3A+Online+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Fonlineex%2Fmusicmanu%2Fbach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2013348-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2013348_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2013">Wolff 2013</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2013349-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2013349_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2013">Wolff 2013</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDürrJones2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm9JuwslMcq4CpgPA384_384]-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDürrJones2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm9JuwslMcq4CpgPA384_384]_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDürrJones2006">Dürr & Jones 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m9JuwslMcq4C&pg=PA384">384</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff5-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff5_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff5_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1997">Wolff 1997</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Vocal/BWV225-231.htm">"Motets BWV 225–231"</a>. <i>Bach Cantatas Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224194441/http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Vocal/BWV225-231.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+Cantatas+Website&rft.atitle=Motets+BWV+225%E2%80%93231&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach-cantatas.com%2FVocal%2FBWV225-231.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Other/Work-Perform.htm">"Works of Other Composers performed by J.S. Bach"</a>. <i>Bach Cantatas Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717213208/http://bach-cantatas.com/Other/Work-Perform.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+Cantatas+Website&rft.atitle=Works+of+Other+Composers+performed+by+J.S.+Bach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach-cantatas.com%2FOther%2FWork-Perform.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd2000112–113-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd2000112–113_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd2000">Boyd 2000</a>, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b288–290-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b288–290_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899b">Spitta 1899b</a>, pp. 288–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b281,_287-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b281,_287_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899b">Spitta 1899b</a>, pp. 281, 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000341-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000341_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stauffer-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stauffer_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStauffer2008">Stauffer 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baroquemusic-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baroquemusic_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baroquemusic_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baroquemusic.org/bminormass.html">"Bach Mass in B Minor BWV 232"</a>. <i>The Baroque Music Site</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307222443/http://www.baroquemusic.org/bminormass.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baroque+Music+Site&rft.atitle=Bach+Mass+in+B+Minor+BWV+232&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baroquemusic.org%2Fbminormass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00024100"><span class="nowrap">US-PRu M 3.1. B2 C5. 1739q</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162156/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00024100">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00003694"><span class="nowrap">GB-Lbl Add. MS. 35021</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204325/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00003694">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000660"><span class="nowrap">D-B Mus. ms. 16714</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911161956/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000660">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap">D-Cv A.V,1109,(1),</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002705">1a</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118074821/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002705">Archived</a> 18 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002706">1b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118074830/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002706">Archived</a> 18 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00001067"><span class="nowrap">D-B Mus. ms. Bach P 195</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118074815/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00001067">Archived</a> 18 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00018332"><span class="nowrap">D-B Mus. ms. 1160</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072916/http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00018332">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00022815"><span class="nowrap">D-WFe 191</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204322/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00022815">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RISM_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RISM (identifier)">RISM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/sources/250000899">250000899</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap">D-Bsa SA 301,</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002281">Fascicle 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118074832/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002281">Archived</a> 18 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00018891">Fascicle 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118074828/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00018891">Archived</a> 18 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LISA-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LISA_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de/neuaufgefundenes_bach_autograph_in_weissenfels?nav_id=4421">Neuaufgefundenes Bach-Autograph in Weißenfels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911161832/https://lisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de/neuaufgefundenes_bach_autograph_in_weissenfels?nav_id=4421">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de">lisa<wbr />.gerda-henkel-stiftung<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00003647"><span class="nowrap">F-Pn Ms. 17669</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162246/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00003647">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000763"><span class="nowrap">D-B N. Mus. ms. 468</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162223/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000763">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00004039"><span class="nowrap">Privatbesitz C. Thiele, BWV deest (NBA Serie II:5)</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204514/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00004039">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000756"><span class="nowrap">D-B N. Mus. ms. 307</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208134212/http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000756">Archived</a> 8 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00001203"><span class="nowrap">D-B Mus. ms. Bach P 271,</span> Fascicle 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162108/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00001203">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000690"><span class="nowrap">D-B Mus. ms. 30199,</span> Fascicle 14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162140/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000690">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000661"><span class="nowrap">D-B Mus. ms. 17155/16</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162134/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000661">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00019289"><span class="nowrap">D-B Mus. ms. 7918</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204444/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00019289">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Musikalische Bibliothek</i></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10599088?page=411">III.2 [1746], 353</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116112815/http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10599088_00411.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Felbick 2012, 284. In 1746, Mizler announced the membership of three famous members, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Musikalische Bibliothek</i></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10599088?page=415">III.2 [1746], 357</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116112902/http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10599088_00415.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Musikalische Bibliothek</i>, IV.1 [1754], 108 and Tab. IV, fig. 16 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MusikalischeBibliothek4.band1754/MizlerMusikalischeBibliothekBd41754#page/n109/mode/2up">(<i>Source online</i>)</a>; letter of Mizler to Spieß, 29 June 1748, in: Hans Rudolf Jung and Hans-Eberhard Dentler: <i>Briefe von Lorenz Mizler und Zeitgenossen an Meinrad Spieß</i>, in: <i>Studi musicali</i> 2003, Nr. 32, 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998224-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998224_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidMendelWolff1998">David, Mendel & Wolff 1998</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00004346">US-PRscheide BWV 645–650</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204617/https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00004346">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (original print of the <i>Schübler Chorales</i> with Bach's handwritten corrections and additions from before August 1748 – description at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breig, Werner (2010). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breitkopf.com/assets/pdf/15009_EB8806_PDF_EB8806_Einl.pdf">Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180222093423/https://www.breitkopf.com/assets/pdf/15009_EB8806_PDF_EB8806_Einl.pdf">Archived</a> 22 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (pp. 14, 17–18) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breitkopf.com/work/8795/15009">Vol. 6: <i>Clavierübung III, Schübler-Chorales, Canonische Veränderungen</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162246/https://www.breitkopf.com/work/8795/15009">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breitkopf.com/work/8795">Johann Sebastian Bach: Complete Organ Works.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905110155/https://www.breitkopf.com/work/8795">Archived</a> 5 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nekrolog-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nekrolog_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nekrolog_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nekrolog_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachAgricola1754" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Agricola" title="Johann Friedrich Agricola">Agricola, Johann Friedrich</a> (1754). <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_Nekrolog" title="Bach's Nekrolog">"Nekrolog"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musikalische_Bibliothek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musikalische Bibliothek (page does not exist)">Musikalische Bibliothek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikalische_Bibliothek" class="extiw" title="de:Musikalische Bibliothek">de</a>]</span></i> (in German). <b>IV.1</b>. Leipzig: Mizlerischer Bücherverlag: <span class="nowrap">158–</span>173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musikalische+Bibliothek%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bde%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Nekrolog&rft.volume=IV.1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.date=1754&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.aufirst=Carl+Philipp+Emanuel&rft.au=Agricola%2C+Johann+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span> Printed in translation in <a href="#CITEREFDavidMendelWolff1998">David, Mendel & Wolff 1998</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Gunter Hoke: "Neue Studien zur <i>Kunst der Fuge</i> BWV 1080", in: <i>Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft</i> 17 (1975), 95–115; Hans-Eberhard Dentler: "Johann Sebastian Bachs <i>Kunst der Fuge</i> – Ein pythagoreisches Werk und seine Verwirklichung", Mainz 2004; Hans-Eberhard Dentler: "Johann Sebastian Bachs <i>Musicalisches Opfer</i> – Musik als Abbild der Sphärenharmonie", Mainz 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiapusso1968277-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiapusso1968277_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiapusso1968">Chiapusso 1968</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathey2003" class="citation conference cs1">Rathey, Markus (18 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ism.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach.pdf"><i>Johann Sebastian Bach's Mass in B Minor: The Greatest Artwork of All Times and All People</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tangeman Lecture. New Haven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715154931/http://ism.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%27s+Mass+in+B+Minor%3A+The+Greatest+Artwork+of+All+Times+and+All+People&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.date=2003-04-18&rft.aulast=Rathey&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fism.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FJohann%2520Sebastian%2520Bach.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, p. 442, from <a href="#CITEREFDavidMendelWolff1998">David, Mendel & Wolff 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZegers2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zegers, Richard H.C. (2005). "The Eyes of Johann Sebastian Bach". <i>Archives of Ophthalmology</i>. <b>123</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1427–</span>1430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchopht.123.10.1427">10.1001/archopht.123.10.1427</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-9950">0003-9950</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16219736">16219736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=The+Eyes+of+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1427-%3C%2Fspan%3E1430&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0003-9950&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16219736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchopht.123.10.1427&rft.aulast=Zegers&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanford" class="citation web cs1">Hanford, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226083800/http://www.jsbach.org/timeline.html">"J.S. Bach: Timeline of His Life"</a>. <i>J.S. Bach Home Page</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsbach.org/timeline.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J.S.+Bach+Home+Page&rft.atitle=J.S.+Bach%3A+Timeline+of+His+Life&rft.aulast=Hanford&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsbach.org%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998188-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998188_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidMendelWolff1998">David, Mendel & Wolff 1998</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899c[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb03spituoftpage274mode1up_274]-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899c[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb03spituoftpage274mode1up_274]_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899c">Spitta 1899c</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastianb03spituoft#page/274/mode/1up">274</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998191–197-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidMendelWolff1998191–197_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidMendelWolff1998">David, Mendel & Wolff 1998</a>, pp. 191–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pipedreams.publicradio.org/articles/artoffugue/unfinished.shtml">"Did Bach really leave <i>Art of Fugue</i> unfinished?"</a>. <i>The Art of Fugue</i>. American Public Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208064050/http://pipedreams.publicradio.org/articles/artoffugue/unfinished.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+of+Fugue&rft.atitle=Did+Bach+really+leave+Art+of+Fugue+unfinished%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpipedreams.publicradio.org%2Farticles%2Fartoffugue%2Funfinished.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000166-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000166_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802172724/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/musicmanu/bach/">"Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/musicmanu/bach/">the original</a> on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach+%281685%E2%80%931750%29&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Fonlineex%2Fmusicmanu%2Fbach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerl2004123-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerl2004123_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerl2004">Herl 2004</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller_Maitland1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Fuller_Maitland" title="John Alexander Fuller Maitland">Fuller Maitland, J. A.</a>, ed. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grovesdictionar02boydgoog">"Johann Sebastian Bach"</a>. <i>Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>. Vol. 1. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.btitle=Grove%27s+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrovesdictionar02boydgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaver2007280,_289–291-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaver2007280,_289–291_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeaver2007">Leaver 2007</a>, pp. 280, 289–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizenga" class="citation news cs1">Huizenga, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88203558">"A Visitor's Guide to the St. Matthew Passion"</a>. <i>NPR Music</i>. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227102340/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88203558">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR+Music&rft.atitle=A+Visitor%27s+Guide+to+the+St.+Matthew+Passion&rft.aulast=Huizenga&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D88203558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraupman-Carr" class="citation web cs1">Traupman-Carr, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702125746/http://bach.org/bach101/instrumental/clavier.html">"The Well Tempered Clavier BWV 846–869"</a>. <i>Bach 101</i>. Bach Choir of Bethlehem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bach.org/bach101/instrumental/clavier.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+101&rft.atitle=The+Well+Tempered+Clavier+BWV+846%E2%80%93869&rft.aulast=Traupman-Carr&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbach.org%2Fbach101%2Finstrumental%2Fclavier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899c[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb03spituoftpage315mode1up_vol._3,_appendix_XII,_p._315]-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899c[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb03spituoftpage315mode1up_vol._3,_appendix_XII,_p._315]_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899c">Spitta 1899c</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastianb03spituoft#page/315/mode/1up">vol. 3, appendix XII, p. 315</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clemens Romijn. Liner notes for <i><a href="/wiki/Tilge,_H%C3%B6chster,_meine_S%C3%BCnden,_BWV_1083" title="Tilge, Höchster, meine Sünden, BWV 1083">Tilge, Höchster, meine Sünden, BWV 1083</a> (after Pergolesi's Stabat Mater)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Classics" title="Brilliant Classics">Brilliant Classics</a>, 2000. (2014 reissue: <i>J.S. Bach Complete Edition</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brilliantclassics.com/media/1119359/94940-JS-Bach-Complete-Edition-Liner-Notes-Sung-Text-download.pdf">"Liner notes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122020149/http://www.brilliantclassics.com/media/1119359/94940-JS-Bach-Complete-Edition-Liner-Notes-Sung-Text-download.pdf">Archived</a> 22 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 54)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jopi Harri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecmr.fi/Scanned_Books_etc/AnnalesB340Harri.pdf"><i>St. Petersburg Court Chant and the Tradition of Eastern Slavic Church Singing</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220202804/http://ecmr.fi/Scanned_Books_etc/AnnalesB340Harri.pdf">Archived</a> 20 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Finland: University of Turku (2011), p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._IV-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._IV_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEidam2001">Eidam 2001</a>, Ch. IV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._IX-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._IX_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEidam2001">Eidam 2001</a>, Ch. IX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall_1989_3–17-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_1989_3–17_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_1989_3–17_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Marshall, Robert L. (1989). Franklin, Don O. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lT09AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3"><i>On the Origin of Bach's </i>Magnificat<i>: a Lutheran composer's challenge</i></a>. Vol. Bach Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34105-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34105-9"><bdi>978-0-521-34105-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429141836/https://books.google.com/books?id=lT09AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Bach%27s+Magnificat%3A+a+Lutheran+composer%27s+challenge&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34105-9&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlT09AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._III-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._III_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEidam2001">Eidam 2001</a>, Ch. III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00004312">Klavierbüchlein für W. F. Bach</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118093144/http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00004312">Archived</a> 18 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de">www<wbr />.bachdigital<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonington198291-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonington198291_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonington1982">Donington 1982</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bachvereniging.nl/en/bwv/bwv-974">"Concerto in d minor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Bach_Society" title="Netherlands Bach Society">Netherlands Bach Society</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Netherlands+Bach+Society&rft.atitle=Concerto+in+d+minor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bachvereniging.nl%2Fen%2Fbwv%2Fbwv-974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhnau1700" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Kuhnau" title="Johann Kuhnau">Kuhnau, Johann</a> (1700), <i>Der musicalische Quack-Salber</i>, Dresden</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+musicalische+Quack-Salber&rft.place=Dresden&rft.date=1700&rft.aulast=Kuhnau&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._XVIII-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._XVIII_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEidam2001">Eidam 2001</a>, Ch. XVIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isoir1993-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isoir1993_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Isoir" title="André Isoir">André Isoir</a> (organ) and Le Parlement de Musique conducted by Martin Gester. <i>Johann Sebastian Bach: L'oeuvre pour orgue et orchestre</i>. <a href="/wiki/Calliope_(record_label)" title="Calliope (record label)">Calliope</a> 1993. Liner notes by <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Cantagrel" title="Gilles Cantagrel">Gilles Cantagrel</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>. <a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/6_Organ_Concertos,_Op.4_(Handel,_George_Frideric)" class="extiw" title="scores:6 Organ Concertos, Op.4 (Handel, George Frideric)">6 Organ Concertos, Op. 4</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMSLP" class="mw-redirect" title="IMSLP">IMSLP</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wollny" title="Peter Wollny">Peter Wollny</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eclassical.com/shop/17115/art33/4951433-c30ca2-3149020218129_01.pdf">"Harpsichord Concertos,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030721/http://www.eclassical.com/shop/17115/art33/4951433-c30ca2-3149020218129_01.pdf">Archived</a> 22 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> booklet notes for <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Staier" title="Andreas Staier">Andreas Staier</a>'s 2015 recording of the concertos, Harmonia mundi HMC 902181.82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg20061–2-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg20061–2_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchulenberg2006">Schulenberg 2006</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lester-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLester1999">Lester 1999</a>, pp. 3–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pipedreams.publicradio.org/articles/artoffugue/performed.shtml">"Did Bach intend <i>Art of Fugue</i> to be performed?"</a>. <i>The Art of Fugue</i>. American Public Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203045552/http://pipedreams.publicradio.org/articles/artoffugue/performed.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+of+Fugue&rft.atitle=Did+Bach+intend+Art+of+Fugue+to+be+performed%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpipedreams.publicradio.org%2Farticles%2Fartoffugue%2Fperformed.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._XXX-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEidam2001Ch._XXX_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEidam2001">Eidam 2001</a>, Ch. XXX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb00forkuoftpage73mode1up_73–74]-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb00forkuoftpage73mode1up_73–74]_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForkel1920">Forkel 1920</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastianb00forkuoft#page/73/mode/1up">73–74</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bach Digital Work <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001677?lang=en">01677</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de">www<wbr />.bachdigital<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams1980p217-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams1980p217_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1980">Williams 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfE6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA217">217</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasso1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Basso" title="Alberto Basso">Basso, Alberto</a> (1979). <i>Frau Musika: La vita e le opere di J. S. Bach</i> (in Italian). Vol. 1. Turin: EDT. p. 493. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7063-011-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7063-011-4"><bdi>978-88-7063-011-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frau+Musika%3A+La+vita+e+le+opere+di+J.+S.+Bach&rft.place=Turin&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=EDT&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-88-7063-011-4&rft.aulast=Basso&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don O. Franklin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00010567.pdf">"The Libretto of Bach's John Passion and the Doctrine of Reconciliation: An Historical Perspective", pp. 179–203</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131040840/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00010567.pdf">Archived</a> 31 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>Proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></i> Vol. 143 edited by A. A. Clement, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach-digital.de/content/help.xml?lang=en#works">"Bach Works Catalogue"</a>. <i>Bach Digital</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930081612/http://www.bach-digital.de/content/help.xml?lang=en#works">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+Digital&rft.atitle=Bach+Works+Catalogue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach-digital.de%2Fcontent%2Fhelp.xml%3Flang%3Den%23works&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Schmieder" title="Wolfgang Schmieder">Wolfgang Schmieder</a> (editor). <i>Thematisch-systematisches Verzeichnis der musikalischen Werke von Johann Sebastian Bach</i>. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1950. It was unaltered through its eighth printing in 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmiederAlfredKobayashi1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Schmieder" title="Wolfgang Schmieder">Schmieder, Wolfgang</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr" title="Alfred Dürr">Alfred, Dürr</a>; Kobayashi, Yoshitake, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031211814/https://www.breitkopf.com/work/78/636"><i>Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis: Kleine Ausgabe (BWV<sup>2a</sup>)</i></a> (in German). Wiesbaden: <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7651-0249-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7651-0249-3"><bdi>978-3-7651-0249-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breitkopf.com/work/78/636">the original</a> on 31 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis%3A+Kleine+Ausgabe+%28BWV%3Csup%3E2a%3C%2Fsup%3E%29&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-7651-0249-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breitkopf.com%2Fwork%2F78%2F636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDW1307-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BDW1307_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> Work <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001307?lang=en">01307</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuznik2008-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuznik2008_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel H. Kuznik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thediapason.com/bwv-1128-recently-discovered-bach-organ-work">"BWV 1128: A recently discovered Bach organ work" pp. 22–23</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diapason_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Diapason (magazine)">The Diapason</a></i>, Vol. 99 No. 22. December 2008. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721145157/http://thediapason.com/BWV-1128-A-recently-discovered-Bach-organ-work--article9863">archived 21 July 2011</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaver2007430-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaver2007430_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeaver2007">Leaver 2007</a>, p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a114-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003a114_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003a">Williams 2003a</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraupman-Carr" class="citation web cs1">Traupman-Carr, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach.org/bwv248.php">"The Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248"</a>. <i>Bach 101</i>. Bach Choir of Bethlehem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074223/http://www.bach.org/bwv248.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+101&rft.atitle=The+Christmas+Oratorio%2C+BWV+248&rft.aulast=Traupman-Carr&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach.org%2Fbwv248.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraupman-Carr" class="citation web cs1">Traupman-Carr, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702091306/http://www.bach.org/bach101/about_bach/master_cantata.html">"Bach, Master of the Cantata"</a>. <i>Bach 101</i>. Bach Choir of Bethlehem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach.org/bach101/about_bach/master_cantata.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+101&rft.atitle=Bach%2C+Master+of+the+Cantata&rft.aulast=Traupman-Carr&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach.org%2Fbach101%2Fabout_bach%2Fmaster_cantata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDWlist-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BDWlist_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bach's secular cantatas in BWV order, each followed by a link to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach#BD" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach Digital Work</a> (BDW) page of the cantata at the Bach-Digital website: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ol><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_30a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 30a">BWV 30a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000039?lang=en">00039</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_36a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 36a">BWV 36a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000049?lang=en">00049</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_36b" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 36b">BWV 36b</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000050?lang=en">00050</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_36c" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 36c">BWV 36c</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000051?lang=en">00051</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_66a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 66a">BWV 66a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000083?lang=en">00083</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_134a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 134a">BWV 134a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000166?lang=en">00166</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_173a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 173a">BWV 173a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000211?lang=en">00211</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_184a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 184a">BWV 184a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000223?lang=en">00223</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_193a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 193a">BWV 193a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000235?lang=en">00235</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BWV_194a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BWV 194a (page does not exist)">BWV 194a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000239?lang=en">00239</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_198" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 198">BWV 198</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000246?lang=en">00246</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_201" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 201">BWV 201</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000251?lang=en">00251</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_202" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 202">BWV 202</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000252?lang=en">00252</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_203" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 203">BWV 203</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000253?lang=en">00253</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_204" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 204">BWV 204</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000254?lang=en">00254</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_205" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 205">BWV 205</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000255?lang=en">00255</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_205a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 205a">BWV 205a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000256?lang=en">00256</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_206" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 206">BWV 206</a>, first version (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000257?lang=en">00257</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_206" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 206">BWV 206</a>, second version (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000258?lang=en">00258</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_207" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 207">BWV 207</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000259?lang=en">00259</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_207a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 207a">BWV 207a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000260?lang=en">00260</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_208" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 208">BWV 208</a>, first version (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000261?lang=en">00261</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_208" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 208">BWV 208</a>, second version (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000262?lang=en">00262</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_208a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 208a">BWV 208a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000263?lang=en">00263</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_209" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 209">BWV 209</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000264?lang=en">00264</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_210" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 210">BWV 210</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000265?lang=en">00265</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_210a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 210a">BWV 210a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000266?lang=en">00266</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_211" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 211">BWV 211</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000267?lang=en">00267</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_212" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 212">BWV 212</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000268?lang=en">00268</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_213" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 213">BWV 213</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000269?lang=en">00269</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_214" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 214">BWV 214</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000270?lang=en">00270</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_215" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 215">BWV 215</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000271?lang=en">00271</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_216" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 216">BWV 216</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000272?lang=en">00272</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_216a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 216a">BWV 216a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000273?lang=en">00273</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_249a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 249a">BWV 249a</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000318?lang=en">00318</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_249b" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 249b">BWV 249b</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000319?lang=en">00319</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._6" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 6">BWV Anh. 6</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001314?lang=en">01314</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._7" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 7">BWV Anh. 7</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001315?lang=en">01315</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._8" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 8">BWV Anh. 8</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001316?lang=en">01316</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._9" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 9">BWV Anh. 9</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001317?lang=en">01317</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._10" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 10">BWV Anh. 10</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001318?lang=en">01318</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._11" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 11">BWV Anh. 11</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001319?lang=en">01319</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._12" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 12">BWV Anh. 12</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001320?lang=en">01320</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._13" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 13">BWV Anh. 13</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001321?lang=en">01321</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._18" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 18">BWV Anh. 18</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001326?lang=en">01326</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._19" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 19">BWV Anh. 19</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001327?lang=en">01327</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._20" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 20">BWV Anh. 20</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001328?lang=en">01328</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._195" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 195">BWV Anh. 195</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001506?lang=en">01506</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh._196" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV Anh. 196">BWV Anh. 196</a> (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001507?lang=en">01507</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">BWV deest (BDW <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001536?lang=en">01536</a>)</span></li></ol> </div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=109332&album_group=14">Helmut Rilling's box set of the complete secular cantatas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819222030/http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=109332&album_group=14">Archived</a> 19 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> contains 22 works</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/rangercollege-musicappreciation/chapter/j-s-bach-his-works/">"J. S. Bach: His Works | Music Appreciation"</a>. <i>courses.lumenlearning.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=J.+S.+Bach%3A+His+Works+%7C+Music+Appreciation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Frangercollege-musicappreciation%2Fchapter%2Fj-s-bach-his-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000100–101-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000100–101_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Especially in its opening chorus, it is one of Bach's contrapuntal masterpieces": Robin A. Leaver in <a href="#CITEREFBoyd1999">Boyd 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"one of Bach's best-known church works" wrote David Schulenberg in <a href="#CITEREFBoyd1999">Boyd 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bach Digital Work <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000246?lang=en">00246</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de">www<wbr />.bachdigital<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bach Digital Work <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000261?lang=en">00261</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000262?lang=en">00262</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de">www<wbr />.bachdigital<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bach Digital Work <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000268?lang=en">00268</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de">www<wbr />.bachdigital<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bach Digital Work <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000253?lang=en">00253</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de">www<wbr />.bachdigital<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bach Digital Work <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001319?lang=en">01319</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001320?lang=en">01320</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de">www<wbr />.bachdigital<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bach Digital Work <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000251?lang=en">00251</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de">www<wbr />.bachdigital<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraupman-Carr" class="citation web cs1">Traupman-Carr, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach.org/bwv211.php">"Cantata BWV 211, Coffee Cantata"</a>. <i>Bach 101</i>. Bach Choir of Bethlehem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427095632/http://www.bach.org/bwv211.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+101&rft.atitle=Cantata+BWV+211%2C+Coffee+Cantata&rft.aulast=Traupman-Carr&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach.org%2Fbwv211.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000363-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000363_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraupman-Carr" class="citation web cs1">Traupman-Carr, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach.org/choral.php">"Choral Works"</a>. <i>Bach 101</i>. Bach Choir of Bethlehem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330021530/http://www.bach.org/choral.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+101&rft.atitle=Choral+Works&rft.aulast=Traupman-Carr&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach.org%2Fchoral.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelamed1995" class="citation book cs1">Melamed, Daniel R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JDlBMqI628UC&pg=PA90"><i>J. S. Bach and the German Motet</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41864-5"><bdi>978-0-521-41864-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515122654/https://books.google.com/books?id=JDlBMqI628UC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+S.+Bach+and+the+German+Motet&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41864-5&rft.aulast=Melamed&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJDlBMqI628UC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach.org/mass.php">"The Mass in B Minor, BWV 232"</a>. <i>Bach 101</i>. Bach Choir of Bethlehem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330161348/http://www.bach.org/mass.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+101&rft.atitle=The+Mass+in+B+Minor%2C+BWV+232&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach.org%2Fmass.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerz1985187-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerz1985187_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerz1985">Herz 1985</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619044736/http://classicalplus.gmn.com/composers/composer.asp?id=2">"Bach, Johann Sebastian"</a>. <i>GMN ClassicalPlus</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classicalplus.gmn.com/composers/composer.asp?id=2">the original</a> on 19 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMN+ClassicalPlus&rft.atitle=Bach%2C+Johann+Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassicalplus.gmn.com%2Fcomposers%2Fcomposer.asp%3Fid%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Timothy A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/arnstadt.html">"Arnstadt (1703–1707)"</a>. <i>The Canons and Fugues of J. S. Bach</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140205032125/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/arnstadt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canons+and+Fugues+of+J.+S.+Bach&rft.atitle=Arnstadt+%281703%E2%80%931707%29&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Timothy+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjan.ucc.nau.edu%2F~tas3%2Farnstadt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweitzer1923333-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweitzer1923333_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweitzer1923">Schweitzer 1923</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroesbergenCruickshank2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Kroesbergen" title="Willem Kroesbergen">Kroesbergen, Willem</a>; Cruickshank, Andrew (October 2015) [November 2013]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5210832">"18th Century Quotations Relating to J. S. Bach's Temperament"</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=18th+Century+Quotations+Relating+to+J.+S.+Bach%27s+Temperament&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academia.edu&rft.date=2015-10&rft.aulast=Kroesbergen&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft.au=Cruickshank%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5210832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomita" class="citation web cs1">Tomita, Yo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.qub.ac.uk/tomita/essay/inventions.html">"J. S. Bach: Inventions and Sinfonias"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120123509/http://www.music.qub.ac.uk/tomita/essay/inventions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J.+S.+Bach%3A+Inventions+and+Sinfonias&rft.aulast=Tomita&rft.aufirst=Yo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.music.qub.ac.uk%2Ftomita%2Fessay%2Finventions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcComb" class="citation web cs1">McComb, Todd M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/cds/maa777.htm">"Bach: English Suites"</a>. <i>Early Music FAQ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227104315/http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/cds/maa777.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Music+FAQ&rft.atitle=Bach%3A+English+Suites&rft.aulast=McComb&rft.aufirst=Todd+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medieval.org%2Femfaq%2Fcds%2Fmaa777.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraupman-Carr" class="citation web cs1">Traupman-Carr, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702114830/http://www.bach.org/bach101/instrumental/frenchsuites_intro.html">"French Suites 1–6"</a>. <i>Bach 101</i>. The Bach Choir of Bethlehem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach.org/bach101/instrumental/frenchsuites_intro.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+101&rft.atitle=French+Suites+1%E2%80%936&rft.aulast=Traupman-Carr&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach.org%2Fbach101%2Finstrumental%2Ffrenchsuites_intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcComb" class="citation web cs1">McComb, Todd M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/cds/lol40217.htm">"Bach: Partitas, BWV 825–30"</a>. <i>Early Music FAQ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222223615/http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/cds/lol40217.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Music+FAQ&rft.atitle=Bach%3A+Partitas%2C+BWV+825%E2%80%9330&rft.aulast=McComb&rft.aufirst=Todd+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medieval.org%2Femfaq%2Fcds%2Flol40217.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibbey" class="citation news cs1">Libbey, Ted. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/07/18/111427254/gold-standard-for-bachs-goldberg-variations">"Gold Standard for Bach's 'Goldberg Variations'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>NPR Music</i>. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219175113/http://www.npr.org/2011/07/18/111427254/gold-standard-for-bachs-goldberg-variations">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR+Music&rft.atitle=Gold+Standard+for+Bach%27s+%27Goldberg+Variations%27&rft.aulast=Libbey&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F07%2F18%2F111427254%2Fgold-standard-for-bachs-goldberg-variations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratman" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bratman" title="David Bratman">Bratman, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfcv.org/reviews/stanford-lively-arts/shaham-bold-brilliant-all-bach">"Shaham: Bold, Brilliant, All-Bach"</a>. <i>San Francisco Classical Voice</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211090632/http://www.sfcv.org/reviews/stanford-lively-arts/shaham-bold-brilliant-all-bach">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Classical+Voice&rft.atitle=Shaham%3A+Bold%2C+Brilliant%2C+All-Bach&rft.aulast=Bratman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfcv.org%2Freviews%2Fstanford-lively-arts%2Fshaham-bold-brilliant-all-bach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1991111-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1991111_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1991">Wolff 1991</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarm2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schwarm, Betsy (19 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Art-of-Fugue">"The Art of Fugue | History, Description & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Fugue+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Description+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-04-19&rft.aulast=Schwarm&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Art-of-Fugue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227172446/http://www.baroque.org/baroque/whatis.shtml">"Baroque Music"</a>. <i>Music of the Baroque</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baroque.org/baroque/whatis.shtml">the original</a> on 27 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+of+the+Baroque&rft.atitle=Baroque+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baroque.org%2Fbaroque%2Fwhatis.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraupman-Carr" class="citation web cs1">Traupman-Carr, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719021226/http://www.bach.org/bach101/bach101_home.html">"A compendium of works performed by the Bach Choir"</a>. <i>Bach 101</i>. Bach Choir of Bethlehem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach.org/bach101/bach101_home.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bach+101&rft.atitle=A+compendium+of+works+performed+by+the+Bach+Choir&rft.aulast=Traupman-Carr&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach.org%2Fbach101%2Fbach101_home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen49mode2up_10–11]-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen49mode2up_10–11]_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForkel1920">Forkel 1920</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastian01terrgoog#page/n49/mode/2up">10–11</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen187mode2up_140–141]-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen187mode2up_140–141]_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForkel1920">Forkel 1920</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastian01terrgoog#page/n187/mode/2up">140–141</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Zehnder" title="Jean-Claude Zehnder">Zehnder, Jean-Claude</a> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breitkopf.com/work/8795/15014"><i>Toccatas and Fugues / Individual Works</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123133749/https://www.breitkopf.com/work/8795/15014">Archived</a> 23 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Leipzig, <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a>. Introduction p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeck2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA141_141]-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeck2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN1zSVDYTCXgCpgPA141_141]_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeck2003">Geck 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1zSVDYTCXgC&pg=PA141">141</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Sebastian Bach. Letter to Augustus III of Poland. 27 July 1733; Quoted in Hans T. David and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mendel" title="Arthur Mendel">Arthur Mendel</a>, <i>The Bach Reader: A Life of Johann Sebastian Bach in Letters and Documents</i>. W. W. Norton, 1945, p. 128; Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFDavidMendelWolff1998">David, Mendel & Wolff 1998</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolf_Scheibe" title="Johann Adolf Scheibe">Johann Adolf Scheibe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_KVpDAAAAcAAJ#page/n86/mode/1up">pp. 46–47</a> in <i>Critischer Musicus</i> VI, 14 May 1737. Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFEidam2001">Eidam 2001</a>, Ch. XXII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Mattheson" title="Johann Mattheson">Johann Mattheson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_4CVDAAAAcAAJ#page/n259/mode/1up"><i>Das Beschützte Orchestre, oder desselben Zweyte Eröffnung</i>, footnote p. 222</a> Hamburg: Schiller, 1717.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Christoph_Mizler" title="Lorenz Christoph Mizler">Lorenz Christoph Mizler</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MusikalischeBibliothek1.band1736-38/MizlerMusikalischeBibliothekBd11736-39#page/n314/mode/1up"><i>Musikalische Bibliothek</i>. Volume I, Part 4, pp. 61–73.</a> Leipzig, April 1738. Includes a reprint of Johann Abraham Birnbaum's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koelnklavier.de/quellen/scheibe-birnb/_index.html"><i>Unpartheyische Anmerckungen über eine bedenckliche stelle in dem Sechsten stück des Critischen Musicus.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213832/http://www.koelnklavier.de/quellen/scheibe-birnb/_index.html">Archived</a> 1 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> published early January of the same year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bach was regarded as "passé even in his own lifetime". (<a href="#CITEREFMorris2005">Morris 2005</a>, p. 2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000456–461-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2000456–461_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2000">Wolff 2000</a>, pp. 456–461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen130mode1up_85–86]-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen130mode1up_85–86]_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForkel1920">Forkel 1920</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastian01terrgoog#page/n130/mode/1up">85–86</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach-digital.de/servlets/MCRSearchServlet?mode=results&id=exhhx1msnjhcif500so9&numPerPage=25&mask=search_form_sources.xed&query=(objectType%20=%20%22source%22)%20AND%20(source43%20=%20%220001%22)%20AND%20(source14%20contains%20%22C.%22)%20AND%20(source14%20contains%20%22P.%22)%20AND%20(source14%20contains%20%22E.%22)%20AND%20(source14%20contains%20%22Bach%22)&maxResults=0">Listing of manuscripts of Bach compositions once in the possession of C. P. E. Bach</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach-digital.de">www<wbr />.bach-digital<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Wollny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixadkfy40bwC&pg=PA202">"Chapter twelve: Wilhelm Friedemann Bach's Halle performances of cantatas by his father", pp. 202–228</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixadkfy40bwC"><i>Bach Studies 2</i></a> edited by Daniel R. Melamed. Cambridge University Press 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02891-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02891-2">978-0-521-02891-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen186mode1up_139]-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen186mode1up_139]_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForkel1920">Forkel 1920</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastian01terrgoog#page/n186/mode/1up">139</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2013459-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2013459_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2013">Wolff 2013</a>, p. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff2005-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff2005_192-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff2005_192-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff2005_192-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff2005_192-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Christoph Wolff</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amacad.org/publications/bulletin/spring2005/wolff.pdf">"A Bach Cult in Late-Eighteenth-Century Berlin: Sara Levy's Musical Salon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032959/http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/spring2005/wolff.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Bulletin of the American Academy</a></i>. Spring 2005. pp. 26–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple14-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple14_193-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple14_193-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApplegate2005">Applegate 2005</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage518mode2up_518–519],_[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage611mode1up_611]-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta1899b[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage518mode2up_518–519],_[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastianb02spituoftpage611mode1up_611]_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899b">Spitta 1899b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastianb02spituoft#page/518/mode/2up">518–519</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastianb02spituoft#page/611/mode/1up">611</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000066">A-Wgm A 169 b (III 31685)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153544/http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000066">Archived</a> 8 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de">www<wbr />.bachdigital<wbr />.de</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Preludes_and_Fugues,_K.404a_(Mozart,_Wolfgang_Amadeus)" class="extiw" title="scores:Preludes and Fugues, K.404a (Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus)">Preludes and Fugues, K.404a</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöchel1862" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ritter_von_K%C3%B6chel" title="Ludwig Ritter von Köchel">Köchel, Ludwig Ritter von</a> (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kV4VAAAAYAAJ"><i>Chronologisch-thematisches Verzeichniss sämmtlicher Tonwerke Wolfgang Amade Mozart's</i></a> (in German). Leipzig: <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3309798">3309798</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429105456/https://books.google.com/books?id=kV4VAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologisch-thematisches+Verzeichniss+s%C3%A4mmtlicher+Tonwerke+Wolfgang+Amade+Mozart%27s&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1862&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3309798&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6chel&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+Ritter+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkV4VAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/chronologischth01kcgoog#page/n355/mode/2up">No. 405, pp. 328–329</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schillerinstitut.dk/bach.html">"Bach, Mozart and the 'Musical Midwife'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104145350/http://www.schillerinstitut.dk/bach.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bach%2C+Mozart+and+the+%27Musical+Midwife%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schillerinstitut.dk%2Fbach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apbrown-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apbrown_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, A. Peter, <i>The Symphonic Repertoire</i> (Volume 2). Indiana University Press (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33487-9">978-0-253-33487-9</a>), pp. 423–432 (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKay-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_200-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_200-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_200-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_200-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McKay, Cory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~cmckay/papers/musicology/BachReception.pdf">"The Bach Reception in the 18th and 19th century"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202025624/http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~cmckay/papers/musicology/BachReception.pdf">Archived</a> 2 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.mcgill.ca">www<wbr />.music<wbr />.mcgill<wbr />.ca</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schenk1959p101-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk1959p101_201-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk1959p101_201-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchenkWinstonWinston1959">Schenk, Winston & Winston 1959</a>, p. 452</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Heartz" title="Daniel Heartz">Daniel Heartz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wp2CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA678"><i>Mozart, Haydn and Early Beethoven: 1781–1802</i>, p. 678.</a> W. W. Norton, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-28578-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-28578-9">978-0-393-28578-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerst1904101-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerst1904101_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerst1904">Kerst 1904</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Noel Green. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UK4g0hzm4wC&pg=PA273"><i>Chromatic Completion in the Late Vocal Music of Haydn and Mozart: A Technical, Philosophic, and Historical Study</i>, p. 273</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> New York University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-79451-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-79451-6">978-0-549-79451-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeck20069–10-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeck20069–10_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeck2006">Geck 2006</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen99mode1up_94]-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen99mode1up_94]_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider1907">Schneider 1907</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Bach-jahrbuch03.jg1906/BachJahrbuch1906#page/n99/mode/1up">94</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen101mode1up_96–97]-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen101mode1up_96–97]_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider1907">Schneider 1907</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Bach-jahrbuch03.jg1906/BachJahrbuch1906#page/n101/mode/1up">96–97</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen105mode1up_100]-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider1907[httpsarchiveorgstreamBach-jahrbuch03jg1906BachJahrbuch1906pagen105mode1up_100]_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider1907">Schneider 1907</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Bach-jahrbuch03.jg1906/BachJahrbuch1906#page/n105/mode/1up">100</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen22mode1up_xvii]-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForkel1920[httpsarchiveorgstreamjohannsebastian01terrgoogpagen22mode1up_xvii]_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForkel1920">Forkel 1920</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/johannsebastian01terrgoog#page/n22/mode/1up">xvii</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy">Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy</a>. Magnificat, MWV A2 edited by Pietro Zappalà. Carus, 1996. Foreword, p. VI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Johann Sebastian Bach's noch wenig bekannte Orgelcompositionen (auch am Pianoforte von einem oder zwei Spielern ausführbar)</i>, three volumes, edited by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Bernhard_Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph Bernhard Marx">Adolph Bernhard Marx</a>. Leipzig: <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a>, 1833</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupferberg1985126-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupferberg1985126_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupferberg1985">Kupferberg 1985</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spitta <a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899a">1899a</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899b">1899b</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSpitta1899c">1899c</a> (first publication in German, in two volumes: Leipzig, <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a> 1873 and 1880)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/11/23/142700464/robert-johnson-and-pablo-casals-game-changers-turn-75">"Robert Johnson and Pablo Casals' Game Changers Turn 70"</a>. <i>NPR Music</i>. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224050857/http://www.npr.org/2011/11/23/142700464/robert-johnson-and-pablo-casals-game-changers-turn-75">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR+Music&rft.atitle=Robert+Johnson+and+Pablo+Casals%27+Game+Changers+Turn+70&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F11%2F23%2F142700464%2Frobert-johnson-and-pablo-casals-game-changers-turn-75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcComb" class="citation web cs1">McComb, Todd M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/whatis.htm#hip">"What is Early Music?–Historically Informed Performance"</a>. <i>Early Music FAQ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106133856/http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/whatis.htm#hip">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Music+FAQ&rft.atitle=What+is+Early+Music%3F%E2%80%93Historically+Informed+Performance&rft.aulast=McComb&rft.aufirst=Todd+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medieval.org%2Femfaq%2Fmisc%2Fwhatis.htm%23hip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipton" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alyn_Shipton" title="Alyn Shipton">Shipton, Alyn</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/bach/bachatozj.shtml">"Bach and Jazz"</a>. <i>A Bach Christmas</i>. BBC Radio 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130924034912/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/bach/bachatozj.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Bach+Christmas&rft.atitle=Bach+and+Jazz&rft.aulast=Shipton&rft.aufirst=Alyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio3%2Fbach%2Fbachatozj.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KVNM2000-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KVNM2000_219-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KVNM2000_219-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rokus de Groot (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/939103">"And Nowhere Bach. Bach Reception in a Late Twentieth-Century Dutch Composition by Elmer Schönberger"</a> pp. 145–158 in <i><a href="/wiki/Tijdschrift_van_de_Koninklijke_Vereniging_voor_Nederlandse_Muziekgeschiedenis" title="Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis">Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis</a></i>, volume 50, no. 1/2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2001/Dec01/BrilliantBach.htm">"Bach Edition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110120315/http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2001/Dec01/BrilliantBach.htm">Archived</a> 10 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com">www<wbr />.musicweb-international<wbr />.com</a></span> 1 December 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Teldec" title="Teldec">Teldec</a>'s 1999 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Bach-2000-Johann-Sebastian/dp/B00001IV8B">Bach 2000 Box set, Limited Edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012031531/https://www.amazon.com/Bach-2000-Johann-Sebastian/dp/B00001IV8B">Archived</a> 12 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com">www<wbr />.amazon<wbr />.com</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haenssler-classic.de/en/series-and-editions/johann-sebastian-bach-edition/the-complete-works/the-complete-cd-edition.html">Bach-Edition: The Complete Works (172 CDs & CDR)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929224617/http://www.haenssler-classic.de/en/series-and-editions/johann-sebastian-bach-edition/the-complete-works/the-complete-cd-edition.html">Archived</a> 29 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4nssler_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hänssler Classic">Hänssler Classic</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/music.html">"Golden Record: Music from Earth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701054325/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/music.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Record%3A+Music+from+Earth&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fspacecraft%2Fmusic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/537">Bach</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023211415/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/537">Archived</a> 23 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1814+Bach">"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224022624/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1814+Bach">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPL+Small-Body+Database+Browser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsbdb.cgi%3Fsstr%3D1814%2BBach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="extiw" title="scores:List of works by Johann Sebastian Bach">List of works by Johann Sebastian Bach</a> and <a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Bach,_Johann_Sebastian" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Bach, Johann Sebastian">Category:Bach, Johann Sebastian</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMSLP" class="mw-redirect" title="IMSLP">IMSLP</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/content/project.xml?XSL.lastPage.SESSION=/content/project.xml">"Bach Digital"</a>. <i>bach-digital.de</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bach-digital.de&rft.atitle=Bach+Digital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach-digital.de%2Fcontent%2Fproject.xml%3FXSL.lastPage.SESSION%3D%2Fcontent%2Fproject.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/memoryoftheworld/registry/351">"Autograph of h-Moll-Messe (Mass in B minor) by Johann Sebastian Bach"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Autograph+of+h-Moll-Messe+%28Mass+in+B+minor%29+by+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fmemoryoftheworld%2Fregistry%2F351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Ross2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Alex Ross (25 December 2016). "Bach's Holy Dread". <i>The New Yorker</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Bach%27s+Holy+Dread&rft.date=2016-12-25&rft.au=Alex+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Music_Magazine2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Music_Magazine" title="BBC Music Magazine">BBC Music Magazine</a> (31 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classical-music.com/news/js-bach-greatest-composer-all-time-say-today-s-leading-composers-bbc-music-magazine/">"JS Bach is the greatest composer of all time, say today's leading composers for BBC Music Magazine"</a>. <i>classical-music.com Ltd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classical-music.com+Ltd&rft.atitle=JS+Bach+is+the+greatest+composer+of+all+time%2C+say+today%27s+leading+composers+for+BBC+Music+Magazine&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft.au=BBC+Music+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classical-music.com%2Fnews%2Fjs-bach-greatest-composer-all-time-say-today-s-leading-composers-bbc-music-magazine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4"><bdi>978-1-64065-235-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-235-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEq7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://download.elca.org/ELCA%20Resource%20Repository/What_is_Church_Music_Sunday.pdf">"Church Music Sunday"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+Music+Sunday&rft.pub=Evangelical+Lutheran+Church+in+America&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload.elca.org%2FELCA%2520Resource%2520Repository%2FWhat_is_Church_Music_Sunday.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZegersMaasKoopmanMaat2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zegers, Richard H.C.; Maas, Mario; <a href="/wiki/Ton_Koopman" title="Ton Koopman">Koopman, A.G.</a> & Maat, George J.R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/190_04_160209/zeg10393_fm.pdf">"Are the alleged remains of Johann Sebastian Bach authentic?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Medical Journal of Australia</i>. <b>190</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2009.tb02354.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02354.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19220191">19220191</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7925258">7925258</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222952/https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/190_04_160209/zeg10393_fm.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Journal+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Are+the+alleged+remains+of+Johann+Sebastian+Bach+authentic%3F&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7925258%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19220191&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2009.tb02354.x&rft.aulast=Zegers&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.C.&rft.au=Maas%2C+Mario&rft.au=Koopman%2C+A.G.&rft.au=Maat%2C+George+J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mja.com.au%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fissues%2F190_04_160209%2Fzeg10393_fm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biographies">Biographies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Biographies of Johann Sebastian Bach">Biographies of Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2000" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Malcolm (2000). <i>Bach</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514222-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514222-8"><bdi>978-0-19-514222-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514222-8&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidMendelWolff1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Theodor_David" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Theodor David">David, Hans T.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mendel" title="Arthur Mendel">Mendel, Arthur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Wolff, Christoph</a> (1998). <i>The New Bach Reader: A Life of Johann Sebastian Bach in Letters and Documents</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31956-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31956-9"><bdi>978-0-393-31956-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37801400">37801400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Bach+Reader%3A+A+Life+of+Johann+Sebastian+Bach+in+Letters+and+Documents&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37801400&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31956-9&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Hans+T.&rft.au=Mendel%2C+Arthur&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidam2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Eidam" class="extiw" title="de:Klaus Eidam">Eidam, Klaus</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2001). <i>The True Life of Johann Sebastian Bach</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01861-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01861-1"><bdi>978-0-465-01861-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Life+of+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01861-1&rft.aulast=Eidam&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForkel1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nikolaus_Forkel" title="Johann Nikolaus Forkel">Forkel, Johann Nikolaus</a> (1920). <i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach:_His_Life,_Art,_and_Work" title="Johann Sebastian Bach: His Life, Art, and Work">Johann Sebastian Bach: His Life, Art, and Work</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanford_Terry_(historian)" title="Charles Sanford Terry (historian)">Charles Sanford Terry</a>. New York; London: Harcourt, Brace and Howe; Constable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+His+Life%2C+Art%2C+and+Work&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Howe%3B+Constable&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Forkel&rft.aufirst=Johann+Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">Gardiner, John Eliot</a> (2013). <i>Music in the Castle of Heaven: A Portrait of Johann Sebastian Bach</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane_(imprint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Lane (imprint)">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9662-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9662-3"><bdi>978-0-7139-9662-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Castle+of+Heaven%3A+A+Portrait+of+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9662-3&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=John+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeck2003" class="citation book cs1">Geck, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1zSVDYTCXgC"><i>Bach</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Anthea_Bell" title="Anthea Bell">Anthea Bell</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Haus_Publishing" title="Haus Publishing">Haus Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904341-16-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904341-16-1"><bdi>978-1-904341-16-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-904341-16-1&rft.aulast=Geck&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1zSVDYTCXgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224001736/https://books.google.com/books?id=N1zSVDYTCXgC&pg=PA141">Archived</a> 24 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeck2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Geck" title="Martin Geck">Geck, Martin</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00geck"><i>Johann Sebastian Bach: Life and Work</i></a>. Orlando: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)" title="Harcourt (publisher)">Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100648-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100648-9"><bdi>978-0-15-100648-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+Life+and+Work&rft.place=Orlando&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-15-100648-9&rft.aulast=Geck&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohannsebastianb00geck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiringer1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Geiringer" title="Karl Geiringer">Geiringer, Karl</a> (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb0000geir"><i>Johann Sebastian Bach: The Culmination of an Era</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500554-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500554-7"><bdi>978-0-19-500554-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+The+Culmination+of+an+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-19-500554-7&rft.aulast=Geiringer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohannsebastianb0000geir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Schweitzer, Albert</a> (1911). <i>J. S. Bach</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Ernest Newman</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+S.+Bach&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span>, first published in French in 1905 and in German in 1908.(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jsbachsc01schwuoft">Vol. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jsbachsc02schwuoft">Vol. 2</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer1923" class="citation book cs1">Schweitzer, Albert (1923) [1905]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jsbachsc01schwuoft"><i>J. S. Bach</i></a>. Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Ernest Newman</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+S.+Bach&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjsbachsc01schwuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitta1899a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spitta" title="Philipp Spitta">Spitta, Philipp</a> (1899a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZM5AAAAIAAJ"><i>Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685–1750</i></a>. Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Clara_Bell" title="Clara Bell">Clara Bell</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._A._Fuller_Maitland" class="mw-redirect" title="J. A. Fuller Maitland">J. A. Fuller Maitland</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Novello_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Novello & Co">Novello & Co</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+His+Work+and+Influence+on+the+Music+of+Germany%2C+1685%E2%80%931750&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Novello+%26+Co&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Spitta&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZM5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitta1899b" class="citation book cs1">Spitta, Philipp (1899b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb02spituoft"><i>Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685–1750</i></a>. Vol. 2. Translated by Clara Bell; J. A. Fuller Maitland. London: <a href="/wiki/Novello_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Novello & Co">Novello & Co</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+His+Work+and+Influence+on+the+Music+of+Germany%2C+1685%E2%80%931750&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Novello+%26+Co&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Spitta&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohannsebastianb02spituoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitta1899c" class="citation book cs1">Spitta, Philipp (1899c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb03spituoft"><i>Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685–1750</i></a>. Vol. 3. Translated by Clara Bell; J. A. Fuller Maitland. London: <a href="/wiki/Novello_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Novello & Co">Novello & Co</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+His+Work+and+Influence+on+the+Music+of+Germany%2C+1685%E2%80%931750&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Novello+%26+Co&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Spitta&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohannsebastianb03spituoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanford_Terry_(historian)" title="Charles Sanford Terry (historian)">Terry, Charles Sanford</a> (1928). <i>Bach: A Biography</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Charles+Sanford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Williams_(musicologist)" title="Peter Williams (musicologist)">Williams, Peter</a> (2003a). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofbach0000will"><i>The Life of Bach</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53374-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53374-4"><bdi>978-0-521-53374-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Bach&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53374-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofbach0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Peter (2007). <i>Bach: A Life in Music</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87074-0"><bdi>978-0-521-87074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach%3A+A+Life+in+Music&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87074-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Peter (2016). <i>Bach: A Musical Biography</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13925-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13925-1"><bdi>978-1-107-13925-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach%3A+A+Musical+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-13925-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Wolff, Christoph</a> (1991). <i>Bach: Essays on his Life and Music</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05926-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05926-9"><bdi>978-0-674-05926-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach%3A+Essays+on+his+Life+and+Music&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05926-9&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2000" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Christoph (2000). <i>Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816534-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816534-7"><bdi>978-0-19-816534-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+The+Learned+Musician&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816534-7&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWolff2013">Second edition, 2013, W. W. Norton, New York and London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32256-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32256-9">978-0-393-32256-9</a> pbk.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffEmery2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wolff, Christoph; Emery, Walter (20 January 2001). "Bach, Johann Sebastian". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.6002278195">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.6002278195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bach%2C+Johann+Sebastian&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.6002278195&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Emery%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplegate2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Celia_Applegate" title="Celia Applegate">Applegate, Celia</a> (2005). <i>Bach in Berlin: Nation and Culture in Mendelssohn's revival of the St. Matthew Passion</i>. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801443893" title="Special:BookSources/9780801443893"><bdi>9780801443893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach+in+Berlin%3A+Nation+and+Culture+in+Mendelssohn%27s+revival+of+the+St.+Matthew+Passion&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780801443893&rft.aulast=Applegate&rft.aufirst=Celia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1999" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Malcolm, ed. (1999). <i>J. S. Bach</i>. Oxford Composer Companions. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+S.+Bach&rft.series=Oxford+Composer+Companions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButt1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Butt_(musician)" title="John Butt (musician)">Butt, John</a>, ed. (1997). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Bach</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58780-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58780-8"><bdi>978-0-521-58780-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Bach&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58780-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiapusso1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Chiapusso" title="Jan Chiapusso">Chiapusso, Jan</a> (1968). <i>Bach's World</i>. Scarborough, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-10520-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-10520-2"><bdi>978-0-253-10520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach%27s+World&rft.place=Scarborough%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-253-10520-2&rft.aulast=Chiapusso&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristStauff2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Crist, Stephen A.; Stauff, Derek (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199757824/obo-9780199757824-0043.xml">"Johann Sebastian Bach"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bibliographies_Online" title="Oxford Bibliographies Online">Oxford Bibliographies</a>: Music</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199757824-0043">10.1093/OBO/9780199757824-0043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies%3A+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199757824-0043&rft.aulast=Crist&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft.au=Stauff%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199757824%2Fobo-9780199757824-0043.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDent2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Dent" title="Edward Joseph Dent">Dent, Edward Joseph</a> (2004). <i>Handel</i>. R A Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-2275-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-2275-4"><bdi>1-4191-2275-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel&rft.pub=R+A+Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4191-2275-4&rft.aulast=Dent&rft.aufirst=Edward+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonington1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Donington" title="Robert Donington">Donington, Robert</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baroquemusicstyl00robe"><i>Baroque Music: Style and Performance: A Handbook</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30052-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30052-9"><bdi>978-0-393-30052-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baroque+Music%3A+Style+and+Performance%3A+A+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30052-9&rft.aulast=Donington&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaroquemusicstyl00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDürr1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr" title="Alfred Dürr">Dürr, Alfred</a> (1981). <i>Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach</i> (in German) (4 ed.). Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-423-04080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-423-04080-8"><bdi>978-3-423-04080-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kantaten+von+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Deutscher+Taschenbuchverlag&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-423-04080-8&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDürrJones2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr" title="Alfred Dürr">Dürr, Alfred</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._P._Jones" title="Richard D. P. Jones">Jones, Richard D. P.</a> (2006), <i>The Cantatas of J.S. Bach</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929776-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929776-4"><bdi>978-0-19-929776-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cantatas+of+J.S.+Bach&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929776-4&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=Jones%2C+Richard+D.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerl2004" class="citation book cs1">Herl, Joseph (2004). <i>Worship Wars in Early Lutheranism: Choir, Congregation, and Three Centuries of Conflict</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515439-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515439-9"><bdi>978-0-19-515439-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worship+Wars+in+Early+Lutheranism%3A+Choir%2C+Congregation%2C+and+Three+Centuries+of+Conflict&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515439-9&rft.aulast=Herl&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerz1985" class="citation book cs1">Herz, Gerhard (1985). <i>Essays on J. S. Bach</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1989-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1989-6"><bdi>978-0-8357-1989-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+J.+S.+Bach&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8357-1989-6&rft.aulast=Herz&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._P._Jones" title="Richard D. P. Jones">Jones, Richard</a> (2007). <i>The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816440-1"><bdi>978-0-19-816440-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creative+Development+of+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816440-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerst1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kerst, Friedrich (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beethovenimeige01kersgoog"><i>Beethoven im eigenen Wort</i></a> (in German). Berlin: Schuster & Loeffler.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beethoven+im+eigenen+Wort&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Schuster+%26+Loeffler&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kerst&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeethovenimeige01kersgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferberg1985" class="citation book cs1">Kupferberg, Herbert (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicallybach3000000kupf"><i>Basically Bach: A 300th Birthday Celebration</i></a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-035646-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-035646-7"><bdi>978-0-07-035646-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basically+Bach%3A+A+300th+Birthday+Celebration&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-07-035646-7&rft.aulast=Kupferberg&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasicallybach3000000kupf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaver2007" class="citation book cs1">Leaver, Robin A. (2007). <i>Luther's Liturgical Music</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3221-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3221-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-3221-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Liturgical+Music&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3221-4&rft.aulast=Leaver&rft.aufirst=Robin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester1999" class="citation book cs1">Lester, Joel (1999). <i>Bach's Works for Solo Violin: Style, Structure, Performance</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512097-4"><bdi>978-0-19-512097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach%27s+Works+for+Solo+Violin%3A+Style%2C+Structure%2C+Performance&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512097-4&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1962" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Russell H. (1962). <i>Johann Sebastian Bach: An Introduction to His Life and Works</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/600065">600065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+An+Introduction+to+His+Life+and+Works&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F600065&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Russell+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morris_(writer)" title="Edmund Morris (writer)">Morris, Edmund</a> (2005). <i>Beethoven: the Universal Composer</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-075974-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-075974-2"><bdi>978-0-06-075974-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beethoven%3A+the+Universal+Composer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-075974-2&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Rich" title="Alan Rich">Rich, Alan</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00rich"><i>Johann Sebastian Bach: Play by Play</i></a>. San Francisco: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-263547-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-263547-1"><bdi>978-0-06-263547-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+Play+by+Play&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-06-263547-1&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohannsebastianb00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenkWinstonWinston1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Schenk" title="Erich Schenk">Schenk, Erich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Clara_Winston" title="Richard and Clara Winston">Winston, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Clara_Winston" title="Richard and Clara Winston">Winston, Clara</a> (1959). <i>Mozart and His Times</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602180">602180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mozart+and+His+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F602180&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft.au=Winston%2C+Richard&rft.au=Winston%2C+Clara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider1907" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Schneider_(music_historian)" title="Max Schneider (music historian)">Schneider, Max</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Bach-jahrbuch03.jg1906/BachJahrbuch1906#page/n89/mode/1up">"Verzeichnis der bis zum Jahre 1851 gedruckten (und der geschrieben im Handel gewesenen) Werke von Johann Sebastian Bach"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bach-Jahrbuch" title="Bach-Jahrbuch">Bach-Jahrbuch</a></i>. <b>VII</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Neue_Bachgesellschaft" title="Neue Bachgesellschaft">Neue Bachgesellschaft</a>: <span class="nowrap">84–</span>113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bach-Jahrbuch&rft.atitle=Verzeichnis+der+bis+zum+Jahre+1851+gedruckten+%28und+der+geschrieben+im+Handel+gewesenen%29+Werke+von+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.volume=VII&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FBach-jahrbuch03.jg1906%2FBachJahrbuch1906%23page%2Fn89%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulenberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Schulenberg, David (2006). <i>The Keyboard Music of J. S. Bach</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97400-4"><bdi>978-0-415-97400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keyboard+Music+of+J.+S.+Bach&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97400-4&rft.aulast=Schulenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaeth1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Spaeth" title="Sigmund Spaeth">Spaeth, Sigmund</a> (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindthe010040mbp"><i>Stories Behind the World's Great Music</i></a>. New York: Whittlesey House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+Behind+the+World%27s+Great+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Whittlesey+House&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Spaeth&rft.aufirst=Sigmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoriesbehindthe010040mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStauffer2008" class="citation book cs1">Stauffer, George B. (2008). "Music for "Cavaliers et Dames": Bach and the Repertoire of His Collegium Musicum". In Butler, Gregory G.; Stauffer, George B.; Greer, Mary Galton (eds.). <i>About Bach</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03344-5"><bdi>978-0-252-03344-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+for+%22Cavaliers+et+Dames%22%3A+Bach+and+the+Repertoire+of+His+Collegium+Musicum&rft.btitle=About+Bach&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03344-5&rft.aulast=Stauffer&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Til2007" class="citation book cs1">Van Til, Marian (2007). <i>George Frideric Handel: A Music Lover's Guide to His Life, His Faith & the Development of Messiah and His Other Oratorios</i>. Youngstown, New York: WordPower Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9794785-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9794785-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9794785-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Frideric+Handel%3A+A+Music+Lover%27s+Guide+to+His+Life%2C+His+Faith+%26+the+Development+of+Messiah+and+His+Other+Oratorios&rft.place=Youngstown%2C+New+York&rft.pub=WordPower+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9794785-0-5&rft.aulast=Van+Til&rft.aufirst=Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Williams_(musicologist)" title="Peter Williams (musicologist)">Williams, Peter</a> (1980), <i>The Organ Music of J. S. Bach, Volume II: BWV 599–771, etc.</i>, Cambridge Studies in Music, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31700-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31700-9"><bdi>978-0-521-31700-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organ+Music+of+J.+S.+Bach%2C+Volume+II%3A+BWV+599%E2%80%93771%2C+etc.&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Music&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31700-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Williams, Peter (2003b), <i>The Organ Music of J. S. Bach</i> (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89115-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89115-8"><bdi>978-0-521-89115-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organ+Music+of+J.+S.+Bach&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89115-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Wolff, Christoph</a>, ed. (1983). <i>The New Grove Bach Family</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-34350-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-34350-0"><bdi>978-0-333-34350-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Bach+Family&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-333-34350-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1997" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Christoph, ed. (1997). <i>The World of the Bach Cantatas: Johann Sebastian Bach's Early Sacred Cantatas</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33674-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33674-0"><bdi>978-0-393-33674-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Bach+Cantatas%3A+Johann+Sebastian+Bach%27s+Early+Sacred+Cantatas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33674-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffEmeryWollnyLeisinger2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Wolff, Christoph</a>; Emery, Walter; Wollny, Peter; Leisinger, Ulrich; Roe, Stephen (17 January 2018) [2001]. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040023">"Bach family"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40023">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bach+family&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40023&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Emery%2C+Walter&rft.au=Wollny%2C+Peter&rft.au=Leisinger%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Roe%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>See <a href="#CITEREFCristStauff2011">Crist & Stauff 2011</a>, for an extensive bibliography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Baron, Carol K. (2006). <i>Bach's Changing World: Voices in the Community</i>. Rochester, New York: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rochester Press">University of Rochester Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-190-0"><bdi>978-1-58046-190-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach%27s+Changing+World%3A+Voices+in+the+Community&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-190-0&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Carol+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6rffel" title="Alfred Dörffel">Dörffel, Alfred</a> (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thematischesverz00dr"><i>Thematisches Verzeichnis der Instrumentalwerke von Joh. Seb. Bach</i></a> (in German). Leipzig: <a href="/wiki/Edition_Peters" title="Edition Peters">C. F. Peters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thematisches+Verzeichnis+der+Instrumentalwerke+von+Joh.+Seb.+Bach&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=C.+F.+Peters&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6rffel&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthematischesverz00dr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span> <i>N.B</i>.: First published in 1867; superseded, for scholarly purposes, by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Schmieder" title="Wolfgang Schmieder">Wolfgang Schmieder</a>'s complete thematic catalogue, but useful as a handy reference tool for only the instrumental works of Bach and as a partial alternative to Schmieder's work.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Hofstadter, Douglas</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach"><i>Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02656-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02656-2"><bdi>978-0-465-02656-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%B6del%2C+Escher%2C+Bach%3A+An+Eternal+Golden+Braid&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02656-2&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Leaver, Robin A. (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315452814"><i>The Routledge Research Companion to Johann Sebastian Bach</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-58143-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-58143-5"><bdi>978-0-367-58143-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Research+Companion+to+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-367-58143-5&rft.aulast=Leaver&rft.aufirst=Robin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fe%2F9781315452814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Pirro" title="André Pirro">Pirro, André</a> (2014) [1907]. <i>The Aesthetic of Johann Sebastian Bach</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3290-7"><bdi>978-1-4422-3290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aesthetic+of+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3290-7&rft.aulast=Pirro&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stauffer, George B.; May, Ernest (1986). <i>J. S. Bach as Organist: His Instruments, Music, and Performance Practices</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33181-6"><bdi>978-0-253-33181-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+S.+Bach+as+Organist%3A+His+Instruments%2C+Music%2C+and+Performance+Practices&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33181-6&rft.aulast=Stauffer&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rft.au=May%2C+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Johann Sebastian Bach</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Johann Sebastian Bach">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">German <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="de" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="extiw" title="s:de:Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/bach">"Discovering Bach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Bach&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fbach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Sebastian+Bach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-leipzig.de/en/neutral/about-us">bach-leipzig website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bach_Archive" title="Bach Archive">Bach Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.bw.edu/bachbib/">Yo Tomita's <i>Bach Bibliography</i> (23 March 2012)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316150719/http://homepages.bw.edu/bachbib/">Archived</a> 16 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, mirror at the <a href="/wiki/Riemenschneider_Bach_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Riemenschneider Bach Institute">Riemenschneider Bach Institute</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bach%2C%20Johann%20Sebastian%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bach%2C%20Johann%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bach%2C%20J%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Johann%20S%2E%20Bach%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Bach%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bach%2C%20Johann%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Johann%20Bach%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Johann%20S%2E%20Bach%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Bach%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Sebastian%20Bach%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bach%2C%20Johann%20Sebastian%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bach%2C%20Johann%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bach%2C%20J%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bach%2C%20J%2E%20Sebastian%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Johann%20Bach%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bach%2C%20Johann%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Johann%20S%2E%20Bach%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Bach%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Johann%20Bach%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Johann%20S%2E%20Bach%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Bach%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bach%2C%20Johann%20Sebastian%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bach%2C%20Johann%20S%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Johann%20Bach%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bach%2C%20Johann%22%29%20OR%20%28%221685-1750%22%20AND%20Bach%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Johann Sebastian Bach</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Scores</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musopen.org/composer/johann-sebastian-bach/">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Musopen" title="Musopen">Musopen</a> project.</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Bach,_Johann_Sebastian" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Bach, Johann Sebastian">Free scores by Johann Sebastian Bach</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/servlets/solr/select?q=%2BobjectType%3A%22source%22+%2Bcategory%3A%22BachDigital_class_00000006%5C%3A0001%22+%2Bmusicrepo_imagesource%3A%22true%22&fl=id%2CreturnId%2CobjectType&sort=musicrepo_sourcesort01+asc&rows=25&version=4.5&mask=search_form_source.xed">Music manuscripts and early prints</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website.</li></ul> <p><b>Recordings</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102304">Johann Sebastian Bach recordings</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Discography_of_American_Historical_Recordings" title="Discography of American Historical Recordings">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muziekweb.nl/en/Link/M00000000271/CLASSICAL/COMPOSER/">Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Muziekweb" class="mw-redirect" title="Muziekweb">Muziekweb</a> website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bachvereniging.nl/en/allofbach">All of Bach</a> website of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Bach_Society" title="Netherlands Bach Society">Netherlands Bach Society</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Template:Johann Sebastian Bach"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Template talk:Johann Sebastian Bach"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Johann Sebastian Bach"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Johann_Sebastian_Bach372" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">Compositions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis" title="Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis">by BWV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bach_cantatas" title="List of Bach cantatas">Cantatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motets_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of motets by Johann Sebastian Bach">Motets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_masses,_passions_and_oratorios_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of masses, passions and oratorios by Johann Sebastian Bach">Masses, Mass movements, Magnificats, Passions and Oratorios</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chorale_harmonisations_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of chorale harmonisations by Johann Sebastian Bach">Chorale harmonisations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_and_arias_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of songs and arias by Johann Sebastian Bach">Songs and arias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_organ_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of organ compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">Organ compositions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_keyboard_and_lute_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of keyboard and lute compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">Keyboard and lute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_music_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of chamber music works by Johann Sebastian Bach">Chamber music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_orchestral_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of orchestral works by Johann Sebastian Bach">Orchestral works</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fugal_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of fugal works by Johann Sebastian Bach">Fugal works</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BWV_Anh." title="BWV Anh.">Anh.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">Bach cantata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_church_music_in_Latin" title="Bach's church music in Latin">Church music in Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passions_(Bach)" title="Passions (Bach)">Passions</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_choir_and_orchestra" title="Bach's choir and orchestra">Bach's choir and orchestra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Performance_practice_of_Bach%27s_music" title="Performance practice of Bach's music">Performance practice of Bach's music</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACH_motif" title="BACH motif">BACH motif</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach_printed_during_his_lifetime" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach printed during his lifetime">Printed during Bach's lifetime</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach%27s_music" title="Reception of Johann Sebastian Bach's music">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_music_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Reconstruction of music by Johann Sebastian Bach">Reconstructions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transcriptions_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of transcriptions of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">Transcriptions</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Bach_Edition" title="New Bach Edition">New Bach Edition</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_family" title="Bach family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of students of Johann Sebastian Bach">Students</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Biographersand_scholars69" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Biographies of Johann Sebastian Bach">Biographers</a><br />and scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Basso" title="Alberto Basso">Basso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Dadelsen" title="Georg von Dadelsen">Dadelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr" title="Alfred Dürr">Dürr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nikolaus_Forkel" title="Johann Nikolaus Forkel">Forkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gl%C3%B6ckner" title="Andreas Glöckner">Glöckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hofmann" title="Klaus Hofmann">Hofmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._P._Jones" title="Richard D. P. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maul" title="Michael Maul">Maul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Neumann" title="Werner Neumann">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Riemenschneider" title="Albert Riemenschneider">Riemenschneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Rust" title="Wilhelm Rust">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Schmieder" title="Wolfgang Schmieder">Schmieder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Schulze" title="Hans-Joachim Schulze">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spitta" title="Philipp Spitta">Spitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanford_Terry_(historian)" title="Charles Sanford Terry (historian)">Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Williams_(musicologist)" title="Peter Williams (musicologist)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Wolf_(musicologist)" title="Uwe Wolf (musicologist)">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wollny" title="Peter Wollny">Wollny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Zehnder" title="Jean-Claude Zehnder">Zehnder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_Society" title="Bach Society">Bach Society</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bach_Gesellschaft" title="Bach Gesellschaft">Bach Gesellschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Bachgesellschaft" title="Neue Bachgesellschaft">Neue Bachgesellschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bach_Archive" title="Bach Archive">Bach Archive</a> (Leipzig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Institute" title="Johann Sebastian Bach Institute">Johann Sebastian Bach Institute</a> (Göttingen)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Internationale_Bachakademie_Stuttgart" title="Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart">Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Bach-Stiftung" title="J. S. Bach-Stiftung">J.S. Bach Foundation</a> (St. Gallen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Bach_Society" title="Netherlands Bach Society">Netherlands Bach Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bach_choirs" title="List of Bach choirs">List of Bach choirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_House_(Eisenach)" title="Bach House (Eisenach)">Bach House (Eisenach)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bach_House_(K%C3%B6then)" title="Bach House (Köthen)">Bach House (Köthen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Zimmermann" title="Café Zimmermann">Café Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas Church, Leipzig">St. Thomas Church, Leipzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_festival" title="Bach festival">Bach festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bach_Medal" title="Bach Medal">Bach Medal</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Competition" title="International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition">Competition</a> (Leipzig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bach_Prize_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" title="Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg">Bach Prize (Hamburg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music_Bach_Prize" title="Royal Academy of Music Bach Prize">Bach Prize (Royal Academy of Music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bs" title="Three Bs">Three Bs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Portraits of Johann Sebastian Bach">Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bach_quadrangle" title="Bach quadrangle">Bach quadrangle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_(crater)" title="Bach (crater)">crater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Category:Johann Sebastian Bach">Category</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Johann Sebastian Bach">Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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.navbox-title{background-color:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-cover .navbox-title{background-color:#d8bfd8}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-classical .navbox-title{background-color:#b0e0e6}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-temp .navbox-title{background-color:#d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clienpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clienpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox navbox-musical-artist navbox-musical-artist-group" aria-labelledby="Bach_family96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bach_family" title="Template:Bach family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bach_family" title="Template talk:Bach family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bach_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bach family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bach_family96" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bach_family" title="Bach family">Bach family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members<br />(showing relationship to<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Magdalena_Bach" title="Anna Magdalena Bach">Anna Magdalena Bach</a> (2nd wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Bach_(musician)" title="Christoph Bach (musician)">Christoph Bach</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Elisabeth_L%C3%A4mmerhirt" title="Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt">Elisabeth Lämmerhirt</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Bach" title="Georg Christoph Bach">Georg Christoph Bach</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_Bach" title="Gottfried Heinrich Bach">Gottfried Heinrich Bach</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Aegidius_Bach" title="Johann Aegidius Bach">Johann Aegidius Bach</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ambrosius_Bach" title="Johann Ambrosius Bach">Johann Ambrosius Bach</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Bach" title="Johann Bernhard Bach">Johann Bernhard Bach</a> (2nd cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Bach_the_Younger" title="Johann Bernhard Bach the Younger">Johann Bernhard Bach the Younger</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">Johann Christian Bach</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Altnickol" title="Johann Christoph Altnickol">Johann Christoph Altnickol</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Bach" title="Johann Christoph Bach">Johann Christoph Bach</a> (1st cousin once removed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Bach_(organist_at_Ohrdruf)" title="Johann Christoph Bach (organist at Ohrdruf)">Johann Christoph Bach (organist at Ohrdruf)</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Bach_(musician_at_Arnstadt)" title="Johann Christoph Bach (musician at Arnstadt)">Johann Christoph Bach (musician at Arnstadt)</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_Bach" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach">Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Bach_(musician_at_Saxe-Weimar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Ernst Bach (musician at Saxe-Weimar)">Johann Ernst Bach (musician at Saxe-Weimar)</a> (2nd cousin once removed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Bernhard_Bach" title="Johann Gottfried Bernhard Bach">Johann Gottfried Bernhard Bach</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Bach" title="Johann Jacob Bach">Johann Jacob Bach</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Bach" title="Johann Ludwig Bach">Johann Ludwig Bach</a> (3rd cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Bach" title="Johann Michael Bach">Johann Michael Bach</a> (father-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Bach_(musician_at_Wuppertal)" title="Johann Michael Bach (musician at Wuppertal)">Johann Michael Bach</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nicolaus_Bach" title="Johann Nicolaus Bach">Johann Nicolaus Bach</a> (2nd cousin)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (self)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_(painter)" title="Johann Sebastian Bach (painter)">Johann Sebastian Bach the Younger</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bach_I" title="Johannes Bach I">Johannes Bach I</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bach" title="Johannes Bach">Johannes Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Barbara_Bach" title="Maria Barbara Bach">Maria Barbara Bach</a> (1st wife/2nd cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veit_Bach" title="Veit Bach">Veit Bach</a> (great-great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">Wilhelm Friedemann Bach</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedrich_Ernst_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach">Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach</a> (grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altbachisches_Archiv" title="Altbachisches Archiv">Altbachisches Archiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="List of compositions by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">by Carl Philipp Emanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Christian_Bach" title="List of compositions by Johann Christian Bach">by Johann Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">by Johann Sebastian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomaskantors_of_the_Thomanerchor177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomaskantors" title="Template:Thomaskantors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomaskantors" title="Template talk:Thomaskantors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomaskantors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomaskantors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomaskantors_of_the_Thomanerchor177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thomaskantor" title="Thomaskantor">Thomaskantors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thomanerchor" title="Thomanerchor">Thomanerchor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thomaskantors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Rhau" title="Georg Rhau">Georg Rhau</a> (1518–1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Galliculus" title="Johannes Galliculus">Johannes Galliculus</a> (1520–1525)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerian_H%C3%BCffeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerian Hüffeler (page does not exist)">Valerian Hüffeler</a> (1526–1530)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hermann" title="Johannes Hermann">Johannes Hermann</a> (1531–1536)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_J%C3%BCnger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Jünger">Wolfgang Jünger</a> (1536–1539)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bruckner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Bruckner (page does not exist)">Johannes Bruckner</a> (1539–1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Lange" title="Ulrich Lange">Ulrich Lange</a> (1540–1549)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Figulus" title="Wolfgang Figulus">Wolfgang Figulus</a> (1549–1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Heger" title="Melchior Heger">Melchior Heger</a> (1553–1564)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethus_Calvisius" title="Sethus Calvisius">Sethus Calvisius</a> (1594–1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Johann Hermann Schein</a> (1615–1630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Michael" title="Tobias Michael">Tobias Michael</a> (1631–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kn%C3%BCpfer" title="Sebastian Knüpfer">Sebastian Knüpfer</a> (1657–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schelle" title="Johann Schelle">Johann Schelle</a> (1677–1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Kuhnau" title="Johann Kuhnau">Johann Kuhnau</a> (1701–1722)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (1723–1750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Harrer" title="Gottlob Harrer">Gottlob Harrer</a> (1750–1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Doles" title="Johann Friedrich Doles">Johann Friedrich Doles</a> (1756–1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Hiller" title="Johann Adam Hiller">Johann Adam Hiller</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Eberhard_M%C3%BCller" title="August Eberhard Müller">August Eberhard Müller</a> (1801–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schicht" title="Johann Gottfried Schicht">Johann Gottfried Schicht</a> (1810–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Theodor_Weinlig" title="Christian Theodor Weinlig">Christian Theodor Weinlig</a> (1823–1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Hauptmann" title="Moritz Hauptmann">Moritz Hauptmann</a> (1842–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Richter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Friedrich Richter">Ernst Friedrich Richter</a> (1868–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Rust" title="Wilhelm Rust">Wilhelm Rust</a> (1880–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schreck" title="Gustav Schreck">Gustav Schreck</a> (1893–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Straube" title="Karl Straube">Karl Straube</a> (1918–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Ramin" title="Günther Ramin">Günther Ramin</a> (1939–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Thomas_(composer)" title="Kurt Thomas (composer)">Kurt Thomas</a> (1957–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Mauersberger" title="Erhard Mauersberger">Erhard Mauersberger</a> (1961–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Rotzsch" title="Hans-Joachim Rotzsch">Hans-Joachim Rotzsch</a> (1972–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Biller" title="Georg Christoph Biller">Georg Christoph Biller</a> (1992–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Schwarz" title="Gotthold Schwarz">Gotthold Schwarz</a> (2016–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Reize" title="Andreas Reize">Andreas Reize</a> (since 2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Thomanum" title="Forum Thomanum">Forum Thomanum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thomaskantors" title="Category:Thomaskantors">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lutheran_hymnody486" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_hymnody" title="Template:Lutheran hymnody"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheran_hymnody" title="Template talk:Lutheran hymnody"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheran_hymnody" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheran hymnody"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lutheran_hymnody486" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymnody</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">English <a href="/wiki/List_of_hymnals#Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hymnals">hymnals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Worship:_A_Lutheran_Hymnal" title="Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal">Christian Worship</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Service_Book" title="Common Service Book">Common Service Book</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Hymn-Book" title="Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book">Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Hymnary" title="Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary">Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Worship" title="Evangelical Lutheran Worship">Evangelical Lutheran Worship</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Book_of_Worship" title="Lutheran Book of Worship">Lutheran Book of Worship</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Hymnal" title="The Lutheran Hymnal">The Lutheran Hymnal</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Hymnal_with_Supplement" title="Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement">Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Service_Book" title="Lutheran Service Book">Lutheran Service Book</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Worship" title="Lutheran Worship">Lutheran Worship</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ReClaim_Hymnal" title="ReClaim Hymnal">ReClaim Hymnal</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_Book_and_Hymnal" title="Service Book and Hymnal">Service Book and Hymnal</a></i> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">German hymnals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First Lutheran hymnal</a></i> (1524)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Erfurt Enchiridion</a></i> (1524)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn</a></i> (1524)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praxis_pietatis_melica" title="Praxis pietatis melica">Praxis pietatis melica</a></i> (1640/47)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Becker_Psalter" title="Becker Psalter">Becker Psalter</a></i> (1602)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangelisches_Gesangbuch" title="Evangelisches Gesangbuch">Evangelisches Gesangbuch</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">In other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danish26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Den_Danske_Salmebog" title="Den Danske Salmebog">Den Danske Salmebog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guldberg%27s_hymnal" title="Guldberg's hymnal">Guldberg's hymnal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingo%27s_hymnal" title="Kingo's hymnal">Kingo's hymnal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomiss%C3%B8n%27s_hymnal" title="Thomissøn's hymnal">Thomissøn's hymnal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1lmab%C3%B3k_F%C3%B8roya_kirkju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sálmabók Føroya kirkju (page does not exist)">Sálmabók Føroya kirkju</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siionin_Virret" title="Siionin Virret">Siionin Virret</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virsikirja" title="Virsikirja">Virsikirja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Passion_Hymns" title="Passion Hymns">Passion Hymns</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nokre_salmar" title="Nokre salmar">Nokre salmar</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landstads_kirkesalmebog" title="Landstads kirkesalmebog">Landstads kirkesalmebog</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psalmebog_for_Kirke_og_Hus" title="Psalmebog for Kirke og Hus">Psalmebog for Kirke og Hus</a></i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landstads_reviderte_salmebok" title="Landstads reviderte salmebok">Landstads reviderte salmebok</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk_salmebok" title="Nynorsk salmebok">Nynorsk salmebok</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmer_1973" title="Salmer 1973">Salmer 1973</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norsk_Salmebok_(1985)" title="Norsk Salmebok (1985)">Norsk Salmebok (1985)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmer_1997" title="Salmer 1997">Salmer 1997</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norsk_salmebok_2013" title="Norsk salmebok 2013">Norsk salmebok 2013</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culto_Cristiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culto Cristiano (page does not exist)">Culto Cristiano</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Swenske_songer_eller_wisor_1536" title="Swenske songer eller wisor 1536">Swenske songer</a></i> (1536)</li> <li><i><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Een_liten_Songbook" class="extiw" title="sv:Een liten Songbook">Een liten Songbook</a></i> (in Swedish, 1553)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_svenska_psalmboken_(1695)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den svenska psalmboken (1695) (page does not exist)">Den svenska psalmboken (1695)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Den_svenska_psalmboken_(1819)" title="Den svenska psalmboken (1819)">Den svenska psalmboken (1819)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlandss%C3%A5nger_(1891)" class="extiw" title="sv:Hemlandssånger (1891)">Hemlandssånger</a></i> (in Swedish, 1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_svenska_psalmboken_(1937)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den svenska psalmboken (1937) (page does not exist)">Den svenska psalmboken (1937)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Den_svenska_psalmboken_(1986)" title="Den svenska psalmboken (1986)">Den svenska psalmboken (1986)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hymnodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymnodist">Hymnodists</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Hymnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymnologist">hymnologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Albinus" title="Johann Georg Albinus">Johann Georg Albinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Alcibiades,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach" title="Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach">Albert von Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Altenburg" title="Michael Altenburg">Michael Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sophia_II,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Anna Sophia II, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Anna Sophia II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countess_Emilie_Juliane_of_Barby-M%C3%BChlingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess Emilie Juliane of Barby-Mühlingen">Emilie Juliane of Barby-Mühlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Behm" title="Martin Behm">Martin Behm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_von_Birken" title="Sigmund von Birken">Sigmund von Birken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Boberg" title="Carl Boberg">Carl Boberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgitte_Cathrine_Boye" title="Birgitte Cathrine Boye">Birgitte Cathrine Boye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolph_Brorson" title="Hans Adolph Brorson">Hans Adolph Brorson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Nordahl_Brun" title="Johan Nordahl Brun">Johan Nordahl Brun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_a_Burck" title="Joachim a Burck">Joachim a Burck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Cappelen" title="Christian Cappelen">Christian Cappelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Cruciger" title="Elisabeth Cruciger">Elisabeth Cruciger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cr%C3%BCger" title="Johann Crüger">Johann Crüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Dachstein" title="Wolfgang Dachstein">Wolfgang Dachstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Decius" title="Nikolaus Decius">Nikolaus Decius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Eber" title="Paul Eber">Paul Eber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludmilla_Elisabeth_of_Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Ludmilla Elisabeth of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Ludmilla Elisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Eug%C3%A9nie_of_Sweden" title="Princess Eugénie of Sweden">Princess Eugénie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Finno" title="Jacobus Finno">Jacobus Finno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Franck" title="Johann Franck">Johann Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Franck" title="Michael Franck">Michael Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Franck" title="Melchior Franck">Melchior Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Franck" title="Salomon Franck">Salomon Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Michael_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Frans Michael Franzén">Frans Michael Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Erik Gustaf Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gerhardt" title="Paul Gerhardt">Paul Gerhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Gesius" title="Bartholomäus Gesius">Bartholomäus Gesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gigas" title="Johannes Gigas">Johannes Gigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britt_G._Hallqvist" title="Britt G. Hallqvist">Britt G. Hallqvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hammerschmidt" title="Andreas Hammerschmidt">Andreas Hammerschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Harms" title="Claus Harms">Claus Harms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Gabriel_Hedberg" title="Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg">Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert" title="Christian Fürchtegott Gellert">Christian Fürchtegott Gellert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heermann" title="Johann Heermann">Johann Heermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Helmbold" title="Ludwig Helmbold">Ludwig Helmbold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Herberger" title="Valerius Herberger">Valerius Herberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Herman" title="Nikolaus Herman">Nikolaus Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hermann" title="Johannes Hermann">Johannes Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebald_Heyden" title="Sebald Heyden">Sebald Heyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Hovden" title="Anders Hovden">Anders Hovden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Hubert" title="Konrad Hubert">Konrad Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Severin_Ingemann" title="Bernhard Severin Ingemann">Bernhard Severin Ingemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigfrid_Karg-Elert" title="Sigfrid Karg-Elert">Sigfrid Karg-Elert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Keymann" title="Christian Keymann">Christian Keymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Kindermann" title="Balthasar Kindermann">Balthasar Kindermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kingo" title="Thomas Kingo">Thomas Kingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8rre_Knudsen" title="Børre Knudsen">Børre Knudsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Kolross" title="Johann Kolross">Johann Kolross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Balthasar_K%C3%B6nig" title="Johann Balthasar König">Johann Balthasar König</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Krohn" title="Julius Krohn">Julius Krohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Brostrup_Landstad" title="Magnus Brostrup Landstad">Magnus Brostrup Landstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Mathias_Lindeman" title="Ludvig Mathias Lindeman">Ludvig Mathias Lindeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Apelles_von_L%C3%B6wenstern" title="Matthäus Apelles von Löwenstern">Matthäus Apelles von Löwenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Loy" title="Matthias Loy">Matthias Loy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Lunde_(bishop)" title="Sigurd Lunde (bishop)">Sigurd Lunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmi_Malmivaara" title="Wilhelmi Malmivaara">Wilhelmi Malmivaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemminki_of_Masku" title="Hemminki of Masku">Hemminki of Masku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Matth%C3%A4us_Meyfart" title="Johann Matthäus Meyfart">Johann Matthäus Meyfart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Neumark" title="Georg Neumark">Georg Neumark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdmann_Neumeister" title="Erdmann Neumeister">Erdmann Neumeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Nicolai" title="Philipp Nicolai">Philipp Nicolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallgr%C3%ADmur_P%C3%A9tursson" title="Hallgrímur Pétursson">Hallgrímur Pétursson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heinrich_Postel" title="Christian Heinrich Postel">Christian Heinrich Postel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Reusner" title="Adam Reusner">Adam Reusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ringwaldt" title="Bartholomäus Ringwaldt">Bartholomäus Ringwaldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rinkart" title="Martin Rinkart">Martin Rinkart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rist" title="Johann Rist">Johann Rist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Knorr_von_Rosenroth" title="Christian Knorr von Rosenroth">Christian Knorr von Rosenroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rumpius" title="Daniel Rumpius">Daniel Rumpius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Johan Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Sacer" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer">Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lina_Sandell" title="Lina Sandell">Lina Sandell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schalk" title="Carl Schalk">Carl Schalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schalling_the_Younger" title="Martin Schalling the Younger">Martin Schalling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Scheidemann" title="Heinrich Scheidemann">Heinrich Scheidemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Johann Hermann Schein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Schmolck" title="Benjamin Schmolck">Benjamin Schmolck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyriakus_Schneegass" title="Cyriakus Schneegass">Cyriakus Schneegass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schop" title="Johann Schop">Johann Schop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Balthasar_Schupp" title="Johann Balthasar Schupp">Johann Balthasar Schupp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Selnecker" title="Nikolaus Selnecker">Nikolaus Selnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Skeie" title="Eyvind Skeie">Eyvind Skeie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haquin_Spegel" title="Haquin Spegel">Haquin Spegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Spengler" title="Lazarus Spengler">Lazarus Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Speratus" title="Paul Speratus">Paul Speratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spitta_(poet)" title="Philipp Spitta (poet)">Philipp Spitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Stockmann" title="Paul Stockmann">Paul Stockmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Swedberg" title="Jesper Swedberg">Jesper Swedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_T%C5%99anovsk%C3%BD" title="Jiří Třanovský">Jiří Třanovský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Teschner" title="Melchior Teschner">Melchior Teschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Samuel_of_Tranquebar" title="N. Samuel of Tranquebar">N. Samuel of Tranquebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Zachris Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Typp%C3%B6" title="Leonard Typpö">Leonard Typpö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Vajda" title="Jaroslav Vajda">Jaroslav Vajda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Vopelius" title="Gottfried Vopelius">Gottfried Vopelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Wackernagel" title="Philipp Wackernagel">Philipp Wackernagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Olof_Wallin" title="Johan Olof Wallin">Johan Olof Wallin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Walter" title="Johann Walter">Johann Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wei%C3%9Fe" title="Michael Weiße">Michael Weiße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Weissel" title="Georg Weissel">Georg Weissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olle_Widestrand" title="Olle Widestrand">Olle Widestrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_David_af_Wirs%C3%A9n" title="Carl David af Wirsén">Carl David af Wirsén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Winkworth" title="Catherine Winkworth">Catherine Winkworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zahn" title="Johannes Zahn">Johannes Zahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#Hymnodist" title="Martin Luther">Luther § Hymnodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther" title="List of hymns by Martin Luther">Hymns by Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Reformation" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">In continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_setting" title="Chorale setting">Chorale setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_cantata" title="Chorale cantata">Chorale cantata</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baroque_music854" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baroque_music" title="Template talk:Baroque music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baroque_music854" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baroque_composers" title="List of Baroque composers">List of Baroque composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transitional</a><br />and early (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Caccini" title="Giulio Caccini">G. Caccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rodrigues_Coelho" title="Manuel Rodrigues Coelho">Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">J. Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Franck" title="Melchior Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Galilei" title="Vincenzo Galilei">V. Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gibbons" title="Christopher Gibbons">C. Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">O. Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India" title="Sigismondo d'India">d'India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Girolamo_Kapsperger" title="Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger">Kapsberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Landi" title="Stefano Landi">Landi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lawes" title="William Lawes">Lawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_V%C3%A1clav_Michna_z_Otradovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic">Michna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarquinio_Merula" title="Tarquinio Merula">Merula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">M. Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rossi" title="Luigi Rossi">Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Scheidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Schein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataldo_Amodei" title="Cataldo Amodei">Amodei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_d%27Anglebert" title="Jean-Henri d'Anglebert">d'Anglebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Bassani" title="Giovanni Battista Bassani">Bassani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">H. I. F. Biber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">Blow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Buxtehude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Cabanilles" title="Juan Bautista Cabanilles">Cabanilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Carissimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Cavalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cesti" title="Antonio Cesti">Cesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Charpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Clarke" title="Jeremiah Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Corelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Diletsky" title="Nikolay Diletsky">Diletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger" title="Johann Jakob Froberger">Froberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Kerll" title="Johann Caspar Kerll">Kerll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Legrenzi" title="Giovanni Legrenzi">Legrenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">J.-B. Lully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">M. Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Muffat" title="Georg Muffat">Muffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">J. Pachelbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playford" title="John Playford">J. Playford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">H. Purcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Reincken" title="Johann Adam Reincken">Reincken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sabini" title="Nicola Sabini">Sabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Sanz" title="Gaspar Sanz">Sanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">A. Scarlatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Stradella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Strozzi" title="Barbara Strozzi">Strozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli" title="Giuseppe Torelli">Torelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torrej%C3%B3n_y_Velasco" title="Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco">Torrejón y Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Josef_Vejvanovsk%C3%BD" title="Pavel Josef Vejvanovský">Vejvanovský</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Baroque_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Baroque (music)">Late</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Albinoni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. S. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bodin_de_Boismortier" title="Joseph Bodin de Boismortier">Bodin de Boismortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini" title="Giovanni Bononcini">G. B. Bononcini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" title="Antonio Caldara">Caldara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Campra" title="André Campra">Campra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">F. Couperin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Richard_Delalande" title="Michel Richard Delalande">Delalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Fasch" title="Johann Friedrich Fasch">Fasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Ferdinand_Fischer" title="Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux" title="Johann Joseph Fux">Fux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani" title="Francesco Geminiani">Geminiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Gerwazy_Gorczycki" title="Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki">Gorczycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Graupner" title="Christoph Graupner">Graupner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen" title="Johann David Heinichen">Heinichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Jacquet_de_La_Guerre" title="Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre">Jacquet de La Guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair" title="Jean-Marie Leclair">Leclair l'aîné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Locatelli" title="Pietro Locatelli">Locatelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lotti" title="Antonio Lotti">Lotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Marcello" title="Alessandro Marcello">A. Marcello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Pepusch" title="Johann Christoph Pepusch">Pepusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Pergolesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pisendel" title="Johann Georg Pisendel">Pisendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Porpora" title="Nicola Porpora">Porpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Rameau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">D. Scarlatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Seixas" title="Carlos Seixas">Seixas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini" title="Giuseppe Tartini">Tartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci" title="Leonardo Vinci">Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvius_Leopold_Weiss" title="Sylvius Leopold Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka" title="Jan Dismas Zelenka">Zelenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Zumaya" title="Manuel de Zumaya">de Zumaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1720)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">C. P. E. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">J. C. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">W. F. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Benda" title="Franz Benda">F. Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boccherini" title="Luigi Boccherini">Boccherini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Boyce_(composer)" title="William Boyce (composer)">Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Brixi" title="František Brixi">F. Brixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Corrette" title="Michel Corrette">Corrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi" title="Baldassare Galuppi">Galuppi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Hasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Martini" title="Giovanni Battista Martini">Padre Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Myslive%C4%8Dek" title="Josef Mysliveček">Mysliveček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_de_Mondonville" title="Jean-Joseph de Mondonville">Mondonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">L. Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Sammartini" title="Giovanni Battista Sammartini">Sammartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Soler" title="Antonio Soler">Soler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Zach" title="Jan Zach">Zach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_instruments" title="Baroque instruments">Musical<br />Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque flute">flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_guitar" title="Baroque guitar">guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautenwerck" title="Lautenwerck">lautenwerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">sackbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_trumpet" title="Baroque trumpet">trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_violin" title="Baroque violin">violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">violone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_orchestra" title="Baroque orchestra">Baroque orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">Basso continuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ballet" title="French ballet">ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzona" title="Canzona">canzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzonetta" title="Canzonetta">canzonetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(music)" title="Capriccio (music)">capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaconne" title="Chaconne">chaconne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_17th-century_chaconnes" title="List of 17th-century chaconnes">17th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_chaconnes" title="List of 18th-century chaconnes">18th-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertato" title="Concertato">concertato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">concerto grosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courante" title="Courante">courante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavotte" title="Gavotte">gavotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigue" title="Gigue">gigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">passacaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabande" title="Sarabande">sarabande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">fantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folia" title="Folia">folia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grands_motets" class="mw-redirect" title="Grands motets">grand motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera#The_Baroque_era" title="Opera">opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricercar" title="Ricercar">ricercar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_da_chiesa" title="Sonata da chiesa">sonata da chiesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Baroque music of the British Isles">British Baroque music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_revival" title="Early music revival">early music revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_festivals" title="Early music festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_music_ensembles" title="List of early music ensembles">ensembles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_baroque" title="Folk baroque">Folk baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_in%C3%A9gales" title="Notes inégales">notes inégales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">polychoral style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_bris%C3%A9" title="Style brisé">Style brisé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galant_Schemata" title="Galant Schemata">Galant Schemata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_painting" title="Baroque painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_music" title="Category:Baroque music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Voyager_Golden_Record435" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Template:Voyager Golden Record"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Template talk:Voyager Golden Record"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voyager Golden Record"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Voyager_Golden_Record435" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>first movement of <i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos">Brandenburg Concerto</a></i> No. 2, BWV 1047</li> <li>"Cavatina" from <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._13_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 13 (Beethoven)">Beethoven's String Quartet No. 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrulo" title="Chakrulo">Chakrulo</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dark_Was_the_Night,_Cold_Was_the_Ground" title="Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground">Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground</a>"</li> <li>"Gavotte en Rondeau" from <a href="/wiki/Partita_for_Violin_No._3_(Bach)" title="Partita for Violin No. 3 (Bach)">Partita for Violin No. 3, BWV 1006</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Izlel_ye_Delyo_Haydutin" title="Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin">Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Johnny_B._Goode" title="Johnny B. Goode">Johnny B. Goode</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_and_Fugue_in_C_major,_BWV_870" title="Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 870">Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 870, from <i>The Well-Tempered Clavier</i>, Book II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puspawarna" title="Puspawarna">Puspawarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Night_aria" title="Queen of the Night aria">Queen of the Night aria from <i>The Magic Flute</i></a></li> <li>"Sacrificial Dance" from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Humpback_Whale_(album)" title="Songs of the Humpback Whale (album)">Songs of the Humpback Whale</a></i></li> <li>first movement of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Beethoven's Symphony No. 5</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cover of the Sounds of Earth Record" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/100px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/150px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/200px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2215" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_and_His_Hot_Seven" title="Louis Armstrong and His Hot Seven">and His Hot Seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valya_Balkanska" title="Valya Balkanska">Valya Balkanska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera" title="Bavarian State Opera">Bavarian State Opera</a> <ul><li>with <a href="/wiki/Edda_Moser" title="Edda Moser">Edda Moser</a>, conductor: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sawallisch" title="Wolfgang Sawallisch">Wolfgang Sawallisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_String_Quartet" title="Budapest String Quartet">Budapest String Quartet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Columbia Symphony Orchestra">Columbia Symphony Orchestra</a> <ul><li>conductor: <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cohen_(musician)" title="John Cohen (musician)">John Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Dj%C3%A4wa" title="Tom Djäwa">Tom Djäwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Druyan" title="Ann Druyan">Ann Druyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Pinghu" title="Guan Pinghu">Guan Pinghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Holborne" title="Anthony Holborne">Anthony Holborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Jalilov" title="Kamil Jalilov">Kamil Jalilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Willie_Johnson" title="Blind Willie Johnson">Blind Willie Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesarbai_Kerkar" title="Kesarbai Kerkar">Kesarbai Kerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Bach-Orchester" title="Münchener Bach-Orchester">Münchener Bach-Orchester</a> <ul><li>conductor: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Richter_(conductor)" title="Karl Richter (conductor)">Karl Richter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Munrow" title="David Munrow">David Munrow</a> <ul><li>with the <a href="/wiki/Early_Music_Consort" title="Early Music Consort">Early Music Consort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._H._Notoprojo" title="K. P. H. Notoprojo">K. P. H. Notoprojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia Orchestra</a> <ul><li>conductor: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Sagan" title="Nick Sagan">Nick Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gor%C5%8D_Yamaguchi" title="Gorō Yamaguchi">Gorō Yamaguchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122764157">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12304462">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31701/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJppB8yXrdjQBbyjp7CCwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11850553X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bach, Johann Sebastian, 1685-1750"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021425">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118897907">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118897907">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00432003">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bach, Johann Sebastian"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV077206">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35011573">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990000367&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX992838">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000012185">Romania</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/45399">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068721781">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90970064">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx00n545p9mmng">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810596477705606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810541770105606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/92983">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258038005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000040920">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521399906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01098882?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/24f1766e-9635-4d58-a4d4-9413f9f98a4c">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b1e5022d-e57d-44cb-8b9c-c04823ae90cb">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102304">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_11850553X">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/b1316">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/789063">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11850553X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11850553X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026699656">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63x84mt">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/63020">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/2539">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Sebastian_Bach&oldid=1277665843">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Sebastian_Bach&oldid=1277665843</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Category:Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1685_births" title="Category:1685 births">1685 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1750_deaths" title="Category:1750 deaths">1750 deaths</a></li><li><a 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