CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Transfer RNA - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5966bc63-e35a-48e4-a819-2c40b9ab192a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Transfer_RNA","wgTitle":"Transfer RNA","wgCurRevisionId":1256708518,"wgRevisionId":1256708518,"wgArticleId":532175,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2019","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Rfam pages needing a picture","RNA","Protein biosynthesis","Non-coding RNA"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Transfer_RNA","wgRelevantArticleId":532175,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q201448", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible" ,"mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peptide_syn.svg/1200px-Peptide_syn.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="736"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peptide_syn.svg/800px-Peptide_syn.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="491"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peptide_syn.svg/640px-Peptide_syn.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="393"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Transfer RNA - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Transfer_RNA rootpage-Transfer_RNA skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Transfer+RNA" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Transfer+RNA" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Transfer+RNA" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Transfer+RNA" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anticodon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anticodon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Anticodon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anticodon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Nomenclature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aminoacylation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aminoacylation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aminoacylation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aminoacylation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binding_to_ribosome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binding_to_ribosome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Binding to ribosome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binding_to_ribosome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-tRNA_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#tRNA_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 tRNA genes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-tRNA_genes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle tRNA genes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-tRNA_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hypothetical_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypothetical_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Hypothetical origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypothetical_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-tRNA-derived_fragments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#tRNA-derived_fragments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 tRNA-derived fragments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-tRNA-derived_fragments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineered_tRNAs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineered_tRNAs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Engineered tRNAs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineered_tRNAs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-tRNA_biogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#tRNA_biogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 tRNA biogenesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-tRNA_biogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_relevance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_relevance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Clinical relevance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_relevance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Transfer RNA</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84" title="حمض نووي ريبوزي ناقل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض نووي ريبوزي ناقل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%8F" title="ট্রান্সফার আরএনএ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রান্সফার আরএনএ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C3%A1n-%C3%AE_RNA" title="Choán-î RNA – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Choán-î RNA" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Транспортна РНК – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Транспортна РНК" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportna_RNK" title="Transportna RNK – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Transportna RNK" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARN_de_transfer%C3%A8ncia" title="ARN de transferència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ARN de transferència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA" title="TRNA – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="TRNA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA" title="TRNA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="TRNA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA" title="TRNA – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="TRNA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpordi-RNA" title="Transpordi-RNA – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Transpordi-RNA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_RNA" title="Μεταφορικό RNA – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταφορικό RNA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARN_de_transferencia" title="ARN de transferencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ARN de transferencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferentziako_RNA" title="Transferentziako RNA – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Transferentziako RNA" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="آران‌ای حامل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آران‌ای حامل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_ribonucl%C3%A9ique_de_transfert" title="Acide ribonucléique de transfert – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide ribonucléique de transfert" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARN_transferente" title="ARN transferente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ARN transferente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%B0%98_RNA" title="운반 RNA – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="운반 RNA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%8C%D5%86%D4%B9" title="Փոխադրող ՌՆԹ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոխադրող ՌՆԹ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="अन्तरण आरएनए – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तरण आरएनए" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijenosni_RNK" title="Prijenosni RNK – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prijenosni RNK" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_transfer" title="RNA transfer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="RNA transfer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA" title="TRNA – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="TRNA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_transfer" title="RNA transfer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="RNA transfer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA" title="TRNA – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="TRNA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="სატრანსპორტო რიბონუკლეინის მჟავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სატრანსპორტო რიბონუკლეინის მჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%9D%D2%9A" title="Тасымалдаушы РНҚ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тасымалдаушы РНҚ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Ташуучу РНК – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ташуучу РНК" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA" title="TRNA – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="TRNA" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNR" title="TRNR – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="TRNR" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzfer_RNS" title="Transzfer RNS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transzfer RNS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Транспортна РНК – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Транспортна РНК" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_pemindah" title="RNA pemindah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="RNA pemindah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer-RNA" title="Transfer-RNA – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transfer-RNA" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%A2%E7%A7%BBRNA" title="転移RNA – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="転移RNA" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA" title="TRNA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="TRNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_ribonucle%C3%AFc_de_transferiment" title="Acid ribonucleïc de transferiment – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid ribonucleïc de transferiment" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA" title="TRNA – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="TRNA" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARN_transportador" title="ARN transportador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ARN transportador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_ribonucleic_de_transfer" title="Acid ribonucleic de transfer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid ribonucleic de transfer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ТРНК – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ТРНК" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferov%C3%A1_ribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Transferová ribonukleová kyselina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Transferová ribonukleová kyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%95_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="ئاڕ ئێن ئەی گوێزەرەوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاڕ ئێن ئەی گوێزەرەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Транспортна РНК – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Транспортна РНК" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportna_RNK" title="Transportna RNK – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transportna RNK" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siirt%C3%A4j%C3%A4-RNA" title="Siirtäjä-RNA – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siirtäjä-RNA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer-RNA" title="Transfer-RNA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transfer-RNA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="ทีอาร์เอ็นเอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทีอาร์เอ็นเอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9F%C4%B1y%C4%B1c%C4%B1_RNA" title="Taşıyıcı RNA – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taşıyıcı RNA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Транспортна РНК – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Транспортна РНК" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_v%E1%BA%ADn_chuy%E1%BB%83n" title="RNA vận chuyển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="RNA vận chuyển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E8%BF%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="转运核糖核酸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="转运核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Transfer RNA" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201448#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Transfer_RNA" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Transfer_RNA" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Transfer_RNA" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&oldid=1256708518" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Transfer_RNA&id=1256708518&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTransfer_RNA">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTransfer_RNA">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Transfer_RNA&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/TRNA" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201448" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">RNA that facilitates the addition of amino acids to a new protein</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peptide_syn.svg/220px-Peptide_syn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peptide_syn.svg/330px-Peptide_syn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peptide_syn.svg/440px-Peptide_syn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>The interaction of tRNA and mRNA in protein synthesis.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">tRNA</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#dddddd;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">t</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Rfam" title="Rfam">Rfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rfam.org/family/RF00005">RF00005</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#dddddd;">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, <a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> structures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index/?searchParams=%7B%22rfam_accession%22:%5B%7B%22value%22:%22RF00005%22,%22condition1%22:%22AND%22,%22condition2%22:%22Equal%20to%22%7D%5D,%22resultState%22:%7B%22tabIndex%22:0,%22paginationIndex%22:1,%22perPage%22:%2210%22,%22sortBy%22:%22release_date%20desc%22%7D%7D">PDBe</a> 3icq, 1asy, 1asz, 1il2, 2tra, 3tra, 486d, 1fir, 1yfg, 3eph, 3epj, 3epk, 3epl, 1efw, 1c0a, 2ake, 2azx, 2dr2, 1f7u, 1f7v, 3foz, 2hgp, 2j00, 2j02, 2ow8, 2v46, 2v48, 2wdg, 2wdh, 2wdk, 2wdm, 2wh1</td></tr></tbody></table> Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>) is an adaptor <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, typically 76 to 90 <a href="/wiki/Nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotides">nucleotides</a> in length (in eukaryotes).<a href="#cite_note-sharp1985-2">[2]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>, it provides the physical link between the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a> in <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> (mRNA) and the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> sequence of proteins, carrying the correct sequence of amino acids to be combined by the protein-synthesizing machinery, the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a>. Each three-nucleotide <a href="/wiki/Codon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codon">codon</a> in mRNA is <a href="/wiki/Complementary_DNA" title="Complementary DNA">complemented</a> by a three-nucleotide <a href="#Anticodon">anticodon</a> in tRNA. As such, tRNAs are a necessary component of <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">translation</a>, the biological synthesis of new <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> in accordance with the genetic code. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The process of <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">translation</a> starts with the information stored in the nucleotide sequence of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. This is first transformed into mRNA, then tRNA specifies which three-nucleotide codon from the genetic code corresponds to which amino acid.<a href="#cite_note-crick-3">[3]</a> Each mRNA codon is recognized by a particular type of tRNA, which docks to it along a three-nucleotide <a href="#Anticodon">anticodon</a>, and together they form three <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(molecular_biology)" title="Complementarity (molecular biology)">complementary</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a>. On the other end of the tRNA is a covalent attachment to the amino acid corresponding to the anticodon sequence, with each type of tRNA attaching to a specific amino acid. Because the genetic code contains multiple codons that specify the same amino acid, there are several tRNA molecules bearing different anticodons which carry the same amino acid. The covalent attachment to the tRNA <a href="/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)" title="Directionality (molecular biology)">3' end</a> is catalysed by enzymes called <a href="/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase" title="Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase">aminoacyl tRNA synthetases</a>. During protein synthesis, tRNAs with attached amino acids are delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a> by proteins called <a href="/wiki/Elongation_factor" title="Elongation factor">elongation factors</a>, which aid in association of the tRNA with the ribosome, synthesis of the new polypeptide, and translocation (movement) of the ribosome along the mRNA. If the tRNA's anticodon matches the mRNA, another tRNA already <a href="#Binding_to_ribosome">bound to the ribosome</a> transfers the growing polypeptide chain from its 3' end to the amino acid attached to the 3' end of the newly delivered tRNA, a reaction catalysed by the ribosome. A large number of the individual nucleotides in a tRNA molecule may be <a href="/wiki/Chemical_modification#Chemical_modification_in_biochemistry" title="Chemical modification">chemically modified</a>, often by <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deamidation" title="Deamidation">deamidation</a>. These unusual bases sometimes affect the tRNA's interaction with <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a> and sometimes occur in the <a href="/wiki/Anticodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticodon">anticodon</a> to alter base-pairing properties.<a href="#cite_note-Stryer2002-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TRNA-Phe_yeast_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TRNA-Phe_yeast_en.svg/220px-TRNA-Phe_yeast_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TRNA-Phe_yeast_en.svg/330px-TRNA-Phe_yeast_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TRNA-Phe_yeast_en.svg/440px-TRNA-Phe_yeast_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Secondary cloverleaf structure of tRNA</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png/220px-TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png/330px-TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png/440px-TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>Tertiary structure of tRNA. CCA tail in yellow, acceptor stem in purple, variable loop in orange, D arm in red, anticodon arm in blue with anticodon in black, T arm in green.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trna.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Trna.gif/220px-Trna.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Trna.gif/330px-Trna.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Trna.gif 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>3D animated GIF showing the structure of phenylalanine-tRNA from yeast (PDB ID 1ehz). White lines indicate base pairing by hydrogen bonds. In the orientation shown, the acceptor stem is on top and the anticodon on the bottom.<a href="#cite_note-tRNA_proteopedia-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> The structure of tRNA can be decomposed into its <a href="/wiki/Primary_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary structure">primary structure</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_secondary_structure" title="Nucleic acid secondary structure">secondary structure</a> (usually visualized as the cloverleaf structure), and its <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary structure">tertiary structure</a><a href="#cite_note-itoh-6">[6]</a> (all tRNAs have a similar L-shaped 3D structure that allows them to fit into the <a href="/wiki/P-site" title="P-site">P</a> and <a href="/wiki/A-site" title="A-site">A</a> sites of the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a>). The cloverleaf structure becomes the 3D L-shaped structure through coaxial stacking of the helices, which is a common <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_tertiary_structure" title="Nucleic acid tertiary structure">RNA tertiary structure</a> motif. The lengths of each arm, as well as the loop 'diameter', in a tRNA molecule vary from species to species.<a href="#cite_note-itoh-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-goodenbour2006-7">[7]</a> The tRNA structure consists of the following: <ul><li>The acceptor stem is a 7- to 9-base pair (bp) stem made by the base pairing of the 5′-terminal nucleotide with the 3′-terminal nucleotide (which contains the CCA tail used to attach the amino acid). The acceptor stem may contain non-Watson-Crick base pairs.<a href="#cite_note-itoh-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li>The CCA tail is a <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a>-cytosine-<a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a> sequence at the 3′ end of the tRNA molecule. The amino acid loaded onto the tRNA by <a href="/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase" title="Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase">aminoacyl tRNA synthetases</a>, to form <a href="/wiki/Aminoacyl-tRNA" title="Aminoacyl-tRNA">aminoacyl-tRNA</a>, is covalently bonded to the 3′-hydroxyl group on the CCA tail.<a href="#cite_note-ibba-9">[9]</a> This sequence is important for the recognition of tRNA by enzymes and critical in translation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid392600-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9242921-11">[11]</a> In prokaryotes, the CCA sequence is transcribed in some tRNA sequences. In most prokaryotic tRNAs and eukaryotic tRNAs, the CCA sequence is added during processing and therefore does not appear in the tRNA gene.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/D_arm" title="D arm">D loop</a> is a 4- to 6-bp stem ending in a loop that often contains <a href="/wiki/Dihydrouridine" title="Dihydrouridine">dihydrouridine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-itoh-6">[6]</a></li> <li>The anticodon loop is a 5-bp stem whose loop contains the <a href="#Anticodon">anticodon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-itoh-6">[6]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/T_arm" title="T arm">TΨC loop</a> is named so because of the characteristic presence of the unusual base Ψ in the loop, where Ψ is <a href="/wiki/Pseudouridine" title="Pseudouridine">pseudouridine</a>, a modified <a href="/wiki/Uridine" title="Uridine">uridine</a>. The modified base is often found within the sequence 5'-TΨCGA-3', with the T (<a href="/wiki/Ribothymidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribothymidine">ribothymidine</a>, m5U) and A forming a base pair.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li>The variable loop or V loop sits between the anticodon loop and the ΨU loop and, as its name implies, varies in size from 3 to 21 bases. In some tRNAs, the "loop" is long enough to form a rigid stem, the variable arm.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35882385-14">[14]</a> tRNAs with a V loop more than 10 bases long is classified as "class II" and the rest is called "class I".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anticodon">Anticodon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anticodon">edit</a>]</div> An anticodon<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> is a unit of three <a href="/wiki/Nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotides">nucleotides</a> corresponding to the three bases of an <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">codon</a>. Each tRNA has a distinct anticodon triplet sequence that can form 3 <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(molecular_biology)" title="Complementarity (molecular biology)">complementary</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> to one or more codons for an amino acid. Some anticodons pair with more than one codon due to <a href="/wiki/Wobble_base_pair" title="Wobble base pair">wobble base pairing</a>. Frequently, the first nucleotide of the anticodon is one not found on mRNA: <a href="/wiki/Inosine" title="Inosine">inosine</a>, which can <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bond</a> to more than one base in the corresponding codon position.<a href="#cite_note-Stryer2002-4">[4]</a>: 29.3.9  In <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a>, it is common for a single amino acid to be specified by all four third-position possibilities, or at least by both <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">pyrimidines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purines</a>; for example, the amino acid <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a> is coded for by the codon sequences GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG. Other modified nucleotides may also appear at the first anticodon position—sometimes known as the "wobble position"—resulting in subtle changes to the genetic code, as for example in <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The possibility of wobble bases reduces the number of tRNA types required: instead of 61 types with one for each sense codon of the standard genetic code), only 31 tRNAs are required to translate, unambiguously, all 61 sense codons.<a href="#cite_note-crick-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> A tRNA is commonly named by its intended amino acid (e.g. tRNA-Asn), by its anticodon sequence (e.g. tRNA(GUU)), or by both (e.g. tRNA-Asn(GUU) or tRNAAsn GUU).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> These two features describe the main function of the tRNA, but do not actually cover the whole diversity of tRNA variation; as a result, numerical suffixes are added to differentiate.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> tRNAs intended for the same amino acid are called "isotypes"; these with the same anticodon sequence are called "isoacceptors"; and these with both being the same but differing in other places are called "isodecoders".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aminoacylation">Aminoacylation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aminoacylation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aminoacyl-tRNA" title="Aminoacyl-tRNA">Aminoacyl-tRNA</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Aminoacylation" title="Aminoacylation">Aminoacylation</a> is the process of adding an aminoacyl group to a compound. It covalently links an <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> to the CCA 3′ end of a tRNA molecule. Each tRNA is aminoacylated (or charged) with a specific amino acid by an <a href="/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase" title="Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase">aminoacyl tRNA synthetase</a>. There is normally a single aminoacyl tRNA synthetase for each amino acid, despite the fact that there can be more than one tRNA, and more than one anticodon for an amino acid. Recognition of the appropriate tRNA by the synthetases is not mediated solely by the anticodon, and the acceptor stem often plays a prominent role.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7692438-22">[22]</a> Reaction: <ol><li>amino acid + <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> → aminoacyl-AMP + <a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphate" title="Pyrophosphate">PPi</a></li> <li>aminoacyl-AMP + tRNA → aminoacyl-tRNA + <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li></ol> Certain organisms can have one or more aminophosphate-tRNA synthetases missing. This leads to charging of the tRNA by a chemically related amino acid, and by use of an enzyme or enzymes, the tRNA is modified to be correctly charged. For example, <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> has glutaminyl tRNA synthetase missing. Thus, glutamate tRNA synthetase charges tRNA-glutamine(tRNA-Gln) with <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>. An amidotransferase then converts the acid side chain of the glutamate to the amide, forming the correctly charged gln-tRNA-Gln. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Binding_to_ribosome">Binding to ribosome</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Binding to ribosome">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Transfer_RNA_morph_AT_to_PE_conformation.ogv/220px--Transfer_RNA_morph_AT_to_PE_conformation.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Transfer_RNA_morph_AT_to_PE_conformation.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Transfer_RNA_morph_AT_to_PE_conformation.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Transfer_RNA_morph_AT_to_PE_conformation.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="480" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Transfer_RNA_morph_AT_to_PE_conformation.ogv/Transfer_RNA_morph_AT_to_PE_conformation.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Transfer_RNA_morph_AT_to_PE_conformation.ogv/Transfer_RNA_morph_AT_to_PE_conformation.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>The range of conformations adopted by tRNA as it transits the A/T through P/E sites on the ribosome. The Protein Data Bank (PDB) codes for the structural models used as end points of the animation are given. Both tRNAs are modeled as phenylalanine-specific tRNA from Escherichia coli, with the A/T tRNA as a homology model of the deposited coordinates. Color coding as shown for <a href="#Structure">tRNA tertiary structure</a>. Adapted from.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a> has three binding sites for tRNA molecules that span the space between the two <a href="/wiki/Ribosome#Structure" title="Ribosome">ribosomal subunits</a>: the <a href="/wiki/A-site" title="A-site">A (aminoacyl)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid14681588-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/P-site" title="P-site">P (peptidyl)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/E-site" title="E-site">E (exit) sites</a>. In addition, the ribosome has two other sites for tRNA binding that are used during <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> decoding or during the initiation of <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">protein synthesis</a>. These are the T site (named <a href="/wiki/EF-Tu" title="EF-Tu">elongation factor Tu</a>) and I site (initiation).<a href="#cite_note-Agirrezabala-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allen-26">[26]</a> By convention, the tRNA binding sites are denoted with the site on the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome#Structure" title="Ribosome">small ribosomal subunit</a> listed first and the site on the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome#Structure" title="Ribosome">large ribosomal subunit</a> listed second. For example, the A site is often written A/A, the P site, P/P, and the E site, E/E.<a href="#cite_note-Agirrezabala-25">[25]</a> The binding proteins like L27, L2, L14, L15, L16 at the A- and P- sites have been determined by affinity labeling by A. P. Czernilofsky et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA, pp. 230–234, 1974). Once translation initiation is complete, the first aminoacyl tRNA is located in the P/P site, ready for the elongation cycle described below. During translation elongation, tRNA first binds to the ribosome as part of a complex with elongation factor Tu (<a href="/wiki/EF-Tu" title="EF-Tu">EF-Tu</a>) or its eukaryotic (<a href="/wiki/EEF-1" title="EEF-1">eEF-1</a>) or archaeal counterpart. This initial tRNA binding site is called the A/T site. In the A/T site, the A-site half resides in the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome#Structure" title="Ribosome">small ribosomal subunit</a> where the mRNA decoding site is located. The mRNA decoding site is where the <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Codon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codon">codon</a> is read out during translation. The T-site half resides mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome#Structure" title="Ribosome">large ribosomal subunit</a> where EF-Tu or eEF-1 interacts with the ribosome. Once mRNA decoding is complete, the aminoacyl-tRNA is bound in the A/A site and is ready for the next <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_translation#Elongation" title="Bacterial translation">peptide bond</a><a href="#cite_note-PTC-27">[27]</a> to be formed to its attached amino acid. The peptidyl-tRNA, which transfers the growing polypeptide to the aminoacyl-tRNA bound in the A/A site, is bound in the P/P site. Once the peptide bond is formed, the tRNA in the P/P site is acylated, or has a <a href="#Structure">free 3' end</a>, and the tRNA in the A/A site dissociates the growing polypeptide chain. To allow for the next elongation cycle, the tRNAs then move through hybrid A/P and P/E binding sites, before completing the cycle and residing in the P/P and E/E sites. Once the A/A and P/P tRNAs have moved to the P/P and E/E sites, the mRNA has also moved over by one <a href="/wiki/Codon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codon">codon</a> and the A/T site is vacant, ready for the next round of mRNA decoding. The tRNA bound in the E/E site then leaves the ribosome. The P/I site is actually the first to bind to aminoacyl tRNA, which is delivered by an initiation factor called <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic_initiation_factor-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotic initiation factor-2">IF2</a> in bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-26">[26]</a> However, the existence of the P/I site in eukaryotic or archaeal <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a> has not yet been confirmed. The P-site protein L27 has been determined by affinity labeling by E. Collatz and A. P. Czernilofsky (FEBS Lett., Vol. 63, pp. 283–286, 1976). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="tRNA_genes">tRNA genes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: tRNA genes">edit</a>]</div> Organisms vary in the number of tRNA <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> worm <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">C. elegans</a>, a commonly used model organism in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> studies, has 29,647 genes in its <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclear</a> genome,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> of which 620 code for tRNA.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The budding yeast <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a> has 275 tRNA genes in its genome. The number of tRNA genes per genome can vary widely, with bacterial species from groups such as Fusobacteria and Tenericutes having around 30 genes per genome while complex eukaryotic genomes such as the zebrafish (Danio rerio) can bear more than 10 thousand tRNA genes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[31]</a> In the human genome, which, according to January 2013 estimates, has about 20,848 protein coding genes <a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> in total, there are 497 nuclear genes encoding cytoplasmic tRNA molecules, and 324 tRNA-derived <a href="/wiki/Pseudogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudogenes">pseudogenes</a>—tRNA genes thought to be no longer functional<a href="#cite_note-Lander-33">[33]</a> (although pseudo tRNAs have been shown to be involved in <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antibiotic resistance</a> in bacteria).<a href="#cite_note-Rogers12-34">[34]</a> As with all eukaryotes, there are 22 <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrial</a> tRNA genes<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> in humans. Mutations in some of these genes have been associated with severe diseases like the <a href="/wiki/MELAS_syndrome" title="MELAS syndrome">MELAS syndrome</a>. Regions in nuclear <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a>, very similar in sequence to mitochondrial tRNA genes, have also been identified (tRNA-lookalikes).<a href="#cite_note-Telonis14-36">[36]</a> These tRNA-lookalikes are also considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Numt" class="mw-redirect" title="Numt">nuclear mitochondrial DNA</a> (genes transferred from the mitochondria to the nucleus).<a href="#cite_note-Telonis14-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramos11-37">[37]</a> The phenomenon of multiple nuclear copies of mitochondrial tRNA (tRNA-lookalikes) has been observed in many higher organisms from human to the opossum<a href="#cite_note-Telonis15-look-38">[38]</a> suggesting the possibility that the lookalikes are functional. Cytoplasmic tRNA genes can be grouped into 49 families according to their anticodon features. These genes are found on all chromosomes, except the 22 and Y chromosome. High clustering on 6p is observed (140 tRNA genes), as well as on chromosome 1.<a href="#cite_note-Lander-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a>, in collaboration with the Genomic tRNA Database (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gtrnadb.ucsc.edu/">GtRNAdb</a>) and experts in the field, has approved unique names for human genes that encode tRNAs. Typically, tRNAs genes from Bacteria are shorter (mean = 77.6 bp) than tRNAs from Archaea (mean = 83.1 bp) and eukaryotes (mean = 84.7 bp).<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[31]</a> The mature tRNA follows an opposite pattern with tRNAs from Bacteria being usually longer (median = 77.6 nt) than tRNAs from Archaea (median = 76.8 nt), with eukaryotes exhibiting the shortest mature tRNAs (median = 74.5 nt).<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> Genomic tRNA content is a differentiating feature of genomes among biological domains of life: Archaea present the simplest situation in terms of genomic tRNA content with a uniform number of gene copies, Bacteria have an intermediate situation and Eukarya present the most complex situation.<a href="#cite_note-evamaria-39">[39]</a> Eukarya present not only more tRNA gene content than the other two kingdoms but also a high variation in <a href="/wiki/Gene_copy_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene copy number">gene copy number</a> among different isoacceptors, and this complexity seem to be due to duplications of tRNA genes and changes in anticodon specificity [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Evolution of the tRNA gene copy number across different species has been linked to the appearance of specific tRNA modification enzymes (uridine methyltransferases in Bacteria, and adenosine deaminases in Eukarya), which increase the decoding capacity of a given tRNA.<a href="#cite_note-evamaria-39">[39]</a> As an example, tRNAAla encodes four different tRNA isoacceptors (AGC, UGC, GGC and CGC). In Eukarya, AGC isoacceptors are extremely enriched in gene copy number in comparison to the rest of isoacceptors, and this has been correlated with its A-to-I modification of its wobble base. This same trend has been shown for most amino acids of eukaryal species. Indeed, the effect of these two tRNA modifications is also seen in <a href="/wiki/Codon_usage_bias" title="Codon usage bias">codon usage bias</a>. Highly expressed genes seem to be enriched in codons that are exclusively using codons that will be decoded by these modified tRNAs, which suggests a possible role of these codons—and consequently of these tRNA modifications—in translation efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-evamaria-39">[39]</a> Many species have lost specific tRNAs during evolution. For instance, both mammals and birds lack the same 14 out of the possible 64 tRNA genes, but other life forms contain these tRNAs.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> For translating codons for which an exactly pairing tRNA is missing, organisms resort to a strategy called <a href="/wiki/Wobble_base_pair" title="Wobble base pair">wobbling</a>, in which imperfectly matched tRNA/mRNA pairs still give rise to translation, although this strategy also increases the propensity for translation errors.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The reasons why tRNA genes have been lost during evolution remains under debate but may relate improving resistance to viral infection.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Because nucleotide triplets can present more combinations than there are amino acids and associated tRNAs, there is redundancy in the genetic code, and several different 3-nucleotide codons can express the same amino acid. This codon bias is what necessitates codon optimization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypothetical_origin">Hypothetical origin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hypothetical origin">edit</a>]</div> The top half of tRNA (consisting of the T arm and the acceptor stem with 5′-terminal phosphate group and 3′-terminal CCA group) and the bottom half (consisting of the D arm and the anticodon arm) are independent units in structure as well as in function. The top half may have evolved first including the 3′-terminal genomic tag which originally may have marked tRNA-like molecules for replication in early <a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA world</a>. The bottom half may have evolved later as an expansion, e.g. as protein synthesis started in RNA world and turned it into a ribonucleoprotein world (<a href="/wiki/RNP_world" title="RNP world">RNP world</a>). This proposed scenario is called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomic_tag_hypothesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genomic tag hypothesis (page does not exist)">genomic tag hypothesis</a>. In fact, tRNA and tRNA-like aggregates have an important catalytic influence (i.e., as <a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">ribozymes</a>) on replication still today. These roles may be regarded as '<a href="/wiki/Molecular_fossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular fossil">molecular (or chemical) fossils</a>' of RNA world.<a href="#cite_note-MW_GenomicTag-43">[43]</a> In March 2021, researchers reported evidence suggesting that an early form of transfer RNA could have been a replicator <a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">ribozyme</a> molecule in the very early development of life, or <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EL-20210302-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-STD-20210403-45">[45]</a> Evolution of type I and type II tRNAs is explained to the last nucleotide by the three 31 nucleotide minihelix tRNA evolution theorem, which also describes the pre-life to life transition on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Three 31 nucleotide minihelices of known sequence were ligated in pre-life to generate a 93 nucleotide tRNA precursor. In pre-life, a 31 nucleotide D loop minihelix (GCGGCGGUAGCCUAGCCUAGCCUACCGCCGC) was ligated to two 31 nucleotide anticodon loop minihelices (GCGGCGGCCGGGCU/???AACCCGGCCGCCGC; / indicates a U-turn conformation in the RNA backbone; ? indicates unknown base identity) to form the 93 nucleotide tRNA precursor. To generate type II tRNAs, a single internal 9 nucleotide deletion occurred within ligated acceptor stems (CCGCCGCGCGGCGG goes to GGCGG). To generate type I tRNAs, an additional, related 9 nucleotide deletion occurred within ligated acceptor stems within the variable loop region (CCGCCGCGCGGCGG goes to CCGCC). These two 9 nucleotide deletions are identical on complementary RNA strands. tRNAomes (all of the tRNAs of an organism) were generated by duplication and mutation. Very clearly, life evolved from a polymer world that included RNA repeats and RNA inverted repeats (stem-loop-stems). Of particular importance were the 7 nucleotide U-turn loops (CU/???AA). After LUCA (the last universal common (cellular) ancestor), the T loop evolved to interact with the D loop at the tRNA “elbow” (T loop: UU/CAAAU, after LUCA). Polymer world progressed to minihelix world to tRNA world, which has endured for ~4 billion years. Analysis of tRNA sequences reveals a major successful pathway in evolution of life on Earth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="tRNA-derived_fragments">tRNA-derived fragments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: tRNA-derived fragments">edit</a>]</div> tRNA-derived fragments (or tRFs) are short molecules that emerge after cleavage of the mature tRNAs or the precursor transcript.<a href="#cite_note-Gebetsberger13-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shigematsu14-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sobala11-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keam15-54">[54]</a> Both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs can produce fragments.<a href="#cite_note-Telonis15-dissect-55">[55]</a> There are at least four structural types of tRFs believed to originate from mature tRNAs, including the relatively long tRNA halves and short 5'-tRFs, 3'-tRFs and i-tRFs.<a href="#cite_note-Gebetsberger13-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telonis15-dissect-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kumar14-56">[56]</a> The precursor tRNA can be cleaved to produce molecules from the 5' leader or 3' trail sequences. Cleavage enzymes include Angiogenin, Dicer, RNase Z and RNase P.<a href="#cite_note-Gebetsberger13-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shigematsu14-52">[52]</a> Especially in the case of Angiogenin, the tRFs have a characteristically unusual cyclic phosphate at their 3' end and a hydroxyl group at the 5' end.<a href="#cite_note-Honda15-57">[57]</a> tRFs appear to play a role in <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a>, specifically in the suppression of retroviruses and retrotransposons that use tRNA as a primer for replication. Half-tRNAs cleaved by <a href="/wiki/Angiogenin" title="Angiogenin">angiogenin</a> are also known as tiRNAs. The biogenesis of smaller fragments, including those that function as <a href="/wiki/PiRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="PiRNA">piRNAs</a>, are less understood.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29934075-58">[58]</a> tRFs have multiple dependencies and roles; such as exhibiting significant changes between sexes, among races and disease status.<a href="#cite_note-Telonis15-dissect-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telonis18-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telonis19-60">[60]</a> Functionally, they can be loaded on Ago and act through RNAi pathways,<a href="#cite_note-Sobala11-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kumar14-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shigematsu15-61">[61]</a> participate in the formation of stress granules,<a href="#cite_note-Emara10-62">[62]</a> displace mRNAs from RNA-binding proteins<a href="#cite_note-Goodarzi15-63">[63]</a> or inhibit translation.<a href="#cite_note-Ivanov11-64">[64]</a> At the system or the organismal level, the four types of tRFs have a diverse spectrum of activities. Functionally, tRFs are associated with viral infection,<a href="#cite_note-Selitsky15-65">[65]</a> cancer,<a href="#cite_note-Kumar14-56">[56]</a> cell proliferation <a href="#cite_note-Honda15-57">[57]</a> and also with epigenetic transgenerational regulation of metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma16-66">[66]</a> tRFs are not restricted to humans and have been shown to exist in multiple organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Kumar14-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Casas15-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hirose15-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karaiskos15-69">[69]</a> Two online tools are available for those wishing to learn more about tRFs: the framework for the interactive exploration of mitochondrial and nuclear tRNA fragments (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cm.jefferson.edu/MINTbase/">MINTbase</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Pliatsika16-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pliatsika18-71">[71]</a> and the relational database of Transfer RNA related Fragments (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.bioch.virginia.edu/trfdb/">tRFdb</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Kumar15-72">[72]</a> MINTbase also provides a naming scheme for the naming of tRFs called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cm.jefferson.edu/MINTcodes/">tRF-license plates</a> (or MINTcodes) that is genome independent; the scheme compresses an RNA sequence into a shorter string. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineered_tRNAs">Engineered tRNAs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Engineered tRNAs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic code expansion">Genetic code expansion</a></div> tRNAs with modified anticodons and/or acceptor stems can be used to modify the genetic code. Scientists have successfully repurposed codons (sense and stop) to accept amino acids (natural and novel), for both initiation (see: <a href="/wiki/Start_codon" title="Start codon">start codon</a>) and elongation. In 1990, tRNAfMet2 CUA (modified from the tRNAfMet2 CAU gene <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocyc.org/gene?orgid=ECOLI&id=EG30061">metY</a>) was inserted into E. coli, causing it to initiate protein synthesis at the UAG stop codon, as long as it is preceded by a strong <a href="/wiki/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Shine-Dalgarno sequence">Shine-Dalgarno sequence</a>. At initiation it not only inserts the traditional <a href="/wiki/Formylmethionine" class="mw-redirect" title="Formylmethionine">formylmethionine</a>, but also formylglutamine, as glutamyl-tRNA synthase also recognizes the new tRNA.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The experiment was repeated in 1993, now with an elongator tRNA modified to be recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Methionyl-tRNA_formyltransferase" title="Methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase">methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> A similar result was obtained in <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium" title="Mycobacterium">Mycobacterium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Later experiments showed that the new tRNA was orthogonal to the regular AUG start codon showing no detectable off-target translation initiation events in a genomically recoded E. coli strain.<a href="#cite_note-fmet2-cua-ec-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="tRNA_biogenesis">tRNA biogenesis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: tRNA biogenesis">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> cells, tRNAs are <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcribed</a> by <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase_III" title="RNA polymerase III">RNA polymerase III</a> as pre-tRNAs in the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> RNA polymerase III recognizes two highly conserved downstream promoter sequences: the 5′ intragenic control region (5′-ICR, D-control region, or A box), and the 3′-ICR (T-control region or B box) inside tRNA genes.<a href="#cite_note-sharp1985-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-sharp1982-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dieci-79">[79]</a> The first promoter begins at +8 of mature tRNAs and the second promoter is located 30–60 nucleotides downstream of the first promoter. The transcription terminates after a stretch of four or more <a href="/wiki/Thymidine" title="Thymidine">thymidines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sharp1985-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dieci-79">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulge-helix-bulge_BHB_tRNA_intron.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bulge-helix-bulge_BHB_tRNA_intron.png/220px-Bulge-helix-bulge_BHB_tRNA_intron.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bulge-helix-bulge_BHB_tRNA_intron.png/330px-Bulge-helix-bulge_BHB_tRNA_intron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bulge-helix-bulge_BHB_tRNA_intron.png/440px-Bulge-helix-bulge_BHB_tRNA_intron.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Bulge-helix-bulge motif of a tRNA intron</figcaption></figure> Pre-tRNAs undergo extensive modifications inside the nucleus. Some pre-tRNAs contain <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introns</a> that are spliced, or cut, to form the functional tRNA molecule;<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> in bacteria these self-<a href="/wiki/Splicing_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Splicing (genetics)">splice</a>, whereas in eukaryotes and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> they are removed by tRNA-splicing <a href="/wiki/Endonuclease" title="Endonuclease">endonucleases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Eukaryotic pre-tRNA contains bulge-helix-bulge (BHB) structure motif that is important for recognition and precise splicing of tRNA intron by endonucleases.<a href="#cite_note-Soma2014-82">[82]</a> This motif position and structure are evolutionarily conserved. However, some organisms, such as unicellular algae have a non-canonical position of BHB-motif as well as 5′- and 3′-ends of the spliced intron sequence.<a href="#cite_note-Soma2014-82">[82]</a> The 5′ sequence is removed by <a href="/wiki/RNase_P" class="mw-redirect" title="RNase P">RNase P</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid9759486-83">[83]</a> whereas the 3′ end is removed by the <a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease_Z" title="Ribonuclease Z">tRNase Z</a> enzyme.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17305600-84">[84]</a> A notable exception is in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeon">archaeon</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeum_equitans" title="Nanoarchaeum equitans">Nanoarchaeum equitans</a>, which does not possess an RNase P enzyme and has a promoter placed such that transcription starts at the 5′ end of the mature tRNA.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18451863-85">[85]</a> The non-templated 3′ CCA tail is added by a <a href="/wiki/Nucleotidyl_transferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotidyl transferase">nucleotidyl transferase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15498478-86">[86]</a> Before tRNAs are <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_export" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear export">exported</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> by Los1/<a href="/wiki/Xpo-t" class="mw-redirect" title="Xpo-t">Xpo-t</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid9660920-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9512417-88">[88]</a> tRNAs are <a href="/wiki/Aminoacylation" title="Aminoacylation">aminoacylated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9857198-89">[89]</a> The order of the processing events is not conserved. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, the splicing is not carried out in the nucleus but at the cytoplasmic side of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrial</a> membranes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12925762-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The existence of tRNA was first hypothesized by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> as the "<a href="/wiki/Adaptor_hypothesis" title="Adaptor hypothesis">adaptor hypothesis</a>" based on the assumption that there must exist an adapter molecule capable of mediating the translation of the RNA alphabet into the protein alphabet. <a href="/wiki/Paul_C_Zamecnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C Zamecnik">Paul C Zamecnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Hoagland" title="Mahlon Hoagland">Mahlon Hoagland</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Louise_Stephenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Louise Stephenson (page does not exist)">Mary Louise Stephenson</a> discovered tRNA. <a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Significant research on structure was conducted in the early 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Rich" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex Rich">Alex Rich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Caspar" title="Donald Caspar">Donald Caspar</a>, two researchers in Boston, the Jacques Fresco group in <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> and a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> group at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> reported the primary structure and suggested three secondary structures.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> tRNA was first crystallized in Madison, Wisconsin, by Robert M. Bock.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1991-96">[96]</a> The cloverleaf structure was ascertained by several other studies in the following years<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and was finally confirmed using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a> studies in 1974. Two independent groups, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Sung-Hou" title="Kim Sung-Hou">Kim Sung-Hou</a> working under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a> and a British group headed by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a>, published the same crystallography findings within a year.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_relevance">Clinical relevance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Clinical relevance">edit</a>]</div> Interference with aminoacylation may be useful as an approach to treating some diseases: cancerous cells may be relatively vulnerable to disturbed aminoacylation compared to healthy cells. The protein synthesis associated with cancer and viral biology is often very dependent on specific tRNA molecules. For instance, for liver cancer charging tRNA-Lys-CUU with lysine sustains liver cancer cell growth and metastasis, whereas healthy cells have a much lower dependence on this tRNA to support cellular physiology.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33084231-100">[100]</a> Similarly, hepatitis E virus requires a tRNA landscape that substantially differs from that associated with uninfected cells.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_32133647-101">[101]</a> Hence, inhibition of aminoacylation of specific tRNA species is considered a promising novel avenue for the rational treatment of a plethora of diseases. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_model_of_tRNA" title="Cloverleaf model of tRNA">Cloverleaf model of tRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sung-Hou" title="Kim Sung-Hou">Kim Sung-Hou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_stem-loop" title="Kissing stem-loop">Kissing stem-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" title="Non-coding RNA">non-coding RNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slippery_sequence" title="Slippery sequence">Slippery sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TmRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TmRNA">tmRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA-like_structures" title="Transfer RNA-like structures">Transfer RNA-like structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation (genetics)">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRNADB" title="TRNADB">tRNADB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wobble_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wobble hypothesis">Wobble hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacyl-tRNA" title="Aminoacyl-tRNA">Aminoacyl-tRNA</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPlesciaPalczukCora-FigueroaMukherjee1965" class="citation journal cs1">Plescia OJ, Palczuk NC, Cora-Figueroa E, Mukherjee A, Braun W (October 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC219862">"Production of antibodies to soluble RNA (sRNA)"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 54 (4): 1281–1285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965PNAS...54.1281P">1965PNAS...54.1281P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.54.4.1281">10.1073/pnas.54.4.1281</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC219862">219862</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5219832">5219832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Production+of+antibodies+to+soluble+RNA+%28sRNA%29&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1281-1285&rft.date=1965-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC219862%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5219832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.54.4.1281&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965PNAS...54.1281P&rft.aulast=Plescia&rft.aufirst=OJ&rft.au=Palczuk%2C+NC&rft.au=Cora-Figueroa%2C+E&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+A&rft.au=Braun%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC219862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharp1985-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharp1985_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharp1985_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharp1985_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpSchaackCooleyBurke1985" class="citation journal cs1">Sharp SJ, Schaack J, Cooley L, Burke DJ, Söll D (1985). "Structure and transcription of eukaryotic tRNA genes". CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry. 19 (2): 107–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10409238509082541">10.3109/10409238509082541</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3905254">3905254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CRC+Critical+Reviews+in+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Structure+and+transcription+of+eukaryotic+tRNA+genes&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-144&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F10409238509082541&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3905254&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Schaack%2C+J&rft.au=Cooley%2C+L&rft.au=Burke%2C+DJ&rft.au=S%C3%B6ll%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crick-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crick_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crick_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick1968" class="citation journal cs1">Crick FH (December 1968). "The origin of the genetic code". Journal of Molecular Biology. 38 (3): 367–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2868%2990392-6">10.1016/0022-2836(68)90392-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4887876">4887876</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4144681">4144681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+genetic+code&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-379&rft.date=1968-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4144681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4887876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-2836%2868%2990392-6&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=FH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stryer2002-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stryer2002_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stryer2002_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStryerBergTymoczko2002" class="citation book cs1">Stryer L, Berg JM, Tymoczko JL (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21154/">Biochemistry</a> (5th ed.). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4955-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4955-4"><bdi>978-0-7167-4955-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-4955-4&rft.aulast=Stryer&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Berg%2C+JM&rft.au=Tymoczko%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK21154%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tRNA_proteopedia-5"><a href="#cite_ref-tRNA_proteopedia_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Transfer_RNA_%28tRNA%29">"Transfer RNA (tRNA)"</a>. Proteopedia.org. Retrieved 7 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proteopedia.org&rft.atitle=Transfer+RNA+%28tRNA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproteopedia.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FTransfer_RNA_%2528tRNA%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itoh_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-itoh_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-itoh_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-itoh_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-itoh_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItohSekineSuetsuguYokoyama2013" class="citation journal cs1">Itoh Y, Sekine S, Suetsugu S, Yokoyama S (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3711452">"Tertiary structure of bacterial serenocysteine tRNA"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (13): 6729–6738. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkt321">10.1093/nar/gkt321</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3711452">3711452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23649835">23649835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=Tertiary+structure+of+bacterial+serenocysteine+tRNA&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=6729-6738&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3711452%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23649835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkt321&rft.aulast=Itoh&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Sekine%2C+S&rft.au=Suetsugu%2C+S&rft.au=Yokoyama%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3711452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodenbour2006-7"><a href="#cite_ref-goodenbour2006_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodenbourPan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Goodenbour JM, Pan T (29 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693877">"Diversity of tRNA genes in eukaryotes"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (21): 6137–6146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkl725">10.1093/nar/gkl725</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693877">1693877</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17088292">17088292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+tRNA+genes+in+eukaryotes&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=6137-6146&rft.date=2006-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693877%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17088292&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkl725&rft.aulast=Goodenbour&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Pan%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahnRogersSöll1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jahn M, Rogers MJ, Söll D (July 1991). "Anticodon and acceptor stem nucleotides in tRNA(Gln) are major recognition elements for E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase". Nature. 352 (6332): 258–260. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.352..258J">1991Natur.352..258J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F352258a0">10.1038/352258a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1857423">1857423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4263705">4263705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Anticodon+and+acceptor+stem+nucleotides+in+tRNA%28Gln%29+are+major+recognition+elements+for+E.+coli+glutaminyl-tRNA+synthetase&rft.volume=352&rft.issue=6332&rft.pages=258-260&rft.date=1991-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F352258a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4263705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1857423&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Natur.352..258J&rft.aulast=Jahn&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Rogers%2C+MJ&rft.au=S%C3%B6ll%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibba-9"><a href="#cite_ref-ibba_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbbaSoll2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ibba M, Soll D (June 2000). "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 69 (1): 617–650. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.69.1.617">10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10966471">10966471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Aminoacyl-tRNA+synthesis&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=617-650&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.69.1.617&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10966471&rft.aulast=Ibba&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Soll%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid392600-10"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid392600_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprinzlCramer1979" class="citation journal cs1">Sprinzl M, Cramer F (1979). "The -C-C-A end of tRNA and its role in protein biosynthesis". Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology. 22: 1–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0079-6603%2808%2960798-9">10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60798-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-540022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-540022-0"><bdi>978-0-12-540022-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/392600">392600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Nucleic+Acid+Research+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=The+-C-C-A+end+of+tRNA+and+its+role+in+protein+biosynthesis&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=1-69&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F392600&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0079-6603%2808%2960798-9&rft.isbn=978-0-12-540022-0&rft.aulast=Sprinzl&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Cramer%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9242921-11"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9242921_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenNoller1997" class="citation journal cs1">Green R, Noller HF (1997). "Ribosomes and translation". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 66: 679–716. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.66.1.679">10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.679</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9242921">9242921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Ribosomes+and+translation&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=679-716&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.66.1.679&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9242921&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Noller%2C+HF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAebiKirchnerChenVijayraghavan1990" class="citation journal cs1">Aebi M, Kirchner G, Chen JY, Vijayraghavan U, Jacobson A, Martin NC, Abelson J, et al. (September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2946210-7">"Isolation of a temperature-sensitive mutant with an altered tRNA nucleotidyltransferase and cloning of the gene encoding tRNA nucleotidyltransferase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (27): 16216–16220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2946210-7">10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46210-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2204621">2204621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Isolation+of+a+temperature-sensitive+mutant+with+an+altered+tRNA+nucleotidyltransferase+and+cloning+of+the+gene+encoding+tRNA+nucleotidyltransferase+in+the+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=16216-16220&rft.date=1990-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2946210-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2204621&rft.aulast=Aebi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kirchner%2C+G&rft.au=Chen%2C+JY&rft.au=Vijayraghavan%2C+U&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+A&rft.au=Martin%2C+NC&rft.au=Abelson%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0021-9258%252817%252946210-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanChetnaniMondragón2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, CW; Chetnani, B; Mondragón, A (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748142">"Structure and function of the T-loop structural motif in noncoding RNAs"</a>. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA. 4 (5): 507–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwrna.1175">10.1002/wrna.1175</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748142">3748142</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23754657">23754657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiley+Interdisciplinary+Reviews.+RNA&rft.atitle=Structure+and+function+of+the+T-loop+structural+motif+in+noncoding+RNAs.&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=507-22&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3748142%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23754657&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwrna.1175&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=CW&rft.au=Chetnani%2C+B&rft.au=Mondrag%C3%B3n%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3748142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid35882385-14"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid35882385_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhakarKrahnZhangVargas-Rodriguez2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prabhakar A, Krahn N, Zhang J, Vargas-Rodriguez O, Krupkin M, Fu Z, Acosta-Reyes FJ, Ge X, Choi J, Crnković A, Ehrenberg M, Puglisi EV, Söll D, Puglisi J (Jul 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9561287">"Uncovering translation roadblocks during the development of a synthetic tRNA"</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 50 (18): 10201–10211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkac576">10.1093/nar/gkac576</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9561287">9561287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35882385">35882385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&rft.atitle=Uncovering+translation+roadblocks+during+the+development+of+a+synthetic+tRNA&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=10201-10211&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9561287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35882385&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkac576&rft.aulast=Prabhakar&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Krahn%2C+N&rft.au=Zhang%2C+J&rft.au=Vargas-Rodriguez%2C+O&rft.au=Krupkin%2C+M&rft.au=Fu%2C+Z&rft.au=Acosta-Reyes%2C+FJ&rft.au=Ge%2C+X&rft.au=Choi%2C+J&rft.au=Crnkovi%C4%87%2C+A&rft.au=Ehrenberg%2C+M&rft.au=Puglisi%2C+EV&rft.au=S%C3%B6ll%2C+D&rft.au=Puglisi%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9561287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennanSundaralingam1976" class="citation journal cs1">Brennan, T.; Sundaralingam, M. (1 November 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC343166">"Structure, of transfer RNA molecules containing the long variable loop"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 3 (11): 3235–3252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F3.11.3235">10.1093/nar/3.11.3235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC343166">343166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/794835">794835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=Structure%2C+of+transfer+RNA+molecules+containing+the+long+variable+loop&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3235-3252&rft.date=1976-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC343166%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F794835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2F3.11.3235&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Sundaralingam%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC343166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelsenfeldCantoni1964" class="citation journal cs1">Felsenfeld G, Cantoni GL (May 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC300168">"Use of thermal denaturation studies to investigate the base sequence of yeast serine sRNA"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 51 (5): 818–826. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PNAS...51..818F">1964PNAS...51..818F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.51.5.818">10.1073/pnas.51.5.818</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC300168">300168</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14172997">14172997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Use+of+thermal+denaturation+studies+to+investigate+the+base+sequence+of+yeast+serine+sRNA&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=818-826&rft.date=1964-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC300168%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14172997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.51.5.818&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964PNAS...51..818F&rft.aulast=Felsenfeld&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Cantoni%2C+GL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC300168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzukiSuzuki2014" class="citation journal cs1">Suzuki T, Suzuki T (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4066797">"A complete landscape of post-transcriptional modifications in mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (11): 7346–7357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgku390">10.1093/nar/gku390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4066797">4066797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24831542">24831542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=A+complete+landscape+of+post-transcriptional+modifications+in+mammalian+mitochondrial+tRNAs&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=7346-7357&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4066797%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24831542&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgku390&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4066797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipursky SL, Darnell J. (2004). Molecular Cell Biology. WH Freeman: New York. 5th ed.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716743668" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716743668">978-0716743668</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParisienWangPan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Parisien, Marc; Wang, Xiaoyun; Pan, Tao (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917988">"Diversity of human tRNA genes from the 1000-genomes project"</a>. RNA Biology. 10 (12): 1853–1867. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Frna.27361">10.4161/rna.27361</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917988">3917988</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24448271">24448271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RNA+Biology&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+human+tRNA+genes+from+the+1000-genomes+project&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1853-1867&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3917988%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24448271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Frna.27361&rft.aulast=Parisien&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xiaoyun&rft.au=Pan%2C+Tao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3917988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanLowe2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, PP; Lowe, TM (4 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702915">"GtRNAdb 2.0: an expanded database of transfer RNA genes identified in complete and draft genomes"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 44 (D1): D184-9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkv1309">10.1093/nar/gkv1309</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702915">4702915</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26673694">26673694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=GtRNAdb+2.0%3A+an+expanded+database+of+transfer+RNA+genes+identified+in+complete+and+draft+genomes.&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=D1&rft.pages=D184-9&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4702915%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26673694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkv1309&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=PP&rft.au=Lowe%2C+TM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4702915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesRudlerSiiraMcCubbin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Laetitia A.; Rudler, Danielle L.; Siira, Stefan J.; McCubbin, Tim; Raven, Samuel A.; Browne, Jasmin M.; Ermer, Judith A.; Rientjes, Jeanette; Rodger, Jennifer; Marcellin, Esteban; Rackham, Oliver; Filipovska, Aleksandra (18 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10113395">"Copy number variation in tRNA isodecoder genes impairs mammalian development and balanced translation"</a>. Nature Communications. 14 (1): 2210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCo..14.2210H">2023NatCo..14.2210H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-023-37843-9">10.1038/s41467-023-37843-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10113395">10113395</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37072429">37072429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Copy+number+variation+in+tRNA+isodecoder+genes+impairs+mammalian+development+and+balanced+translation&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2210&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10113395%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37072429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-023-37843-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatCo..14.2210H&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Laetitia+A.&rft.au=Rudler%2C+Danielle+L.&rft.au=Siira%2C+Stefan+J.&rft.au=McCubbin%2C+Tim&rft.au=Raven%2C+Samuel+A.&rft.au=Browne%2C+Jasmin+M.&rft.au=Ermer%2C+Judith+A.&rft.au=Rientjes%2C+Jeanette&rft.au=Rodger%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Marcellin%2C+Esteban&rft.au=Rackham%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Filipovska%2C+Aleksandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10113395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7692438-22"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7692438_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmelGiegéMorasYokoyama1993" class="citation journal cs1">Schimmel P, Giegé R, Moras D, Yokoyama S (October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47440">"An operational RNA code for amino acids and possible relationship to genetic code"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (19): 8763–8768. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PNAS...90.8763S">1993PNAS...90.8763S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.90.19.8763">10.1073/pnas.90.19.8763</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47440">47440</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7692438">7692438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=An+operational+RNA+code+for+amino+acids+and+possible+relationship+to+genetic+code&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=8763-8768&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC47440%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7692438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.90.19.8763&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PNAS...90.8763S&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Gieg%C3%A9%2C+R&rft.au=Moras%2C+D&rft.au=Yokoyama%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC47440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunkleWangFeldmanPulk2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dunkle JA, Wang L, Feldman MB, Pulk A, Chen VB, Kapral GJ, Noeske J, Richardson JS, Blanchard SC, Cate JH (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176341">"Structures of the bacterial ribosome in classical and hybrid states of tRNA binding"</a>. Science. 332 (6032): 981–984. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...332..981D">2011Sci...332..981D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1202692">10.1126/science.1202692</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176341">3176341</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21596992">21596992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Structures+of+the+bacterial+ribosome+in+classical+and+hybrid+states+of+tRNA+binding&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=6032&rft.pages=981-984&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3176341%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21596992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1202692&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...332..981D&rft.aulast=Dunkle&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Wang%2C+L&rft.au=Feldman%2C+MB&rft.au=Pulk%2C+A&rft.au=Chen%2C+VB&rft.au=Kapral%2C+GJ&rft.au=Noeske%2C+J&rft.au=Richardson%2C+JS&rft.au=Blanchard%2C+SC&rft.au=Cate%2C+JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3176341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14681588-24"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14681588_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonevegaSobolevaMakhnoSemenkov2004" class="citation journal cs1">Konevega AL, Soboleva NG, Makhno VI, Semenkov YP, Wintermeyer W, Rodnina MV, Katunin VI (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1370521">"Purine bases at position 37 of tRNA stabilize codon-anticodon interaction in the ribosomal A site by stacking and Mg2+-dependent interactions"</a>. RNA. 10 (1): 90–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1261%2Frna.5142404">10.1261/rna.5142404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1370521">1370521</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14681588">14681588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RNA&rft.atitle=Purine+bases+at+position+37+of+tRNA+stabilize+codon-anticodon+interaction+in+the+ribosomal+A+site+by+stacking+and+Mg2%2B-dependent+interactions&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=90-101&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1370521%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14681588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1261%2Frna.5142404&rft.aulast=Konevega&rft.aufirst=AL&rft.au=Soboleva%2C+NG&rft.au=Makhno%2C+VI&rft.au=Semenkov%2C+YP&rft.au=Wintermeyer%2C+W&rft.au=Rodnina%2C+MV&rft.au=Katunin%2C+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1370521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agirrezabala-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agirrezabala_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agirrezabala_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgirrezabalaFrank2009" class="citation journal cs1">Agirrezabala X, Frank J (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2832932">"Elongation in translation as a dynamic interaction among the ribosome, tRNA, and elongation factors EF-G and EF-Tu"</a>. Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics. 42 (3): 159–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033583509990060">10.1017/S0033583509990060</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2832932">2832932</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20025795">20025795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Reviews+of+Biophysics&rft.atitle=Elongation+in+translation+as+a+dynamic+interaction+among+the+ribosome%2C+tRNA%2C+and+elongation+factors+EF-G+and+EF-Tu&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=159-200&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2832932%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20025795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033583509990060&rft.aulast=Agirrezabala&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Frank%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2832932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenZavialovGurskyEhrenberg2005" class="citation journal cs1">Allen GS, Zavialov A, Gursky R, Ehrenberg M, Frank J (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.03.023">"The cryo-EM structure of a translation initiation complex from Escherichia coli"</a>. Cell. 121 (5): 703–712. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.03.023">10.1016/j.cell.2005.03.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15935757">15935757</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16146867">16146867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+cryo-EM+structure+of+a+translation+initiation+complex+from+Escherichia+coli&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=703-712&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16146867%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15935757&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.03.023&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=GS&rft.au=Zavialov%2C+A&rft.au=Gursky%2C+R&rft.au=Ehrenberg%2C+M&rft.au=Frank%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2005.03.023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTC-27"><a href="#cite_ref-PTC_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirumalaiRivasTranFox2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tirumalai MR, Rivas M, Tran Q, Fox GE (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8579967">"The Peptidyl Transferase Center: a Window to the Past"</a>. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 85 (4): e0010421. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MMBR...85...21T">2021MMBR...85...21T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.00104-21">10.1128/MMBR.00104-21</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8579967">8579967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34756086">34756086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiol+Mol+Biol+Rev&rft.atitle=The+Peptidyl+Transferase+Center%3A+a+Window+to+the+Past&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0010421&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8579967%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34756086&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.00104-21&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MMBR...85...21T&rft.aulast=Tirumalai&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Rivas%2C+M&rft.au=Tran%2C+Q&rft.au=Fox%2C+GE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8579967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> WormBase web site, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wormbase.org">http://www.wormbase.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420234209/http://www.wormbase.org/">Archived</a> 2017-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, release WS187, date 25-Jan-2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiethLawson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Spieth J, Lawson D (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781370">"Overview of gene structure"</a>. WormBook: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.65.1">10.1895/wormbook.1.65.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781370">4781370</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18023127">18023127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WormBook&rft.atitle=Overview+of+gene+structure&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4781370%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18023127&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.65.1&rft.aulast=Spieth&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Lawson%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4781370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Hartwell LH, Hood L, Goldberg ML, Reynolds AE, Silver LM, Veres RC. (2004). Genetics: From Genes to Genomes 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill: New York. p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantosDel-Bem2023" class="citation journal cs1">Santos, Fenícia Brito; Del-Bem, Luiz-Eduardo (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9858662">"The Evolution of tRNA Copy Number and Repertoire in Cellular Life"</a>. Genes. 14 (1): 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes14010027">10.3390/genes14010027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4425">2073-4425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9858662">9858662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36672768">36672768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+tRNA+Copy+Number+and+Repertoire+in+Cellular+Life&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9858662%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2073-4425&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36672768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fgenes14010027&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Fen%C3%ADcia+Brito&rft.au=Del-Bem%2C+Luiz-Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9858662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Ensembl release 70 - Jan 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Info/StatsTable?db=core">http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Info/StatsTable?db=core</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215071631/http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Info/StatsTable?db=core">Archived</a> 2013-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lander-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lander_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lander_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanderLintonBirrenNusbaum2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, et al. (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium) (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62798/1/409860a0.pdf">"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome"</a> (PDF). Nature. 409 (6822): 860–921. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409..860L">2001Natur.409..860L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35057062">10.1038/35057062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11237011">11237011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Initial+sequencing+and+analysis+of+the+human+genome&rft.volume=409&rft.issue=6822&rft.pages=860-921&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11237011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35057062&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.409..860L&rft.aulast=Lander&rft.aufirst=ES&rft.au=Linton%2C+LM&rft.au=Birren%2C+B&rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+C&rft.au=Zody%2C+MC&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F62798%2F1%2F409860a0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers12-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers12_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersAtaideDareKatz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers TE, Ataide SF, Dare K, Katz A, Seveau S, Roy H, Ibba M (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399842">"A pseudo-tRNA modulates antibiotic resistance in Bacillus cereus"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41248. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...741248R">2012PLoSO...741248R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0041248">10.1371/journal.pone.0041248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399842">3399842</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22815980">22815980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+pseudo-tRNA+modulates+antibiotic+resistance+in+Bacillus+cereus&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e41248&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399842%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22815980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0041248&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...741248R&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=TE&rft.au=Ataide%2C+SF&rft.au=Dare%2C+K&rft.au=Katz%2C+A&rft.au=Seveau%2C+S&rft.au=Roy%2C+H&rft.au=Ibba%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Hartwell LH, Hood L, Goldberg ML, Reynolds AE, Silver LM, Veres RC. (2004). Genetics: From Genes to Genomes 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill: New York. p. 529. </li> <li id="cite_note-Telonis14-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telonis14_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telonis14_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelonisLoherKirinoRigoutsos2014" class="citation journal cs1">Telonis AG, Loher P, Kirino Y, Rigoutsos I (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189335">"Nuclear and mitochondrial tRNA-lookalikes in the human genome"</a>. Frontiers in Genetics. 5: 344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2014.00344">10.3389/fgene.2014.00344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189335">4189335</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25339973">25339973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Nuclear+and+mitochondrial+tRNA-lookalikes+in+the+human+genome&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=344&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4189335%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25339973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2014.00344&rft.aulast=Telonis&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Loher%2C+P&rft.au=Kirino%2C+Y&rft.au=Rigoutsos%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4189335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramos11-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramos11_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamosBarbenaMateiudel_Mar_González2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ramos A, Barbena E, Mateiu L, del Mar González M, Mairal Q, Lima M, Montiel R, Aluja MP, Santos C, et al. (November 2011). "Nuclear insertions of mitochondrial origin: Database updating and usefulness in cancer studies". Mitochondrion. 11 (6): 946–953. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mito.2011.08.009">10.1016/j.mito.2011.08.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21907832">21907832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitochondrion&rft.atitle=Nuclear+insertions+of+mitochondrial+origin%3A+Database+updating+and+usefulness+in+cancer+studies&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=946-953&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mito.2011.08.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21907832&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Barbena%2C+E&rft.au=Mateiu%2C+L&rft.au=del+Mar+Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+M&rft.au=Mairal%2C+Q&rft.au=Lima%2C+M&rft.au=Montiel%2C+R&rft.au=Aluja%2C+MP&rft.au=Santos%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telonis15-look-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Telonis15-look_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelonisKirinoRigoutsos2015" class="citation journal cs1">Telonis AG, Kirino Y, Rigoutsos I (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615777">"Mitochondrial tRNA-lookalikes in nuclear chromosomes: Could they be functional?"</a>. RNA Biol. 12 (4): 375–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15476286.2015.1017239">10.1080/15476286.2015.1017239</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615777">4615777</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25849196">25849196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RNA+Biol&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+tRNA-lookalikes+in+nuclear+chromosomes%3A+Could+they+be+functional%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=375-380&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4615777%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25849196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15476286.2015.1017239&rft.aulast=Telonis&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Kirino%2C+Y&rft.au=Rigoutsos%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4615777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-evamaria-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evamaria_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evamaria_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evamaria_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovoaPavon-EternodPanRibas_de_Pouplana2012" class="citation journal cs1">Novoa EM, Pavon-Eternod M, Pan T, Ribas de Pouplana L (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.01.050">"A role for tRNA modifications in genome structure and codon usage"</a>. Cell. 149 (1): 202–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.01.050">10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22464330">22464330</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16487609">16487609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+role+for+tRNA+modifications+in+genome+structure+and+codon+usage&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=202-213&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16487609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22464330&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.01.050&rft.aulast=Novoa&rft.aufirst=EM&rft.au=Pavon-Eternod%2C+M&rft.au=Pan%2C+T&rft.au=Ribas+de+Pouplana%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2012.01.050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuPengYangCao2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ou X, Peng W, Yang Z, Cao J, Wang M, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q, Cheng A (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.meegid.2020.104460">"Evolutionarily missing and conserved tRNA genes in human and avian"</a>. Infect. Genet. Evol. 85: 104460. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020InfGE..8504460O">2020InfGE..8504460O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.meegid.2020.104460">10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104460</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1765%2F129010">1765/129010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32679345">32679345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infect.+Genet.+Evol.&rft.atitle=Evolutionarily+missing+and+conserved+tRNA+genes+in+human+and+avian.&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=104460&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1765%2F129010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32679345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.meegid.2020.104460&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020InfGE..8504460O&rft.aulast=Ou&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Peng%2C+W&rft.au=Yang%2C+Z&rft.au=Cao%2C+J&rft.au=Wang%2C+M&rft.au=Peppelenbosch%2C+MP&rft.au=Pan%2C+Q&rft.au=Cheng%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.meegid.2020.104460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuCaoChengPeppelenbosch2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ou X, Cao J, Cheng A, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3158919">"Errors in translational decoding: tRNA wobbling or misincorporation?"</a>. PLOS Genetics. 15 (3): 2979–2986. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1008017">10.1371/journal.pgen.1008017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3158919">3158919</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21930591">21930591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Errors+in+translational+decoding%3A+tRNA+wobbling+or+misincorporation%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2979-2986&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3158919%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21930591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1008017&rft.aulast=Ou&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Cao%2C+J&rft.au=Cheng%2C+A&rft.au=Peppelenbosch%2C+MP&rft.au=Pan%2C+Q&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3158919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuWangMaoCao2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ou X, Wang M, Mao S, Cao J, Cheng A, Zhu D, Chen S, Jia R, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhao X, Zhang S, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6058041">"Incompatible Translation Drives a Convergent Evolution and Viral Attenuation During the Development of Live Attenuated Vaccine"</a>. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 8: 249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcimb.2018.00249">10.3389/fcimb.2018.00249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6058041">6058041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30073153">30073153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front.+Cell.+Infect.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=Incompatible+Translation+Drives+a+Convergent+Evolution+and+Viral+Attenuation+During+the+Development+of+Live+Attenuated+Vaccine&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=249&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6058041%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30073153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffcimb.2018.00249&rft.aulast=Ou&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Wang%2C+M&rft.au=Mao%2C+S&rft.au=Cao%2C+J&rft.au=Cheng%2C+A&rft.au=Zhu%2C+D&rft.au=Chen%2C+S&rft.au=Jia%2C+R&rft.au=Liu%2C+M&rft.au=Yang%2C+Q&rft.au=Wu%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhao%2C+X&rft.au=Zhang%2C+S&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y&rft.au=Yu%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+L&rft.au=Chen%2C+X&rft.au=Peppelenbosch%2C+MP&rft.au=Pan%2C+Q&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6058041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW_GenomicTag-43"><a href="#cite_ref-MW_GenomicTag_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaizelsWeiner1999" class="citation book cs1">Maizels, Nancy; Weiner, Alan M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.708.7795">"The Genomic Tag Hypothesis – What Molecular Fossils Tell Us about the Evolution of tRNA"</a>. The RNA World (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.708.7795">10.1.1.708.7795</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-561-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-561-3"><bdi>978-0-87969-561-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Genomic+Tag+Hypothesis+%E2%80%93+What+Molecular+Fossils+Tell+Us+about+the+Evolution+of+tRNA&rft.btitle=The+RNA+World&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.708.7795%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.isbn=978-0-87969-561-3&rft.aulast=Maizels&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Alan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.708.7795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EL-20210302-44"><a href="#cite_ref-EL-20210302_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKühnleinLanzmichBrun2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kühnlein, Alexandra; Lanzmich, Simon A.; Brun, Dieter (2 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7924937">"tRNA sequences can assemble into a replicator"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ELife" title="ELife">eLife</a>. 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.63431">10.7554/eLife.63431</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7924937">7924937</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33648631">33648631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.atitle=tRNA+sequences+can+assemble+into+a+replicator&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7924937%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33648631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.63431&rft.aulast=K%C3%BChnlein&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Lanzmich%2C+Simon+A.&rft.au=Brun%2C+Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7924937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-STD-20210403-45"><a href="#cite_ref-STD-20210403_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaximilian2021" class="citation news cs1">Maximilian, Ludwig (3 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scitechdaily.com/solving-the-chicken-and-the-egg-problem-a-step-closer-to-the-reconstruction-of-the-origin-of-life/">"Solving the Chicken-and-the-Egg Problem – "A Step Closer to the Reconstruction of the Origin of Life""</a>. <a href="/wiki/SciTech_(magazine)" title="SciTech (magazine)">SciTechDaily</a>. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SciTechDaily&rft.atitle=Solving+the+Chicken-and-the-Egg+Problem+%E2%80%93+%22A+Step+Closer+to+the+Reconstruction+of+the+Origin+of+Life%22&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft.aulast=Maximilian&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscitechdaily.com%2Fsolving-the-chicken-and-the-egg-problem-a-step-closer-to-the-reconstruction-of-the-origin-of-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiBurton2023" class="citation journal cs1">Lei, Lei; Burton, Zachary Frome (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10672568">"The 3 31 Nucleotide Minihelix tRNA Evolution Theorem and the Origin of Life"</a>. Life (Basel). 13 (11): 2224. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Life...13.2224L">2023Life...13.2224L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flife13112224">10.3390/life13112224</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10672568">10672568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38004364">38004364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life+%28Basel%29&rft.atitle=The+3+31+Nucleotide+Minihelix+tRNA+Evolution+Theorem+and+the+Origin+of+Life&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2224&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10672568%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38004364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Flife13112224&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Life...13.2224L&rft.aulast=Lei&rft.aufirst=Lei&rft.au=Burton%2C+Zachary+Frome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10672568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiBurton2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lei, Lei; Burton, Zachary (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8172153">"Evolution of the genetic code"</a>. Transcription. 12 (1): 28–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21541264.2021.1927652">10.1080/21541264.2021.1927652</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8172153">8172153</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34000965">34000965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transcription&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+genetic+code&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-53&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8172153%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34000965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21541264.2021.1927652&rft.aulast=Lei&rft.aufirst=Lei&rft.au=Burton%2C+Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8172153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiBurton2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lei, Lei; Burton, Zachary (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151597">"Evolution of Life on Earth: tRNA, Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases and the Genetic Code"</a>. Life (Basel). 10 (3): 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flife10030021">10.3390/life10030021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151597">7151597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32131473">32131473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life+%28Basel%29&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Life+on+Earth%3A+tRNA%2C+Aminoacyl-tRNA+Synthetases+and+the+Genetic+Code&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7151597%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32131473&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Flife10030021&rft.aulast=Lei&rft.aufirst=Lei&rft.au=Burton%2C+Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7151597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2020" class="citation journal cs1">Burton, Zachary (2020). "The 3-Minihelix tRNA Evolution Theorem". J Mol Evol. 88 (3): 234–242. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JMolE..88..234B">2020JMolE..88..234B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00239-020-09928-2">10.1007/s00239-020-09928-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32020280">32020280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&rft.atitle=The+3-Minihelix+tRNA+Evolution+Theorem&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=234-242&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32020280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00239-020-09928-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JMolE..88..234B&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimOpronBurton2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Yunsoo; Opron, Kristopher; Burton, Zachary (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6616430">"A tRNA- and Anticodon-Centric View of the Evolution of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases, tRNAomes, and the Genetic Code"</a>. Life (Basel). 9 (2): 37. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Life....9...37K">2019Life....9...37K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flife9020037">10.3390/life9020037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6616430">6616430</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31060233">31060233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life+%28Basel%29&rft.atitle=A+tRNA-+and+Anticodon-Centric+View+of+the+Evolution+of+Aminoacyl-tRNA+Synthetases%2C+tRNAomes%2C+and+the+Genetic+Code&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6616430%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31060233&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Flife9020037&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Life....9...37K&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Yunsoo&rft.au=Opron%2C+Kristopher&rft.au=Burton%2C+Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6616430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gebetsberger13-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gebetsberger13_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gebetsberger13_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gebetsberger13_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebetsbergerPolacek2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gebetsberger J, Polacek N (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917982">"Slicing tRNAs to boost functional ncRNA diversity"</a>. RNA Biology. 10 (12): 1798–1806. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Frna.27177">10.4161/rna.27177</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917982">3917982</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24351723">24351723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RNA+Biology&rft.atitle=Slicing+tRNAs+to+boost+functional+ncRNA+diversity&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1798-1806&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3917982%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24351723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Frna.27177&rft.aulast=Gebetsberger&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Polacek%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3917982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shigematsu14-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shigematsu14_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shigematsu14_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShigematsuHondaKirino2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shigematsu M, Honda S, Kirino Y (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572697">"Transfer RNA as a source of small functional RNA"</a>. Journal of Molecular Biology and Molecular Imaging. 1 (2): 8. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572697">4572697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389128">26389128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Biology+and+Molecular+Imaging&rft.atitle=Transfer+RNA+as+a+source+of+small+functional+RNA&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4572697%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26389128&rft.aulast=Shigematsu&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Honda%2C+S&rft.au=Kirino%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4572697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sobala11-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sobala11_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobala11_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobalaHutvagner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sobala A, Hutvagner G (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/18187/1/2011002529.pdf">"Transfer RNA-derived fragments: origins, processing, and functions"</a> (PDF). Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: RNA. 2 (6): 853–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwrna.96">10.1002/wrna.96</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10453%2F18187">10453/18187</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21976287">21976287</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206554146">206554146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiley+Interdisciplinary+Reviews%3A+RNA&rft.atitle=Transfer+RNA-derived+fragments%3A+origins%2C+processing%2C+and+functions&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=853-862&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10453%2F18187&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206554146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21976287&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwrna.96&rft.aulast=Sobala&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Hutvagner%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopus.lib.uts.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F10453%2F18187%2F1%2F2011002529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keam15-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Keam15_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeamHutvagner2015" class="citation journal cs1">Keam SP, Hutvagner G (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4695841">"tRNA-Derived Fragments (tRFs): Emerging New Roles for an Ancient RNA in the Regulation of Gene Expression"</a>. Life. 5 (4): 1638–1651. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Life....5.1638K">2015Life....5.1638K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flife5041638">10.3390/life5041638</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4695841">4695841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26703738">26703738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=tRNA-Derived+Fragments+%28tRFs%29%3A+Emerging+New+Roles+for+an+Ancient+RNA+in+the+Regulation+of+Gene+Expression&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1638-1651&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4695841%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26703738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Flife5041638&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Life....5.1638K&rft.aulast=Keam&rft.aufirst=SP&rft.au=Hutvagner%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4695841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telonis15-dissect-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telonis15-dissect_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telonis15-dissect_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telonis15-dissect_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelonisLoherHondaJing2015" class="citation journal cs1">Telonis AG, Loher P, Honda S, Jing Y, Palazzo J, Kirino Y, Rigoutsos I (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4694795">"Dissecting tRNA-derived fragment complexities using personalized transcriptomes reveals novel fragment classes and unexpected dependencies"</a>. Oncotarget. 6 (28): 24797–822. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18632%2Foncotarget.4695">10.18632/oncotarget.4695</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4694795">4694795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26325506">26325506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncotarget&rft.atitle=Dissecting+tRNA-derived+fragment+complexities+using+personalized+transcriptomes+reveals+novel+fragment+classes+and+unexpected+dependencies&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=24797-822&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4694795%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26325506&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18632%2Foncotarget.4695&rft.aulast=Telonis&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Loher%2C+P&rft.au=Honda%2C+S&rft.au=Jing%2C+Y&rft.au=Palazzo%2C+J&rft.au=Kirino%2C+Y&rft.au=Rigoutsos%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4694795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar14-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar14_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar14_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar14_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar14_56-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarAnayaMudunuriDutta2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar P, Anaya J, Mudunuri SB, Dutta A (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4203973">"Meta-analysis of tRNA derived RNA fragments reveals that they are evolutionarily conserved and associate with AGO proteins to recognize specific RNA targets"</a>. BMC Biology. 12: 78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12915-014-0078-0">10.1186/s12915-014-0078-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4203973">4203973</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25270025">25270025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+of+tRNA+derived+RNA+fragments+reveals+that+they+are+evolutionarily+conserved+and+associate+with+AGO+proteins+to+recognize+specific+RNA+targets&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4203973%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25270025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12915-014-0078-0&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Anaya%2C+J&rft.au=Mudunuri%2C+SB&rft.au=Dutta%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4203973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honda15-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honda15_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honda15_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHondaLoherShigematsuPalazzo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Honda S, Loher P, Shigematsu M, Palazzo JP, Suzuki R, Imoto I, Rigoutsos I, Kirino Y (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517238">"Sex hormone-dependent tRNA halves enhance cell proliferation in breast and prostate cancers"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (29): E3816–E3825. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112E3816H">2015PNAS..112E3816H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1510077112">10.1073/pnas.1510077112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517238">4517238</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26124144">26124144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Sex+hormone-dependent+tRNA+halves+enhance+cell+proliferation+in+breast+and+prostate+cancers&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=E3816-E3825&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4517238%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26124144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1510077112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..112E3816H&rft.aulast=Honda&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Loher%2C+P&rft.au=Shigematsu%2C+M&rft.au=Palazzo%2C+JP&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+R&rft.au=Imoto%2C+I&rft.au=Rigoutsos%2C+I&rft.au=Kirino%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4517238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29934075-58"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29934075_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchornMartienssen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schorn, AJ; Martienssen, R (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520983">"Tie-Break: Host and Retrotransposons Play tRNA"</a>. Trends in Cell Biology. 28 (10): 793–806. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tcb.2018.05.006">10.1016/j.tcb.2018.05.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520983">6520983</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29934075">29934075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Tie-Break%3A+Host+and+Retrotransposons+Play+tRNA.&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=793-806&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6520983%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29934075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tcb.2018.05.006&rft.aulast=Schorn&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Martienssen%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6520983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telonis18-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Telonis18_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelonisRigoutsos2018" class="citation journal cs1">Telonis AG, Rigoutsos I (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5935570">"Race Disparities in the Contribution of miRNA Isoforms and tRNA-Derived Fragments to Triple-Negative Breast Cancer"</a>. Cancer Res. 78 (5): 1140–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-17-1947">10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-1947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5935570">5935570</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29229607">29229607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Res&rft.atitle=Race+Disparities+in+the+Contribution+of+miRNA+Isoforms+and+tRNA-Derived+Fragments+to+Triple-Negative+Breast+Cancer&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1140-54&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5935570%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29229607&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-17-1947&rft.aulast=Telonis&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Rigoutsos%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5935570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telonis19-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Telonis19_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelonisLoherMageePliatsika2019" class="citation journal cs1">Telonis AG, Loher P, Magee R, Pliatsika V, Londin E, Kirino Y, Rigoutsos I (Jun 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6571059">"tRNA Fragments Show Intertwining with mRNAs of Specific Repeat Content and Have Links to Disparities"</a>. Cancer Res. 79 (12): 3034–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-19-0789">10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-0789</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6571059">6571059</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30996049">30996049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Res&rft.atitle=tRNA+Fragments+Show+Intertwining+with+mRNAs+of+Specific+Repeat+Content+and+Have+Links+to+Disparities&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3034-49&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6571059%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30996049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-19-0789&rft.aulast=Telonis&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Loher%2C+P&rft.au=Magee%2C+R&rft.au=Pliatsika%2C+V&rft.au=Londin%2C+E&rft.au=Kirino%2C+Y&rft.au=Rigoutsos%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6571059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shigematsu15-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Shigematsu15_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShigematsuKirino2015" class="citation journal cs1">Shigematsu M, Kirino Y (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567038">"tRNA-Derived Short Non-coding RNA as Interacting Partners of Argonaute Proteins"</a>. Gene Regulation and Systems Biology. 9: 27–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4137%2FGRSB.S29411">10.4137/GRSB.S29411</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567038">4567038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26401098">26401098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene+Regulation+and+Systems+Biology&rft.atitle=tRNA-Derived+Short+Non-coding+RNA+as+Interacting+Partners+of+Argonaute+Proteins&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=27-33&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4567038%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26401098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4137%2FGRSB.S29411&rft.aulast=Shigematsu&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kirino%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4567038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emara10-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Emara10_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmaraIvanovHickmanDawra2010" class="citation journal cs1">Emara MM, Ivanov P, Hickman T, Dawra N, Tisdale S, Kedersha N, Hu GF, Anderson P (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856301">"Angiogenin-induced tRNA-derived stress-induced RNAs promote stress-induced stress granule assembly"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (14): 10959–10968. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M109.077560">10.1074/jbc.M109.077560</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856301">2856301</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20129916">20129916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Angiogenin-induced+tRNA-derived+stress-induced+RNAs+promote+stress-induced+stress+granule+assembly&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=10959-10968&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2856301%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20129916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M109.077560&rft.aulast=Emara&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Ivanov%2C+P&rft.au=Hickman%2C+T&rft.au=Dawra%2C+N&rft.au=Tisdale%2C+S&rft.au=Kedersha%2C+N&rft.au=Hu%2C+GF&rft.au=Anderson%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2856301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodarzi15-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Goodarzi15_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodarziLiuNguyenZhang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Goodarzi H, Liu X, Nguyen HC, Zhang S, Fish L, Tavazoie SF (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4457382">"Endogenous tRNA-Derived Fragments Suppress Breast Cancer Progression via YBX1 Displacement"</a>. Cell. 161 (4): 790–802. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2015.02.053">10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4457382">4457382</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25957686">25957686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Endogenous+tRNA-Derived+Fragments+Suppress+Breast+Cancer+Progression+via+YBX1+Displacement&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=790-802&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4457382%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25957686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2015.02.053&rft.aulast=Goodarzi&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Liu%2C+X&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+HC&rft.au=Zhang%2C+S&rft.au=Fish%2C+L&rft.au=Tavazoie%2C+SF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4457382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ivanov11-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Ivanov11_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanovEmaraVillenGygi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ivanov P, Emara MM, Villen J, Gygi SP, Anderson P (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160621">"Angiogenin-induced tRNA fragments inhibit translation initiation"</a>. Molecular Cell. 43 (4): 613–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2011.06.022">10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160621">3160621</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21855800">21855800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Cell&rft.atitle=Angiogenin-induced+tRNA+fragments+inhibit+translation+initiation&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=613-623&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160621%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21855800&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2011.06.022&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Emara%2C+MM&rft.au=Villen%2C+J&rft.au=Gygi%2C+SP&rft.au=Anderson%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selitsky15-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Selitsky15_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelitskyBaran-GaleHondaYamane2015" class="citation journal cs1">Selitsky SR, Baran-Gale J, Honda M, Yamane D, Masaki T, Fannin EE, Guerra B, Shirasaki T, Shimakami T, Kaneko S, Lanford RE, Lemon SM, Sethupathy P (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4286764">"Small tRNA-derived RNAs are increased and more abundant than microRNAs in chronic hepatitis B and C"</a>. Scientific Reports. 5: 7675. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...5.7675S">2015NatSR...5.7675S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep07675">10.1038/srep07675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4286764">4286764</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25567797">25567797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Small+tRNA-derived+RNAs+are+increased+and+more+abundant+than+microRNAs+in+chronic+hepatitis+B+and+C&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=7675&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4286764%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25567797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep07675&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...5.7675S&rft.aulast=Selitsky&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Baran-Gale%2C+J&rft.au=Honda%2C+M&rft.au=Yamane%2C+D&rft.au=Masaki%2C+T&rft.au=Fannin%2C+EE&rft.au=Guerra%2C+B&rft.au=Shirasaki%2C+T&rft.au=Shimakami%2C+T&rft.au=Kaneko%2C+S&rft.au=Lanford%2C+RE&rft.au=Lemon%2C+SM&rft.au=Sethupathy%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4286764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma16-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma16_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaConineSheaBoskovic2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma U, Conine CC, Shea JM, Boskovic A, Derr AG, Bing XY, Belleannee C, Kucukural A, Serra RW, Sun F, Song L, Carone BR, Ricci EP, Li XZ, Fauquier L, Moore MJ, Sullivan R, Mello CC, Garber M, Rando OJ (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4888079">"Biogenesis and function of tRNA fragments during sperm maturation and fertilization in mammals"</a>. Science. 351 (6271): 391–396. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...351..391S">2016Sci...351..391S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aad6780">10.1126/science.aad6780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4888079">4888079</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26721685">26721685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Biogenesis+and+function+of+tRNA+fragments+during+sperm+maturation+and+fertilization+in+mammals&rft.volume=351&rft.issue=6271&rft.pages=391-396&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4888079%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26721685&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aad6780&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Sci...351..391S&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Conine%2C+CC&rft.au=Shea%2C+JM&rft.au=Boskovic%2C+A&rft.au=Derr%2C+AG&rft.au=Bing%2C+XY&rft.au=Belleannee%2C+C&rft.au=Kucukural%2C+A&rft.au=Serra%2C+RW&rft.au=Sun%2C+F&rft.au=Song%2C+L&rft.au=Carone%2C+BR&rft.au=Ricci%2C+EP&rft.au=Li%2C+XZ&rft.au=Fauquier%2C+L&rft.au=Moore%2C+MJ&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+R&rft.au=Mello%2C+CC&rft.au=Garber%2C+M&rft.au=Rando%2C+OJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4888079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casas15-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Casas15_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasasCaiNeill2015" class="citation journal cs1">Casas E, Cai G, Neill JD (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547532">"Characterization of circulating transfer RNA-derived RNA fragments in cattle"</a>. Frontiers in Genetics. 6: 271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2015.00271">10.3389/fgene.2015.00271</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547532">4547532</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26379699">26379699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+circulating+transfer+RNA-derived+RNA+fragments+in+cattle&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=271&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4547532%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26379699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2015.00271&rft.aulast=Casas&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Cai%2C+G&rft.au=Neill%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4547532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirose15-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Hirose15_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiroseIkedaNoroHiraoka2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hirose Y, Ikeda KT, Noro E, Hiraoka K, Tomita M, Kanai A (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501094">"Precise mapping and dynamics of tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) in the development of Triops cancriformis (tadpole shrimp)"</a>. BMC Genetics. 16: 83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12863-015-0245-5">10.1186/s12863-015-0245-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501094">4501094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26168920">26168920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Genetics&rft.atitle=Precise+mapping+and+dynamics+of+tRNA-derived+fragments+%28tRFs%29+in+the+development+of+Triops+cancriformis+%28tadpole+shrimp%29&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4501094%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26168920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12863-015-0245-5&rft.aulast=Hirose&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Ikeda%2C+KT&rft.au=Noro%2C+E&rft.au=Hiraoka%2C+K&rft.au=Tomita%2C+M&rft.au=Kanai%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4501094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karaiskos15-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Karaiskos15_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaraiskosNaqviSwansonGrigoriev2015" class="citation journal cs1">Karaiskos S, Naqvi AS, Swanson KE, Grigoriev A (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572633">"Age-driven modulation of tRNA-derived fragments in Drosophila and their potential targets"</a>. Biology Direct. 10: 51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13062-015-0081-6">10.1186/s13062-015-0081-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572633">4572633</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26374501">26374501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Direct&rft.atitle=Age-driven+modulation+of+tRNA-derived+fragments+in+Drosophila+and+their+potential+targets&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4572633%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26374501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13062-015-0081-6&rft.aulast=Karaiskos&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Naqvi%2C+AS&rft.au=Swanson%2C+KE&rft.au=Grigoriev%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4572633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliatsika16-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Pliatsika16_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliatsikaLoherTelonisRigoutsos2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pliatsika V, Loher P, Telonis AG, Rigoutsos I (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978933">"MINTbase: a framework for the interactive exploration of mitochondrial and nuclear tRNA fragments"</a>. Bioinformatics. 32 (16): 2481–2489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtw194">10.1093/bioinformatics/btw194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978933">4978933</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27153631">27153631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&rft.atitle=MINTbase%3A+a+framework+for+the+interactive+exploration+of+mitochondrial+and+nuclear+tRNA+fragments&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=2481-2489&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4978933%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27153631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtw194&rft.aulast=Pliatsika&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Loher%2C+P&rft.au=Telonis%2C+AG&rft.au=Rigoutsos%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4978933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliatsika18-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Pliatsika18_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliatsikaLoherMageeTelonis2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pliatsika V, Loher P, Magee R, Telonis AG, Londin E, Shigematsu M, Kirino Y, Rigoutsos I (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5753276">"MINTbase v2.0: a comprehensive database for tRNA-derived fragments that includes nuclear and mitochondrial fragments from all The Cancer Genome Atlas projects"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 46(D1) (D1): D152–D159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkx1075">10.1093/nar/gkx1075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5753276">5753276</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29186503">29186503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=MINTbase+v2.0%3A+a+comprehensive+database+for+tRNA-derived+fragments+that+includes+nuclear+and+mitochondrial+fragments+from+all+The+Cancer+Genome+Atlas+projects&rft.volume=46%28D1%29&rft.issue=D1&rft.pages=D152-D159&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5753276%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29186503&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkx1075&rft.aulast=Pliatsika&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Loher%2C+P&rft.au=Magee%2C+R&rft.au=Telonis%2C+AG&rft.au=Londin%2C+E&rft.au=Shigematsu%2C+M&rft.au=Kirino%2C+Y&rft.au=Rigoutsos%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5753276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar15-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar15_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarMudunuriAnayaDutta2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar P, Mudunuri SB, Anaya J, Dutta A (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4383946">"tRFdb: a database for transfer RNA fragments"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (Database issue): D141-5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgku1138">10.1093/nar/gku1138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4383946">4383946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25392422">25392422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=tRFdb%3A+a+database+for+transfer+RNA+fragments&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=Database+issue&rft.pages=D141-5&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4383946%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25392422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgku1138&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Mudunuri%2C+SB&rft.au=Anaya%2C+J&rft.au=Dutta%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4383946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarshneyRajBhandary1990" class="citation journal cs1">Varshney, U; RajBhandary, U L (February 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC53520">"Initiation of protein synthesis from a termination codon"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 87 (4): 1586–1590. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.1586V">1990PNAS...87.1586V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.4.1586">10.1073/pnas.87.4.1586</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC53520">53520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2406724">2406724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Initiation+of+protein+synthesis+from+a+termination+codon.&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1586-1590&rft.date=1990-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC53520%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2406724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.4.1586&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.1586V&rft.aulast=Varshney&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=RajBhandary%2C+U+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC53520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarshneyLeeRajBhandary1993" class="citation journal cs1">Varshney, U; Lee, C P; RajBhandary, U L (15 March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC46075">"From elongator tRNA to initiator tRNA"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 90 (6): 2305–2309. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PNAS...90.2305V">1993PNAS...90.2305V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.90.6.2305">10.1073/pnas.90.6.2305</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC46075">46075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8460138">8460138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=From+elongator+tRNA+to+initiator+tRNA.&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2305-2309&rft.date=1993-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC46075%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8460138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.90.6.2305&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PNAS...90.2305V&rft.aulast=Varshney&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Lee%2C+C+P&rft.au=RajBhandary%2C+U+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC46075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovindanMiryalaMondalVarshney2018" class="citation journal cs1">Govindan A, Miryala S, Mondal S, Varshney U (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199473">"Development of Assay Systems for Amber Codon Decoding at the Steps of Initiation and Elongation in Mycobacteria"</a>. Journal of Bacteriology. 200 (22). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.00372-18">10.1128/jb.00372-18</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199473">6199473</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30181124">30181124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Development+of+Assay+Systems+for+Amber+Codon+Decoding+at+the+Steps+of+Initiation+and+Elongation+in+Mycobacteria&rft.volume=200&rft.issue=22&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6199473%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30181124&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjb.00372-18&rft.aulast=Govindan&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Miryala%2C+S&rft.au=Mondal%2C+S&rft.au=Varshney%2C+U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6199473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fmet2-cua-ec-76"><a href="#cite_ref-fmet2-cua-ec_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincentWrightJaschke2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vincent RM, Wright BW, Jaschke PR (April 2019). "Measuring Amber Initiator tRNA Orthogonality in a Genomically Recoded Organism". ACS Synthetic Biology. 8 (4): 675–685. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facssynbio.9b00021">10.1021/acssynbio.9b00021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30856316">30856316</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:75136654">75136654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Synthetic+Biology&rft.atitle=Measuring+Amber+Initiator+tRNA+Orthogonality+in+a+Genomically+Recoded+Organism&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=675-685&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A75136654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30856316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facssynbio.9b00021&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Wright%2C+BW&rft.au=Jaschke%2C+PR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1997" class="citation journal cs1">White RJ (March 1997). "Regulation of RNA polymerases I and III by the retinoblastoma protein: a mechanism for growth control?". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 22 (3): 77–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-0004%2896%2910067-0">10.1016/S0968-0004(96)10067-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9066256">9066256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Biochemical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+RNA+polymerases+I+and+III+by+the+retinoblastoma+protein%3A+a+mechanism+for+growth+control%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=77-80&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0968-0004%2896%2910067-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9066256&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharp1982-78"><a href="#cite_ref-sharp1982_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpDingermannSöll1982" class="citation journal cs1">Sharp S, Dingermann T, Söll D (September 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC320884">"The minimum intragenic sequences required for promotion of eukaryotic tRNA gene transcription"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 10 (18): 5393–5406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F10.18.5393">10.1093/nar/10.18.5393</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC320884">320884</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6924209">6924209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=The+minimum+intragenic+sequences+required+for+promotion+of+eukaryotic+tRNA+gene+transcription&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=5393-5406&rft.date=1982-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC320884%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6924209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2F10.18.5393&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Dingermann%2C+T&rft.au=S%C3%B6ll%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC320884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dieci-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dieci_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dieci_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieciFiorinoCastelnuovoTeichmann2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dieci G, Fiorino G, Castelnuovo M, Teichmann M, Pagano A (December 2007). "The expanding RNA polymerase III transcriptome". Trends in Genetics. 23 (12): 614–622. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2007.09.001">10.1016/j.tig.2007.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11381%2F1706964">11381/1706964</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17977614">17977614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+expanding+RNA+polymerase+III+transcriptome&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=614-622&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11381%2F1706964&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17977614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tig.2007.09.001&rft.aulast=Dieci&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Fiorino%2C+G&rft.au=Castelnuovo%2C+M&rft.au=Teichmann%2C+M&rft.au=Pagano%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTocchini-ValentiniFruscoloniTocchini-Valentini2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tocchini-Valentini GD, Fruscoloni P, Tocchini-Valentini GP (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2787110">"Processing of multiple-intron-containing pretRNA"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (48): 20246–20251. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10620246T">2009PNAS..10620246T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0911658106">10.1073/pnas.0911658106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2787110">2787110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19910528">19910528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Processing+of+multiple-intron-containing+pretRNA&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=20246-20251&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2787110%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19910528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0911658106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..10620246T&rft.aulast=Tocchini-Valentini&rft.aufirst=GD&rft.au=Fruscoloni%2C+P&rft.au=Tocchini-Valentini%2C+GP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2787110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbelsonTrottaLi1998" class="citation journal cs1">Abelson J, Trotta CR, Li H (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.21.12685">"tRNA splicing"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (21): 12685–12688. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.21.12685">10.1074/jbc.273.21.12685</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9582290">9582290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=tRNA+splicing&rft.volume=273&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=12685-12688&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.273.21.12685&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9582290&rft.aulast=Abelson&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Trotta%2C+CR&rft.au=Li%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.273.21.12685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soma2014-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soma2014_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soma2014_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoma2014" class="citation journal cs1">Soma A (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978253">"Circularly permuted tRNA genes: their expression and implications for their physiological relevance and development"</a>. Frontiers in Genetics. 5: 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2014.00063">10.3389/fgene.2014.00063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978253">3978253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24744771">24744771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Circularly+permuted+tRNA+genes%3A+their+expression+and+implications+for+their+physiological+relevance+and+development&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3978253%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24744771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2014.00063&rft.aulast=Soma&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3978253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9759486-83"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9759486_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankPace1998" class="citation journal cs1">Frank DN, Pace NR (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.153">"Ribonuclease P: unity and diversity in a tRNA processing ribozyme"</a>. Annual Review of Biochemistry. 67 (1): 153–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.153">10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.153</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9759486">9759486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Ribonuclease+P%3A+unity+and+diversity+in+a+tRNA+processing+ribozyme&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153-180&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.153&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9759486&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=DN&rft.au=Pace%2C+NR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.biochem.67.1.153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17305600-84"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17305600_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosVioque2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos M, Vioque A (2007). "tRNase Z". Protein and Peptide Letters. 14 (2): 137–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F092986607779816050">10.2174/092986607779816050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17305600">17305600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Protein+and+Peptide+Letters&rft.atitle=tRNase+Z&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-145&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F092986607779816050&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17305600&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Vioque%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18451863-85"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18451863_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandauSchröderSöll2008" class="citation journal cs1">Randau L, Schröder I, Söll D (May 2008). "Life without RNase P". Nature. 453 (7191): 120–123. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.453..120R">2008Natur.453..120R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06833">10.1038/nature06833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18451863">18451863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3103527">3103527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Life+without+RNase+P&rft.volume=453&rft.issue=7191&rft.pages=120-123&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3103527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18451863&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.453..120R&rft.aulast=Randau&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+I&rft.au=S%C3%B6ll%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15498478-86"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15498478_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2004" class="citation journal cs1">Weiner AM (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.069">"tRNA maturation: RNA polymerization without a nucleic acid template"</a>. Current Biology. 14 (20): R883-5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CBio...14.R883W">2004CBio...14.R883W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.069">10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.069</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15498478">15498478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=tRNA+maturation%3A+RNA+polymerization+without+a+nucleic+acid+template&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=R883-5&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15498478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.069&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004CBio...14.R883W&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2004.09.069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9660920-87"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9660920_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutayLipowskyIzaurraldeBischoff1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kutay U, Lipowsky G, Izaurralde E, Bischoff FR, Schwarzmaier P, Hartmann E, Görlich D (February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1097-2765%2800%2980036-2">"Identification of a tRNA-specific nuclear export receptor"</a>. Molecular Cell. 1 (3): 359–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1097-2765%2800%2980036-2">10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80036-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9660920">9660920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Cell&rft.atitle=Identification+of+a+tRNA-specific+nuclear+export+receptor&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=359-369&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1097-2765%2800%2980036-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9660920&rft.aulast=Kutay&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Lipowsky%2C+G&rft.au=Izaurralde%2C+E&rft.au=Bischoff%2C+FR&rft.au=Schwarzmaier%2C+P&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+E&rft.au=G%C3%B6rlich%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS1097-2765%252800%252980036-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9512417-88"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9512417_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtsFornerodMattaj1998" class="citation journal cs1">Arts GJ, Fornerod M, Mattaj IW (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2898%2970130-7">"Identification of a nuclear export receptor for tRNA"</a>. Current Biology. 8 (6): 305–314. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998CBio....8..305A">1998CBio....8..305A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2898%2970130-7">10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70130-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9512417">9512417</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17803674">17803674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Identification+of+a+nuclear+export+receptor+for+tRNA&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=305-314&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2898%2970130-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17803674%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9512417&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998CBio....8..305A&rft.aulast=Arts&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.au=Fornerod%2C+M&rft.au=Mattaj%2C+IW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0960-9822%252898%252970130-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9857198-89"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9857198_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtsKuerstenRombyEhresmann1998" class="citation journal cs1">Arts GJ, Kuersten S, Romby P, Ehresmann B, Mattaj IW (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171087">"The role of exportin-t in selective nuclear export of mature tRNAs"</a>. The EMBO Journal. 17 (24): 7430–7441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F17.24.7430">10.1093/emboj/17.24.7430</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171087">1171087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9857198">9857198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+EMBO+Journal&rft.atitle=The+role+of+exportin-t+in+selective+nuclear+export+of+mature+tRNAs&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=7430-7441&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1171087%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9857198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Femboj%2F17.24.7430&rft.aulast=Arts&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.au=Kuersten%2C+S&rft.au=Romby%2C+P&rft.au=Ehresmann%2C+B&rft.au=Mattaj%2C+IW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1171087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12925762-90"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12925762_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshihisaYunoki-EsakiOhshimaTanaka2003" class="citation journal cs1">Yoshihisa T, Yunoki-Esaki K, Ohshima C, Tanaka N, Endo T (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC181566">"Possibility of cytoplasmic pre-tRNA splicing: the yeast tRNA splicing endonuclease mainly localizes on the mitochondria"</a>. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 14 (8): 3266–3279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1091%2Fmbc.E02-11-0757">10.1091/mbc.E02-11-0757</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC181566">181566</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12925762">12925762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.atitle=Possibility+of+cytoplasmic+pre-tRNA+splicing%3A+the+yeast+tRNA+splicing+endonuclease+mainly+localizes+on+the+mitochondria&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3266-3279&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC181566%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12925762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1091%2Fmbc.E02-11-0757&rft.aulast=Yoshihisa&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Yunoki-Esaki%2C+K&rft.au=Ohshima%2C+C&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+N&rft.au=Endo%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC181566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamecnik" class="citation web cs1">Zamecnik, Paul Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/items/show/18025">"Effect of increasing concentrations of ATP on the incorporation of C14-ATP into RNA of pH 5 fraction"</a>. collections.countway.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.countway.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Effect+of+increasing+concentrations+of+ATP+on+the+incorporation+of+C14-ATP+into+RNA+of+pH+5+fraction&rft.aulast=Zamecnik&rft.aufirst=Paul+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.countway.harvard.edu%2Fonview%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F18025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKresgeSimoniHill2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kresge, Nicole; Simoni, Robert D.; Hill, Robert L. (October 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(20)79029-0/abstract">"The Discovery of tRNA by Paul C. Zamecnik"</a>. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (40): e37–e39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2820%2979029-0">10.1016/S0021-9258(20)79029-0</a> – via www.jbc.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+tRNA+by+Paul+C.+Zamecnik&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=e37-e39&rft.date=2005-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2820%2979029-0&rft.aulast=Kresge&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Simoni%2C+Robert+D.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Farticle%2FS0021-9258%2820%2979029-0%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoagland1959" class="citation journal cs1">Hoagland, Mahlon B. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24941182">"Nucleic Acids and Proteins"</a>. Scientific American. 201 (6): 55–61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959SciAm.201f..55H">1959SciAm.201f..55H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1259-55">10.1038/scientificamerican1259-55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24941182">24941182</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14402122">14402122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Nucleic+Acids+and+Proteins&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=55-61&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24941182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959SciAm.201f..55H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14402122&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1259-55&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft.aulast=Hoagland&rft.aufirst=Mahlon+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24941182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation journal cs1">Clark BF (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/oct2006/453.pdf">"The crystal structure of tRNA"</a> (PDF). Journal of Biosciences. 31 (4): 453–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02705184">10.1007/BF02705184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17206065">17206065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19558731">19558731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosciences&rft.atitle=The+crystal+structure+of+tRNA&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=453-457&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19558731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17206065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02705184&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=BF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fjbiosci%2Foct2006%2F453.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolleyApgarEverettMadison1965" class="citation journal cs1">Holley RW, Apgar J, Everett GA, Madison JT, Marquisee M, Merrill SH, Penswick JR, Zamir A (March 1965). "Structure of a Ribonucleic Acid". Science. 147 (3664): 1462–1465. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Sci...147.1462H">1965Sci...147.1462H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.147.3664.1462">10.1126/science.147.3664.1462</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14263761">14263761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40989800">40989800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Structure+of+a+Ribonucleic+Acid&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=3664&rft.pages=1462-1465&rft.date=1965-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.147.3664.1462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40989800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14263761&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965Sci...147.1462H&rft.aulast=Holley&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.au=Apgar%2C+J&rft.au=Everett%2C+GA&rft.au=Madison%2C+JT&rft.au=Marquisee%2C+M&rft.au=Merrill%2C+SH&rft.au=Penswick%2C+JR&rft.au=Zamir%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1991-96"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1991_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/04/obituaries/robert-m-bock-67-biologist-and-a-dean.html">"Obituary"</a>. The New York Times. July 4, 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obituary&rft.date=1991-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F07%2F04%2Fobituaries%2Frobert-m-bock-67-biologist-and-a-dean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1968/holley/facts/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968: Robert W. Holley – Facts"</a>. Nobel Prize Outreach AB. 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1968%3A+Robert+W.+Holley+%E2%80%93+Facts&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize+Outreach+AB&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F1968%2Fholley%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadnerJackRobertusBrown1975" class="citation journal cs1">Ladner JE, Jack A, Robertus JD, Brown RS, Rhodes D, Clark BF, Klug A (November 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC388732">"Structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2.5 A resolution"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 72 (11): 4414–4418. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975PNAS...72.4414L">1975PNAS...72.4414L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.72.11.4414">10.1073/pnas.72.11.4414</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC388732">388732</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1105583">1105583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Structure+of+yeast+phenylalanine+transfer+RNA+at+2.5+A+resolution&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4414-4418&rft.date=1975-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC388732%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1105583&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.72.11.4414&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975PNAS...72.4414L&rft.aulast=Ladner&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Jack%2C+A&rft.au=Robertus%2C+JD&rft.au=Brown%2C+RS&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+D&rft.au=Clark%2C+BF&rft.au=Klug%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC388732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimQuigleySuddathMcPherson1973" class="citation journal cs1">Kim SH, Quigley GJ, Suddath FL, McPherson A, Sneden D, Kim JJ, Weinzierl J, Rich A (January 1973). "Three-dimensional structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA: folding of the polynucleotide chain". Science. 179 (4070): 285–288. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Sci...179..285K">1973Sci...179..285K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.179.4070.285">10.1126/science.179.4070.285</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4566654">4566654</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28916938">28916938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Three-dimensional+structure+of+yeast+phenylalanine+transfer+RNA%3A+folding+of+the+polynucleotide+chain&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=4070&rft.pages=285-288&rft.date=1973-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.179.4070.285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28916938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4566654&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973Sci...179..285K&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=SH&rft.au=Quigley%2C+GJ&rft.au=Suddath%2C+FL&rft.au=McPherson%2C+A&rft.au=Sneden%2C+D&rft.au=Kim%2C+JJ&rft.au=Weinzierl%2C+J&rft.au=Rich%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid33084231-100"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid33084231_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangNoordamOuMa2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang R, Noordam L, Ou X, Ma B, Li Y, Das P, Shi S, Liu J, Wang L, Li P, Verstegen MM, Reddy DS, van der Laan LJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Kwekkeboom J, Smits R, Pan Q (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7820958">"The biological process of lysine-tRNA charging is therapeutically targetable in liver cancer"</a>. Liver Int. 41 (1): 206–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fliv.14692">10.1111/liv.14692</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7820958">7820958</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33084231">33084231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liver+Int.&rft.atitle=The+biological+process+of+lysine-tRNA+charging+is+therapeutically+targetable+in+liver+cancer&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=206-219&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7820958%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33084231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fliv.14692&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Noordam%2C+L&rft.au=Ou%2C+X&rft.au=Ma%2C+B&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Das%2C+P&rft.au=Shi%2C+S&rft.au=Liu%2C+J&rft.au=Wang%2C+L&rft.au=Li%2C+P&rft.au=Verstegen%2C+MM&rft.au=Reddy%2C+DS&rft.au=van+der+Laan%2C+LJ&rft.au=Peppelenbosch%2C+MP&rft.au=Kwekkeboom%2C+J&rft.au=Smits%2C+R&rft.au=Pan%2C+Q&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7820958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid_32133647-101"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid_32133647_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuMaZhangMiao2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ou X, Ma B, Zhang R, Miao Z, Cheng A, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1873-3468.13764">"A simplified qPCR method revealing tRNAome remodeling upon infection by genotype 3 hepatitis E virus"</a>. FEBS Letters. 594 (12): 2005–2015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1873-3468.13764">10.1002/1873-3468.13764</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1765%2F126038">1765/126038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32133647">32133647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&rft.atitle=A+simplified+qPCR+method+revealing+tRNAome+remodeling+upon+infection+by+genotype+3+hepatitis+E+virus&rft.volume=594&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2005-2015&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1765%2F126038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32133647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1873-3468.13764&rft.aulast=Ou&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Ma%2C+B&rft.au=Zhang%2C+R&rft.au=Miao%2C+Z&rft.au=Cheng%2C+A&rft.au=Peppelenbosch%2C+MP&rft.au=Pan%2C+Q&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F1873-3468.13764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransfer+RNA" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:TRNA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:TRNA">TRNA</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trnadb.bioinf.uni-leipzig.de/">tRNAdb (updated and completely restructured version of Spritzls tRNA compilation)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/transfer-rnas-have-a-surprising-role-in-breast-cancer-growth-70873">tRNA surprising role in breast cancer growth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3762664.stm">tRNA link to heart disease and stroke</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gtrnadb.ucsc.edu/">GtRNAdb: Collection of tRNAs identified from complete genomes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221113121/http://www.genenames.org/rna/TRNA">HGNC: Gene nomenclature of human tRNAs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027143923/http://www.pdb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion%2Fmolecule_of_the_month%2Findex.html">Molecule of the Month</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205000027/http://home.rcsb.org/">© RCSB Protein Data Bank</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100513191811/http://www.pdb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion%2Fmolecule_of_the_month%2Fpdb15_1.html">Transfer RNA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116025139/http://www.pdb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion%2Fmolecule_of_the_month%2Fpdb16_1.html">Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316083658/http://www.pdb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion%2Fmolecule_of_the_month%2Fpdb81_1.html">Elongation Factors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rfam.org/family/RF00005">Rfam entry for tRNA</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_nucleic_acids" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nucleic_acids" title="Template:Nucleic acids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nucleic_acids" title="Template talk:Nucleic acids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleic_acids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleic acids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_nucleic_acids" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Constituents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">Nucleobases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">Nucleosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleotide" title="Deoxyribonucleotide">Deoxynucleotides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">Ribonucleic acids </a> (coding, <a href="/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" title="Non-coding RNA">non-coding</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/RNA#In_translation" title="RNA">Translational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">Messenger </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_transcript" title="Primary transcript">precursor, heterogenous nuclear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside-modified_messenger_RNA" title="Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA">modified Messenger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transfer </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">Ribosomal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer-messenger_RNA" title="Transfer-messenger RNA">Transfer-messenger </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/RNA#Regulatory_RNAs" title="RNA">Regulatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">Interferential </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">Micro </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_interfering_RNA" title="Small interfering RNA">Small interfering </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piwi-interacting_RNA" title="Piwi-interacting RNA">Piwi-interacting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisense_RNA" title="Antisense RNA">Antisense </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA#In_RNA_processing" title="RNA">Processual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_nuclear_RNA" title="Small nuclear RNA">Small nuclear </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_nucleolar_RNA" title="Small nucleolar RNA">Small nucleolar </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Cajal_body-specific_RNA" title="Small Cajal body-specific RNA">Small Cajal Body RNAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_RNA" title="Y RNA">Y RNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhancer_RNA" title="Enhancer RNA">Enhancer RNAs </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guide_RNA" title="Guide RNA">Guide </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hairpin_RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Small hairpin RNA">Small hairpin </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_temporal_RNA" title="Small temporal RNA">Small temporal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-acting_siRNA" title="Trans-acting siRNA">Trans-acting small interfering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgenomic_mRNA" title="Subgenomic mRNA">Subgenomic messenger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">Deoxyribonucleic acids </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organellar_DNA" title="Organellar DNA">Organellar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">Chloroplast </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_DNA" title="Complementary DNA">Complementary </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribozyme" title="Deoxyribozyme">Deoxyribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_DNA" title="Genomic DNA">Genomic </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachimoji_DNA" title="Hachimoji DNA">Hachimoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicopy_single-stranded_DNA" title="Multicopy single-stranded DNA">Multicopy single-stranded </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_analogue" title="Nucleic acid analogue">Analogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xeno_nucleic_acid" title="Xeno nucleic acid">Xeno </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycol_nucleic_acid" title="Glycol nucleic acid">Glycol </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose_nucleic_acid" title="Threose nucleic acid">Threose </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locked_nucleic_acid" title="Locked nucleic acid">Locked </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_nucleic_acid" title="Peptide nucleic acid">Peptide </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpholino" title="Morpholino">Morpholino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cloning_vector" title="Cloning vector">Cloning vectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_phage" title="Lambda phage">Lambda phage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_artificial_chromosome" title="Human artificial chromosome">Artificial chromosomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P1-derived_artificial_chromosome" title="P1-derived artificial chromosome">P1-derived </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_artificial_chromosome" title="Bacterial artificial chromosome">Bacterial </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_artificial_chromosome" title="Yeast artificial chromosome">Yeast </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_artificial_chromosome" title="Human artificial chromosome">Human</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nucleic_acids" title="Category:Nucleic acids">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mitochondrial_proteins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mitochondrial_proteins" title="Template:Mitochondrial proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mitochondrial_proteins" title="Template talk:Mitochondrial proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mitochondrial_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mitochondrial proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mitochondrial_proteins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrial</a> proteins</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outer_mitochondrial_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer mitochondrial membrane">Outer membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">fatty acid degradation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_I" title="Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I">Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-chain-fatty-acid%E2%80%94CoA_ligase" title="Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase">Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a> metabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kynureninase" title="Kynureninase">Kynureninase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">monoamine neurotransmitter</a> metabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">Monoamine oxidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_intermembrane_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial intermembrane space">Intermembrane space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenylate_kinase" title="Adenylate kinase">Adenylate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine_kinase" title="Creatine kinase">Creatine kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_mitochondrial_membrane" title="Inner mitochondrial membrane">Inner membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q_%E2%80%93_cytochrome_c_reductase" title="Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase">Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c" title="Cytochrome c">Cytochrome c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase" title="NADH dehydrogenase">NADH dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase" title="Succinate dehydrogenase">Succinate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">pyrimidine metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotate_dehydrogenase" title="Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase">Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_shuttle" title="Mitochondrial shuttle">mitochondrial shuttle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malate-aspartate_shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Malate-aspartate shuttle">Malate-aspartate shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol_phosphate_shuttle" title="Glycerol phosphate shuttle">Glycerol phosphate shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis">steroidogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_11-beta-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase">Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase" title="Aldosterone synthase">Aldosterone synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_aspartate_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate aspartate transporter">Glutamate aspartate transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase">Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_II" title="Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II">Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncoupling_protein" title="Uncoupling protein">Uncoupling protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix" title="Mitochondrial matrix">Matrix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrate_synthase" title="Citrate synthase">Citrate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitase" title="Aconitase">Aconitase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase" title="Isocitrate dehydrogenase">Isocitrate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoglutarate_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex">Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinyl_coenzyme_A_synthetase" title="Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase">Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumarase" title="Fumarase">Fumarase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase" title="Malate dehydrogenase">Malate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaplerotic_reactions" title="Anaplerotic reactions">anaplerotic reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">Aspartate transaminase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase" title="Glutamate dehydrogenase">Glutamate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex">Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate_synthetase_I" title="Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I">Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_transcarbamylase" title="Ornithine transcarbamylase">Ornithine transcarbamylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylglutamate_synthase" title="N-Acetylglutamate synthase">N-Acetylglutamate synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">alcohol metabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALDH2" title="ALDH2">ALDH2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PMPCB" title="PMPCB">PMPCB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/to be sorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frataxin" title="Frataxin">Frataxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_membrane_transport_protein" title="Mitochondrial membrane transport protein">Mitochondrial membrane transport protein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_permeability_transition_pore" title="Mitochondrial permeability transition pore">Mitochondrial permeability transition pore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_carrier" title="Mitochondrial carrier">Mitochondrial carrier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translocator_protein" title="Translocator protein">Translocator protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase" title="NADH dehydrogenase">Complex I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND1" title="MT-ND1">MT-ND1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND2" title="MT-ND2">MT-ND2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND3" title="MT-ND3">MT-ND3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND4" title="MT-ND4">MT-ND4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND4L" title="MT-ND4L">MT-ND4L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND5" title="MT-ND5">MT-ND5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND6" title="MT-ND6">MT-ND6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q_%E2%80%93_cytochrome_c_reductase" title="Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase">Complex III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-CYB" title="MT-CYB">MT-CYB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase" title="Cytochrome c oxidase">Complex IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_I" title="Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I">MT-CO1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II">MT-CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_III" title="Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III">MT-CO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-ATP6" title="MT-ATP6">MT-ATP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ATP8" title="MT-ATP8">MT-ATP8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">tRNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-TA" title="MT-TA">MT-TA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TC" title="MT-TC">MT-TC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TD" title="MT-TD">MT-TD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TE" title="MT-TE">MT-TE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TF" title="MT-TF">MT-TF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TG" title="MT-TG">MT-TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TH" title="MT-TH">MT-TH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TI" title="MT-TI">MT-TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TK" title="MT-TK">MT-TK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TL1" title="MT-TL1">MT-TL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TL2" title="MT-TL2">MT-TL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TM" title="MT-TM">MT-TM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TN" title="MT-TN">MT-TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TP" title="MT-TP">MT-TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TQ" title="MT-TQ">MT-TQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TR" title="MT-TR">MT-TR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TS1" title="MT-TS1">MT-TS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TS2" title="MT-TS2">MT-TS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TT" title="MT-TT">MT-TT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TV_(mitochondrial)" title="MT-TV (mitochondrial)">MT-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TW" title="MT-TW">MT-TW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TY" title="MT-TY">MT-TY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0;"><div>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Mitochondrial_diseases" title="Template:Mitochondrial diseases">mitochondrial diseases</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&oldid=1256708518">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&oldid=1256708518</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rfam_pages_needing_a_picture" title="Category:Rfam pages needing a picture">Rfam pages needing a picture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:RNA" title="Category:RNA">RNA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protein_biosynthesis" title="Category:Protein biosynthesis">Protein biosynthesis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-coding_RNA" title="Category:Non-coding RNA">Non-coding RNA</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2019">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 05:54 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f6w29","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.364","walltime":"1.631","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7256,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":348365,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3649,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":431326,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1415.483 1 -total"," 59.55% 842.988 1 Template:Reflist"," 44.42% 628.757 89 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.40% 147.259 8 Template:Navbox"," 8.47% 119.889 1 Template:Commons_category"," 8.31% 117.659 1 Template:Sister_project"," 7.90% 111.859 1 Template:Side_box"," 7.87% 111.358 1 Template:Nucleic_acids"," 6.02% 85.176 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.12% 58.345 1 Template:Infobox_rfam"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.842","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7647375,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vz5zt","timestamp":"20241122140840","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Transfer RNA","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transfer_RNA","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q201448","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q201448","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-17T04:36:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T05:54:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/42\/Peptide_syn.svg","headline":"adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76\u201390 nucleotides, that carries amino acids to the ribosome as directed by codons in mRNA"}</script> </body> </html>