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<span>Enzyme structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enzyme_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetic variation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetic_variation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetic variation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetic_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inhibition_and_genetic_deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibition_and_genetic_deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Inhibition and genetic deficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibition_and_genetic_deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alcohol_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Alcohol metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Various_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Various_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Various conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Various_conditions-sublist" 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<table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">ALDH2</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P47738%20or%20P05091">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P47738,P05091">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4KWG">4KWG</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1CW3">1CW3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1NZW">1NZW</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1NZX">1NZX</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1NZZ">1NZZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1O00">1O00</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1O01">1O01</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1O02">1O02</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1O04">1O04</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1O05">1O05</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ZUM">1ZUM</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2ONM">2ONM</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2ONN">2ONN</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2ONO">2ONO</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2ONP">2ONP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2VLE">2VLE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3INJ">3INJ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3INL">3INL</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3N80">3N80</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3N81">3N81</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3N82">3N82</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3N83">3N83</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3SZ9">3SZ9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4FQF">4FQF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4FR8">4FR8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4KWF">4KWF</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/404">ALDH2</a></span>, ALDH-E2, ALDHI, ALDM, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family (mitochondrial), aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/100650">100650</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:99600">99600</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=55480">55480</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ALDH2">ALDH2</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000111275">ALDH2 - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 12 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 12 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 12 (human)">Chromosome 12 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 12 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 12 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 241.32087097022px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for ALDH2"><img alt="Genomic location for ALDH2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 247.3px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for ALDH2"><img alt="Genomic location for ALDH2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">12q24.12</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">111,766,887 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">111,817,532 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 5 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 5 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 5 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 5 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 5 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 230.3913258809px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for ALDH2"><img alt="Genomic location for ALDH2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 236.4px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for ALDH2"><img alt="Genomic location for ALDH2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">5|5 F</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">121,704,090 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">121,731,887 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000111275">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">right lobe of liver</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lower lobe of lung</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">external globus pallidus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">parotid gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Region I of hippocampus proper</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gingival epithelium</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">internal globus pallidus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">pars reticulata</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right adrenal cortex</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000029455">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">granulocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left lobe of liver</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">olfactory epithelium</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left colon</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left lung</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gallbladder</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right lung</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right lung lobe</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left lung lobe</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">tunica adventitia of aorta</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000111275">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_ALDH2_201425_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PBB_GE_ALDH2_201425_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_ALDH2_201425_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PBB_GE_ALDH2_201425_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_ALDH2_201425_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PBB_GE_ALDH2_201425_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_ALDH2_201425_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/217/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009055">electron transfer activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016491">oxidoreductase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004030">aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+</a> activity]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004029">aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051287">NAD binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016620">oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043878">glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (non-phosphorylating) activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070062">extracellular exosome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005739">mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005759">mitochondrial matrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006068">ethanol catabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008152">metabolism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006066">alcohol metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006069">ethanol oxidation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005975">carbohydrate metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0022900">electron transport chain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=217&rn=1">217</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=11669&rn=1">11669</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000111275;db=core">ENSG00000111275</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000029455;db=core">ENSMUSG00000029455</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P05091">P05091</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P47738">P47738</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001204889">NM_001204889</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000690">NM_000690</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_009656">NM_009656</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001308450">NM_001308450</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000681">NP_000681</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001191818">NP_001191818</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001295379">NP_001295379</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_033786">NP_033786</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr12:111766887-111817532">Chr 12: 111.77 – 111.82 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr5:121704090-121731887">Chr 5: 121.7 – 121.73 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14911781" class="extiw" title="d:Q14911781">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14911782" class="extiw" title="d:Q14911782">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that in humans is encoded by the <i>ALDH2</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> located on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12" title="Chromosome 12">chromosome 12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4015823_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4015823-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2987944_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2987944-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ALDH2 belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase">aldehyde dehydrogenase</a> family of enzymes. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major <a href="/wiki/Oxidative" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidative">oxidative</a> pathway of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a> metabolism. ALDH2 has a low <a href="/wiki/Michaelis-Menten_kinetics#Michaelis_constant_Km" class="mw-redirect" title="Michaelis-Menten kinetics">K<sub>m</sub></a> for <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>, and is localized in <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix" title="Mitochondrial matrix">mitochondrial matrix</a>. The other liver isozyme, <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase#Genes" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase">ALDH1</a>, localizes to the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-entrez_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrez-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a> have both major isozymes, while approximately 36% of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asians</a> have the cytosolic isozyme but not a functional mitochondrial isozyme. A remarkably higher frequency of <a href="/wiki/Acute_alcohol_intoxication" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute alcohol intoxication">acute alcohol intoxication</a> among East Asians than among Whites could be related to this absence of a <a href="/wiki/Catalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalytic">catalytically</a> active form of ALDH2. The increased exposure to acetaldehyde in individuals with the catalytically inactive form may also confer greater susceptibility to many types of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gene">Gene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>ALDH2</i> gene is about 44 <a href="/wiki/Kilo-base_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilo-base pair">kbp</a> in length and contains at least 13 <a href="/wiki/Exons" class="mw-redirect" title="Exons">exons</a> which <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">encode</a> 517 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> residues. Except for the <a href="/wiki/Signal_peptide" title="Signal peptide">signal NH2-terminal peptide</a>, which is absent in the mature enzyme, the amino acid sequence deduced from the exons coincided with the reported <a href="/wiki/Primary_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary structure">primary structure</a> of human liver ALDH2. Several <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introns</a> contain <a href="/wiki/Alu_element" title="Alu element">Alu</a> repetitive sequences. A <a href="/wiki/TATA_box" title="TATA box">TATA</a>-like sequence (TTATAAAA) and a <a href="/wiki/CAAT_box" title="CAAT box">CAAT</a>-like sequence (GTCATCAT) are located 473 and 515 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a>, respectively, <a href="/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream_(DNA)" title="Upstream and downstream (DNA)">upstream</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Translation_initiation_codon" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation initiation codon">translation initiation codon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enzyme_structure">Enzyme structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Enzyme structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ALDH2 is a <a href="/wiki/Tetrameric" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrameric">tetrameric</a> enzyme that contains three domains; two dinucleotide-binding domains and a three-stranded beta-sheet domain. The active site of ALDH2 is divided into two halves by the nicotinamide ring of <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide</a> (NAD<sup>+</sup>). Adjacent to the A-side (<a href="/wiki/Prochirality" title="Prochirality">Pro</a>-R) of the <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide" title="Nicotinamide">nicotinamide</a> ring is a cluster of three <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteines</a> (Cys301, Cys302 and Cys303) and adjacent to the B-side (Pro-S) are <a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Thr</a>244, <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glu</a>268, Glu476 and an ordered water molecule bound to Thr244 and Glu476.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is a recognizable <a href="/wiki/Rossmann_fold" title="Rossmann fold">Rossmann fold</a>, the coenzyme-binding region of ALDH2 binds NAD<sup>+</sup> in a manner not seen in other NAD<sup>+</sup>-binding enzymes. The positions of the residues near the nicotinamide ring of NAD<sup>+</sup> suggest a chemical mechanism whereby Glu268 functions as a <a href="/wiki/General_base" class="mw-redirect" title="General base">general base</a> through a bound water molecule. The sidechain amide nitrogen of <a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asn</a>169 and the peptide nitrogen of Cys302 are in position to stabilize the oxyanion present in the tetrahedral <a href="/wiki/Transition_state" title="Transition state">transition state</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydride</a> transfer. The functional importance of residue Glu487 now appears to be due to indirect interactions of this residue with the substrate-binding site via <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arg</a>264 and Arg475.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase">aldehyde dehydrogenase</a> family of enzymes that catalyze the chemical transformation from <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> to <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. Human ALDH2 is especially efficient on acetaldehyde compared to ALDH1.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethanol_metabolism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ethanol metabolism in humans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ethanol_metabolism.svg/440px-Ethanol_metabolism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ethanol_metabolism.svg/660px-Ethanol_metabolism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ethanol_metabolism.svg/880px-Ethanol_metabolism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="82" /></a><figcaption>Ethanol metabolism in humans</figcaption></figure><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p>Additionally, ALDH2 functions as a protector against <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohta_et_al_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohta_et_al-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_variation">Genetic variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genetic variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">SNP: ALDH2*2</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">g.42421G>A, Glu504Lys</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Organisation" title="Human Genome Organisation">Gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ALDH2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12" title="Chromosome 12">12</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Exon</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">External databases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/snpview?source=dbSNP;snp=rs671">Human SNPView</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/DbSNP" title="DbSNP">dbSNP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=rs671">671</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/HapMap" class="mw-redirect" title="HapMap">HapMap</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hapmap.org/cgi-perl/gbrowse/hapmap_B35/?name=SNP%3Ars671">671</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SNPedia" title="SNPedia">SNPedia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snpedia.com/index.php?title=Rs671">671</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The inactivating ALDH2*2 mutation is "the most common single point mutation in humans".<sup id="cite_ref-p24382882_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p24382882-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mutation is found in very few White people, but about 50% of East Asians are <a href="/wiki/Heterozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygous">heterozygous</a> for this mutation. The ALDH2*2 <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a> encodes <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a> at <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> 487,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distorting the NAD+ binding site.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15983043_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15983043-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ALDH2 assembles and functions as a <a href="/wiki/Tetramer" title="Tetramer">tetramer</a> and requires all four of its components to be active in order to metabolize acetaldehyde. People heterozygous for ALDH2*2 have only 10% to 45% enzyme activity, while those homozygous for ALDH2*2 have as little as 1% to 5% remaining activity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of ALDH2 activity has a number of consequences, detailed in section <a href="#Inhibition_and_genetic_deficiency">§ Inhibition and genetic deficiency</a> below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the overall Japanese population, about 57% of individuals are <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> for the normal allele, 40% are <a href="/wiki/Heterozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygous">heterozygous</a> for the ALDH2*2 allele, and 3% are homozygous for the ALDH2*2 allele.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhibition_and_genetic_deficiency">Inhibition and genetic deficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inhibition and genetic deficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alcohol_metabolism">Alcohol metabolism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alcohol metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The best-known consequence of ALDH2 dysfunction is in relation to the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. People heterozygous or homozygous for the ALDH2*2 metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde normally but metabolize acetaldehyde poorly. As a result, they accumulate increased levels of acetaldehyde after consumption of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic beverages">alcoholic beverages</a>. Effects include facial flushing (i.e. the "<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_flush_reaction" title="Alcohol flush reaction">Alcohol flush reaction</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a>, systemic <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol-induced_respiratory_reactions" title="Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions">alcohol-induced respiratory reactions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">rhinitis</a> and the exacerbation of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronchoconstriction" title="Bronchoconstriction">bronchoconstriction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ann_Allergy_Asthma_Immunol_2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ann_Allergy_Asthma_Immunol_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cited allergic reaction-like symptoms: (a) do not appear due to classical <a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE</a> or <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cell</a>-related <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergen</a>-induced reactions but rather the actions of acetaldehyde in stimulating the release of <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a>, a probable mediating cause of these symptoms; (b) typically occur within 30–60 minutes of ingesting alcoholic beverages; and (c) occur in other Asian as well as non-Asian individuals that are either seriously defective in metabolizing ingested ethanol past acetaldehyde to acetic acid or, alternatively, that metabolize ethanol too rapidly for ALDH2 processing.<sup id="cite_ref-Ann_Allergy_Asthma_Immunol_2013_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ann_Allergy_Asthma_Immunol_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People with a genetic ALDH2*2 deficiency have historically had a lower likelihood of developing alcoholism, both from stronger adverse effects and a possible reduction of dopamine release.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this effect is not absolute: during the 1980s, there has been a steady increase in the number of Japanese alcoholics who carry the ALDH2*2 mutation. A strong social pressure to drink have overcome this genetic barrier to <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7907720_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7907720-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disulfiram, which inhibits ALDH2 and causes a similar effect, has been used as an alcohol-quitting aid.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Various_conditions">Various conditions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Various conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More recently, ALDH2 has been implicated in a number of pathways beyond alcohol metabolism. ALDH2 dysfunction is supposedly associated with a variety of human diseases including diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases and stroke, cancer, Fanconi anemia, pain, osteoporosis, and the process of aging.<sup id="cite_ref-p24382882_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p24382882-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inactivating ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism, present in up to 8% of the global population and in up to 50% of the East Asian population, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, alcohol-induced cardiac dysfunction, pulmonary arterial hypertension, heart failure and drug-induced cardiotoxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alzheimer's_disease"><span id="Alzheimer.27s_disease"></span>Alzheimer's disease</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alzheimer's disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A case-control study in a Japanese population showed that deficiency of ALDH2 activity influences the risk for late-onset <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohta_et_al_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohta_et_al-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ALDH2 <a href="/wiki/Knockout_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Knockout mice">knockout mice</a> display age-related memory deficits in various tasks, as well as endothelial dysfunction, brain atrophy, and other Alzheimer's disease-associated pathologies, including marked increases in <a href="/wiki/Lipid_peroxidation" title="Lipid peroxidation">lipid peroxidation</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Amyloid-beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyloid-beta">amyloid-beta</a>, <a href="/wiki/P-tau" class="mw-redirect" title="P-tau">p-tau</a> and activated <a href="/wiki/Caspases" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspases">caspases</a>. These behavioral and biochemical Alzheimer's disease-like deficits were efficiently ameliorated when these mice were treated with <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_lipids" title="Reinforced lipids">isotope-reinforced lipids</a> (deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29024570_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29024570-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activation">Activation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Activation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An activator of ALDH2 enzymatic activity, <a href="/wiki/Alda-1" title="Alda-1">Alda-1</a> (N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide), has been shown to reduce <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a>-induced cardiac damage caused by <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen_2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ALDH2 has been shown to <a href="/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein-protein interaction">interact</a> with <a href="/wiki/GroEL" title="GroEL">GroEL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12387818_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12387818-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase">Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dehydrogenase" title="Alcohol dehydrogenase">Alcohol dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_flush_reaction" title="Alcohol flush reaction">Alcohol flush reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-induced_respiratory_reactions" title="Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions">Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElharramCzegledyGolodMilne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Elharram A, Czegledy NM, Golod M, Milne GL, Pollock E, Bennett BM, Shchepinov MS (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716852">"Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids improve cognition in a mouse model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease"</a>. <i>The FEBS Journal</i>. <b>284</b> (23): 4083–4095. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ffebs.14291">10.1111/febs.14291</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716852">5716852</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29024570">29024570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+FEBS+Journal&rft.atitle=Deuterium-reinforced+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+improve+cognition+in+a+mouse+model+of+sporadic+Alzheimer%27s+disease&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=4083-4095&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5716852%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29024570&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ffebs.14291&rft.aulast=Elharram&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Czegledy%2C+NM&rft.au=Golod%2C+M&rft.au=Milne%2C+GL&rft.au=Pollock%2C+E&rft.au=Bennett%2C+BM&rft.au=Shchepinov%2C+MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5716852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALDH2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen_2008-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chen_2008_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenBudasChurchillDisatnik2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chen CH, Budas GR, Churchill EN, Disatnik MH, Hurley TD, Mochly-Rosen D (Sep 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741612">"Activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 reduces ischemic damage to the heart"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>321</b> (5895): 1493–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321.1493C">2008Sci...321.1493C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1158554">10.1126/science.1158554</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741612">2741612</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18787169">18787169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Activation+of+aldehyde+dehydrogenase-2+reduces+ischemic+damage+to+the+heart&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=5895&rft.pages=1493-5&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2741612%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18787169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1158554&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...321.1493C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=CH&rft.au=Budas%2C+GR&rft.au=Churchill%2C+EN&rft.au=Disatnik%2C+MH&rft.au=Hurley%2C+TD&rft.au=Mochly-Rosen%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2741612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALDH2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12387818-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12387818_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeKimJeongLee2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lee KH, Kim HS, Jeong HS, Lee YS (Oct 2002). "Chaperonin GroESL mediates the protein folding of human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli". <i>Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications</i>. <b>298</b> (2): 216–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-291X%2802%2902423-3">10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02423-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12387818">12387818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+and+Biophysical+Research+Communications&rft.atitle=Chaperonin+GroESL+mediates+the+protein+folding+of+human+liver+mitochondrial+aldehyde+dehydrogenase+in+Escherichia+coli&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=216-24&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-291X%2802%2902423-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12387818&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=KH&rft.au=Kim%2C+HS&rft.au=Jeong%2C+HS&rft.au=Lee%2C+YS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALDH2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshida1992" class="citation journal cs1">Yoshida A (1992). "Molecular genetics of human aldehyde dehydrogenase". <i>Pharmacogenetics</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 139–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00008571-199208000-00001">10.1097/00008571-199208000-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1306115">1306115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacogenetics&rft.atitle=Molecular+genetics+of+human+aldehyde+dehydrogenase&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=139-47&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00008571-199208000-00001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1306115&rft.aulast=Yoshida&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALDH2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaoLiouTsaiYin1993" class="citation journal cs1">Chao YC, Liou SR, Tsai SF, Yin SJ (1993). "Dominance of the mutant ALDH2(2) allele in the expression of human stomach aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 activity". <i>Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Repub. China B</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 98–102. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8290656">8290656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Sci.+Counc.+Repub.+China+B&rft.atitle=Dominance+of+the+mutant+ALDH2%282%29+allele+in+the+expression+of+human+stomach+aldehyde+dehydrogenase-2+activity&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=98-102&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8290656&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=YC&rft.au=Liou%2C+SR&rft.au=Tsai%2C+SF&rft.au=Yin%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALDH2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrabbEdenbergBosronLi1989" class="citation journal cs1">Crabb DW, Edenberg HJ, Bosron WF, Li TK (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC303676">"Genotypes for aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency and alcohol sensitivity. The inactive ALDH2(2) allele is dominant"</a>. <i>J. Clin. Invest</i>. <b>83</b> (1): 314–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI113875">10.1172/JCI113875</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC303676">303676</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2562960">2562960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Invest.&rft.atitle=Genotypes+for+aldehyde+dehydrogenase+deficiency+and+alcohol+sensitivity.+The+inactive+ALDH2%282%29+allele+is+dominant&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=314-6&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC303676%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2562960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI113875&rft.aulast=Crabb&rft.aufirst=DW&rft.au=Edenberg%2C+HJ&rft.au=Bosron%2C+WF&rft.au=Li%2C+TK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC303676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALDH2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsuBendelYoshida1988" class="citation journal cs1">Hsu LC, Bendel RE, Yoshida A (1988). "Genomic structure of the human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase gene". <i>Genomics</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 57–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2888%2990109-7">10.1016/0888-7543(88)90109-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2838413">2838413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genomics&rft.atitle=Genomic+structure+of+the+human+mitochondrial+aldehyde+dehydrogenase+gene&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-65&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0888-7543%2888%2990109-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2838413&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=LC&rft.au=Bendel%2C+RE&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALDH2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsuTaniFujiyoshiKurachi1985" class="citation journal cs1">Hsu LC, Tani K, Fujiyoshi T, Kurachi K, Yoshida A (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC397869">"Cloning of cDNAs for human aldehyde dehydrogenases 1 and 2"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>82</b> (11): 3771–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PNAS...82.3771H">1985PNAS...82.3771H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.82.11.3771">10.1073/pnas.82.11.3771</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC397869">397869</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2987944">2987944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Cloning+of+cDNAs+for+human+aldehyde+dehydrogenases+1+and+2&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3771-5&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC397869%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2987944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.82.11.3771&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985PNAS...82.3771H&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=LC&rft.au=Tani%2C+K&rft.au=Fujiyoshi%2C+T&rft.au=Kurachi%2C+K&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC397869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALDH2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunGrzeschikBoberSingh1986" class="citation journal cs1">Braun T, Grzeschik KH, Bober E, Singh S, Agarwal DP, Goedde HW (1986). 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Invest</i>. <b>98</b> (9): 2027–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI119007">10.1172/JCI119007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507646">507646</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8903321">8903321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Invest.&rft.atitle=The+mutation+in+the+mitochondrial+aldehyde+dehydrogenase+%28ALDH2%29+gene+responsible+for+alcohol-induced+flushing+increases+turnover+of+the+enzyme+tetramers+in+a+dominant+fashion&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2027-32&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC507646%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8903321&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI119007&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Q&rft.au=Weiner%2C+H&rft.au=Crabb%2C+DW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC507646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALDH2" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALDH2&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/PDB_1a4z_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1a4z_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/PDB_1a4z_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1a4z_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1a4z</b>: ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE FROM BOVINE MITOCHONDRIA COMPLEX WITH NAD (REDUCED) AND SAMARIUM (III)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1ag8_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1ag8: ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE FROM BOVINE MITOCHONDRIA"><img alt="1ag8: ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE FROM BOVINE MITOCHONDRIA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PDB_1ag8_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1ag8_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PDB_1ag8_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1ag8_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PDB_1ag8_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1ag8_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1ag8</b>: ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE FROM BOVINE MITOCHONDRIA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1cw3_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1cw3: HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEXED WITH NAD+ AND MN2+"><img alt="1cw3: HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEXED WITH NAD+ AND MN2+" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PDB_1cw3_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1cw3_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PDB_1cw3_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1cw3_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PDB_1cw3_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1cw3_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1cw3</b>: HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEXED WITH NAD+ AND MN2+</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1nzw_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1nzw: Cys302Ser mutant of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NADH and Mg2+"><img alt="1nzw: Cys302Ser mutant of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NADH and Mg2+" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PDB_1nzw_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1nzw_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PDB_1nzw_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1nzw_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PDB_1nzw_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1nzw_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1nzw</b>: Cys302Ser mutant of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NADH and Mg2+</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1nzx_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1nzx: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NAD+ in the presence of low Mg2+"><img alt="1nzx: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NAD+ in the presence of low Mg2+" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PDB_1nzx_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1nzx_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PDB_1nzx_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1nzx_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PDB_1nzx_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1nzx_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1nzx</b>: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NAD+ in the presence of low Mg2+</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1nzz_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1nzz: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NADH in the presence of low Mg2+"><img alt="1nzz: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NADH in the presence of low Mg2+" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PDB_1nzz_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1nzz_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PDB_1nzz_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1nzz_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PDB_1nzz_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1nzz_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1nzz</b>: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NADH in the presence of low Mg2+</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1o00_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1o00: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NAD+ and Mg2+ showing dual NAD(H) conformations"><img alt="1o00: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NAD+ and Mg2+ showing dual NAD(H) conformations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PDB_1o00_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1o00_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PDB_1o00_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1o00_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PDB_1o00_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1o00_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1o00</b>: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NAD+ and Mg2+ showing dual NAD(H) conformations</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1o01_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1o01: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with crotonaldehyde, NAD(H) and Mg2+"><img alt="1o01: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with crotonaldehyde, NAD(H) and Mg2+" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PDB_1o01_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1o01_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PDB_1o01_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1o01_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PDB_1o01_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1o01_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1o01</b>: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with crotonaldehyde, NAD(H) and Mg2+</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1o02_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1o02: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NADH in the presence of Mg2+"><img alt="1o02: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NADH in the presence of Mg2+" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/PDB_1o02_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1o02_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/PDB_1o02_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1o02_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/PDB_1o02_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1o02_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1o02</b>: Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NADH in the presence of Mg2+</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1o04_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1o04: Cys302Ser mutant of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NAD+ and Mg2+"><img alt="1o04: Cys302Ser mutant of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NAD+ and Mg2+" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PDB_1o04_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1o04_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PDB_1o04_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1o04_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PDB_1o04_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1o04_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1o04</b>: Cys302Ser mutant of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with NAD+ and Mg2+</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1o05_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1o05: Apo form of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase"><img alt="1o05: Apo form of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PDB_1o05_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1o05_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PDB_1o05_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1o05_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PDB_1o05_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1o05_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1o05</b>: Apo form of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1of7_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1of7:"><img alt="1of7:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PDB_1of7_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1of7_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PDB_1of7_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1of7_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PDB_1of7_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1of7_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1of7</b>: </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1zum_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1zum: Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Asian Variant, ALDH2*2, Apo Form"><img alt="1zum: Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Asian Variant, ALDH2*2, Apo Form" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PDB_1zum_EBI.png/180px-PDB_1zum_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PDB_1zum_EBI.png/270px-PDB_1zum_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PDB_1zum_EBI.png/360px-PDB_1zum_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1zum</b>: Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Asian Variant, ALDH2*2, Apo Form</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2onm_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2onm: Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Asian Variant, ALDH2*2, complexed with NAD+"><img alt="2onm: Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Asian Variant, ALDH2*2, complexed with NAD+" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PDB_2onm_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2onm_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PDB_2onm_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2onm_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PDB_2onm_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2onm_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2onm</b>: Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Asian Variant, ALDH2*2, complexed with NAD+</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2onn_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2onn: Arg475Gln Mutant of Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Apo form"><img alt="2onn: Arg475Gln Mutant of Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Apo form" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PDB_2onn_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2onn_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PDB_2onn_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2onn_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PDB_2onn_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2onn_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2onn</b>: Arg475Gln Mutant of Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Apo form</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2ono_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2ono: Arg475Gln Mutant of Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, apo form, pseudo-merohedrally twinned"><img alt="2ono: Arg475Gln Mutant of Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, apo form, pseudo-merohedrally twinned" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PDB_2ono_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2ono_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PDB_2ono_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2ono_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PDB_2ono_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2ono_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2ono</b>: Arg475Gln Mutant of Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, apo form, pseudo-merohedrally twinned</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2onp_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2onp: Arg475Gln Mutant of Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, complexed with NAD+"><img alt="2onp: Arg475Gln Mutant of Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, complexed with NAD+" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PDB_2onp_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2onp_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PDB_2onp_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2onp_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PDB_2onp_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2onp_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2onp</b>: Arg475Gln Mutant of Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, complexed with NAD+</div> </li> </ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aldehyde_dehydrogenases_(EC_1.2.1)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aldehyde_dehydrogenases" title="Template:Aldehyde dehydrogenases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aldehyde_dehydrogenases" title="Template talk:Aldehyde dehydrogenases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aldehyde_dehydrogenases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aldehyde dehydrogenases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aldehyde_dehydrogenases_(EC_1.2.1)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase">Aldehyde dehydrogenases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 1.2.1)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Retinaldehyde — <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALDH1A1" title="ALDH1A1">ALDH1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALDH1A2" title="ALDH1A2">ALDH1A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALDH1A3" title="ALDH1A3">ALDH1A3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALDH1B1" title="ALDH1B1">ALDH1B1</a></li> <li>Formyltetrahydrofolate — <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALDH1L1" title="ALDH1L1">ALDH1L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALDH1L2" title="ALDH1L2">ALDH1L2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family 2 (<a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial">mitochondrial</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ALDH2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_3_family,_member_A1" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A1">Dimeric NADP-preferring — (ALDH3A1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-chain-aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase">Fatty aldehyde — (ALDH3A2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALDH3B1" title="ALDH3B1">ALDH3B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALDH3B2" title="ALDH3B2">ALDH3B2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_4_family,_member_A1" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase 4 family, member A1">ALDH4A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_5_family,_member_A1" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase 5 family, member A1">ALDH5A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_6_family,_member_A1" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family, member A1">ALDH6A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALDH7A1" title="ALDH7A1">α-Aminoadipic semialdehyde — (ALDH7A1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALDH8A1" title="ALDH8A1">ALDH8A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_9_family,_member_A1" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family, member A1">ALDH9A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALDH16A1" title="ALDH16A1">ALDH16A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_18_family,_member_A1" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1">ALDH18A1</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase">Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate — (GAPDH)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mitochondrial_proteins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mitochondrial_proteins" title="Template:Mitochondrial proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mitochondrial_proteins" title="Template talk:Mitochondrial proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mitochondrial_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mitochondrial proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mitochondrial_proteins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrial</a> proteins</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outer_mitochondrial_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer mitochondrial membrane">Outer membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">fatty acid degradation</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_I" title="Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I">Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-chain-fatty-acid%E2%80%94CoA_ligase" title="Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase">Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a> metabolism</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kynureninase" title="Kynureninase">Kynureninase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">monoamine neurotransmitter</a><br /> metabolism</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">Monoamine oxidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_intermembrane_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial intermembrane space">Intermembrane space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenylate_kinase" title="Adenylate kinase">Adenylate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine_kinase" title="Creatine kinase">Creatine kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_mitochondrial_membrane" title="Inner mitochondrial membrane">Inner membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q_%E2%80%93_cytochrome_c_reductase" title="Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase">Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c" title="Cytochrome c">Cytochrome c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase" title="NADH dehydrogenase">NADH dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase" title="Succinate dehydrogenase">Succinate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">pyrimidine metabolism</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotate_dehydrogenase" title="Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase">Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_shuttle" title="Mitochondrial shuttle">mitochondrial shuttle</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malate-aspartate_shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Malate-aspartate shuttle">Malate-aspartate shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol_phosphate_shuttle" title="Glycerol phosphate shuttle">Glycerol phosphate shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis">steroidogenesis</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_11-beta-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase">Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase" title="Aldosterone synthase">Aldosterone synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>other</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_aspartate_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate aspartate transporter">Glutamate aspartate transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase">Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_II" title="Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II">Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncoupling_protein" title="Uncoupling protein">Uncoupling protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix" title="Mitochondrial matrix">Matrix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrate_synthase" title="Citrate synthase">Citrate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitase" title="Aconitase">Aconitase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase" title="Isocitrate dehydrogenase">Isocitrate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoglutarate_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex">Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinyl_coenzyme_A_synthetase" title="Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase">Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumarase" title="Fumarase">Fumarase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase" title="Malate dehydrogenase">Malate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Anaplerotic_reactions" title="Anaplerotic reactions">anaplerotic reactions</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">Aspartate transaminase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase" title="Glutamate dehydrogenase">Glutamate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex">Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate_synthetase_I" title="Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I">Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_transcarbamylase" title="Ornithine transcarbamylase">Ornithine transcarbamylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylglutamate_synthase" title="N-Acetylglutamate synthase">N-Acetylglutamate synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>alcohol metabolism</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ALDH2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PMPCB" title="PMPCB">PMPCB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/to be sorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frataxin" title="Frataxin">Frataxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_membrane_transport_protein" title="Mitochondrial membrane transport protein">Mitochondrial membrane transport protein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_permeability_transition_pore" title="Mitochondrial permeability transition pore">Mitochondrial permeability transition pore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_carrier" title="Mitochondrial carrier">Mitochondrial carrier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translocator_protein" title="Translocator protein">Translocator protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase" title="NADH dehydrogenase">Complex I</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND1" title="MT-ND1">MT-ND1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND2" title="MT-ND2">MT-ND2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND3" title="MT-ND3">MT-ND3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND4" title="MT-ND4">MT-ND4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND4L" title="MT-ND4L">MT-ND4L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND5" title="MT-ND5">MT-ND5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND6" title="MT-ND6">MT-ND6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q_%E2%80%93_cytochrome_c_reductase" title="Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase">Complex III</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-CYB" title="MT-CYB">MT-CYB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase" title="Cytochrome c oxidase">Complex IV</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_I" title="Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I">MT-CO1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II">MT-CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_III" title="Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III">MT-CO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-ATP6" title="MT-ATP6">MT-ATP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ATP8" title="MT-ATP8">MT-ATP8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">tRNA</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-TA" title="MT-TA">MT-TA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TC" title="MT-TC">MT-TC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TD" title="MT-TD">MT-TD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TE" title="MT-TE">MT-TE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TF" title="MT-TF">MT-TF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TG" title="MT-TG">MT-TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TH" title="MT-TH">MT-TH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TI" title="MT-TI">MT-TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TK" title="MT-TK">MT-TK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TL1" title="MT-TL1">MT-TL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TL2" title="MT-TL2">MT-TL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TM" title="MT-TM">MT-TM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TN" title="MT-TN">MT-TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TP" title="MT-TP">MT-TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TQ" title="MT-TQ">MT-TQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TR" title="MT-TR">MT-TR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TS1" title="MT-TS1">MT-TS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TS2" title="MT-TS2">MT-TS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TT" title="MT-TT">MT-TT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TV_(mitochondrial)" title="MT-TV (mitochondrial)">MT-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TW" title="MT-TW">MT-TW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TY" title="MT-TY">MT-TY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0;"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Mitochondrial_diseases" title="Template:Mitochondrial diseases">mitochondrial diseases</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzymes" title="Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enzymes" title="Template talk:Enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enzymes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">Active site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site">Binding site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_triad" title="Catalytic triad">Catalytic triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion_hole" title="Oxyanion hole">Oxyanion hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_promiscuity" title="Enzyme promiscuity">Enzyme promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion-limited_enzyme" title="Diffusion-limited enzyme">Diffusion-limited enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">Enzyme catalysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">Allosteric regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperativity" title="Cooperativity">Cooperativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activator" title="Enzyme activator">Enzyme activator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_superfamily" title="Protein superfamily">Enzyme superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">Enzyme family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enzymes" title="List of enzymes">List of enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">Enzyme kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadie%E2%80%93Hofstee_diagram" title="Eadie–Hofstee diagram">Eadie–Hofstee diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanes%E2%80%93Woolf_plot" title="Hanes–Woolf plot">Hanes–Woolf plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineweaver%E2%80%93Burk_plot" title="Lineweaver–Burk plot">Lineweaver–Burk plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics" title="Michaelis–Menten kinetics">Michaelis–Menten kinetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>EC1 <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">Oxidoreductases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC2 <a href="/wiki/Transferase" title="Transferase">Transferases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC3 <a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">Hydrolases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC4 <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">Lyases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC5 <a href="/wiki/Isomerase" title="Isomerase">Isomerases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 5)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC6 <a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">Ligases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 6)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC7 <a href="/wiki/Translocase" title="Translocase">Translocases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 7)">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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