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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the process that creates volcanic rock, see <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_rock" title="Extrusive rock">extrusive rock</a>. For the food process, see <a href="/wiki/Food_extrusion" title="Food extrusion">food extrusion</a>.</div> <p><b>Extrusion</b> is a process used to create objects of a fixed <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross-sectional</a> profile by pushing material through a <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">die</a> of the desired cross-section. Its two main advantages over other manufacturing processes are its ability to create very complex cross-sections; and to work materials that are brittle, because the material encounters only <a href="/wiki/Compressive_stress" title="Compressive stress">compressive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear</a> stresses. It also creates excellent surface finish and gives considerable freedom of form in the design process.<sup id="cite_ref-mh_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extruded_aluminium_section_x3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Extruded_aluminium_section_x3.jpg/220px-Extruded_aluminium_section_x3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Extruded_aluminium_section_x3.jpg/330px-Extruded_aluminium_section_x3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Extruded_aluminium_section_x3.jpg/440px-Extruded_aluminium_section_x3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="864"></a><figcaption>Extruded aluminium with several hollow cavities; <a href="/wiki/T-slot_nut" title="T-slot nut">T slots</a> allow bars to be joined with special connectors.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A8vres_-_Moulin_-_boudineuse-d%C3%A9sa%C3%A9reuse_027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/S%C3%A8vres_-_Moulin_-_boudineuse-d%C3%A9sa%C3%A9reuse_027.jpg/220px-S%C3%A8vres_-_Moulin_-_boudineuse-d%C3%A9sa%C3%A9reuse_027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/S%C3%A8vres_-_Moulin_-_boudineuse-d%C3%A9sa%C3%A9reuse_027.jpg/330px-S%C3%A8vres_-_Moulin_-_boudineuse-d%C3%A9sa%C3%A9reuse_027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/S%C3%A8vres_-_Moulin_-_boudineuse-d%C3%A9sa%C3%A9reuse_027.jpg/440px-S%C3%A8vres_-_Moulin_-_boudineuse-d%C3%A9sa%C3%A9reuse_027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3385" data-file-height="5081"></a><figcaption>Clay body being extruded from a de-airing pug</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)" title="Drawing (manufacturing)">Drawing</a> is a similar process, using the tensile strength of the material to pull it through the die. It limits the amount of change that can be performed in one step, so it is limited to simpler shapes, and multiple stages are usually needed. Drawing is the main way to produce <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a>. Metal <a href="/wiki/Bar_stock" title="Bar stock">bars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tube_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Tube (fluid conveyance)">tubes</a> are also often drawn. </p><p>Extrusion may be continuous (theoretically producing indefinitely long material) or semi-continuous (producing many pieces). It can be done with hot or cold material. Commonly extruded materials include <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modelling_clay" title="Modelling clay">modelling clay</a>, and foodstuffs. Products of extrusion are generally called <i>extrudates</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HDPE_pipe_being_extruded.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/HDPE_pipe_being_extruded.jpg/220px-HDPE_pipe_being_extruded.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/HDPE_pipe_being_extruded.jpg/330px-HDPE_pipe_being_extruded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/HDPE_pipe_being_extruded.jpg/440px-HDPE_pipe_being_extruded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></a><figcaption>HDPE pipe during extrusion. The HDPE material is coming from the heater, into the die, then into the cooling tank. This Acu-Power conduit pipe is co-extruded - black inside with a thin orange jacket, to designate power cables.</figcaption></figure> <p>Also referred to as "hole flanging", hollow cavities within extruded material cannot be produced using a simple flat extrusion die, because there would be no way to support the centre barrier of the die. Instead, the die assumes the shape of a block with depth, beginning first with a shape profile that supports the center section. The die shape then internally changes along its length into the final shape, with the suspended center pieces supported from the back of the die. The material flows around the supports and fuses to create the desired closed shape. </p><p>The extrusion of metals can also increase their strength. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Types_of_extrusions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Types of extrusions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Hot_extrusion"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hot extrusion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Cold_extrusion"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cold extrusion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Warm_extrusion"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Warm extrusion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Friction_extrusion"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Friction extrusion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Micro-extrusion"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Micro-extrusion</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Equipment"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Equipment</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Forming_internal_cavities"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Forming internal cavities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Direct_extrusion"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Direct extrusion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Indirect_extrusion"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Indirect extrusion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Hydrostatic_extrusion"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Hydrostatic extrusion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Drives"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Drives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Die_design"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Die design</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Materials"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Materials</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Metal"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Metal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Plastic"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Plastic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Rubber"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Rubber</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Ceramic"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ceramic</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Food"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Food</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Drug_carriers"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Drug carriers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Biomass_briquettes"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Biomass briquettes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Textiles"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Textiles</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" 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0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Extrusion" title="Special:EditPage/Extrusion">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1797, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bramah" title="Joseph Bramah">Joseph Bramah</a> patented the first extrusion process for making pipe out of soft metals. It involved preheating the metal and then forcing it through a die via a hand-driven plunger. In 1820 Thomas Burr implemented that process for lead pipe, with a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_press" title="Hydraulic press">hydraulic press</a> (also invented by Joseph Bramah). At that time the process was called "squirting". In 1894, Alexander Dick expanded the extrusion process to copper and brass alloys.<sup id="cite_ref-tmeh11_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmeh11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Types_of_extrusions">Types of extrusions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of extrusions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Extrusion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Extrusion.JPG" decoding="async" width="216" height="369" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="369"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 216px;height: 369px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Extrusion.JPG" data-width="216" data-height="369" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Extrusion of a round metal through a die</figcaption></figure> <p>The process begins by heating the stock material (for hot or warm extrusion). It is then loaded into the container in the press. A dummy block is placed behind it where the ram then presses on the material to push it out of the die. Afterward the extrusion is stretched in order to straighten it. If better properties are required then it may be <a href="/wiki/Heat_treat" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat treat">heat treated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cold_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold work">cold worked</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tmeh11_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmeh11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extrusion ratio is defined as the starting cross-sectional area divided by the cross-sectional area of the final extrusion. One of the main advantages of the extrusion process is that this ratio can be very large while still producing quality parts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hot_extrusion">Hot extrusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hot extrusion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Hot extrusion is a <a href="/wiki/Hot_working" title="Hot working">hot working</a> process, which means it is done above the material's <a href="/wiki/Recrystallization_(metallurgy)" title="Recrystallization (metallurgy)">recrystallization</a> temperature to keep the material from <a href="/wiki/Work_hardening" title="Work hardening">work hardening</a> and to make it easier to push the material through the die. Most hot extrusions are done on horizontal <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_press" title="Hydraulic press">hydraulic presses</a> that range from 230 to 11,000 metric tons (250 to 12,130 short tons). Pressures range from 30 to 700 MPa (4,400 to 101,500 psi), therefore lubrication is required, which can be oil or graphite for lower temperature extrusions, or glass powder for higher temperature extrusions. The biggest disadvantage of this process is its cost for machinery and its upkeep.<sup id="cite_ref-mh_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:400px"> <caption>Hot extrusion temperature for various metals<sup id="cite_ref-mh_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Material </th> <th>Temperature [°C (°F)] </th></tr> <tr> <td>Magnesium</td> <td>350–450 (650–850) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aluminium</td> <td>350–500 (650–900) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Copper</td> <td>600–1,100 (1,200–2,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steel</td> <td>1,200–1,300 (2,200–2,400) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Titanium</td> <td>700–1,200 (1,300–2,100) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nickel</td> <td>1,000–1,200 (1,900–2,200) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Refractory alloys</td> <td>up to 2,000 (4,000) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The extrusion process is generally economical when producing between several kilograms (pounds) and many tons, depending on the material being extruded. There is a crossover point where <a href="/wiki/Roll_forming" title="Roll forming">roll forming</a> becomes more economical. For instance, some steels become more economical to roll if producing more than 20,000 kg (50,000 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-tmeh11_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmeh11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Aluminium hot extrusion die</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium_extrusion_die_front.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Front side of a four family die. The die is 228 mm (9.0 in) in diameter."><noscript><img alt="Front side of a four family die. The die is 228 mm (9.0 in) in diameter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aluminium_extrusion_die_front.png/120px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_front.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="1326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 117px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aluminium_extrusion_die_front.png/120px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_front.png" data-alt="Front side of a four family die. The die is 228 mm (9.0 in) in diameter." data-width="120" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aluminium_extrusion_die_front.png/180px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_front.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aluminium_extrusion_die_front.png/240px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_front.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front side of a four family die. The die is 228 mm (9.0 in) in diameter.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium_extrusion_die_closeup.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Close up of the shape cut into the die. The walls are drafted and the back wall thickness varies."><noscript><img alt="Close up of the shape cut into the die. The walls are drafted and the back wall thickness varies." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aluminium_extrusion_die_closeup.png/120px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_closeup.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 78px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aluminium_extrusion_die_closeup.png/120px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_closeup.png" data-alt="Close up of the shape cut into the die. The walls are drafted and the back wall thickness varies." data-width="120" data-height="78" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aluminium_extrusion_die_closeup.png/180px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_closeup.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aluminium_extrusion_die_closeup.png/240px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_closeup.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close up of the shape cut into the die. The walls are drafted and the back wall thickness varies.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium_extrusion_die_back.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Back side of die. The wall thickness of the extrusion is 3 mm (0.12 in)."><noscript><img alt="Back side of die. The wall thickness of the extrusion is 3 mm (0.12 in)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aluminium_extrusion_die_back.png/120px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_back.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1432"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 117px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aluminium_extrusion_die_back.png/120px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_back.png" data-alt="Back side of die. The wall thickness of the extrusion is 3 mm (0.12 in)." data-width="120" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aluminium_extrusion_die_back.png/180px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_back.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aluminium_extrusion_die_back.png/240px-Aluminium_extrusion_die_back.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Back side of die. The wall thickness of the extrusion is 3 mm (0.12 in).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_extrusion">Cold extrusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold extrusion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Cold extrusion is done at room temperature or near room temperature. The advantages of this over hot extrusion are the lack of oxidation, higher strength due to <a href="/wiki/Cold_working" title="Cold working">cold working</a>, closer tolerances, better surface finish, and fast extrusion speeds if the material is subject to <a href="/wiki/Red-short" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-short">hot shortness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mh_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Materials that are commonly cold extruded include: <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. </p><p>Examples of products produced by this process are: collapsible tubes, <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguisher</a> cases, <a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">shock absorber</a> cylinders and <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gear</a> blanks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warm_extrusion">Warm extrusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Warm extrusion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In March 1956, a US patent was filed for "process for warm extrusion of metal". Patent US3156043 A outlines that a number of important advantages can be achieved with warm extrusion of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys if a billet to be extruded is changed in its physical properties in response to physical forces by being heated to a temperature below the critical melting point.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warm extrusion is done above room temperature, but below the recrystallization temperature of the material the temperatures ranges from 800 to 1,800 °F (424 to 975 °C). It is usually used to achieve the proper balance of required forces, ductility and final extrusion properties.<sup id="cite_ref-mf_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friction_extrusion">Friction extrusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Friction extrusion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Friction_extrusion" title="Friction extrusion">Friction extrusion</a></div> <p>Friction extrusion was invented at the Welding Institute in the UK and patented in 1991. It was originally intended primarily as a method for production of homogeneous microstructures and particle distributions in metal matrix composite materials.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friction extrusion differs from conventional extrusion in that the charge (billet or other precursor) rotates relative to the extrusion die. An extrusion force is applied so as to push the charge against the die. In practice either the die or the charge may rotate or they may be counter-rotating. The relative rotary motion between the charge and the die has several significant effects on the process. First, the relative motion in the plane of rotation leads to large shear stresses, hence, plastic deformation in the layer of charge in contact with and near the die. This plastic deformation is dissipated by recovery and recrystallization processes leading to substantial heating of the deforming charge. Because of the deformation heating, friction extrusion does not generally require preheating of the charge by auxiliary means potentially resulting in a more energy efficient process. Second, the substantial level of plastic deformation in the region of relative rotary motion can promote solid state welding of powders or other finely divided precursors, such as flakes and chips, effectively consolidating the charge (friction consolidation) prior to extrusion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micro-extrusion">Micro-extrusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Micro-extrusion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microextrusion" title="Microextrusion">Microextrusion</a></div> <p>Microextrusion is a <a href="/wiki/Microfabrication#Microforming" title="Microfabrication">microforming</a> extrusion process performed at the submillimetre range. Like extrusion, metal is pushed through a die orifice, but the resulting product's cross section can fit through a 1 mm square. Several microextrusion processes have been developed since microforming was envisioned in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-EngelMicro02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EngelMicro02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DixitMicro12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DixitMicro12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FuARev13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FuARev13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forward (ram and <a href="/wiki/Semi-finished_casting_products#Billet" title="Semi-finished casting products">billet</a> move in the same direction) and backward (ram and billet move in the opposite direction) microextrusion were first introduced, with forward rod-backward cup and double cup extrusion methods developing later.<sup id="cite_ref-DixitMicro12_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DixitMicro12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FuMicro14_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FuMicro14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of method, one of the greatest challenges of creating a successful microextrusion machine is the manufacture of the die and ram. "The small size of the die and ram, along with the stringent accuracy requirement, needs suitable manufacturing processes."<sup id="cite_ref-DixitMicro12_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DixitMicro12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, as Fu and Chan pointed out in a 2013 state-of-the-art technology review, several issues must still be resolved before microextrusion and other microforming technologies can be implemented more widely, including <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)" title="Deformation (engineering)">deformation load and defects</a>, forming system stability, mechanical properties, and other size-related effects on the <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">crystallite</a> (grain) structure and boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-DixitMicro12_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DixitMicro12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FuARev13_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FuARev13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Equipment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_extrusion_machine_with_dies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Al_extrusion_machine_with_dies.jpg/220px-Al_extrusion_machine_with_dies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Al_extrusion_machine_with_dies.jpg/220px-Al_extrusion_machine_with_dies.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Al_extrusion_machine_with_dies.jpg/330px-Al_extrusion_machine_with_dies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Al_extrusion_machine_with_dies.jpg/440px-Al_extrusion_machine_with_dies.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A horizontal hydraulic press for hot aluminum extrusion (loose dies and scrap visible in foreground)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many different variations of extrusion equipment. They vary by four major characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-mh_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Movement of the extrusion with relation to the ram. If the die is held stationary and the ram moves towards it then it is called "direct extrusion". If the ram is held stationary and the die moves towards the ram it is called "indirect extrusion".</li> <li>The position of the press, either vertical or horizontal</li> <li>The type of drive, either hydraulic or mechanical</li> <li>The type of load applied, either conventional (variable) or <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic">hydrostatic</a></li></ul> <p>A single or twin screw auger, powered by an electric motor, or a ram, driven by hydraulic pressure (often used for steel and titanium alloys), oil pressure (for aluminium), or in other specialized processes such as rollers inside a perforated drum for the production of many simultaneous streams of material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forming_internal_cavities">Forming internal cavities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Forming internal cavities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_extrusion_die_set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Al_extrusion_die_set.jpg/220px-Al_extrusion_die_set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1887"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Al_extrusion_die_set.jpg/220px-Al_extrusion_die_set.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Al_extrusion_die_set.jpg/330px-Al_extrusion_die_set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Al_extrusion_die_set.jpg/440px-Al_extrusion_die_set.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Two-piece aluminium extrusion die set (parts shown separated.) The male part (at right) is for forming the internal cavity in the resulting round tube extrusion.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several methods for forming internal cavities in extrusions. One way is to use a hollow billet and then use a fixed or floating <a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">mandrel</a>. A fixed mandrel, also known as a German type, means it is integrated into the dummy block and stem. A floating mandrel, also known as a French type, floats in slots in the dummy block and aligns itself in the die when extruding. If a solid billet is used as the feed material then it must first be pierced by the mandrel before extruding through the die. A special press is used in order to control the mandrel independently from the ram.<sup id="cite_ref-mh_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The solid billet could also be used with a spider die, porthole die or bridge die. All of these types of dies incorporate the mandrel in the die and have "legs" that hold the mandrel in place. During extrusion the metal divides, flows around the legs, then merges, leaving weld lines in the final product.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_extrusion">Direct extrusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Direct extrusion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extrusion_force_plot.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Extrusion_force_plot.png/220px-Extrusion_force_plot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Extrusion_force_plot.png/220px-Extrusion_force_plot.png" data-width="220" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Extrusion_force_plot.png/330px-Extrusion_force_plot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Extrusion_force_plot.png/440px-Extrusion_force_plot.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Plot of forces required by various extrusion processes</figcaption></figure> <p>Direct extrusion, also known as forward extrusion, is the most common extrusion process. It works by placing the billet in a heavy walled container. The billet is pushed through the die by a ram or screw. There is a reusable dummy block between the ram and the billet to keep them separated. The major disadvantage of this process is that the force required to extrude the billet is greater than that needed in the indirect extrusion process because of the <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">frictional</a> forces introduced by the need for the billet to travel the entire length of the container. Because of this the greatest force required is at the beginning of process and slowly decreases as the billet is used up. At the end of the billet the force greatly increases because the billet is thin and the material must flow radially to exit the die. The end of the billet (called the butt end) is not used for this reason.<sup id="cite_ref-tmeh13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmeh13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_extrusion">Indirect extrusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indirect extrusion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In indirect extrusion, also known as backwards extrusion, the billet and container move together while the die is stationary. The die is held in place by a "stem" which has to be longer than the container length. The maximum length of the extrusion is ultimately dictated by the <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">column</a> strength of the stem. Because the billet moves with the container the frictional forces are eliminated. This leads to the following advantages:<sup id="cite_ref-tmeh14_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmeh14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A 25 to 30% reduction of friction, which allows for extruding larger billets, increasing speed, and an increased ability to extrude smaller cross-sections</li> <li>There is less of a tendency for extrusions to crack because there is no heat formed from friction</li> <li>The container liner will last longer due to less wear</li> <li>The billet is used more uniformly so extrusion defects and coarse grained peripherals zones are less likely.</li></ul> <p>The disadvantages are:<sup id="cite_ref-tmeh14_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmeh14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Impurities and defects on the surface of the billet affect the surface of the extrusion. These defects ruin the piece if it needs to be <a href="/wiki/Anodize" class="mw-redirect" title="Anodize">anodized</a> or the aesthetics are important. In order to get around this the billets may be wire brushed, machined or chemically cleaned before being used.</li> <li>This process is not as versatile as direct extrusions because the cross-sectional area is limited by the maximum size of the stem.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrostatic_extrusion">Hydrostatic extrusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hydrostatic extrusion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the hydrostatic extrusion process the billet is completely surrounded by a pressurized liquid, except where the billet contacts the die. This process can be done hot, warm, or cold, however the temperature is limited by the stability of the fluid used. The process must be carried out in a sealed cylinder to contain the hydrostatic medium. The fluid can be pressurized two ways:<sup id="cite_ref-tmeh14_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmeh14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Constant-rate extrusion</i>: A ram or plunger is used to pressurize the fluid inside the container.</li> <li><i>Constant-pressure extrusion</i>: A pump is used, possibly with a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_intensifier" title="Hydraulic intensifier">pressure intensifier</a>, to pressurize the fluid, which is then pumped to the container.</li></ul> <p>The advantages of this process include:<sup id="cite_ref-tmeh14_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmeh14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>No friction between the container and the billet reduces force requirements. This ultimately allows for faster speeds, higher reduction ratios, and lower billet temperatures.</li> <li>Usually the ductility of the material increases when high pressures are applied</li> <li>An even flow of material</li> <li>Large billets and large cross-sections can be extruded</li> <li>No billet residue is left on the container walls</li></ul> <p>The disadvantages are:<sup id="cite_ref-tmeh14_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmeh14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The billets must be prepared by tapering one end to match the die entry angle. This is needed to form a seal at the beginning of the cycle. Usually the entire billet needs to be machined to remove any surface defects.</li> <li>Containing the fluid under high pressures can be difficult.</li> <li>A billet remnant or a plug of a tougher material must be left at the end of the extrusion to prevent a sudden release of the extrusion fluid.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drives">Drives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Drives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Most modern direct or indirect extrusion presses are hydraulically driven, but there are some small mechanical presses still used. Of the hydraulic presses there are two types: direct-drive oil presses and accumulator water drives. </p><p>Direct-drive oil presses are the most common because they are reliable and robust. They can deliver over 35 MPa (5,000 psi). They supply a constant pressure throughout the whole billet. The disadvantage is that they are slow, between 50 and 200 mm/s (2–8 ips).<sup id="cite_ref-tmeh16_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmeh16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accumulator water drives are more expensive and larger than direct-drive oil presses, and they lose about 10% of their pressure over the stroke, but they are much faster, up to 380 mm/s (15 ips). Because of this they are used when extruding steel. They are also used on materials that must be heated to very hot temperatures for safety reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-tmeh16_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmeh16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrostatic extrusion presses usually use <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a> at pressure up to 1,400 MPa (200 ksi). Castor oil is used because it has good lubricity and high pressure properties.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_design">Die design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Die design" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The design of an extrusion profile has a large impact on how readily it can be extruded. The maximum size for an extrusion is determined by finding the smallest circle that will fit around the cross-section, this is called the <i>circumscribing circle</i>. This diameter, in turn, controls the size of the die required, which ultimately determines if the part will fit in a given press. For example, a larger press can handle 60 cm (24 in) diameter circumscribing circles for aluminium and 55 cm (22 in) diameter circles for steel and titanium.<sup id="cite_ref-mh_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complexity of an extruded profile can be roughly quantified by calculating the <i>shape factor</i>, which is the amount of surface area generated per unit mass of extrusion. This affects the cost of tooling as well as the rate of production.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thicker sections generally need an increased section size. In order for the material to flow properly legs should not be more than ten times longer than their thickness. If the cross-section is asymmetrical, adjacent sections should be as close to the same size as possible. Sharp corners should be avoided; for aluminium and magnesium the minimum radius should be 0.4 mm (1/64 in) and for steel corners should be 0.75 mm (0.030 in) and <a href="/wiki/Fillet_(mechanics)" title="Fillet (mechanics)">fillets</a> should be 3 mm (0.12 in). The following table lists the minimum cross-section and thickness for various materials.<sup id="cite_ref-mh_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Material </th> <th>Minimum cross-section [cm² (sq. in.)] </th> <th>Minimum thickness [mm (in.)] </th></tr> <tr> <td>Carbon steels</td> <td>2.5 (0.40)</td> <td>3.00 (0.120) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stainless steel</td> <td>3.0–4.5 (0.45–0.70)</td> <td>3.00–4.75 (0.120–0.187) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Titanium</td> <td>3.0 (0.50)</td> <td>3.80 (0.150) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aluminium</td> <td>< 2.5 (0.40)</td> <td>0.70 (0.028) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnesium</td> <td>< 2.5 (0.40)</td> <td>1.00 (0.040) </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Materials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal">Metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Metal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Metals that are commonly extruded include:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></b> is the most commonly extruded material. Aluminium can be hot or cold extruded. If it is hot extruded it is heated to 575 to 1100 °F (300 to 600 °C). Examples of products include <a href="/wiki/Profile_(engineering)" title="Profile (engineering)">profiles</a> for tracks, frames, rails, <a href="/wiki/Mullions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullions">mullions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sinks</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></b> is used to extrude corrosion free rods, automobile parts, pipe fittings, engineering parts.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></b> (1100 to 1825 °F (600 to 1000 °C)) pipe, wire, rods, bars, tubes, and welding electrodes. Often more than 100 ksi (690 MPa) is required to extrude copper.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a></b> (maximum 575 °F (300 °C)) pipes, wire, tubes, and cable sheathing. Molten lead may also be used in place of billets on vertical extrusion presses.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></b> (575 to 1100 °F (300 to 600 °C)) aircraft parts and nuclear industry parts. Magnesium is about as extrudable as aluminum.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></b> (400 to 650 °F (200 to 350 °C)) rods, bar, tubes, hardware components, fitting, and handrails.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></b> (1825 to 2375 °F (1000 to 1300 °C)) rods and tracks. Usually <a href="/wiki/Plain_carbon_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain carbon steel">plain carbon steel</a> is extruded, but alloy steel and <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> can also be extruded.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></b> (1100 to 1825 °F (600 to 1000 °C)) aircraft components including seat tracks, engine rings, and other structural parts.</li></ul> <p>Magnesium and aluminium alloys usually have a 0.75 μm (30 μin) <a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square" title="Root mean square">RMS</a> or better surface finish. Titanium and steel can achieve a 3 micrometres (120 μin) RMS.<sup id="cite_ref-mh_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, Ugine Séjournet, of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, invented a process which uses glass as a lubricant for extruding steel.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ugine-Sejournet, or Sejournet, process is now used for other materials that have melting temperatures higher than steel or that require a narrow range of temperatures to extrude, such as the <a href="/wiki/Platinum-iridium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum-iridium alloy">platinum-iridium alloy</a> used to make <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> mass standards.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process starts by heating the materials to the extruding temperature and then rolling it in glass powder. The glass melts and forms a thin film, 20 to 30 <a href="/wiki/Thou_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thou (length)">mils</a> (0.5 to 0.75 mm), in order to separate it from chamber walls and allow it to act as a lubricant. A thick solid glass ring that is 0.25 to 0.75 in (6 to 18 mm) thick is placed in the chamber on the die to lubricate the extrusion as it is forced through the die. A second advantage of this glass ring is its ability to insulate the heat of the billet from the die. The extrusion will have a 1 mil thick layer of glass, which can be easily removed once it cools.<sup id="cite_ref-mf_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another breakthrough in lubrication is the use of phosphate coatings. With this process, in conjunction with glass lubrication, steel can be cold extruded. The phosphate coat absorbs the liquid glass to offer even better lubricating properties.<sup id="cite_ref-mf_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic">Plastic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Plastic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extruder_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Extruder_section.jpg/260px-Extruder_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="572"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 145px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Extruder_section.jpg/260px-Extruder_section.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Extruder_section.jpg/390px-Extruder_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Extruder_section.jpg/520px-Extruder_section.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Sectional view of a plastic extruder showing the components</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plastics_extrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics extrusion">Plastics extrusion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caterpillar_Haul-Off.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Caterpillar_Haul-Off.jpg/260px-Caterpillar_Haul-Off.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="897"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Caterpillar_Haul-Off.jpg/260px-Caterpillar_Haul-Off.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Caterpillar_Haul-Off.jpg/390px-Caterpillar_Haul-Off.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Caterpillar_Haul-Off.jpg/520px-Caterpillar_Haul-Off.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Sectional view of how a caterpillar haul-off provides line tension</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Plastics_extrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics extrusion">Plastics extrusion</a> commonly uses plastic chips or pellets, which are usually dried, to drive out moisture, in a hopper before going to the feed screw. The polymer resin is heated to molten state by a combination of heating elements and shear heating from the extrusion screw. The screw, or screws as the case with twin screw extrusion, forces the resin through a die, forming the resin into the desired shape. The extrudate is cooled and solidified as it is pulled through the die or water tank. A "caterpillar haul-off" (called a "puller" in the US) is used to provide tension on the extrusion line which is essential for overall quality of the extrudate. Pelletizers can also create this tension while pulling extruded strands in to be cut. The caterpillar haul-off must provide a consistent pull; otherwise, variation in cut lengths or distorted product will result. In some cases (such as fibre-reinforced tubes) the extrudate is pulled through a very long die, in a process called "pultrusion". The configuration of the interior screws are a driving force dependent on the application. Mixing elements or convey elements are used in various formations. Extrusion is common in the application of adding colorant to molten plastic thus creating specific custom color. </p><p>Extrusion is also a process used in <a href="/wiki/Fused_filament_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused filament deposition">fused filament deposition</a> <a href="/wiki/3D_printers" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printers">3D printers</a>, whereby the <a href="/wiki/Extruder_(3D_printing)" title="Extruder (3D printing)">extruder</a> is often composed of a geared motor pushing <a href="/wiki/3D_printing_filament" title="3D printing filament">plastic filament</a> through a nozzle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rubber">Rubber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rubber" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Rubber extrusion is a method used to make rubber items. In this process, either synthetic or natural rubber that hasn't been hardened yet is put through a machine called an extruder. This machine has a desired shaped mold and a pressurized conveyor system. The rubber gets heated and softened in the extruder, making it bendable. It then gets pushed through the mold, which gives it its final shape. </p><p>The extruder consists of two main parts: a screw that moves the rubber along the conveyor while adding other materials, and a mold where the soft rubber is squeezed into. After the rubber gets its shape from the mold, it is then vulcanized to harden it into a usable product. </p><p>This method is effective for large rubber pieces that are long and have a consistent shape, and the dies used in this process are inexpensive. It is often used to make things like rubber seals or hoses.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polymers are used in the production of plastic tubing, pipes, rods, rails, seals, and sheets or films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramic">Ceramic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ceramic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Ceramic can also be formed into shapes via extrusion. <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a> extrusion is used to produce pipes. Many modern bricks are also manufactured using a brick extrusion process.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Food" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Extrusion" title="Special:EditPage/Extrusion">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Food_extrusion" title="Food extrusion">Food extrusion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macaroni_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Macaroni_closeup.jpg/220px-Macaroni_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Macaroni_closeup.jpg/220px-Macaroni_closeup.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Macaroni_closeup.jpg/330px-Macaroni_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Macaroni_closeup.jpg/440px-Macaroni_closeup.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Elbow <a href="/wiki/Macaroni" title="Macaroni">macaroni</a> is an extruded hollow pasta.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEMACO_1,000_lbs-hr_Short_Goods_Pasta_Press,_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/DEMACO_1%2C000_lbs-hr_Short_Goods_Pasta_Press%2C_1958.jpg/220px-DEMACO_1%2C000_lbs-hr_Short_Goods_Pasta_Press%2C_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="2501"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 253px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/DEMACO_1%2C000_lbs-hr_Short_Goods_Pasta_Press%2C_1958.jpg/220px-DEMACO_1%2C000_lbs-hr_Short_Goods_Pasta_Press%2C_1958.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/DEMACO_1%2C000_lbs-hr_Short_Goods_Pasta_Press%2C_1958.jpg/330px-DEMACO_1%2C000_lbs-hr_Short_Goods_Pasta_Press%2C_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/DEMACO_1%2C000_lbs-hr_Short_Goods_Pasta_Press%2C_1958.jpg/440px-DEMACO_1%2C000_lbs-hr_Short_Goods_Pasta_Press%2C_1958.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Early model pasta extruder with ingredient proportioning, dough mixing, kneading auger, die holding and product cutting in one machine</figcaption></figure> <p>With the advent of industrial manufacturing, extrusion found application in <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> of instant foods and snacks, along with its already known uses in plastics and metal fabrication. The main role of extrusion was originally developed for conveying and shaping fluid forms of processed raw materials. Present day, extrusion cooking technologies and capabilities have developed into sophisticated processing functions including: mixing, conveying, shearing, separation, heating, cooling, shaping, co-extrusion, venting volatiles and moisture, encapsulation, flavor generation and sterilization.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Products such as certain <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pastas</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a>, premade <a href="/wiki/Cookie_dough" title="Cookie dough">cookie dough</a>, some <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">french fries</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Baby_food" title="Baby food">baby foods</a>, dry or semi-moist <a href="/wiki/Pet_food" title="Pet food">pet food</a> and ready-to-eat snacks are mostly manufactured by extrusion. It is also used to produce <a href="/wiki/Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">modified starch</a>, and to pelletize <a href="/wiki/Compound_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound feed">animal feed</a>. </p><p>Generally, high-temperature extrusion is used for the manufacture of ready-to-eat snacks, while cold extrusion is used for the manufacture of pasta and related products intended for later cooking and consumption. The processed products have low moisture and hence considerably higher shelf life, and provide variety and convenience to consumers. </p><p>In the extrusion process, raw materials are first ground to the correct particle size. The dry mix is passed through a pre-conditioner, in which other ingredients may be added, and <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> is injected to start the cooking process. The preconditioned mix is then passed through an extruder, where it is forced through a die and cut to the desired length. The cooking process takes place within the extruder where the product produces its own friction and heat due to the pressure generated (10–20 bar). The main independent parameters during extrusion cooking are feed rate, particle size of the raw material, barrel temperature, screw speed and moisture content. The extruding process can induce both <a href="/wiki/Protein_denaturation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein denaturation">protein denaturation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starch_gelatinization" title="Starch gelatinization">starch gelatinization</a>, depending on inputs and parameters. Sometimes, a catalyst is used, for example, when producing texturised vegetable proteins (TVP). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_carriers">Drug carriers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Drug carriers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For use in pharmaceutical products, extrusion through nano-porous, polymeric filters is being used to produce suspensions of lipid vesicles <a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">liposomes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transfersome" title="Transfersome">transfersomes</a> with a particular size of a narrow <a href="/wiki/Dispersity" title="Dispersity">size distribution</a>. The anti-cancer drug <a href="/wiki/Doxorubicin" title="Doxorubicin">Doxorubicin</a> in liposome delivery system is formulated by extrusion, for example. Hot melt extrusion is also utilized in pharmaceutical solid oral dose processing to enable delivery of drugs with poor solubility and bioavailability. Hot melt extrusion has been shown to molecularly disperse poorly soluble drugs in a polymer carrier increasing dissolution rates and bioavailability. The process involves the application of heat, pressure and agitation to mix materials together and ‘extrude’ them through a die. Twin-screw high shear extruders blend materials and simultaneously break up particles. The resulting particle can be blended with compression aids and compressed into tablets or filled into unit dose capsules.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomass_briquettes">Biomass briquettes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Biomass briquettes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biomass_briquettes" title="Biomass briquettes">Biomass briquettes</a></div> <p>The extrusion production technology of fuel briquettes is the process of extrusion screw wastes (straw, sunflower husks, buckwheat, etc.) or finely shredded wood waste (sawdust) under high pressure when heated from 160 to 350 °C. The resulting fuel <a href="/wiki/Briquette" title="Briquette">briquettes</a> do not include any of the binders, but one natural – the lignin contained in the cells of plant wastes. The temperature during compression causes melting of the surface of bricks, making it more solid, which is important for the transportation of briquettes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Textiles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The majority of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic materials</a> in <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> are manufactured with extrusion only. <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a> forming substances are used in extrusion to form various synthetic filaments. The molten materials are passed through a spinneret that helps in forming fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_coating" title="Curtain coating">Curtain coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_channel_angular_extrusion" title="Equal channel angular extrusion">Equal channel angular extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">Extrusion coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_blowing_machine" title="Film blowing machine">Film blowing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_(metalworking)" title="Forming (metalworking)">Forming (metalworking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDPE_pipe" title="HDPE pipe">HDPE pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_hose" title="Heated hose">Heated hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_extrusion" title="Impact extrusion">Impact extrusion</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mh-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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1998</a>, pp. 13-11–12, Hot extrusion</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGraziosoMulder1956" class="citation web cs1">Grazioso, Charles G.; Mulder, Gerard W. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYlJbKw_azEC&pg=PA264">"Chapter 15: Microextrusion"</a>. In Jain, V.K. (ed.). <i>Micromanufacturing Processes</i>. CRC Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">263–</span>282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439852903" title="Special:BookSources/9781439852903"><bdi>9781439852903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15%3A+Microextrusion&rft.btitle=Micromanufacturing+Processes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E282&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781439852903&rft.au=Dixit%2C+U.S.&rft.au=Das%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJYlJbKw_azEC%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtrusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FuARev13-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FuARev13_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FuARev13_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFu,_M.W.Chan,_W.L.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fu, M.W.; Chan, W.L. 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yie_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">"Chapter 4: Microforming Processes"</a>. <i>Micro-scaled Products Development via Microforming: Deformation Behaviours, Processes, Tooling and its Realization</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447163268" title="Special:BookSources/9781447163268"><bdi>9781447163268</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Microforming+Processes&rft.btitle=Micro-scaled+Products+Development+via+Microforming%3A+Deformation+Behaviours%2C+Processes%2C+Tooling+and+its+Realization&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781447163268&rft.au=Fu%2C+M.W.&rft.au=Chan%2C+W.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYie_BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtrusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBackusBosholdJohannissonNoble1998">Backus et al. 1998</a>, pp. 13–21, Hot extrusion: Tooling</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tmeh13-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tmeh13_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBackusBosholdJohannissonNoble1998">Backus et al. 1998</a>, p. 13-13, Hot extrusion: Methods of extruding: Direct extrusion</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tmeh14-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tmeh14_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tmeh14_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tmeh14_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tmeh14_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tmeh14_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBackusBosholdJohannissonNoble1998">Backus et al. 1998</a>, pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tmeh16-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tmeh16_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tmeh16_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBackusBosholdJohannissonNoble1998">Backus et al. 1998</a>, pp. 13–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBackusBosholdJohannissonNoble1998">Backus et al. 1998</a>, pp. 13–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edmolimited.co.uk/education/frequently-asked-questions/">"FAQs about aluminium extrusion, Powder coating and fabrication"</a>. <i>Edmo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edmo&rft.atitle=FAQs+about+aluminium+extrusion%2C+Powder+coating+and+fabrication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedmolimited.co.uk%2Feducation%2Ffrequently-asked-questions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtrusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBackusBosholdJohannissonNoble1998">Backus et al. 1998</a>, pp. 13–15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauserSauerSiegert2006" class="citation cs2">Bauser, Martin; Sauer, Günther; Siegert, Klaus (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NnDQ0oJFLEC"><i>Extrusion</i></a>, ASM International, p. 270, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87170-837-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87170-837-X"><bdi>0-87170-837-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extrusion&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-87170-837-X&rft.aulast=Bauser&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Sauer%2C+G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Siegert%2C+Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NnDQ0oJFLEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtrusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1986" class="citation journal cs1">Quinn, T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-05</span></span>. <q>The forged billet is then delivered to the National Physical Laboratory where it is extruded at 1200 °C, using glass as the lubricant, to a cylinder about 43 mm in diameter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=New+Techniques+in+the+Manufacture+of+Platinum-Iridium+Mass+Standards&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214086X3027479&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A267568604%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technology.matthey.com%2Farticle%2F30%2F2%2F74-79%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtrusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.todaysmedicaldevelopments.com/article/optimizing-extrusion-tooling-technology-medical-manufacturing/">https://www.todaysmedicaldevelopments.com/article/optimizing-extrusion-tooling-technology-medical-manufacturing/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. 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[Great Britain] : Weston. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9530130-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9530130-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9530130-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anstey+Weston+guide+to+textile+terms&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=%5BGreat+Britain%5D+%3A+Weston&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-9530130-0-5&rft.aulast=Anstey&rft.aufirst=H.+%28Helen%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fansteywestonguid0000anst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtrusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackusBosholdJohannissonNoble1998" class="citation book cs1">Backus, Robert G.; Boshold, R. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&oldid=1269835773">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&oldid=1269835773</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Extrusion&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Zefr" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1737047105"> <span>Last edited on 16 January 2025, at 17:05</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AB%D9%82" title="بثق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بثق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrusi%C3%B3n" title="Estrusión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estrusión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Екструдиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екструдиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Extrusion" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrusi%C3%B3" title="Extrusió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Extrusió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extruze" title="Extruze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Extruze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrusion_(Verfahrenstechnik)" title="Extrusion (Verfahrenstechnik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Extrusion (Verfahrenstechnik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrusi%C3%B3n" title="Extrusión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Extrusión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrusio_(fabrikazioa)" title="Estrusio (fabrikazioa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estrusio (fabrikazioa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="روزن‌رانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روزن‌رانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Extrusion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%95%EC%B6%9C%EC%84%B1%ED%98%95" title="압출성형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="압출성형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispre%C5%A1avanje" title="Isprešavanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Isprešavanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstrusi_(manufaktur)" title="Ekstrusi (manufaktur) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekstrusi (manufaktur)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrusione" title="Estrusione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estrusione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C" title="שיחול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיחול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstr%C5%ABzija" title="Ekstrūzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ekstrūzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisajtol%C3%A1s" title="Kisajtolás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kisajtolás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extruderen" title="Extruderen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Extruderen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%BC%E5%87%BA%E6%88%90%E5%BD%A2" title="押出成形 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="押出成形" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstrudering" title="Ekstrudering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ekstrudering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87" title="ویشتنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویشتنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyciskanie" title="Wyciskanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyciskanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrus%C3%A3o" title="Extrusão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Extrusão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrudare" title="Extrudare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Extrudare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81)" title="Экструзия (технологический процесс) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экструзия (технологический процесс)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extr%C3%BAzia_(spracovanie)" title="Extrúzia (spracovanie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Extrúzia (spracovanie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstruzija" title="Ekstruzija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ekstruzija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispre%C5%A1avanje" title="Isprešavanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Isprešavanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstruusio" title="Ekstruusio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ekstruusio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrudering" title="Extrudering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Extrudering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstr%C3%BCzyon" title="Ekstrüzyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekstrüzyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Екструзія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екструзія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="擠型 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="擠型" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="擠型 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="擠型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 January 2025, at 17:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is 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