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<li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Gasperi_and_centrism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Gasperi_and_centrism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>De Gasperi and centrism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Gasperi_and_centrism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centre-left_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centre-left_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Centre-left governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centre-left_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_Compromise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_Compromise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Historic Compromise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_Compromise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentapartito" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentapartito"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span><i>Pentapartito</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentapartito-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Dissolution and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Factions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Popular support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Italian Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>European Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Regional elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian Democracy (Italy)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christelike_Demokrasie_(Itali%C3%AB)" title="Christelike Demokrasie (Italië) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Christelike Demokrasie (Italië)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A)" title="الديمقراطية المسيحية (حزب سياسي إيطالي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الديمقراطية المسيحية (حزب سياسي إيطالي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Хрысціянская дэмакратыя (Італія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрысціянская дэмакратыя (Італія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democr%C3%A0cia_Cristiana_(It%C3%A0lia)" title="Democràcia Cristiana (Itàlia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Democràcia Cristiana (Itàlia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C5%A5ansk%C3%A1_demokracie_(It%C3%A1lie)" title="Křesťanská demokracie (Itálie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křesťanská demokracie (Itálie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_Cristiana" title="Democrazia Cristiana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Democrazia Cristiana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Χριστιανική Δημοκρατία (Ιταλία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστιανική Δημοκρατία (Ιταλία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_Cristiana_(Italia)" title="Democracia Cristiana (Italia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Democracia Cristiana (Italia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itala_kristan-demokrata_partio" title="Itala kristan-demokrata partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Itala kristan-demokrata partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristau-demokrazia_(Italia)" title="Kristau-demokrazia (Italia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristau-demokrazia (Italia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="حزب دموکراسی مسیحی (ایتالیا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب دموکراسی مسیحی (ایتالیا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mocratie_chr%C3%A9tienne_(Italie)" title="Démocratie chrétienne (Italie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démocratie chrétienne (Italie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9_(%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84)" title="기독교민주당 (이탈리아) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교민주당 (이탈리아)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anska_Demokracija_(Italija)" title="Kršćanska Demokracija (Italija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kršćanska Demokracija (Italija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_Kristen_(Italia)" title="Demokrasi Kristen (Italia) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demokrasi Kristen (Italia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristilegi_dem%C3%B3krataflokkurinn_(%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADa)" title="Kristilegi demókrataflokkurinn (Ítalía) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristilegi demókrataflokkurinn (Ítalía)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_Cristiana" title="Democrazia Cristiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Democrazia Cristiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94)" title="המפלגה הדמוקרטית-נוצרית (איטליה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הדמוקרטית-נוצרית (איטליה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratia_Christiana" title="Democratia Christiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Democratia Christiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democra%C3%A7%C3%AEa_Cristiann-a" title="Democraçîa Cristiann-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Democraçîa Cristiann-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_Cristiana" title="Democrazia Cristiana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Democrazia Cristiana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olasz_Kereszt%C3%A9nydemokrata_P%C3%A1rt_(t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi)" title="Olasz Kereszténydemokrata Párt (történelmi) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olasz Kereszténydemokrata Párt (történelmi)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="الحزب الديموقراطى المسيحى الايطالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحزب الديموقراطى المسيحى الايطالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_Cristiana" title="Democrazia Cristiana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Democrazia Cristiana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2)" title="キリスト教民主党 (イタリア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリスト教民主党 (イタリア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_Cristiana" title="Democrazia Cristiana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Democrazia Cristiana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristian_Demokratiyasi" title="Xristian Demokratiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xristian Demokratiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84ska_Demokracja_(W%C5%82ochy)" title="Chrześcijańska Demokracja (Włochy) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrześcijańska Demokracja (Włochy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_Crist%C3%A3_(It%C3%A1lia)" title="Democracia Cristã (Itália) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Democracia Cristã (Itália)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Христианско-демократическая партия (Италия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианско-демократическая партия (Италия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimucrazz%C3%ACa_Cristiana" title="Dimucrazzìa Cristiana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dimucrazzìa Cristiana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Хришћанска демократија (Италија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хришћанска демократија (Италија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anska_demokracija_(Italija)" title="Kršćanska demokracija (Italija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kršćanska demokracija (Italija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_kristillisdemokraattinen_puolue" title="Italian kristillisdemokraattinen puolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italian kristillisdemokraattinen puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_Cristiana" title="Democrazia Cristiana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Democrazia Cristiana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristiyan_Demokrasi_(%C4%B0talya)" title="Hristiyan Demokrasi (İtalya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hristiyan Demokrasi (İtalya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Християнсько-демократична партія (Італія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Християнсько-демократична партія (Італія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_Cristiana" title="Democrazia Cristiana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Democrazia Cristiana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Political party (1943 to 1994)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1943–1994 party. For other parties with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Christian democracy (disambiguation)">Christian democracy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #87CEFA; border-bottom:2px solid #87CEFA; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Christian Democracy</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Democrazia Cristiana</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DC_Party_Logo_(1968-1992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg/125px-DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg/188px-DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg/250px-DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">DC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> (first)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mino_Martinazzoli" title="Mino Martinazzoli">Mino Martinazzoli</a> (last)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">15 December 1943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">16 January 1994</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a> (pre-Fascist-era precursor)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)">Italian People's Party</a> (legal successor)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Centre" title="Christian Democratic Centre">Christian Democratic Centre</a> (split)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Gesu" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza del Gesu">Piazza del Gesù</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>Il Popolo</i><br /><i>La Discussione</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_Youth_Movement" title="Christian Democracy Youth Movement">Christian Democracy Youth Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Women's wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Christian Democracy Women Movement<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1990)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2,109,670<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-CottaVerzichelli_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CottaVerzichelli-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a> (1943–1947)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism_(Italy)" title="Centrism (Italy)">Centrism</a> (1947–1959)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic Centre-left">Centre-left</a> (1961–1976)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pentapartito" title="Pentapartito">Pentapartito</a> (1980–1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">European Parliament group</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Christian Democrat International</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/O_bianco_fiore" title="O bianco fiore">O bianco fiore</a></i> ("O White Flower")</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Christian_Democracy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Christian_Democracy.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Christian_Democracy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Christian_Democracy.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Christian_Democracy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Christian_Democracy.svg/320px-Flag_of_the_Christian_Democracy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #87CEFA;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Christian Democracy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Democrazia Cristiana</i>, <b>DC</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Christian_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian democratic">Christian democratic</a><sup id="cite_ref-CottaVerzichelli_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CottaVerzichelli-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarksWilson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarksWilson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Political_party_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Political party in Italy">political party in Italy</a>. The DC was founded on 15 December 1943 in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (Nazi-occupied Italy) as the nominal successor of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a>, which had the same symbol, a crusader shield (<i>scudo crociato</i>). As a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>-inspired, <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Derbyshire1989_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derbyshire1989-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catch-all_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch-all party">catch-all party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Donovan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donovan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newell2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newell2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprising both <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> political factions, the DC played a dominant role in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">politics of Italy</a> for fifty years, and had been part of the government from soon after its inception until its final demise on 16 January 1994 amid the <i><a href="/wiki/Tangentopoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangentopoli">Tangentopoli</a></i> scandals. Christian Democrats led the Italian government continuously from 1946 until 1981. The party was nicknamed the "White Whale" (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Balena bianca</i>) due to its huge organisation and official colour.<sup id="cite_ref-Agnew2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agnew2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its time in government, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> was the largest opposition party. </p><p>From 1946 until 1994, the DC was the largest party in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a>, governing in successive coalitions, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Pentapartito" title="Pentapartito">Pentapartito</a></i> system. It originally supported <a href="/wiki/Liberal-conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-conservative">liberal-conservative</a> governments, along with the moderate <a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a>, before moving towards the <a href="/wiki/Organic_Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic Centre-left">Organic Centre-left</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a>. The party was succeeded by a string of smaller parties, including the <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)">Italian People's Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Centre" title="Christian Democratic Centre">Christian Democratic Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Democrats" title="United Christian Democrats">United Christian Democrats</a>, and the still active <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)" title="Union of the Centre (2002)">Union of the Centre</a>. Former DC members are also spread among other parties, including the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a> and the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a>. It was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> in 1976. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party was founded as the revival of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a> (PPI), a political party created in 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Luigi Sturzo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> priest.<sup id="cite_ref-Padovani2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padovani2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PPI won over 20% of the votes in the <a href="/wiki/1919_Italian_general_election" title="1919 Italian general election">1919</a> and <a href="/wiki/1921_Italian_general_election" title="1921 Italian general election">1921 general elections</a>, but was declared illegal by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> dictatorship in 1926 despite the presence of some <i>Popolari</i> in <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s first government. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was ending, the Christian Democrats started organising post-Fascist Italy in coalition with all the other mainstream parties, including the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> (PCI), the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI), the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a> (PLI), the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a> (PRI), the <a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a> (Pd'A) and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party</a> (PDL). In December 1945 Christian Democrat <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>. </p><p>The Christian Democracy party was opposed to both Fascism and Communism. In elections Italians were voting based on a way of life, not just a political party.<sup id="cite_ref-reviewofpolitics_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reviewofpolitics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian ideals were usually paired with the idea of freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-foreignaffairs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignaffairs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ItalianAmericana_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ItalianAmericana-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_general_election" title="1946 Italian general election">1946 general election</a> the DC won 35.2% of the vote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_Gasperi_and_centrism">De Gasperi and centrism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: De Gasperi and centrism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/150px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/225px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/300px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1947 De Gasperi broke decisively with his Communist and Socialist coalition partners under pressure from U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>. This opened the way for a <a href="/wiki/Centrism_(Italy)" title="Centrism (Italy)">centrist coalition</a> that included the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">Italian Workers' Socialist Party</a> (PSLI), a centrist break-away from the PSI, as well as its usual allies, the PLI and the PRI. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948 general election</a> the DC went on to win a decisive victory, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and obtained 48.5% of the vote, its best result ever. Despite his party's absolute majority in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a>, De Gasperi continued to govern at the head of the centrist coalition, which was successively abandoned by the Liberals, who hoped for more right-wing policies, in 1950 and the Democratic Socialists, who hoped for more leftist policies, in 1951. </p><p>Under De Gasperi, major land reforms were carried out in the poorer rural regions in the early postwar years, with farms appropriated from the large landowners and parcelled out to the peasants. In addition, during its years in office, Christian Democrats passed a number of laws safeguarding employees from exploitation, established a national health service, and initiated low-cost housing in Italy's major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Gasperi served as prime minister until 1953 and died a year later. No Christian Democrat would match his longevity in office and, despite the fact that DC's share of the vote was always between 38 and 43% from <a href="/wiki/1953_Italian_general_election" title="1953 Italian general election">1953</a> to <a href="/wiki/1979_Italian_general_election" title="1979 Italian general election">1979</a>, the party was more and more fractured. As a result, Prime Ministers changed more frequently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centre-left_governments">Centre-left governments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Centre-left governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amintore_Fanfani_Senato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amintore_Fanfani_Senato.jpg/150px-Amintore_Fanfani_Senato.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Amintore_Fanfani_Senato.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldo_Moro_headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Aldo_Moro_headshot.jpg/150px-Aldo_Moro_headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8f/Aldo_Moro_headshot.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 1954 the DC was led by progressive Christian Democrats, such as <a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a>, supported by the influential left-wing factions. In the 1950s the party formed centrist or moderately centre-left coalitions, and even a short-lived government led by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Tambroni" title="Fernando Tambroni">Fernando Tambroni</a> relying on parliamentary support from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> (MSI), the post-fascist party. </p><p>In 1963 the party, under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a>, formed a coalition with the PSI, which returned to ministerial roles after 16 years, the PSDI and the PRI. Similar "<a href="/wiki/Organic_Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic Centre-left">Organic Centre-left</a>" governments became usual through the 1960s and the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Botsiou_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botsiou-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_Compromise">Historic Compromise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historic Compromise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1976 to 1979 the DC governed with the external support of the PCI, through the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a>. Moro, who was the party main leader and who had inspired the Compromise, was <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Aldo_Moro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnapping of Aldo Moro">abducted and murdered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a>. </p><p>The event was a shock for the party. When Moro was abducted, the government, at the time led by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a>, immediately took a hardline position stating that the "State must not bend" on terrorist demands. This was a very different position from the one taken in similar cases before and after (such as the <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Ciro_Cirillo" title="Kidnapping of Ciro Cirillo">kidnapping of Ciro Cirillo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campanian</a> DC member for whom a ransom was paid thanks to the local ties of the party with the <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>). It was however supported by all the mainstream parties, including the PCI, with the two notable exceptions of the PSI and the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Radicals</a>. In the trial for <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Mafia</a> allegations against Andreotti, it was said that he took the chance of getting rid of a dangerous political competitor by sabotaging all of the rescue options and ultimately leaving the captors with no option but killing him.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his captivity Moro wrote a series of letters, at times very critical of Andreotti.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="broken link to www.apolis.com/moro/moro/lettere/indice.htm (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Later the memorial written by Moro during his imprisonment was subject<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to several plots, including the assassination of journalist <a href="/wiki/Mino_Pecorelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mino Pecorelli">Mino Pecorelli</a> and general <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Alberto_Dalla_Chiesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa">Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pentapartito"><i>Pentapartito</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pentapartito"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giulio_Andreotti,_ca_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Giulio_Andreotti%2C_ca_1979.jpg/150px-Giulio_Andreotti%2C_ca_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Giulio_Andreotti%2C_ca_1979.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 1980s, the DC had lost part of its support among Italian voters. In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Giovanni Spadolini</a> of the PRI was the first non-Christian Democrat to lead a government since 1944, at the head of a coalition comprising the DC, the PSI, the PSDI, the PRI and the PLI, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Pentapartito" title="Pentapartito">Pentapartito</a></i>. In the successive <a href="/wiki/1983_Italian_general_election" title="1983 Italian general election">1983 general election</a>, the DC suffered one of its largest declines in votes up to that point, receiving only 32.5% of the vote cast (a decline of -5.8% relative to 1981). Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a> (leader of the rising PSI) reclaimed for himself the post of prime minister, again at the head of a <i>Pentapartito</i> government. </p><p>DC re-gained the post of prime minister in 1987, after a modest recovery in the <a href="/wiki/1987_Italian_general_election" title="1987 Italian general election">1987 general election</a> (34.2%), and the <i>Pentapartito</i> coalition governed Italy almost continuously until 1993. While Italy experienced steady economic progress in the 1980s, the Italian economy was being undermined by a constant devaluation of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a> and the issuing of large amounts of high-interest treasury bonds, so that, between 1982 and 1992, the excessive <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">budget deficit</a> built a significant proportion of the debt that would plague the country well into the 21st century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_and_aftermath">Dissolution and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dissolution and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992 the <i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i> investigation was started in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, uncovering the so-called <i>Tangentopoli</i> scandals (endemic corruption practices at the highest levels), and causing numerous, often controversial, arrests and resignations. After the dismal result in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Italian_general_election" title="1992 Italian general election">1992 general election</a> (29.7%), also due to the rise of <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a></span></span> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a> and two years of mounting scandals (which included several Mafia investigations which notably touched Andreotti), the party was disbanded in 1994. In the 1990s most of the politicians prosecuted during those investigations were acquitted, sometimes however on the basis of legal formalities or on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">statutory time limit</a> rules. </p><p>In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Segni" title="Mario Segni">Mario Segni</a> led a breakaway faction called <a href="/wiki/Populars_for_Reform" title="Populars for Reform">Populars for Reform</a> (PR). The DC suffered heavy defeats in the 1993 provincial and municipal elections. Subsequently, Segni's PR would be reformed as the <a href="/wiki/Segni_Pact" title="Segni Pact">Segni Pact</a>, and contemporary polling suggested heavy losses for the DC in the upcoming <a href="/wiki/1994_Italian_general_election" title="1994 Italian general election">1994 general election</a>. In hopes of changing the party's image, the DC's last secretary, <a href="/wiki/Mino_Martinazzoli" title="Mino Martinazzoli">Mino Martinazzoli</a> decided to change the name of the party into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)">Italian People's Party</a> (PPI). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pier_Ferdinando_Casini" title="Pier Ferdinando Casini">Pier Ferdinando Casini</a>, representing the right-wing faction of the party (previously led by Forlani) decided to launch a new party called <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Centre" title="Christian Democratic Centre">Christian Democratic Centre</a> and form an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>'s new party, <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> (FI). The left-wing factions stayed within the new PPI, though a minority would form the <a href="/wiki/Social_Christians" title="Social Christians">Social Christians</a> in 1993 and would join forces with the post-communist <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> (DPS). Some right-wingers, feeling Casini was still too moderate, joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a>. </p><p>In 1995, the centre-right <a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Democrats" title="United Christian Democrats">United Christian Democrats</a>, which were led by <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Buttiglione" title="Rocco Buttiglione">Rocco Buttiglione</a>, split off from the PPI and also entered in alliance with FI. In the following years, most Christian Democrats joined FI, which became the party with the most ex-DC members in absolute terms. In December 1999, Forza Italia gained full membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a>. </p><p>The PPI would continue in a rump fashion, usually finding itself in left of centre political coalitions. In <a href="/wiki/1996_Italian_general_election" title="1996 Italian general election">1996</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Franco_Marini" title="Franco Marini">Franco Marini</a>, the PPI would ally with the DPS and several smaller centre-left parties to form <a href="/wiki/The_Olive_Tree_(Italy)" title="The Olive Tree (Italy)">The Olive Tree</a>. The alliance, whose primary components were two legal successors to the two major political forces of pre-1990s Italy, won the election. <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>, an independent former PPI member, led the list and became prime minister. </p><p>Faced with flagging poll numbers, the PPI formed <a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy">Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy</a> (DL) after allying three other smaller, social liberal parties to contest the <a href="/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election" title="2001 Italian general election">2001 election</a>. DL would be formed as an official political party in 2002, succeeding the PPI and its three allies. In 2007, DL would merge with the <a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a>, the successor of the DPS, to form the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a>, which is today<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest centre-left political party in Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_Dc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Propaganda_Dc.jpg/360px-Propaganda_Dc.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/Propaganda_Dc.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> posters of the DC: they described to potential voters the party's commitment to <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> (in the left poster), <a href="/wiki/Traditional_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional values">traditionalism</a> (in the centre poster), and <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a> (in the right poster). Note the use of symbols, especially the crusader shield (representing the DC) protecting <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (represented by <a href="/wiki/Italia_Turrita" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia Turrita">Italia Turrita</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">hammer and sickle</a> symbol being used as a weapon in the left poster.</figcaption></figure> <p>The party's ideology drew on the <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democratic</a> doctrines developed from the 19th century referred to as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a>, the political thought of <a href="/wiki/Romolo_Murri" title="Romolo Murri">Romolo Murri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Luigi Sturzo</a>, and ultimately the tradition of the defunct <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papal</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclicals</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i> (1891) of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i> (1931) of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>, offered a further basis for the DC's social and political doctrine. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, the DC preferred <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a>, supported the model of <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>, and rejected the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> idea of <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>. The party thus advocated collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a> and was basically a <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">catch-all party</a> which aimed to represent both right-wing and left-wing Italian Catholics under the principle of the "political unity of Catholics" against <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>. It ultimately represented the majority of Italians who were opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>. The party was, however, originally equidistant between the Communists and the hard right represented by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a>. </p><p>As a catch-all party, the DC differed from other European Christian Democratic parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a>, that were mainly <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> political groupings. The DC, which included conservative as well as <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social-democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> elements was characterised by <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factionalism</a> and by the double adherence of members to the party and to factions which were often identified with individual leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factions">Factions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Factions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DC's factions spanned the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a> from <a href="/wiki/Left_and_right_in_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Left and right in politics">left to right</a> and continually evolved over time.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early years, <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal-conservatives</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pella" title="Giuseppe Pella">Giuseppe Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezio_Vanoni" title="Ezio Vanoni">Ezio Vanoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Scelba" title="Mario Scelba">Mario Scelba</a> led the party. After them, progressives led by <a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a> were in charge, though opposed by right wing led by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a>. The party's left wing, with its roots in the left of the late <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi" title="Giovanni Gronchi">Giovanni Gronchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achille_Grandi" title="Achille Grandi">Achille Grandi</a> and controversial <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Tambroni" title="Fernando Tambroni">Fernando Tambroni</a>), was reinforced by new leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Dossetti" title="Giuseppe Dossetti">Giuseppe Dossetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_La_Pira" title="Giorgio La Pira">Giorgio La Pira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Lazzati" title="Giuseppe Lazzati">Giuseppe Lazzati</a> and Fanfani himself. Most of them were social democrats by European standards. </p><p>The party was often led by centrist figures unaffiliated to any faction such as <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rumor" title="Mariano Rumor">Mariano Rumor</a> (both closer to the centre-left) and <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a> (closer to the centre-right). Moreover, it was often the case that if the government was led by a centre-right Christian Democrat, the party was led by a left-winger and vice versa. This was what happened in the 1950s when Fanfani was party secretary and the government was led by centre-right figures such as Scelba and Segni, as well as in the late 1970s when <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a>, a progressive, led the party and Andreotti the government. This custom, in clear contrast with the principles of a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, deeply weakened DC-led governments, so that even with broad majorities they were unable to resolve differences between the several factions of the party, and ultimately turning the Italian political system into a de facto <a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">particracy</a> (<i>partitocrazia</i>). </p><p>From the 1980s the party was divided between the centre-right led by <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a> (supported also by the party's right wing) and the centre-left led by <a href="/wiki/Ciriaco_De_Mita" title="Ciriaco De Mita">Ciriaco De Mita</a> (whose supporters included <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unionists</a> and the internal left), with Andreotti holding the balance. De Mita, who led the party from 1982 to 1989, tried to transform the party into a mainstream "conservative party" in line with the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> to preserve party unity. He became prime minister in 1988 but was replaced by Forlani in 1989. Disagreements between de Mita and Forlani brought Andreotti back to the prime-ministership from 1989 to 1992. </p><p>With the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> and the end of the great <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> ideological conflict, and ultimately the <i>Tangentopoli</i> scandals, the heterogeneous nature of the party led it to its collapse. The bulk of the DC's membership joined the new <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)">Italian People's Party</a> (PPI), but immediately several centre-right elements led by <a href="/wiki/Pier_Ferdinando_Casini" title="Pier Ferdinando Casini">Pier Ferdinando Casini</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Centre" title="Christian Democratic Centre">Christian Democratic Centre</a> (CCD), while others directly joined <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a>. A split from the PPI, the <a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Democrats" title="United Christian Democrats">United Christian Democrats</a> (CDU), joined Forza Italia and the CCD in the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Freedoms" title="Pole of Freedoms">Pole of Freedoms</a> coalition (later becoming the <a href="/wiki/Pole_for_Freedoms" title="Pole for Freedoms">Pole for Freedoms</a>), while the PPI was a founding member of <a href="/wiki/The_Olive_Tree_(Italy)" title="The Olive Tree (Italy)">The Olive Tree</a> centre-left coalition in 1996. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_support">Popular support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Popular support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its early years, the party was stronger in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> (especially in eastern <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>), due to the strong <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> roots of those areas, than it was in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">South</a>. There, the <a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberals (Italy)">Liberal</a> establishment that had governed Italy for decades before the rise of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> still had grip on voters, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Monarchist_National_Party" title="Monarchist National Party">Monarchist National Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_Man%27s_Front" title="Common Man's Front">Common Man's Front</a>. The DC was very weak in <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> was the dominant political force. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948 general election</a> the party had its best result ever (48.5%) and an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a>. The party won 66.8% in eastern Lombardy (73.6% in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">Province of Bergamo</a>), 60.5% in Veneto (71.9% in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Vicenza" title="Province of Vicenza">Province of Vicenza</a>), 69.6% in <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a> and 57.8% in <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, that is to say where the late <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a> had its strongholds. In the Centre-South the DC gained more than 50% of the vote in <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> (51.9%), <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> (53.7%) and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> (50.5%). </p><p>From the late 1950s, the DC's support started to move South and by the 1980s it was stronger in the South than in the North, with the exception of Veneto, which remained one of the party's strongholds. In the <a href="/wiki/1983_Italian_general_election" title="1983 Italian general election">1983 general election</a> the party suffered a dramatic decrease in term of votes and its electoral geography was very different from 30 or even 10 years before, as the region where it obtained the best result was <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> (46.0%). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1992_Italian_general_election" title="1992 Italian general election">1992 general election</a> the shift was even more evident as the party was over the 40% mark only in some Southern regions (41.1% in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, 44.5 in <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> and 41.2% in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>), while it barely reached 20-25% of the vote in the North. As a result of the rise of <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a></span></span>, which was stronger precisely in the traditional Christian Democratic heartlands, the DC was reduced to 21.0% in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> (with the League at 16.3%), 32.1% in western Lombardy (League at 25.2%), 31.7% in Veneto (League at 17.3%) and 28.0% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (League at 17.0%). </p><p>As the DC's role was reduced, the 1919 PPI strongholds and the DC's traditional heartlands would become the Lega Nord's power base. Meanwhile, the successor parties of the DC continued to be key political actors only in the South, where the clientelistic way of government practised by the Christian Democrats and their allies had left a mark. In the <a href="/wiki/1996_Italian_general_election" title="1996 Italian general election">1996 general election</a> the League gained 7 out of 8 single-seat constituencies in the Province of Bergamo and 5 out of 6 in the Province of Vicenza, winning well over 40%, while the combined score of the three main post-DC parties (the new <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)">PPI</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Centre" title="Christian Democratic Centre">CCD</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Democrats" title="United Christian Democrats">CDU</a>) was highest in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> (22.3%). In the <a href="/wiki/1996_Sicilian_regional_election" title="1996 Sicilian regional election">1996 Sicilian regional election</a> the combined score of those parties was 26.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Interno_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interno-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The electoral results of the DC in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections since 1946 are shown in the chart below. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Special:EditPage/Christian Democracy (Italy)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genco_Russo_DC2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Genco_Russo_DC2.jpg/220px-Genco_Russo_DC2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Genco_Russo_DC2.jpg/330px-Genco_Russo_DC2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Genco_Russo_DC2.jpg/440px-Genco_Russo_DC2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>DC election poster for <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Mafia</a> boss <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Genco_Russo" title="Giuseppe Genco Russo">Giuseppe Genco Russo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Having ruled Italy for over 40 years with no alternative other than the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>, DC members had ample opportunity to abuse their power, and some did. In the 1960s, scandals involved frauds such as huge illegal profits in the administration of banana import quotas and preferential allocation of purposely misprinted and therefore rare postage stamps. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Leone" title="Giovanni Leone">Giovanni Leone</a> was forced to resign as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Italian Republic">President of the Italian Republic</a> in 1978 after the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_bribery_scandals" title="Lockheed bribery scandals">Lockheed bribery scandals</a>. He was later acquitted. </p><p>Like the other parties of the <i>Pentapartito</i> coalition, the DC was invested in the <i>Tangentopoli</i> scandals and in the subsequent <i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i>. Moreover, as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> had become the party's stronghold in the 1970s and the 1980s, it was likely that the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> and dishonest politicians tried to collaborate. The DC was the party most associated with Mafia among the public. Leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gava" title="Antonio Gava">Antonio Gava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calogero_Mannino" title="Calogero Mannino">Calogero Mannino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vito_Ciancimino" title="Vito Ciancimino">Vito Ciancimino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvo_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvo Lima">Salvo Lima</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a> were perceived by many to belong to a grey zone between simple corruption and Mafia business, even if most of them were later acquitted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Parliament">Italian Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Italian Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="13%">Election year </th> <th width="16%">Votes </th> <th width="6%">% </th> <th width="1%">Seats </th> <th width="8%">+/− </th> <th width="18%">Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_general_election" title="1946 Italian general election">1946</a> </th> <td>8,101,004 (1st) </td> <td>35.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">207 / 556</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 37%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948</a> </th> <td>12,740,042 (1st) </td> <td>48.5 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">305 / 574</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 98</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_Italian_general_election" title="1953 Italian general election">1953</a> </th> <td>10,862,073 (1st) </td> <td>40.1 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">263 / 590</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 42</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1958_Italian_general_election" title="1958 Italian general election">1958</a> </th> <td>12,520,207 (1st) </td> <td>42.4 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">273 / 596</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 46%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1963_Italian_general_election" title="1963 Italian general election">1963</a> </th> <td>11,773,182 (1st) </td> <td>38.3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">260 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1968_Italian_general_election" title="1968 Italian general election">1968</a> </th> <td>12,441,553 (1st) </td> <td>39.1 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">266 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rumor" title="Mariano Rumor">Mariano Rumor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_Italian_general_election" title="1972 Italian general election">1972</a> </th> <td>12,919,270 (1st) </td> <td>38.7 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">266 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_Italian_general_election" title="1976 Italian general election">1976</a> </th> <td>14,218,298 (1st) </td> <td>38.7 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">263 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1979_Italian_general_election" title="1979 Italian general election">1979</a> </th> <td>14,046,290 (1st) </td> <td>38.3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">262 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1983_Italian_general_election" title="1983 Italian general election">1983</a> </th> <td>12,153,081 (1st) </td> <td>32.9 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">225 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 37</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ciriaco_De_Mita" title="Ciriaco De Mita">Ciriaco De Mita</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1987_Italian_general_election" title="1987 Italian general election">1987</a> </th> <td>13,241,188 (1st) </td> <td>34.3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">234 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 37%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ciriaco_De_Mita" title="Ciriaco De Mita">Ciriaco De Mita</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1992_Italian_general_election" title="1992 Italian general election">1992</a> </th> <td>11,637,569 (1st) </td> <td>29.7 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">206 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 28</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate of the Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="13%">Election year </th> <th width="16%">Votes </th> <th width="6%">% </th> <th width="1%">Seats </th> <th width="8%">+/− </th> <th width="18%">Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948</a> </th> <td>10,899,640 (1st) </td> <td>48.1 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">131 / 237</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 55%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_Italian_general_election" title="1953 Italian general election">1953</a> </th> <td>10,862,073 (1st) </td> <td>40.7 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">116 / 237</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1958_Italian_general_election" title="1958 Italian general election">1958</a> </th> <td>12,520,207 (1st) </td> <td>41.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">123 / 246</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1963_Italian_general_election" title="1963 Italian general election">1963</a> </th> <td>10,032,458 (1st) </td> <td>36.6 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">132 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1968_Italian_general_election" title="1968 Italian general election">1968</a> </th> <td>10,965,790 (1st) </td> <td>38.3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">135 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rumor" title="Mariano Rumor">Mariano Rumor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_Italian_general_election" title="1972 Italian general election">1972</a> </th> <td>11,466,701 (1st) </td> <td>38.1 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">135 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_Italian_general_election" title="1976 Italian general election">1976</a> </th> <td>12,226,768 (1st) </td> <td>38.9 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">135 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1979_Italian_general_election" title="1979 Italian general election">1979</a> </th> <td>12,018,077 (1st) </td> <td>38.3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">138 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1983_Italian_general_election" title="1983 Italian general election">1983</a> </th> <td>10,081,819 (1st) </td> <td>32.4 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">120 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 18</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ciriaco_De_Mita" title="Ciriaco De Mita">Ciriaco De Mita</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1987_Italian_general_election" title="1987 Italian general election">1987</a> </th> <td>10,897,036 (1st) </td> <td>33.6 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">125 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ciriaco_De_Mita" title="Ciriaco De Mita">Ciriaco De Mita</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1992_Italian_general_election" title="1992 Italian general election">1992</a> </th> <td>9,088,494 (1st) </td> <td>27.3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">107 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 34%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 18</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="13%">Election year </th> <th width="16%">Votes </th> <th width="6%">% </th> <th width="1%">Seats </th> <th width="8%">+/− </th> <th width="18%">Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="1979 European Parliament election in Italy">1979</a> </th> <td>12,774,320 (1st) </td> <td>36.5 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">29 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="1984 European Parliament election in Italy">1984</a> </th> <td>11,583,767 (2nd) </td> <td>33.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">26 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ciriaco_De_Mita" title="Ciriaco De Mita">Ciriaco De Mita</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="1989 European Parliament election in Italy">1989</a> </th> <td>11,451,053 (1st) </td> <td>32.9 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">26 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_elections">Regional elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regional elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions of Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="13%">Election year </th> <th width="16%">Votes </th> <th width="6%">% </th> <th width="1%">Seats </th> <th width="8%">+/− </th> <th width="19%">Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1970_Italian_regional_elections" title="1970 Italian regional elections">1970</a> </th> <td>10,303,236 (1st) </td> <td>37.8 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">287 / 720</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rumor" title="Mariano Rumor">Mariano Rumor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1975_Italian_regional_elections" title="1975 Italian regional elections">1975</a> </th> <td>10,699,576 (1st) </td> <td>35.3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">277 / 720</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1980_Italian_regional_elections" title="1980 Italian regional elections">1980</a> </th> <td>11,153,439 (1st) </td> <td>36.8 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">290 / 720</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1985_Italian_regional_elections" title="1985 Italian regional elections">1985</a> </th> <td>11,223,284 (1st) </td> <td>35.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">276 / 720</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_Italian_regional_elections" title="1990 Italian regional elections">1990</a> </th> <td>10,651,675 (1st) </td> <td>33.4 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">272 / 720</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DC_Party_Logo_(1968-1992).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Crusader Shield, DC's official logo"><img alt="The Crusader Shield, DC's official logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg/96px-DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg/145px-DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg/193px-DC_Party_Logo_%281968-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Crusader Shield, DC's official logo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Electoral logo (1946–1991)"><img alt="Electoral logo (1946–1991)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png/120px-Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png/180px-Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png/240px-Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Electoral logo <br />(1946–1991)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Democrazia_Cristiana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electoral logo (1992–1993)"><img alt="Electoral logo (1992–1993)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Democrazia_Cristiana.svg/120px-Democrazia_Cristiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Democrazia_Cristiana.svg/180px-Democrazia_Cristiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Democrazia_Cristiana.svg/239px-Democrazia_Cristiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="962" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Electoral logo <br />(1992–1993)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> (1944–1946), <a href="/wiki/Attilio_Piccioni" title="Attilio Piccioni">Attilio Piccioni</a> (1946–1949), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Cappi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Cappi (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Cappi</a> (1949), <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Emilio_Taviani" title="Paolo Emilio Taviani">Paolo Emilio Taviani</a> (1949–1950), <a href="/wiki/Guido_Gonella" title="Guido Gonella">Guido Gonella</a> (1950–1953), <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> (1953–1954), <a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a> (1954–1959), <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1959–1964), <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rumor" title="Mariano Rumor">Mariano Rumor</a> (1964–1969), <a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Piccoli" title="Flaminio Piccoli">Flaminio Piccoli</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a> (1969–1973), <a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a> (1973–1975), <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a> (1975–1980), <a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Piccoli" title="Flaminio Piccoli">Flaminio Piccoli</a> (1980–1982), <a href="/wiki/Ciriaco_De_Mita" title="Ciriaco De Mita">Ciriaco De Mita</a> (1982–1989), <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a> (1989–1992), <a href="/wiki/Mino_Martinazzoli" title="Mino Martinazzoli">Mino Martinazzoli</a> (1992–1994).</li> <li>President: <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> (1946–1954), <a href="/wiki/Adone_Zoli" title="Adone Zoli">Adone Zoli</a> (1954–1960), <a href="/wiki/Attilio_Piccioni" title="Attilio Piccioni">Attilio Piccioni</a> (1960–1966), <a href="/wiki/Mario_Scelba" title="Mario Scelba">Mario Scelba</a> (1966–1969), <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a> (1969–1975), <a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1976–1978), <a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Piccoli" title="Flaminio Piccoli">Flaminio Piccoli</a> (1978–1980), <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a> (1980–1989), <a href="/wiki/Ciriaco_De_Mita" title="Ciriaco De Mita">Ciriaco De Mita</a> (1989–1992), <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Russo_Iervolino" title="Rosa Russo Iervolino">Rosa Russo Iervolino</a> (1992–1994).</li> <li>Party Leader in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi" title="Giovanni Gronchi">Giovanni Gronchi</a> (1946–1948), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Cappi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Cappi (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Cappi</a> (1948–1949), <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Spataro" title="Giuseppe Spataro">Giuseppe Spataro</a> (1949), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Cappi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Cappi (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Cappi</a> (1950), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Bettiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Bettiol (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Bettiol</a> (1950–1953), <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1953–1956), <a href="/wiki/Attilio_Piccioni" title="Attilio Piccioni">Attilio Piccioni</a> (1956–1958), <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Gui" title="Luigi Gui">Luigi Gui</a> (1958–1962), <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a> (1962–1968), <a href="/wiki/Fiorentino_Sullo" title="Fiorentino Sullo">Fiorentino Sullo</a> (1968), <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a> (1968–1972), <a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Piccoli" title="Flaminio Piccoli">Flaminio Piccoli</a> (1972–1978), <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Galloni" title="Giovanni Galloni">Giovanni Galloni</a> (1978–1979), <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Bianco" title="Gerardo Bianco">Gerardo Bianco</a> (1979–1983), <a href="/wiki/Virginio_Rognoni" title="Virginio Rognoni">Virginio Rognoni</a> (1983–1986), <a href="/wiki/Mino_Martinazzoli" title="Mino Martinazzoli">Mino Martinazzoli</a> (1986–1989), <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Scotti" title="Vincenzo Scotti">Vincenzo Scotti</a> (1989–1990), <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gava" title="Antonio Gava">Antonio Gava</a> (1990–1992), <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Bianco" title="Gerardo Bianco">Gerardo Bianco</a> (1992–1994).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Edelman, Murray (1958). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2108853">Sources of Popular Support for the Italian Christian Democratic Party in the Postwar Decade</a>". <i>Midwest Journal of Political Science</i> 2(2): 143–159.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeonardiAlbert2004" class="citation book cs1">Leonardi, Robert; Albert, Paolo (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). <i>From Dominance to Doom? Christian Democracy in Italy</i>. Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. pp. 105–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-377-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-377-0"><bdi>978-90-5867-377-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Dominance+to+Doom%3F+Christian+Democracy+in+Italy&rft.series=Christian+Democratic+Parties+in+Europe+Since+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=105-131&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-5867-377-0&rft.aulast=Leonardi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Albert%2C+Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasala2004" class="citation book cs1">Masala, Carlo (2004). Michael Gehler; Wolfram Kaiser (eds.). <i>Born for Government: The Democrazia Cristiana in Italy</i>. Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945. Routledge. pp. 88–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5662-5"><bdi>978-0-7146-5662-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+for+Government%3A+The+Democrazia+Cristiana+in+Italy&rft.series=Christian+Democracy+in+Europe+since+1945&rft.pages=88-102&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5662-5&rft.aulast=Masala&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sturzo.it/files/biblioteca/movimento-femminile_bibliografia.pdf">Movimento femminile della Democrazia cristiana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812224246/http://www.sturzo.it/files/biblioteca/movimento-femminile_bibliografia.pdf">Archived</a> 12 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, istituto Don Luigi Sturzo, 9 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110124209/http://www.cattaneo.org/archivi/adele/iscritti.xls">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cattaneo.org/archivi/adele/iscritti.xls">the original</a> on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cattaneo.org%2Farchivi%2Fadele%2Fiscritti.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CottaVerzichelli-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CottaVerzichelli_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CottaVerzichelli_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurizio_CottaLuca_Verzichelli2007" class="citation book cs1">Maurizio Cotta; Luca Verzichelli (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-FAZHBDqggC&pg=PA38"><i>Political Institutions in Italy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928470-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928470-2"><bdi>978-0-19-928470-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Institutions+in+Italy&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928470-2&rft.au=Maurizio+Cotta&rft.au=Luca+Verzichelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-FAZHBDqggC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Warner, Carolyn M. (2013). "SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research". <i>Party Politics</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 256–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068812462934">10.1177/1354068812462934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145534789">145534789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Party+Politics&rft.atitle=SAGE+Journals%3A+Your+gateway+to+world-class+journal+research&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=256-276&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354068812462934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145534789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoria" class="citation web cs1">Storia, Rai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raistoria.rai.it/articoli/il-referendum-sul-divorzio/12995/default.aspx">"Il referendum sul divorzio"</a>. <i>Rai Storia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rai+Storia&rft.atitle=Il+referendum+sul+divorzio&rft.aulast=Storia&rft.aufirst=Rai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raistoria.rai.it%2Farticoli%2Fil-referendum-sul-divorzio%2F12995%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/democrazia-cristiana/">Democrazia Cristiana</a>, Enciclopedia Treccani</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarksWilson-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarksWilson_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_MarksCarole_Wilson1999" class="citation book cs1">Gary Marks; Carole Wilson (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GgvLEFPY8l4C&pg=PA126">"National Parties and the Contestation of Europe"</a>. In T. Banchoff; Mitchell P. Smith (eds.). <i>Legitimacy and the European Union</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18188-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18188-4"><bdi>978-0-415-18188-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Parties+and+the+Contestation+of+Europe&rft.btitle=Legitimacy+and+the+European+Union&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18188-4&rft.au=Gary+Marks&rft.au=Carole+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGgvLEFPY8l4C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derbyshire1989-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Derbyshire1989_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Denis_DerbyshireIan_Derbyshire1989" class="citation book cs1">J. Denis Derbyshire; Ian Derbyshire (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIkWJ3psB2gC&pg=PA117"><i>Political Systems Of The World</i></a>. Allied Publishers. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-307-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-307-7"><bdi>978-81-7023-307-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Systems+Of+The+World&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-307-7&rft.au=J.+Denis+Derbyshire&rft.au=Ian+Derbyshire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIkWJ3psB2gC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donovan-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donovan_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Donovan1998" class="citation book cs1">Mark Donovan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VozH67LS7QEC&pg=PA72">"Democrazia Cristiana: party of government"</a>. In David Hanley (ed.). <i>Christian Democracy in Europe</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85567-382-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85567-382-3"><bdi>978-1-85567-382-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democrazia+Cristiana%3A+party+of+government&rft.btitle=Christian+Democracy+in+Europe&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85567-382-3&rft.au=Mark+Donovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVozH67LS7QEC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newell2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newell2010_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_L._Newell2010" class="citation book cs1">James L. Newell (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gJQP0WUt5Z0C&pg=PA27"><i>The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84070-5"><bdi>978-0-521-84070-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Italy%3A+Governance+in+a+Normal+Country&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84070-5&rft.au=James+L.+Newell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgJQP0WUt5Z0C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agnew2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agnew2002_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Agnew2002" class="citation book cs1">John A. Agnew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gNOe_DWHdEsC&pg=PA144"><i>Place and Politics in Modern Italy</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01051-9"><bdi>978-0-226-01051-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place+and+Politics+in+Modern+Italy&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-01051-9&rft.au=John+A.+Agnew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgNOe_DWHdEsC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Padovani2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Padovani2007_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCinzia_Padovani2007" class="citation book cs1">Cinzia Padovani (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsiP1HibrkC&pg=PA259"><i>A Fatal Attraction: Public Television and Politics in Italy</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1950-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1950-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-1950-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fatal+Attraction%3A+Public+Television+and+Politics+in+Italy&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1950-3&rft.au=Cinzia+Padovani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMsiP1HibrkC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reviewofpolitics-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reviewofpolitics_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinaudi1947" class="citation journal cs1">Einaudi, Mario (1947). "Christian Democracy in Italy". <i>The Review of Politics</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 16–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003467050003792X">10.1017/S003467050003792X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1404299">1404299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144078864">144078864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Christian+Democracy+in+Italy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-33&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144078864%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1404299%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS003467050003792X&rft.aulast=Einaudi&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreignaffairs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foreignaffairs_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvella1948" class="citation journal cs1">Ivella, Vittorio (1948). "Favorable Omens in Italy". <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 701–708. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20030148">10.2307/20030148</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030148">20030148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Favorable+Omens+in+Italy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=701-708&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20030148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20030148%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ivella&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ItalianAmericana-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ItalianAmericana_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1981" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Francis J. (1981). "Don Sturzo and the Triumph of Christian Democracy". <i>Italian Americana</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 89–98. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29776027">29776027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Americana&rft.atitle=Don+Sturzo+and+the+Triumph+of+Christian+Democracy&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-98&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29776027%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Italy: Library of Nations: Italy, Time-Life Books, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Botsiou-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Botsiou_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstantina_E._Botsiou2010" class="citation book cs1">Konstantina E. Botsiou (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G6gWLW2oDJ0C&pg=PA180">"The European Centre-Right and European Integration: The Formative Yearss"</a>. In Constantine Arvanitopoulos (ed.). <i>Reforming Europe: The Role of the Centre-Right</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-00560-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-00560-2"><bdi>978-3-642-00560-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+European+Centre-Right+and+European+Integration%3A+The+Formative+Yearss&rft.btitle=Reforming+Europe%3A+The+Role+of+the+Centre-Right&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-642-00560-2&rft.au=Konstantina+E.+Botsiou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG6gWLW2oDJ0C%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco_PecorelliSommella_Roberto" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Francesco Pecorelli; Sommella Roberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618130605/http://www.rifondazione-cinecitta.org/pecorelli-dallachiesa.html"><i>I veleni di OP</i></a> (in Italian). KAOS Edizioni. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rifondazione-cinecitta.org/pecorelli-dallachiesa.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+veleni+di+OP&rft.pub=KAOS+Edizioni&rft.au=Francesco+Pecorelli&rft.au=Sommella+Roberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rifondazione-cinecitta.org%2Fpecorelli-dallachiesa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/online/politica/procura/vitalone/vitalone.html">"La Magliana, uno schizzo di fango su Vitalone"</a>. <i>La Repubblica</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=La+Magliana%2C+uno+schizzo+di+fango+su+Vitalone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fonline%2Fpolitica%2Fprocura%2Fvitalone%2Fvitalone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storiadc.it/correnti.html">"Democrazia Cristiana - Correnti"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democrazia+Cristiana+-+Correnti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storiadc.it%2Fcorrenti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democracy+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, <i>Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia</i>, Zanichelli, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interno-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Interno_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elezionistorico.interno.it/index.php?tp=C">Ministero dell'Interno. Archivio Storico delle Elezioni</a>. Elezionistorico. Retrieved 24 August 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Italian_general_election" title="2022 Italian general election">2022 Italian general election</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Massimo L. Salvadori, <i>Enciclopedia storica</i>, Zanichelli, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igino_Giordani" title="Igino Giordani">Igino Giordani</a>, <i>De Gasperi, il ricostruttore</i>, Cinque Lune, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> 1955</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a>, <i>De Gasperi e il suo tempo</i>, Mondadori, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> 1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Baget_Bozzo" title="Gianni Baget Bozzo">Gianni Baget Bozzo</a>, <i>Il partito cristiano al potere: la DC di De Gasperi e di Dossetti 1945–1954</i>, Vallecchi, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> 1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Baget_Bozzo" title="Gianni Baget Bozzo">Gianni Baget Bozzo</a>, <i>Il partito cristiano e l'apertura a sinistra: la DC di Fanfani e di Moro 1954–1962</i>, Vallecchi, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Scoppola" title="Pietro Scoppola">Pietro Scoppola</a>, <i>La proposta politica di De Gasperi</i>, Il Mulino, Bologna 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Perrone" title="Nico Perrone">Nico Perrone</a>, <i>Il segno della DC</i>, Dedalo, <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-220-6253-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-220-6253-1">88-220-6253-1</a></li> <li>Luciano Radi, <i>La DC da De Gasperi a Fanfani</i>, Rubbettino, <a href="/wiki/Soveria_Mannelli" title="Soveria Mannelli">Soveria Mannelli</a> 2005</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507034922/http://www.cartacanta.it/manifesti/democrazia%20cristiana/index.html">Archive of DC posters – part 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060302060132/http://www.cartacanta.it/manifesti/democrazia%20cristiana%20-%20seconda%20parte/index.html">Archive of DC posters – part 2</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Brigades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autonomous Brigades (page does not exist)">Autonomous Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigate_Garibaldi" title="Brigate Garibaldi">Garibaldi Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Justice and Liberty Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigate_Fiamme_Verdi" title="Brigate Fiamme Verdi">Green Flame Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matteotti_Brigades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matteotti Brigades (page does not exist)">Matteotti Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigate_Osoppo" title="Brigate Osoppo">Osoppo Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Brigades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Brigades (page does not exist)">People's Brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Ivanoe Bonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_Historical_political_parties_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Historical Italian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_Italian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Historical Italian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_Italian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical Italian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_Historical_political_parties_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Historical political parties in Italy</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Unity_Party_(Italy)" title="Proletarian Unity Party (Italy)">Proletarian Unity Party</a> (1972–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> (1921–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Democracy" title="Proletarian Democracy">Proletarian Democracy</a> (1978–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">Party of Italian Communists</a> (1998–2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Democratic socialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party">Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party</a> (1881–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Workers%27_Party" title="Italian Workers' Party">Italian Workers' Party</a> (1882–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party_of_Proletarian_Unity" title="Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity">Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity</a> (1964–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> (1991–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Italy)" title="Democratic Left (Italy)">Democratic Left</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Ecology_Freedom" title="Left Ecology Freedom">Left Ecology Freedom</a> (2010-2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Green</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Greens_(Italy)" title="Rainbow Greens (Italy)">Rainbow Greens</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Green_Lists" title="Federation of Green Lists">Federation of Green Lists</a> (1986–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens">Federation of the Greens</a> (1990–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social-democratic and liberal-socialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Reformist_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Reformist Socialist Party">Italian Reformist Socialist Party</a> (1912–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1922)" title="Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)">Unitary Socialist Party</a> (1922–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a> (1929–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party</a> (1943–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Socialists" title="Union of Socialists">Union of Socialists</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1949)" title="Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1949)">Unitary Socialist Party</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(Italy)" title="Unified Socialist Party (Italy)">Unified Socialist Party</a> (1966–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (1892–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a> (1947–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Federation_(Italy)" title="Labour Federation (Italy)">Labour Federation</a> (1994–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a> (1998–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialists" title="Italian Democratic Socialists">Italian Democratic Socialists</a> (1998–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_(political_party)" title="Article One (political party)">Article One</a> (2017–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radical and social-liberal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy,_1853)" title="Action Party (Italy, 1853)">Action Party</a> (1853–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Italian Radical Party</a> (1904–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy,_1913)" title="Democratic Party (Italy, 1913)">Democratic Party</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Social Democracy (Italy)">Social Democracy</a> (1922–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Concentration" title="Republican Democratic Concentration">Republican Democratic Concentration</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Radical Party</a> (1955–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Italy)" title="Democratic Alliance (Italy)">Democratic Alliance</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Network_(political_party)" title="The Network (political party)">The Network</a> (1991–1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centrist and centrist liberal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Constitutional Democratic Party (Italy)">Constitutional Democratic Party</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Democratic Liberal Party">Italian Democratic Liberal Party</a> (1919–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_for_the_Republic" title="Democratic Union for the Republic">Democratic Union for the Republic</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Union for the Republic (Italy)">Union for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renewal" title="Italian Renewal">Italian Renewal</a> (1996–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Italy)" title="The Democrats (Italy)">The Democrats</a> (1999–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_Pact" title="Segni Pact">Segni Pact</a> (1993–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy">Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy</a> (2002–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Choice" title="Civic Choice">Civic Choice</a> (2013–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Popular_Alliance" title="Liberal Popular Alliance">Liberal Popular Alliance</a> (2015–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regionalist and federalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Independence_of_Sicily" title="Movement for the Independence of Sicily">Movement for the Independence of Sicily</a> (1943–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalists_and_Liberal_Democrats" title="Federalists and Liberal Democrats">Federalists and Liberal Democrats</a> (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Italian_League" title="Federalist Italian League">Federalist Italian League</a> (1995–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_South_(Italy)" title="Great South (Italy)">Great South</a> (2011–2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian-democratic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Catholic_Electoral_Union" title="Italian Catholic Electoral Union">Italian Catholic Electoral Union</a> (1906–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Catholics_(Italy)" title="Conservative Catholics (Italy)">Conservative Catholics</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a> (1919–1926)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian Democracy</a> (1943–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)">Italian People's Party</a> (1994–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Christian Democrats for the Republic">Christian Democrats for the Republic</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Centre" title="Christian Democratic Centre">Christian Democratic Centre</a> (1994–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Democrats" title="United Christian Democrats">United Christian Democrats</a> (1995–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democracy" title="European Democracy">European Democracy</a> (2001–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_for_Autonomies" title="Christian Democracy for Autonomies">Christian Democracy for Autonomies</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Union of Democrats for Europe">Union of Democrats for Europe</a> (1999–2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservative-liberal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Union_(Italy)" title="Liberal Union (Italy)">Liberal Union</a> (1913–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a> (1922–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Democratic Alliance (Italy)">National Democratic Alliance</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(1993)" title="Union of the Centre (1993)">Union of the Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liberal-conservative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Party_(Italy)" title="Economic Party (Italy)">Economic Party</a> (1919–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> (1994–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">The People of Freedom</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_and_Freedom" title="Future and Freedom">Future and Freedom</a> (2010–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Centre-Right" title="New Centre-Right">New Centre-Right</a> (2013–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_and_Reformists_(Italy)" title="Conservatives and Reformists (Italy)">Conservatives and Reformists</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction_Italy" title="Direction Italy">Direction Italy</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambiamo!" title="Cambiamo!">Cambiamo!</a> (2019–2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National-conservative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Man%27s_Front" title="Common Man's Front">Common Man's Front</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchist_National_Party" title="Monarchist National Party">Monarchist National Party</a> (1946–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Monarchist_Party_(Italy)" title="People's Monarchist Party (Italy)">People's Monarchist Party</a> (1954–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Party_of_Monarchist_Unity" title="Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity">Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity</a> (1959–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a> (1995–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a> (1910–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatants%27_Party" title="Combatants' Party">Combatants' Party</a> (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (1921–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> (1946–1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">List of political parties in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:19th-century_Italian_political_groups" title="Template:19th-century Italian political groups">19th-century Italian political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_20th-century_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Early 20th-century Italian political parties">Early 20th-century Italian political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1950s%E2%80%931990s_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:1950s–1990s Italian political parties">1950s–1990s Italian political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Italian political parties">Current Italian political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_1946–1994_main_political_parties_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1950s%E2%80%931990s_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:1950s–1990s Italian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1950s%E2%80%931990s_Italian_political_parties" title="Template talk:1950s–1990s Italian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1950s%E2%80%931990s_Italian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1950s–1990s Italian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_1946–1994_main_political_parties_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> 1946–1994 main political parties in Italy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">List of political parties in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Historical Italian political parties">Historical Italian political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:19th-century_Italian_political_groups" title="Template:19th-century Italian political groups">19th-century Italian political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_20th-century_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Early 20th-century Italian political parties">Early 20th-century Italian political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Italian political parties">Current Italian political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815348#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815348#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815348#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122910193">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137215176">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006461">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133195465">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133195465">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Partito della democrazia cristiana"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010710588&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266475105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027260798">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&oldid=1255942582">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democracy_(Italy)&oldid=1255942582</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1943_establishments_in_Italy" title="Category:1943 establishments in Italy">1943 establishments in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1994_disestablishments_in_Italy" 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