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(PDF) Teaching Effectiveness of Native and Non-Native EFL Teachers as Perceived by Preparatory Year Students in Saudi Context | Prof. Dr. Choudhary Z A H I D Javid - Academia.edu
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The study investigated 132 Saudi PYP students through a self-developed 2-point questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were run for data analyses. 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class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="123992095" href="https://kku-sa.academia.edu/AbdulQadeer">Abdul Qadeer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Arab World English Journal</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Saudi EFL Learners’ Perceptions about the Teaching of English by Native and Non- native English Teacher","attachmentId":81005524,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71812397/Saudi_EFL_Learners_Perceptions_about_the_Teaching_of_English_by_Native_and_Non_native_English_Teacher","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71812397/Saudi_EFL_Learners_Perceptions_about_the_Teaching_of_English_by_Native_and_Non_native_English_Teacher"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="55081759" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55081759/Decoding_the_Myths_of_the_Native_and_Non_Native_English_Speakers_Teachers_NESTs_and_NNESTs_on_Saudi_EFL_Tertiary_Students">Decoding the Myths of the Native and Non-Native English Speakers Teachers (NESTs & NNESTs) on Saudi EFL Tertiary Students</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5951337" href="https://kau.academia.edu/TariqElyas">Tariq Elyas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">English Language Teaching</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Many people believe the myth that being taught by a native speaker is the best way to learn a language. This belief has influenced many Saudi schools, language institutes, and universities to include the nativeness factor as part of a language instructor’s job requirements. Using an open ended questionnaire, this study aims to investigate the impact of native English speaking teachers (NESTs) and non-native English speaking teachers (NNESTs) on EFL university Saudi students. It also explores how the teachers’ background and accents influence the students’ achievement in terms of the development of their language skills. The participants are students who are in their preparatory year program at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah taught by NEST and NNEST. The findings of the study indicate that teachers’ nativeness and backgrounds have no significant effects on the EFL Saudi students’ learning processes. However, a few factors have been detected that play roles in supporting EFL lear...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Decoding the Myths of the Native and Non-Native English Speakers Teachers (NESTs \u0026 NNESTs) on Saudi EFL Tertiary Students","attachmentId":71126433,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55081759/Decoding_the_Myths_of_the_Native_and_Non_Native_English_Speakers_Teachers_NESTs_and_NNESTs_on_Saudi_EFL_Tertiary_Students","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/55081759/Decoding_the_Myths_of_the_Native_and_Non_Native_English_Speakers_Teachers_NESTs_and_NNESTs_on_Saudi_EFL_Tertiary_Students"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="69839180" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69839180/University_Students_Perceptions_of_the_Teaching_Effectiveness_of_Native_and_Nonnative_Teachers_of_English_in_the_Saudi_Context">University Students' Perceptions of the Teaching Effectiveness of Native and Nonnative Teachers of English in the Saudi Context</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7826237" href="https://qu-sa.academia.edu/MohammadAlseweed">Mohammad Alseweed</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present paper addresses the debate comparing the traits of native English speaker teachers (NESTs) and non-native English speaker teachers (NNESTs). It reports on the design and outcomes of a study carried out in Qassim University with 169 Saudi Preparatory Year Program (PYP) students to obtain a deeper insight into their perceptions of the influence of native and nonnative teachers on the English language classroom. A triangulation technique was used to collect the quantitative and qualitative data in two stages by means of students&#39; questionnaires and interviews in addition to classroom visits to both groups of teachers. The results indicated strong significant differences between native and nonnative teachers in teaching specific skill areas, with a significant increasing preference for NESTs over NNESTs as Saudi students move from pre-university to university level. The study concluded that the debate can be discussed only in terms of professionalism rather than nativene...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"University Students' Perceptions of the Teaching Effectiveness of Native and Nonnative Teachers of English in the Saudi Context","attachmentId":79783258,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69839180/University_Students_Perceptions_of_the_Teaching_Effectiveness_of_Native_and_Nonnative_Teachers_of_English_in_the_Saudi_Context","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69839180/University_Students_Perceptions_of_the_Teaching_Effectiveness_of_Native_and_Nonnative_Teachers_of_English_in_the_Saudi_Context"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="71361918" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71361918/First_Year_University_Efl_Students_Perceptions_and_Preferences_of_English_Language_Native_and_Non_Native_Speaker_Teachers">First Year University Efl Students' Perceptions and Preferences of English Language Native and Non-Native Speaker Teachers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50680841" href="https://yu.academia.edu/AbdallahBaniabdelrahman">Abdallah Baniabdelrahman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study aims at investigating the perception and preferences of EFL university students in Saudi Arabia towards NTs and NNTs and to identify whom they prefer in teaching them each language skill. A modified copy of Baniabdelrahman&#39;s (2012) translated copy of a questionnaire which was built by Lasagabaster & Sierra (2005) was used to collect the needed data. The participants in the study consisted of Saudi first year university students (the preparatory year students at King Saud University, Kind Fahid University, and King Khalid University) in the first semester of the academic year 2013/2014. The cluster sampling method was used in choosing the students. The class was the unit of choice. The results of the study showed that there were significant interaction between the students&#39; gender and their language level of proficiency. They also showed that there were no significant interaction between the students gender and the location of their university; there were no signif...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"First Year University Efl Students' Perceptions and Preferences of English Language Native and Non-Native Speaker Teachers","attachmentId":80737290,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71361918/First_Year_University_Efl_Students_Perceptions_and_Preferences_of_English_Language_Native_and_Non_Native_Speaker_Teachers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71361918/First_Year_University_Efl_Students_Perceptions_and_Preferences_of_English_Language_Native_and_Non_Native_Speaker_Teachers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="55081773" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55081773/Native_English_Speakers_Versus_Non_Native_English_Speakers_The_Impact_of_Language_Teachers_on_Efl_Learners_English_Proficiency">Native English Speakers Versus Non-Native English Speakers: The Impact of Language Teachers on Efl Learner's English Proficiency</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5951337" href="https://kau.academia.edu/TariqElyas">Tariq Elyas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">English Review: Journal of English Education</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the field of TESOL, the perception that Native English Speaking Teachers (NESTs) are better than Non-Native English Speaking Teachers (NNESTs) has influenced language schools, recruitment policies and institutional leadership practices. The tendency to recruit more NESTs and achieve improved learning outcomes can be seen in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English as a Second Language (ESL) contexts. This paper aims to investigate whether NESTs or NNESTs have any impact on the EFL learners� language proficiency in Saudi EFL context. This quantitative study adopts pretest-posttest experimental and ex post facto designs to determine students� achievement in two language skills, namely speaking and listening. The two groups of participants are EFL students in a foundation year program at a Saudi Arabian University. One group was taught by a NEST and the other by a NNEST. The quantitative data were analyzed by using SPSS. The findings indicated that teachers� nativeness and ba...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Native English Speakers Versus Non-Native English Speakers: The Impact of Language Teachers on Efl Learner's English Proficiency","attachmentId":71126439,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55081773/Native_English_Speakers_Versus_Non_Native_English_Speakers_The_Impact_of_Language_Teachers_on_Efl_Learners_English_Proficiency","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/55081773/Native_English_Speakers_Versus_Non_Native_English_Speakers_The_Impact_of_Language_Teachers_on_Efl_Learners_English_Proficiency"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="50621089" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50621089/English_Language_Learners_Opinions_of_EFL_Native_and_Nonnative_Teachers">English Language Learners' Opinions of EFL Native and Nonnative Teachers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23076448" href="https://oud.academia.edu/lazginbarany">lazgin barany</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Academic Journal of Nawroz University</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"English Language Learners' Opinions of EFL Native and Nonnative Teachers","attachmentId":68534686,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50621089/English_Language_Learners_Opinions_of_EFL_Native_and_Nonnative_Teachers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50621089/English_Language_Learners_Opinions_of_EFL_Native_and_Nonnative_Teachers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="73318225" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73318225/Native_and_non_native_speaker_English_language_teachers_in_an_EFL_context_a_study_of_teachers_self_perception_students_attitudes_and_institutional_regulations_in_Libya">Native and non-native speaker English language teachers in an EFL context: a study of teachers' self-perception, students' attitudes, and institutional regulations in Libya</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="174747363" href="https://limerick.academia.edu/Ahmedelkbuli">Ahmed elkbuli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Native and non-native speaker English language teachers in an EFL context: a study of teachers' self-perception, students' attitudes, and institutional regulations in Libya","attachmentId":81884930,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73318225/Native_and_non_native_speaker_English_language_teachers_in_an_EFL_context_a_study_of_teachers_self_perception_students_attitudes_and_institutional_regulations_in_Libya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73318225/Native_and_non_native_speaker_English_language_teachers_in_an_EFL_context_a_study_of_teachers_self_perception_students_attitudes_and_institutional_regulations_in_Libya"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="44615372" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44615372/Students_and_Teachers_Perceptions_of_the_Performance_of_Native_and_Non_Native_Teachers_of_English_Presented_by_Fadoua_El_Hmaydi_The_Faculty_of_Letters_and_Humanities_Dhar_El_Mehraz">Students and Teachers' Perceptions of the Performance of Native and Non-Native Teachers of English Presented by: Fadoua El-Hmaydi The Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Dhar El Mehraz</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33561368" href="https://fldm-usmba.academia.edu/FadouaElHmaydi">Fadoua El-Hmaydi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Since non-native English speaking teachers (NNESTs) are always compared with native English speaking teachers (NESTs) on linguistic grounds, their similarities and differences are worthy of investigation. This paper reports on a mixed method study which examines the potential similarities and differences of NNESTs and NESTs’ teaching performance through the perceptions of students and teachers at the American Language Center (ALC) in Fez. For the purpose of data triangulation, data were collected through the use of a questionnaire completed by 40 students studying at the ALC in Fez. Semi-structured Interviews were conducted with NESTs and NNESTs teaching at the ALC. Findings show that NNESTs and NESTs are perceived to have distinctive linguistic, socio-cultural and pedagogical similarities and differences. An interesting finding is that some of the perceived similarities and differences are complementary. This paper has theoretical implications for conducting more research on this issue within the Moroccan context, and some pedagogical implications for NESTs and NNESTs’ collaboration.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Students and Teachers' Perceptions of the Performance of Native and Non-Native Teachers of English Presented by: Fadoua El-Hmaydi The Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Dhar El Mehraz","attachmentId":65080884,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44615372/Students_and_Teachers_Perceptions_of_the_Performance_of_Native_and_Non_Native_Teachers_of_English_Presented_by_Fadoua_El_Hmaydi_The_Faculty_of_Letters_and_Humanities_Dhar_El_Mehraz","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44615372/Students_and_Teachers_Perceptions_of_the_Performance_of_Native_and_Non_Native_Teachers_of_English_Presented_by_Fadoua_El_Hmaydi_The_Faculty_of_Letters_and_Humanities_Dhar_El_Mehraz"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="124088998" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124088998/Perception_of_Saudi_Students_About_Non_Native_English_Teachers_and_Native_English_Teachers_in_Teaching_English_at_Jazan_University">Perception of Saudi Students About Non-Native English Teachers and Native English Teachers in Teaching English at Jazan University</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65187677" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MrNayim">Md N Haque</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Language Teaching and Resewarch, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study tries to investigate the perception of Saudi students at Jazan University about native English-speaking teachers (NEST) and non-native English-speaking teachers based on their teaching the language skills and grammar. The perception of 50 native English-speaking teachers and 50 non-native English teachers was collected from the students taught by these teachers. The findings show that native English-speaking teachers are outstanding at teaching reading, listening and speaking. In contrast, non-native English-speaking teachers are very good at teaching grammar, reading and writing skills. This study will help the Saudi government employ and hire teachers from other countries where the native language is English and countries where English is the second language. This study will also support the university authorities, educationists, and syllabus designers assigning teachers to teach different language skills based on native and non-native English-speaking teachers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Perception of Saudi Students About Non-Native English Teachers and Native English Teachers in Teaching English at Jazan University","attachmentId":118377620,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124088998/Perception_of_Saudi_Students_About_Non_Native_English_Teachers_and_Native_English_Teachers_in_Teaching_English_at_Jazan_University","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124088998/Perception_of_Saudi_Students_About_Non_Native_English_Teachers_and_Native_English_Teachers_in_Teaching_English_at_Jazan_University"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="30363669" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30363669/EFL_Teachers_Perceptions_Evaluations_and_Expectations_about_English_Language_Courses_as_EFL_in_Saudi_Universities">EFL Teachers' Perceptions, Evaluations and Expectations about English Language Courses as EFL in Saudi Universities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1158425" href="https://jazan.academia.edu/DrHussainLiton">Dr. Hussain A H M E D Liton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Online Submission, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"EFL Teachers' Perceptions, Evaluations and Expectations about English Language Courses as EFL in Saudi Universities","attachmentId":50815175,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30363669/EFL_Teachers_Perceptions_Evaluations_and_Expectations_about_English_Language_Courses_as_EFL_in_Saudi_Universities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30363669/EFL_Teachers_Perceptions_Evaluations_and_Expectations_about_English_Language_Courses_as_EFL_in_Saudi_Universities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":61110072,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":61110072,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_61110072" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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