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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sextuple bond</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Covalent bond involving 12 bonding electrons</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MolybdenumMOdiagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MolybdenumMOdiagram.png/300px-MolybdenumMOdiagram.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MolybdenumMOdiagram.png/450px-MolybdenumMOdiagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MolybdenumMOdiagram.png/600px-MolybdenumMOdiagram.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MO_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="MO diagram">MO diagram</a> of dimolybdenum</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>sextuple bond</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bond</a> involving 12 bonding <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and in which the <a href="/wiki/Bond_order" title="Bond order">bond order</a> is 6. The only known molecules with true sextuple bonds are the diatomic dimolybdenum (<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a><sub>2</sub>) and ditungsten (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a><sub>2</sub>), which exist in the <a href="/wiki/Gaseous_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaseous phase">gaseous phase</a> and have boiling points of 4,639 °C (8,382 °F) and 5,930 °C (10,710 °F) respectively. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_analysis">Theoretical analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextuple_bond&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theoretical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roos <i>et al</i> argue that no <a href="/wiki/Stable_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable element">stable element</a> can form bonds of higher order than a sextuple bond, because the latter corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation" title="Orbital hybridisation">hybrid</a> of the <a href="/wiki/S-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-orbital"><i>s</i> orbital</a> and all five <a href="/wiki/D-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="D-orbital"><i>d</i> orbitals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/F-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="F-orbital"><i>f</i> orbitals</a> contract too close to the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a> to bond in the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanides">lanthanides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, quantum mechanical calculations have revealed that the dimolybdenum bond is formed by a combination of two <a href="/wiki/Sigma_bond" title="Sigma bond">σ bonds</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Pi_bond" title="Pi bond">π bonds</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Delta_bond" title="Delta bond">δ bonds</a>. (Also, the σ and π bonds contribute much more significantly to the sextuple bond than the δ bonds.)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although no <a href="/wiki/Phi_bond" title="Phi bond">φ bonding</a> has been reported for transition metal dimers, it is predicted that if any sextuply-bonded <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a> were to exist, at least one of the bonds would likely be a φ bond as in quintuply-bonded diuranium and <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">dineptunium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No sextuple bond has been observed in lanthanides or actinides.<sup id="cite_ref-Roos_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the majority of elements, even the possibility of a sextuple bond is foreclosed, because the <i>d</i> electrons <a href="/wiki/Exchange_interaction" title="Exchange interaction">ferromagnetically couple</a>, instead of bonding. The only known exceptions are dimolybdenum and ditungsten.<sup id="cite_ref-Roos_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum-mechanical_treatment">Quantum-mechanical treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextuple_bond&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quantum-mechanical treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formal <a href="/wiki/Bond_order" title="Bond order">bond order</a> (FBO) of a molecule is half the number of <a href="/wiki/Bonding_molecular_orbital" title="Bonding molecular orbital">bonding</a> electrons surplus to <a href="/wiki/Antibonding_molecular_orbital" title="Antibonding molecular orbital">antibonding</a> electrons; for a typical molecule, it attains exclusively <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> values. A full quantum treatment requires a more nuanced picture, in which electrons may exist in a superposition, contributing fractionally to both bonding and antibonding orbitals. In a formal sextuple bond, there would be <span class="texhtml"><i>P</i> = 6</span> different electron pairs; an effective sextuple bond would then have all six contributing almost entirely to bonding orbitals. </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th>Molecule</th> <th>FBO</th> <th>EBO<sup id="cite_ref-Roos_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cr<sub>2</sub></td> <td>6</td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>[PhCrCrPh]</td> <td>5</td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cr<sub>2</sub>(O<sub>2</sub>CCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></td> <td>4</td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mo<sub>2</sub></td> <td>6</td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>W<sub>2</sub></td> <td>6</td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ac<sub>2</sub></td> <td>3</td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Th<sub>2</sub></td> <td>4</td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pa<sub>2</sub></td> <td>5</td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>U<sub>2</sub></td> <td>6</td> <td>3.8<sup id="cite_ref-RelUranium_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RelUranium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[PhUUPh]</td> <td>5</td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>[Re<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>]<sup>2-</sup></td> <td>4</td> <td>3.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Roos <em>et al</em>'s calculations, the effective bond order (EBO) could be determined by the formula<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EBO=\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)\sum _{p=1}^{P}(\eta _{b,p}-\eta _{ab,p})-c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>η</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>η</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EBO=\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)\sum _{p=1}^{P}(\eta _{b,p}-\eta _{ab,p})-c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a148d4fdcb371726fdca33cf969f871fed1751df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:33.695ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EBO=\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)\sum _{p=1}^{P}(\eta _{b,p}-\eta _{ab,p})-c}"></span> where <span class="texhtml"><i>η</i><sub>b</sub></span> is the proportion of formal bonding orbital occupation for an electron pair <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">p</span>, <span class="texhtml"><i>η</i><sub>ab</sub></span> is the proportion of the formal antibonding orbital occupation, and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">c</span> is a correction factor accounting for deviations from <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">equilibrium</a> geometry.<sup id="cite_ref-Roos_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>-metal bonds' EBOs are given in the table at right, compared to their formal bond orders. </p><p>Dimolybdenum and ditungsten are the only molecules with effective bond orders above 5, with a <a href="/wiki/Quintuple_bond" title="Quintuple bond">quintuple bond</a> and a partially formed sixth <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bond</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dichromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichromium">Dichromium</a>, while formally described as having a sextuple bond, is best described as a pair of chromium atoms with all <a href="/wiki/Electron_magnetic_moment" title="Electron magnetic moment">electron spins</a> <a href="/wiki/Exchange_interaction" title="Exchange interaction">exchange-coupled</a> to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diuranium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diuranium (page does not exist)">diuranium</a> is also formally described as having a sextuple bond, <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">relativistic quantum mechanical</a> calculations have determined it to be a quadruple bond with four electrons ferromagnetically coupled to each other rather than in two formal bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-RelUranium_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RelUranium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous calculations on diuranium did not treat the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_molecular_Hamiltonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic molecular Hamiltonian">electronic molecular Hamiltonian</a> relativistically and produced higher bond orders of 4.2 with two ferromagnetically coupled electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Known_instances:_dimolybdenum_and_ditungsten">Known instances: dimolybdenum and ditungsten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextuple_bond&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Known instances: dimolybdenum and ditungsten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_evaporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laser evaporation (page does not exist)">Laser evaporation</a> of a molybdenum <a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">sheet</a> at low temperatures (7 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>) produces gaseous dimolybdenum (Mo<sub>2</sub>). The resulting molecules can then be imaged with, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Near-infrared spectroscopy">near-infrared spectroscopy</a> or <a href="/wiki/UV_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="UV spectroscopy">UV spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both ditungsten and dimolybdenum have very short bond lengths compared to neighboring metal dimers.<sup id="cite_ref-Roos_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, sextuply-bonded dimolybdenum has an equilibrium <a href="/wiki/Bond_length" title="Bond length">bond length</a> of 1.93 Å. This equilibrium internuclear distance is significantly lower than in the dimer of any neighboring <a href="/wiki/Second-row_transition_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-row transition metal">4d transition metal</a>, and suggestive of higher bond orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Tungsten_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tungsten-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FCRev1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCRev1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the bond dissociation energies of ditungsten and dimolybdenum are rather low, because the short internuclear distance introduces geometric strain.<sup id="cite_ref-Roos_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th>Dimer</th> <th>Force constant (Å)<sup id="cite_ref-FCRev1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCRev1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>EBO<sup id="cite_ref-FCRev1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCRev1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cu<sub>2</sub></td> <td>1.13</td> <td>1.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ag<sub>2</sub></td> <td>1.18</td> <td>1.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Au<sub>2</sub></td> <td>2.12</td> <td>1.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zn<sub>2</sub></td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cd<sub>2</sub></td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hg<sub>2</sub></td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mn<sub>2</sub></td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mo<sub>2</sub></td> <td>6.33</td> <td>5.38 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One empirical technique to determine bond order is <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> examination of bond <a href="/wiki/Force_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Force constant">force constants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> investigated the relationships between bonding atoms<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed a formula that predicts that bond order is roughly<sup id="cite_ref-FCRev2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCRev2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proportional to the force constant; that is, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{e}=n\cdot k_{e}^{(1)}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msubsup> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{e}=n\cdot k_{e}^{(1)}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d7d589e69b78615f028511c51f84dae49ad7ab75" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.927ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{e}=n\cdot k_{e}^{(1)}}"></span> where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> is the bond order, <span class="texhtml"><i>k</i><sub>e</sub></span> is the force constant of the interatomic interaction and <span class="texhtml"><i>k</i><sub>e</sub><sup>(1)</sup></span> is the force constant of a single bond between the atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-GasRxns_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GasRxns-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The table at right shows some select force constants for metal-metal dimers compared to their EBOs; consistent with a sextuple bond, molybdenum's summed force constant is substantially more than quintuple the single-bond force constant. </p><p>Like dichromium, dimolybdenum and ditungsten are expected to exhibit a <sup>1</sup>Σ<sub>g</sub><sup>+</sup> <a href="/wiki/Diradical" title="Diradical">singlet</a> <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in tungsten, this ground state arises from a <a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation" title="Orbital hybridisation">hybrid</a> of either two <sup>5</sup>D<sub>0</sub> ground states or two <sup>7</sup>S<sub>3</sub> <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited</a> states. Only the latter corresponds to the formation of a stable, sextuply-bonded ditungsten <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tungsten_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tungsten-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligand_effects">Ligand effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextuple_bond&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ligand effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although sextuple bonding in <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">homodimers</a> is rare, it remains a possibility in larger molecules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aromatics">Aromatics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextuple_bond&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aromatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theoretical computations suggest that bent <a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">dimetallocenes</a> have a higher bond order than their linear counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bent_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bent-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Schaefer" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Schaefer">Schaefer</a> lab has investigated dimetallocenes for natural sextuple bonds. However, such compounds tend to exhibit <a href="/wiki/Jahn%E2%80%93Teller_effect" title="Jahn–Teller effect">Jahn-Teller distortion</a>, rather than a true sextuple bond. </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">dirhenocene</a> is bent. Calculating its <a href="/wiki/Frontier_molecular_orbital_theory" title="Frontier molecular orbital theory">frontier molecular orbitals</a> suggests the existence of relatively stable <a href="/wiki/Diradical" title="Diradical">singlet and triplet</a> states, with a sextuple bond in the singlet state. But that state is the <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited one</a>; the triplet <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a> should exhibit a formal quintuple bond.<sup id="cite_ref-Bent_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bent-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, for the <a href="/wiki/Bis(benzene)chromium" title="Bis(benzene)chromium">dibenzene</a> complexes Cr<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Mo<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, and W<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, molecular bonding orbitals for the triplet states with <a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">symmetries</a> D<sub>6h</sub> and D<sub>6d</sub> indicate the possibility of an intermetallic sextuple bond. Quantum chemistry calculations reveal, however, that the corresponding D<sub>2h</sub> singlet geometry is stabler than the D<sub>6h</sub> triplet state by <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004125520000000000♠"></span>3–39 kcal/mol</span>, depending on the central metal.<sup id="cite_ref-JTFight_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTFight-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxo_ligands">Oxo ligands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextuple_bond&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oxo ligands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both quantum mechanical calculations and <a href="/wiki/Photoelectron_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoelectron spectroscopy">photoelectron spectroscopy</a> of the tungsten oxide clusters W<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub> (n = 1-6) indicate that increased <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> reduces the bond order in ditungsten. At first, the weak δ bonds break to yield a quadruply-bonded W<sub>2</sub>O; further oxidation generates the ditungsten complex W<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub> with two bridging oxo ligands and no direct W-W bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxides_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxides-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextuple_bond&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Roos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roos_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roos_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roos_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roos_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roos_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roos_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roos_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoosBorinLaura_Gagliardi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Roos, Björn O.; 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"Does the metal–metal sextuple bond exist in the bimetallic sandwich compounds Cr2(C6H6)2, Mo2(C6H6)2, and W2(C6H6)2?†". <i>Molecular Physics</i>. <b>111</b> (16–17): 2523–2535. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MolPh.111.2523S">2013MolPh.111.2523S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00268976.2013.798434">10.1080/00268976.2013.798434</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8976">0026-8976</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94537427">94537427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Physics&rft.atitle=Does+the+metal%E2%80%93metal+sextuple+bond+exist+in+the+bimetallic+sandwich+compounds+Cr2%28C6H6%292%2C+Mo2%28C6H6%292%2C+and+W2%28C6H6%292%3F%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=16%E2%80%9317&rft.pages=2523-2535&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00268976.2013.798434&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94537427%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-8976&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MolPh.111.2523S&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Zhi&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+Henry+F.&rft.au=Xie%2C+Yaoming&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yongdong&rft.au=Zhong%2C+Rugang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASextuple+bond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxides-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxides_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaiHuangCuiLi2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zhai, Hua-Jin; Huang, Xin; Cui, Li-Feng; Li, Xi; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (July 2005). "Electronic and Structural Evolution and Chemical Bonding in Ditungsten Oxide Clusters: W2On-and W2On(n= 1−6)". <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry A</i>. <b>109</b> (27): 6019–6030. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JPCA..109.6019Z">2005JPCA..109.6019Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp051496f">10.1021/jp051496f</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1089-5639">1089-5639</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16833938">16833938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Electronic+and+Structural+Evolution+and+Chemical+Bonding+in+Ditungsten+Oxide+Clusters%3A+W2On-and+W2On%28n%3D+1%E2%88%926%29&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=6019-6030&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp051496f&rft.issn=1089-5639&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16833938&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JPCA..109.6019Z&rft.aulast=Zhai&rft.aufirst=Hua-Jin&rft.au=Huang%2C+Xin&rft.au=Cui%2C+Li-Feng&rft.au=Li%2C+Xi&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lai-Sheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASextuple+bond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextuple_bond&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chisholm, M. H. (Feb 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1815223">"Metal to metal multiple bonds in ordered assemblies"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>104</b> (8): 2563–70. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..104.2563C">2007PNAS..104.2563C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0610364104">10.1073/pnas.0610364104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1815223">1815223</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17299047">17299047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Metal+to+metal+multiple+bonds+in+ordered+assemblies&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2563-70&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1815223%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17299047&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0610364104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..104.2563C&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1815223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASextuple+bond" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormanRyan1980" class="citation journal cs1">Norman, Joe G. Jr.; Ryan, P. Barry (1980). "Metal–metal bond energies in diatomic molybdenum, octachloromolybdate (<span class="chemf nowrap">Mo<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span></span>), and molybdenum formate (<span class="chemf nowrap">Mo<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CH)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>)". <i>J. 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href="/wiki/Template:Chemical_bonding_theory" title="Template:Chemical bonding theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chemical_bonding_theory" title="Template talk:Chemical bonding theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical_bonding_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical bonding theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chemical_bonding_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bonding</a> theory</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Atomic orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction to quantum mechanics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of bonds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By symmetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_bond" title="Sigma bond">Sigma (σ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_bond" title="Pi bond">Pi (π)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_bond" title="Delta bond">Delta (δ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_bond" title="Phi bond">Phi (φ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Bond_order" title="Bond order">multiplicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_bond" title="Single bond">1 (single)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">2 (double)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_bond" title="Triple bond">3 (triple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple_bond" title="Quadruple bond">4 (quadruple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintuple_bond" title="Quintuple bond">5 (quintuple)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">6 (sextuple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triplet_state" title="Triplet state">Triplet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singlet_state" title="Singlet state">Singlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_interaction" title="Exchange interaction">Exchange-coupled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valence_bond_theory" title="Valence bond theory">Valence bond theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation" title="Orbital hybridisation">Hybrid orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)" title="Resonance (chemistry)">Resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_structure" title="Lewis structure">Lewis structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituent units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">Covalent bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">Lone pair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital_theory" title="Molecular orbital theory">Molecular orbital theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital" title="Molecular orbital">Molecular orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_combination_of_atomic_orbitals" title="Linear combination of atomic orbitals">LCAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram" title="Molecular orbital diagram">MO diagram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituent units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonding_molecular_orbital" title="Bonding molecular orbital">Bonding MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-bonding_orbital" title="Non-bonding orbital">Non-bonding MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibonding_molecular_orbital" title="Antibonding molecular orbital">Antibonding MO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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