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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Biografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formação" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formação"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formação</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formação-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carreira_acadêmica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carreira_acadêmica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Carreira acadêmica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carreira_acadêmica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transístor_de_estado_sólido" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transístor_de_estado_sólido"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Transístor de estado sólido</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transístor_de_estado_sólido-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semicondutor_Shockley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semicondutor_Shockley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Semicondutor Shockley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semicondutor_Shockley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visões_racistas_e_eugenistas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visões_racistas_e_eugenistas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Visões racistas e eugenistas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visões_racistas_e_eugenistas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William Bradford Shockley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 85 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A" title="وليم شوكلي — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليم شوكلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89" title="ويليام شوكلى — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام شوكلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilyam_%C5%9Eokli" title="Vilyam Şokli — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilyam Şokli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ویلیام شاکلی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام شاکلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Уільям Брэдфард Шоклі — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Брэдфард Шоклі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Уилям Шокли — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Шокли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="উইলিয়াম ব্র্যাডফোর্ড শকলি — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইলিয়াম ব্র্যাডফোর্ড শকলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8B" title="Γουίλλιαμ Μπράντφορντ Σόκλεϋ — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουίλλιαμ Μπράντφορντ Σόκλεϋ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ویلیام شاکلی — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام شاکلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — hacá" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hacá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99" title="ויליאם שוקלי — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם שוקלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="विलियम शोक्ली — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलियम शोक्ली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Ուիլյամ Շոքլի — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Շոքլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC" title="ウィリアム・ショックレー — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・ショックレー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Уильям Брэдфорд Шокли — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уильям Брэдфорд Шокли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಶಾಕ್ಲೆ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಶಾಕ್ಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%87%BC%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="윌리엄 쇼클리 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 쇼클리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Shockley" title="Gulielmus Shockley — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Shockley" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_%C5%A0oklijs" title="Viljams Šoklijs — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Šoklijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вилијам Шокли — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилијам Шокли" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="വില്യം ഷോക്ലി — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വില്യം ഷോക്ലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="विल्यम शॉकली — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विल्यम शॉकली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ویلیام شاکلی — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویلیام شاکلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="विलियम शक्ली — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विलियम शक्ली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਸ਼ੌਕਲੀ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਸ਼ੌਕਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%92" title="ولیم شوکلے — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولیم شوکلے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ویلیام شاکلي — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویلیام شاکلي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Шокли, Уильям Брэдфорд — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шокли, Уильям Брэдфорд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="विलियम शाक्ली — sânscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विलियम शाक्ली" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sânscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="William Bradford Shockley" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вилијам Шокли — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Шокли" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Shockley" title="William B. Shockley — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William B. Shockley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="வில்லியம் ஷாக்லி — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வில்லியம் ஷாக்லி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Уилям Шокли — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уилям Шокли" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="วิลเลียม ชอกลีย์ — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิลเลียม ชอกลีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вильям Шокли — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вильям Шокли" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Вільям Бредфорд Шоклі — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Бредфорд Шоклі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ولیم شوکلی — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولیم شوکلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%82%96%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9" title="威廉·肖克利 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉·肖克利" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ ბრედფორდ შოკლი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უილიამ ბრედფორდ შოკლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%82%96%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9" title="威廉·肖克利 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·肖克利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="William Shockley" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E7%B4%A2%E5%88%A9" title="威廉索利 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威廉索利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163415#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/William_Bradford_Shockley" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Lista de páginas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&oldid=69032978" title="Hiperligação 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href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Esta página cita fontes, mas não cobrem todo o conteúdo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Esta página <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">cita fontes</a>, mas que <b><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:V">não cobrem</a> todo o conteúdo</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Ajude a <a 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class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Fevereiro de 2022</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width: 270px; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="topo padrao" style="text-align:center; font-size:large; background-color:gainsboro; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;"><span class=""><span style="color:blue;">William Bradford Shockley</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Nobel" title="Medalha Nobel"><img alt="Medalha Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:William_Shockley,_Stanford_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Bradford Shockley"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/200px-William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/300px-William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/400px-William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption>William Bradford Shockley</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Co-inventor do <a href="/wiki/Trans%C3%ADstor" title="Transístor">transístor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/13_de_fevereiro#Nascimentos" title="13 de fevereiro">13 de fevereiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/12_de_agosto" title="12 de agosto">12 de agosto</a> de <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a> (79 anos)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_(Calif%C3%B3rnia)" title="Stanford (Califórnia)">Stanford</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Sepultamento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alta_Mesa_Memorial_Park" title="Alta Mesa Memorial Park">Alta Mesa Memorial Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Povo_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Povo dos Estados Unidos">Estadunidense</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cidadania </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Reino Unido, Estados Unidos </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Progenitores </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>William Hillman Shockley</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cônjuge </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Jean Bailey, Emmy Lanning </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Tecnologia_da_Calif%C3%B3rnia" title="Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia">Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Tecnologia_de_Massachusetts" title="Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts">Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Ocupação </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsico" title="Físico">físico</a>, inventor, <a href="/wiki/Professor_universit%C3%A1rio" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor universitário">professor universitário</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Distinções </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Comstock_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Prêmio Comstock de Física">Prêmio Comstock de Física</a> (1953)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a> (1956)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pessoa_do_Ano" title="Pessoa do Ano">Pessoa do Ano</a> (1960)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Holley" title="Medalha Holley">Medalha Holley</a> (1963)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> (1974)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" title="Medalha de Honra IEEE">Medalha de Honra IEEE</a> (1980)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Empregador(a) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Stanford" title="Universidade Stanford">Universidade Stanford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory" title="Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory">Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Orientador(a)(es/s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/John_Clarke_Slater" title="John Clarke Slater">John Clarke Slater</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Instituições </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory" title="Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory">Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_Stanford" title="Universidade Stanford">Universidade Stanford</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Campo(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">Física</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Religião </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo">ateísmo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Causa da morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer_de_pr%C3%B3stata" title="Câncer de próstata">câncer de próstata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:gainsboro"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163415" class="extiw" title="d:Q163415">edite no Wikidata</a>]</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>William Bradford Shockley</b> (<a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>, <a href="/wiki/13_de_fevereiro" title="13 de fevereiro">13 de fevereiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a> — <a href="/wiki/Stanford_(Calif%C3%B3rnia)" title="Stanford (Califórnia)">Stanford</a>, <a href="/wiki/12_de_agosto" title="12 de agosto">12 de agosto</a> de <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>) foi um <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsico" title="Físico">físico</a> e <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a> <a href="/wiki/Povo_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Povo dos Estados Unidos">estadunidense</a> laureado com o <a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">prêmio Nobel de física</a> em 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em parte como resultado das tentativas de Shockley de comercializar um novo design de transistor nas décadas de 1950 e 1960, o <a href="/wiki/Vale_do_Sil%C3%ADcio" title="Vale do Silício">Vale do Silício</a> da Califórnia tornou-se um foco de inovação em eletrônica. Ele recrutou funcionários brilhantes, mas rapidamente os afastou com sua administração autocrática e errática; eles saíram e fundaram grandes empresas do setor.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mais tarde, quando era professor de <a href="/wiki/Engenharia_el%C3%A9trica" title="Engenharia elétrica">engenharia elétrica</a> na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de Stanford">Universidade de Stanford</a> e depois disso, Shockley ficou conhecido como <a href="/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo">racista</a> e <a href="/wiki/Eugenia" title="Eugenia">eugenista</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesobit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesobit-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimesobit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimesobit-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-PhysicsTodayobit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysicsTodayobit-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Biografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seus pais eram naturais dos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>. Seu pai William <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AAnior" title="Sênior">sênior</a> era um <a href="/wiki/Engenheiro_de_minas" class="mw-redirect" title="Engenheiro de minas">engenheiro de minas</a> que trabalhava em minas para sobreviver, e falava oito idiomas. Já sua mãe, Mary, era graduada pela <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de Stanford">Universidade de Stanford</a>, e se tornou a primeira mulher dos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> a ser <i>deputy surveyor</i> em mineração. Enquanto ainda era estudante, Shockley casou em 1933 com Iowan Jean Bailey. E em março de 1934 Jean teve uma menina, Alison, e logo em seguida teve mais um filho, Richard, que mais tarde também se tornou um físico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formação"><span id="Forma.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Formação</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Formação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Formação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No ano de 1932, ele recebeu seu grau de Bacharel em Ciências no <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Tecnologia_da_Calif%C3%B3rnia" title="Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia">Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia</a>, Shockley recebeu o seu <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> no <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Tecnologia_de_Massachusetts" title="Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts">Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts</a> em 1936, o título de sua tese de doutorado foi sobre bandas eletrônicas em <a href="/wiki/Cloreto_de_s%C3%B3dio" title="Cloreto de sódio">cloreto de sódio</a>, e foi sugerido por seu orientador de tese, <a href="/wiki/John_Clarke_Slater" title="John Clarke Slater">John Clarke Slater</a>. Após receber seu doutorado, ele se juntou a um grupo de pesquisa liderado por <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Clinton Davisson</a> no <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, em <a href="/wiki/Nova_J%C3%A9rsia" title="Nova Jérsia">Nova Jérsia</a>. Os anos seguintes foram muito produtivos, ele publicou uma série de trabalhos sobre <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_do_estado_s%C3%B3lido" title="Física do estado sólido">física do estado sólido</a> na <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Solvay_conference_1951_g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Solvay_conference_1951_g.jpg/319px-Solvay_conference_1951_g.jpg" decoding="async" width="319" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Solvay_conference_1951_g.jpg/479px-Solvay_conference_1951_g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Solvay_conference_1951_g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Confer%C3%AAncia_de_Solvay" title="Conferência de Solvay">Conferência de Solvay</a> sobre física em <a href="/wiki/Bruxelas" title="Bruxelas">Bruxelas</a>, 1951. <i>Da esquerda para a direita, sentados:</i> Crussaro, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Percy_Allen" title="Norman Percy Allen">Norman Percy Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cauchois" title="Yvette Cauchois">Yvette Cauchois</a>, Borelius, <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_M%C3%B8ller" title="Christian Møller">Christian Møller</a>, Sietz, <a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_Hollomon" title="John Herbert Hollomon">John Herbert Hollomon</a>, Frank; <i>fila do meio:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhart_Rathenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhart Rathenau (página não existe)">Gerhart Rathenau</a>,<sup>(<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_Rathenau" class="extiw" title="nl:Gerhart Rathenau">nl</a>)</sup> Koster, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Rudberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Rudberg (página não existe)">Erik Rudberg</a>,<sup>(<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Rudberg_(fysiker)" class="extiw" title="sv:Erik Rudberg (fysiker)">sv</a>)</sup> Flamache, Goche, Groven, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Orowan" title="Egon Orowan">Egon Orowan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Burgers" title="Jan Burgers">Jan Burgers</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Bradford Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Guinier" title="André Guinier">André Guinier</a>, C.S. Smith, <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Dehlinger" title="Ulrich Dehlinger">Ulrich Dehlinger</a>, Laval, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Henriot_(qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Émile Henriot (químico)">Émile Henriot</a>; <i>fila superior:</i> Gaspart, Lomer, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Homes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Homes (página não existe)">Georges Homes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Curien" title="Hubert Curien">Hubert Curien</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carreira_acadêmica"><span id="Carreira_acad.C3.AAmica"></span>Carreira acadêmica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Carreira acadêmica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Carreira acadêmica"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em 1938, recebeu sua primeira patente, que era a respeito de "Dispositivo de Descarga de Elétron" em multiplicadores de elétrons. Quando a <a href="/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial">Segunda Guerra Mundial</a> estourou, ele se envolveu em radar de pesquisa nos laboratórios em <a href="/wiki/Whippany" class="mw-redirect" title="Whippany">Whippany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_J%C3%A9rsia" title="Nova Jérsia">Nova Jérsia</a>. Em maio de 1942 ele se despediu da <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> para se tornar um diretor de pesquisa na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Columbia" title="Universidade Columbia">Universidade Columbia</a>, por causa da <a href="/wiki/Guerra_antissubmarino" title="Guerra antissubmarino">Guerra AntiSubmarina</a>, para elaborar métodos de combate para as táticas de <a href="/wiki/Submarinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarinos">submarinos</a> com melhores encaminhamentos de técnicas e também diminuir a taxa de náufragos de. Como diretor ele contratou equipes de escrivães para fazer estatísticas sobre naufrágios de <a href="/wiki/Submarinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarinos">submarinos</a>. Como diretor tinha que fazer viagens freqüentes para o <a href="/wiki/Pent%C3%A1gono" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentágono">Pentágono</a> e <a href="/wiki/Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington">Washington</a>, onde conheceu muitos oficiais de alta patente e funcionários do governo. Em 1944, ele organizou um programa de treinamento para <a href="/wiki/B-29" class="mw-redirect" title="B-29">bombardeio B-29</a>, os pilotos utilizaram novos radares de miras para bombardeio. No final de 1944, ele tomou rumo a uma turnê de três meses para bases em todo o mundo para avaliar os resultados de seu trabalho. Em julho de 1945, o Departamento de Guerra pediu Shockley para preparar um relatório sobre as baixas chances de uma invasão do continente japonês. Esta previsão dele influenciou na decisão para os <a href="/wiki/Bombardeamentos_de_Hiroshima_e_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardeamentos de Hiroshima e Nagasaki">bombardeios atômicos</a> de <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> para forçar o <a href="/wiki/Jap%C3%A3o" title="Japão">Japão</a> a se render sem uma invasão. Pelo seu excelente trabalho durante a guerra, o secretário de guerra <a href="/wiki/Robert_Porter_Patterson" title="Robert Porter Patterson">Robert Porter Patterson</a> concedeu a ele a <a href="/wiki/Medalha_Presidencial_por_M%C3%A9rito" title="Medalha Presidencial por Mérito">Medalha Presidencial por Mérito</a> em 17 de outubro de 1946. Ele provavelmente ajudou a fazer possível o <a href="/wiki/Dia_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Dia D">Dia D</a>, protegendo os comboios que mantinham a <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A3-Bretanha" title="Grã-Bretanha">Grã-Bretanha</a> ao lado dos Aliados. Na primavera de 1954 Shockley se separou de sua esposa Jean, e em 23 de novembro de 1955 se casou novamente, desta vez com Emmy Lanning, uma professora de <a href="/wiki/Enfermagem" title="Enfermagem">enfermagem</a> e <a href="/wiki/Psiqui%C3%A1trica" class="mw-redirect" title="Psiquiátrica">psiquiátrica</a> do norte de <a href="/wiki/Nova_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova York">Nova York</a>. Tiveram um casamento feliz que durou até sua morte. Shockley morreu em 12 de agosto de 1989 vitimado por <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer_de_pr%C3%B3stata" title="Câncer de próstata">câncer de próstata</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transístor_de_estado_sólido"><span id="Trans.C3.ADstor_de_estado_s.C3.B3lido"></span>Transístor de estado sólido</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Transístor de estado sólido" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Transístor de estado sólido"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Logo após o fim da guerra, em 1945, o <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> formou um grupo de Física do Estado Sólido, que foi liderado por Shockley e pelo químico <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>, que incluía <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Brattain">Walter Brattain</a>, o físico <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Pearson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald Pearson (página não existe)">Gerald Pearson</a>, o químico Robert Gibney, o eletrônico especialista Hilbert Moore, e vários técnicos. A missão deles era buscar uma alternativa de estado sólido para um frágil tubo de vácuo amplificador. Porém não deu muito certo este grupo, e eles fizeram o transistor por contato pontual, mas tiveram muitas discussões e brigas para patentear. Muitos do grupo entraram com pedidos de patente, porém Shockley não estava em nenhum desses pedidos. Isto o irritou, pois ele achava que seu nome também deveria estar sobre as patentes, porque o trabalho foi baseado em sua ideia de efeito de campo. Com tudo isto ele decidiu demonstrar quem era o verdadeiro cérebro da operação, então secretamente ele continuou seu trabalho para construir um tipo diferente de transistor baseado em junções em vez de contato pontual. Em 1948 outro membro da equipe, John N. Shive, construiu um transistor de ponto de contato, que virou a invenção <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shive (página não existe)">Shive</a> e desencadeou logo em seguida a invenção de Shockley do transistor de junção. Então poucos meses depois ele inventou um novo tipo de transistor com uma camada de estrutura, a invenção do transistor de junção, que foi anunciada em uma conferência de imprensa em 4 de julho de 1951 e obteve uma patente em 25 de setembro de 1951. Esta estrutura passou a ser utilizado para a grande maioria de todos os transistores na década de 1960, e evoluiu para o transistor bipolar de junção. </p><p>Em 1951 foi eleito membro da <a href="/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Nacional de Ciências">Academia Nacional de Ciências</a> (NAS). Dois anos depois, foi escolhido como o destinatário do prestigiado <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Comstock_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Prêmio Comstock de Física">Prêmio Comstock</a> de Física da NAS, e foi o destinatário de muitos outros prêmios e homenagens. Por ter um estilo de gestão abrasivo recebeu uma promoção de executivo da <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, que também sentia que ele era um bem valioso como cientista e teórico. Mas, ele resolveu tirar uma licença da <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> em 1953 e mudou-se de volta para o <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Tecnologia_da_Calif%C3%B3rnia" title="Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia">Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia</a> (Caltech), durante quatro meses como professor visitante. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semicondutor_Shockley">Semicondutor Shockley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Semicondutor Shockley" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Semicondutor Shockley"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em 1955, Shockley se juntou à Beckman Instruments de <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Orville_Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Orville Beckman">Arnold Orville Beckman</a>, onde foi nomeado diretor do recém-fundado Beckman Shockley Semicondutor Laboratory. Com seu prestígio e o capital de Beckman, ele tentou atrair alguns de seus ex-colegas da <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> para seu laboratório novo, mas nenhum deles quis se juntar a ele. Como sua ideia inicial não deu certo, começou a procurar nas universidades os mais brilhantes alunos para construir uma empresa a partir do zero. Depois de receber o <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Nobel" title="Prêmio Nobel">Prêmio Nobel</a> em 1956, ele ficou pior de gênio, como evidenciado em seu estilo de gestão cada vez mais autocrático, errático e difícil de agradar. No final de 1957, oito dos pesquisadores, que se chamavam de "<a href="/wiki/Os_Oito_Traidores" title="Os Oito Traidores">Os Oito Traidores</a>", renunciaram após ele decidir não prosseguir a investigação em silício baseada nos <a href="/wiki/Semicondutores" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicondutores">semicondutores</a>. Ao longo de 20 anos, oito dos ex-funcionários começaram 65 novas empresas. Shockley com o <a href="/wiki/Semicondutor" title="Semicondutor">Semicondutor</a> e mais estas empresas formaram o núcleo do que se tornou o <a href="/wiki/Vale_do_Sil%C3%ADcio" title="Vale do Silício">Vale do Silício</a>, o que revolucionou o mundo da <a href="/wiki/Eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Eletrônica">eletrônica</a>. A empresa de Shockley foi vendida em 1960 e tornou-se uma parte da ITT Corporation em 1968. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visões_racistas_e_eugenistas"><span id="Vis.C3.B5es_racistas_e_eugenistas"></span>Visões racistas e eugenistas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Visões racistas e eugenistas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Visões racistas e eugenistas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depois de Shockley ter deixado o seu cargo de diretor da Shockley Semiconductor, ele ingressou na Universidade de Stanford, onde foi nomeado Professor de Engenharia e Ciências Aplicadas em 1963, cargo que ocupou até se aposentar como professor emérito em 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nas duas últimas décadas da sua vida, Shockley, que não tinha formação nenhuma em <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética">genética</a>, tornou-se amplamente conhecido pelas suas opiniões extremas sobre <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a_(categoriza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_humana)" title="Raça (categorização humana)">raça</a> e <a href="/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia_humana" title="Inteligência humana">inteligência humana</a>, e pela sua defesa da <a href="/wiki/Eugenia" title="Eugenia">eugenia</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-latimesobit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesobit-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Tal como descrito no seu obituário no “Los Angeles Times”, “passou de um físico com credenciais acadêmicas impecáveis a geneticista amador, tornando-se um para-raios cujas opiniões provocaram manifestações no campus e uma cascata de calúnias”. Considerava que o seu trabalho era importante para o futuro da humanidade e descreveu-o também como o aspecto mais importante da sua carreira. Argumentou que uma maior taxa de reprodução entre pessoas supostamente menos inteligentes estava a ter um efeito <a href="/wiki/Disgenia" title="Disgenia">disgênico</a>, e argumentou que uma queda na inteligência média levaria a um declínio da <a href="/wiki/Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Civilização">civilização</a>. Ele também afirmou que os negros eram geneticamente e intelectualmente inferiores aos brancos.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesobit_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesobit-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O biógrafo de Shockley, Joel Shurkin, observa que durante grande parte da vida de Shockley nos <a href="/wiki/Segrega%C3%A7%C3%A3o_racial_nos_Estados_Unidos" title="Segregação racial nos Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos da época</a>, ele quase não teve contato com pessoas negras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShurkin200652_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShurkin200652-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Num debate com a psiquiatra <a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Frances Cress Welsing</a> e no programa <i><a href="/wiki/Firing_Line" title="Firing Line">Firing Line</a></i> com <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a>, Shockley argumentou: “A minha investigação leva-me inescapavelmente à opinião de que a principal causa dos défices intelectuais e sociais do negro americano é de origem hereditária e racialmente genética e, portanto, não remediável em grande medida por melhorias práticas no ambiente”.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shockley foi um dos <a href="/wiki/Racismo_cient%C3%ADfico" title="Racismo científico">teóricos de raça</a> que recebeu dinheiro do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Fund (página não existe)">Pioneer Fund</a>, e pelo menos uma doação para ele veio do seu fundador, o eugenista <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wickliffe_Draper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wickliffe Draper (página não existe)">Wickliffe Draper</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShurkin2006221-223_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShurkin2006221-223-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Shockley propôs que os indivíduos com <a href="/wiki/QI" class="mw-redirect" title="QI">QI</a> inferior a 100 deveriam ser pagos para se submeterem a <a href="/wiki/Esteriliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Esterilização">esterilização</a> voluntária, 1.000 dólares por cada um dos seus pontos de QI inferior a 100.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesobit_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesobit-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta proposta levou a que a <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Leeds" title="Universidade de Leeds">Universidade de Leeds</a> lhe retirasse a oferta de um grau honorário. <sup id="cite_ref-latimesobit_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesobit-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> O antropólogo e ativista de extrema-direita Roger Pearson defendeu Shockley num livro auto-publicado em coautoria com Shockley.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">The Southern Poverty Law Center</a> descreve Shockley como um <a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_branco" title="Nacionalismo branco">nacionalista branco</a> que não conseguiu produzir provas para as suas teorias eugênicas no meio de um “reconhecimento quase universal de que o seu trabalho era o de um racista maluco”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> A escritora científica <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angela_Saini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angela Saini (página não existe)">Angela Saini</a> descreve Shockley como tendo sido “um racista notório”.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1956/summary/">«The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956»</a> (em inglês). Nobel Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de novembro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Bradford+Shockley&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1956&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nobel+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1956%2Fsummary%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:10_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">SFGATE, Mike Moffitt (21 de agosto de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/tech/article/Silicon-Valley-Shockley-racist-semiconductor-lab-13164228.php">«How a racist genius created Silicon Valley by being a terrible boss»</a>. <i>SFGATE</i> (em inglês)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Bradford+Shockley&rft.atitle=How+a+racist+genius+created+Silicon+Valley+by+being+a+terrible+boss&rft.aufirst=Mike+Moffitt&rft.aulast=SFGATE&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFGATE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Ftech%2Farticle%2FSilicon-Valley-Shockley-racist-semiconductor-lab-13164228.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimesobit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimesobit_3-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimesobit_3-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimesobit_3-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimesobit_3-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimesobit_3-4">e</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Boyer, Edward J. (August 14, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-14-mn-369-story.html">«Controversial Nobel Laureate Shockley Dies»</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Bradford+Shockley&rft.atitle=Controversial+Nobel+Laureate+Shockley+Dies&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.chron=August+14%2C+1989&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-08-14-mn-369-story.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verifique data em: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|acessodata=, |data=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Erros_nas_refer%C3%AAncias#bad_date" title="Ajuda:Erros nas referências">ajuda</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimesobit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimesobit_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxon1989">Saxon 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhysicsTodayobit-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PhysicsTodayobit_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSparksHoganLinville1991">Sparks, Hogan & Linville 1991</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nqlJAAAAIBAJ&pg=4602,1428735">«Inventors of the transistor followed diverse paths after 1947 discovery»</a>. <i>Bangor Daily News</i>. Associated Press. December 26, 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de julho de 2022</span>. <q>Although he has received less publicity in recent years, his views have become, if anything, more extreme. He suggested in an interview the possibility of bonus payments to black people for undergoing voluntary sterilization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Bradford+Shockley&rft.atitle=Inventors+of+the+transistor+followed+diverse+paths+after+1947+discovery&rft.chron=December+26%2C+1987&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DnqlJAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4602%2C1428735&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verifique data em: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|data=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Erros_nas_refer%C3%AAncias#bad_date" title="Ajuda:Erros nas referências">ajuda</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paloaltohistory.org/william-shockley.php">«Palo Alto History»</a>. <i>www.paloaltohistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2024</span>. <q>His views became increasingly controversial, as he asserted that darker races were mentally inferior to whites and that ghetto blacks were “downbreeding” humanity. He became a firm proponent of eugenics: the belief that targeted breeding could lead to improvements in the human race.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Bradford+Shockley&rft.atitle=Palo+Alto+History&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.paloaltohistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paloaltohistory.org%2Fwilliam-shockley.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verifique data em: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|acessodata=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Erros_nas_refer%C3%AAncias#bad_date" title="Ajuda:Erros nas referências">ajuda</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thorp, H. Holden (18 de novembro de 2022). «Shockley was a racist and eugenicist». <i>Science</i> (em inglês). <b>378</b> (6621). 683 páginas. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...378..683T">2022Sci...378..683T</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36395223">36395223</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adf8117">10.1126/science.adf8117</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Bradford+Shockley&rft.atitle=Shockley+was+a+racist+and+eugenicist&rft.aufirst=H.+Holden&rft.aulast=Thorp&rft.date=2022-11-18&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.issue=6621&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.volume=378&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...378..683T&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adf8117&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36395223&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Crystal Fire</i> p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShurkin200652-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShurkin200652_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShurkin2006">Shurkin 2006</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JOIqkh2ms8&t=3116">«Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.: Shockley's Thesis (Episode S0145, Recorded on June 10, 1974)»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. January 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/7JOIqkh2ms8">Cópia arquivada em 17 de novembro de 2021</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Bradford+Shockley&rft.atitle=Firing+Line+with+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.%3A+Shockley%27s+Thesis+%28Episode+S0145%2C+Recorded+on+June+10%2C+1974%29&rft.chron=January+27%2C+2017&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7JOIqkh2ms8%26t%3D3116&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verifique data em: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|acessodata=, |data=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Erros_nas_refer%C3%AAncias#bad_date" title="Ajuda:Erros nas referências">ajuda</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Saini, Angela (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1091236746"><i>Superior : the return of race science</i></a>. Boston: [s.n.] <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8070-7694-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8070-7694-1">978-0-8070-7694-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1091236746">1091236746</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Bradford+Shockley&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft.aulast=Saini&rft.btitle=Superior+%3A+the+return+of+race+science&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-7694-1&rft.place=Boston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1091236746&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1091236746&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShurkin2006221-223-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShurkin2006221-223_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShurkin2006">Shurkin 2006</a>, p. 221-223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, Roger (1992). <i>Shockley on Eugenics and Race</i>, pg. 15–49. Scott-Townsend Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/1-878465-03-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/1-878465-03-1">1-878465-03-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/william-shockley">«William Shockley»</a>. <i>Southern Poverty Law Center</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Bradford+Shockley&rft.atitle=William+Shockley&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fextremist-files%2Findividual%2Fwilliam-shockley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/65">William Bradford Shockley</a> em Nobelprize.org</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/">«Perfil no sítio oficial do Nobel de Física 1956»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Bradford+Shockley&rft.btitle=Perfil+no+s%C3tio+oficial+do+Nobel+de+F%C3sica+1956&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1956%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=21219520">William Bradford Shockley</a> (em inglês) no <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="color:gray;white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Fontes_n%C3%A3o_confi%C3%A1veis" title="Wikipédia:Fontes não confiáveis"><span title="É duvidoso que a fonte seja confiável. Este site foi classificado como fonte não fiável; ver Wikipédia:FNF.">fonte confiável?</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>  </p><table class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Willis Eugene Lamb</a></span> e <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Polykarp Kusch</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a></b><br />1956<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">com <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></span></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Chen Ning Yang</a></span> e <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellman" title="Richard Bellman">Richard Bellman</a></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" title="Medalha de Honra IEEE">Medalha de Honra IEEE</a></b><br />1980</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Darlington" title="Sidney Darlington">Sidney Darlington</a></span></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_de_Física" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Predefinição:Nobel de Física"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Nobel de Física (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_de_Física" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">Strutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Eduard_Anton_von_Lenard" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J. J. Thompson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Nils Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Siegbahn" title="Karl Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. W. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a> e <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="John Douglas Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Thomas_Sinton_Walton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Lamb</a> e <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.-D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illia_Mikhailovich_Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Illia Mikhailovich Frank">Frank</a> e <a href="/wiki/Igor_Yevgenyevich_Tamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gino_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Gino Segrè">Segrè</a> e <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> e <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolay_Basov" title="Nicolay Basov">Basov</a> e <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> e <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eug%C3%A8ne_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Eugène Félix Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper">Cooper</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> e <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> e <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">A. Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leo_James_Rainwater" title="Leo James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chao_Chung_Ting" title="Samuel Chao Chung Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> e <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Cronin" title="James Watson Cronin">Cronin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Schawlow</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> e <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">R. E. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor">J. H. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Neville_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Neville Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> e <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">D. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dean_Osheroff" title="Douglas Dean Osheroff">Osheroff</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Hooft</a> e <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2024</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> e <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Alexeevich_Abrikosov" title="Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Glauber|</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Hall" title="John Lewis Hall">Hall</a> e <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_Mather" title="John Mather">Mather</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Masukawa" title="Toshihide Masukawa">Masukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kao" title="Charles Kao">Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Smith" title="George Smith">G. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> e <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> e <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> e <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> e <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bruce_McDonald" title="Arthur Bruce McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">Thouless</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Kosterlitz" title="John Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> e <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" class="mw-redirect" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> e <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> e <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pessoa_do_Ano_segundo_a_revista_Time" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pessoa_do_Ano_(revista_Time)" title="Predefinição:Pessoa do Ano (revista Time)"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Pessoa_do_Ano_(revista_Time)" title="Predefinição Discussão:Pessoa do Ano (revista Time)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pessoa_do_Ano_(revista_Time)&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pessoa_do_Ano_segundo_a_revista_Time" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pessoa_do_Ano" title="Pessoa do Ano">Pessoa do Ano</a> segundo a <a href="/wiki/Time_(revista)" title="Time (revista)">revista <i>Time</i></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1927–50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1927–50</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;; -webkit-column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;; column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;;"> <p>1927: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a><br /> 1928: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a><br /> 1929: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Young" title="Owen Young">Owen Young</a><br /> 1930: <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a><br /> 1931: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a><br /> 1932: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><br /> 1933: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Samuel_Johnson" title="Hugh Samuel Johnson">Hugh Samuel Johnson</a><br /> 1934: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><br /> 1935: <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a><br /> 1936: <a href="/wiki/Wallis,_Duquesa_de_Windsor" title="Wallis, Duquesa de Windsor">Wallis Simpson</a><br /> 1937: <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_May-ling" title="Soong May-ling">Soong May-ling</a><br /> 1938: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a><br /> 1939: <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a><br /> 1940: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a><br /> 1941: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><br /> 1942: <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a><br /> 1943: <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a><br /> 1944: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a><br /> 1945: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a><br /> 1946: <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a><br /> 1947: <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a><br /> 1948: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a><br /> 1949: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a><br /> 1950: <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7as_Armadas_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos">Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1951–75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1951–75</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;; -webkit-column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;; column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;;"> <p>1951: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mossadegh" title="Mohammed Mossadegh">Mohammed Mossadegh</a><br /> 1952: <a href="/wiki/Isabel_II_do_Reino_Unido" title="Isabel II do Reino Unido">Isabel II do Reino Unido</a><br /> 1953: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a><br /> 1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a><br /> 1955: <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a><br /> 1956: <a href="/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_H%C3%BAngara_de_1956" title="Revolução Húngara de 1956">Guerreiros Húngaros pela Liberdade</a><br /> 1957: <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchov" title="Nikita Khrushchov">Nikita Khrushchov</a><br /> 1958: <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a><br /> 1959: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a><br /> 1960: <i><a href="/wiki/Cientista" title="Cientista">Cientistas Americanos</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Frank_Libby" title="Willard Frank Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gino_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Gino Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Bradford Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a><br /> 1961: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a><br /> 1962: <a href="/wiki/Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII" title="Papa João XXIII">Papa João XXIII</a><br /> 1963: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a><br /> 1964: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a><br /> 1965: <a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a><br /> 1966: <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomer" title="Baby boomer">A Geração Abaixo dos Vinte e Cinco</a><br /> 1967: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a><br /> 1968: <i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Os Astronautas da Apollo 8</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a><br /> 1969: <a href="/wiki/Classe_m%C3%A9dia" title="Classe média">A Classe Média Americana</a><br /> 1970: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a><br /> 1971: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a><br /> 1972: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a><br /> 1973: <a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a><br /> 1974: <a href="/wiki/Faisal_da_Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita" title="Faisal da Arábia Saudita">Faisal da Arábia Saudita</a><br /> 1975: <i><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_das_mulheres" title="História das mulheres">Mulheres Americanas</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_T._Grasso" title="Ella T. Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton" title="Carol Sutton">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1976–2000" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1976–2000</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;; -webkit-column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;; column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;;"> <p>1976: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a><br /> 1977: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Al_Sadat" title="Anwar Al Sadat">Anwar Al Sadat</a><br /> 1978: <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a><br /> 1979: <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Aiatolá Khomeini</a><br /> 1980: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a><br /> 1981: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a><br /> 1982: <a href="/wiki/Computador_pessoal" title="Computador pessoal">O Computador</a><br /> 1983: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/I%C3%BAri_Andropov" title="Iúri Andropov">Iúri Andropov</a><br /> 1984: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a><br /> 1985: <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a><br /> 1986: <a href="/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n_Aquino" title="Corazón Aquino">Corazón Aquino</a><br /> 1987: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatchov" title="Mikhail Gorbatchov">Mikhail Gorbatchov</a><br /> 1989: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatchov" title="Mikhail Gorbatchov">Mikhail Gorbatchov</a><br /> 1990: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a><br /> 1991: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a><br /> 1992: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a><br /> 1993: <i>Os Pacificadores</i>: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk">Frederik Willem de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a><br /> 1994: <a href="/wiki/Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_Paulo_II" title="Papa João Paulo II">Papa João Paulo II</a><br /> 1995: <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a><br /> 1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a><br /> 1997: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a><br /> 1998: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a><br /> 1999: <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a><br /> 2000: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2001–presente" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2001–presente</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;; -webkit-column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;; column-count: 5;text-align:left;font-size:95%;;"> <p>2001: <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a><br /> 2002: <i>As Delatoras</i>: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper" title="Cynthia Cooper">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a><br /> 2003: <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7as_Armadas_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos">O Soldado Americano</a><br /> 2004: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a><br /> 2005: <i><a href="/wiki/Bom_samaritano" title="Bom samaritano">Os Bons Samaritanos</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_Gates" title="Melinda Gates">Melinda Gates</a><br /> 2006: <a href="/wiki/Voc%C3%AA_(Pessoa_do_Ano_da_Time)" title="Você (Pessoa do Ano da Time)">Você</a><br /> 2007: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a><br /> 2008: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><br /> 2009: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a><br /> 2010: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a><br /> 2011: O Manifestante<br /> 2012: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><br /> 2013: <a href="/wiki/Papa_Francisco" title="Papa Francisco">Papa Francisco</a><br /> 2014: <i>Combatentes do vírus <a href="/wiki/Doen%C3%A7a_por_v%C3%ADrus_%C3%89bola" title="Doença por vírus Ébola">ebola</a></i>: Jerry Brown / Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karmah<br /> 2015: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a><br /> 2016: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a><br /> 2017: <a href="/wiki/Movimento_Me_Too" title="Movimento Me Too">Aqueles que Quebraram o Silêncio</a><br /> 2018: <i>Os Guardiões e a Guerra da Verdade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone e Kyaw Soe Oo / Funcionários do <i>The Capital</i><br /> 2019: <a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a><br /> 2020: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a><br /> 2021: <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a><br /> 2022: <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky" title="Volodymyr Zelensky">Volodymyr Zelensky</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ucranianos" title="Ucranianos">Espírito da Ucrânia</a><br /> 2023: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" title="Predefinição:Medalha de Honra IEEE"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha de Honra IEEE (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" title="Medalha de Honra IEEE">Medalha de Honra IEEE</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1917–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1917: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1919: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Alexanderson" title="Ernst Alexanderson">Ernst Alexanderson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1920: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1921: <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1922: <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1923: <a href="/wiki/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone Stone</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1924: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pupin" title="Michael Pupin">Michael Pupin</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1926: <a href="/wiki/Greenleaf_Whittier_Pickard" title="Greenleaf Whittier Pickard">Greenleaf Whittier Pickard</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1927: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Winslow_Austin" title="Louis Winslow Austin">Louis Winslow Austin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1928: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Zenneck" title="Jonathan Zenneck">Jonathan Zenneck</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1929: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Pierce" title="George Washington Pierce">George Washington Pierce</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1930: <a href="/wiki/Peder_Oluf_Pedersen" title="Peder Oluf Pedersen">Peder Oluf Pedersen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1931: <a href="/wiki/Gustave-Auguste_Ferri%C3%A9" title="Gustave-Auguste Ferrié">Gustave-Auguste Ferrié</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1932: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edwin_Kennelly" title="Arthur Edwin Kennelly">Arthur Edwin Kennelly</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1933: <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1934: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Caldwell_Hooper" title="Stanford Caldwell Hooper">Stanford Caldwell Hooper</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1935: <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_van_der_Pol" title="Balthasar van der Pol">Balthasar van der Pol</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1936: <a href="/wiki/George_Ashley_Campbell" title="George Ashley Campbell">George Ashley Campbell</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1937: <a href="/wiki/Melville_Eastham" title="Melville Eastham">Melville Eastham</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1938: <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Dellinger" title="John Howard Dellinger">John Howard Dellinger</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1939: <a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Lee" title="Albert G. Lee">Albert G. Lee</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1940: <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Espenschied" title="Lloyd Espenschied">Lloyd Espenschied</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1941: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith" title="Alfred Norton Goldsmith">Alfred Norton Goldsmith</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1942: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hoyt_Taylor" title="Albert Hoyt Taylor">Albert Hoyt Taylor</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1943: <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="William Wilson (físico)">William Wilson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1944: <a href="/wiki/Haraden_Pratt" title="Haraden Pratt">Haraden Pratt</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1945: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Henry_Beverage" title="Harold Henry Beverage">Harold Henry Beverage</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1946: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hartley" title="Ralph Hartley">Ralph Hartley</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1948: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Christopher_Frank_Horle" title="Lawrence Christopher Frank Horle">Lawrence Christopher Frank Horle</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bown" title="Ralph Bown">Ralph Bown</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1950: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick Terman</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1951: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1952: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ransom_Gail_Baker" title="Walter Ransom Gail Baker">Walter Ransom Gail Baker</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1953: <a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Miller" title="John Milton Miller">John Milton Miller</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1954: <a href="/wiki/William_Littell_Everitt" title="William Littell Everitt">William Littell Everitt</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1955: <a href="/wiki/Harald_Trap_Friis" title="Harald Trap Friis">Harald Trap Friis</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1956: <a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Lawless_Hogan" title="John Vincent Lawless Hogan">John Vincent Lawless Hogan</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1957: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Adams_Stratton" title="Julius Adams Stratton">Julius Adams Stratton</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1958: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hull" title="Albert Hull">Albert Hull</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1959: <a href="/wiki/Emory_Leon_Chaffee" title="Emory Leon Chaffee">Emory Leon Chaffee</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1960: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nyquist" title="Harry Nyquist">Harry Nyquist</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1961: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Guillemin" title="Ernst Guillemin">Ernst Guillemin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1962: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton">Edward Appleton</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1963: <a href="/wiki/George_Clark_Southworth" title="George Clark Southworth">George Clark Southworth</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1964: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alden_Wheeler" title="Harold Alden Wheeler">Harold Alden Wheeler</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1966: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1967: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1968: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kidd_Teal" title="Gordon Kidd Teal">Gordon Kidd Teal</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1969: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ginzton" title="Edward Ginzton">Edward Ginzton</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1970: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1971: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1972: <a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1973: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1974: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kalman" title="Rudolf Kalman">Rudolf Kalman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1977: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Earle_Vaughan" title="Henry Earle Vaughan">Henry Earle Vaughan</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1978: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1979: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellman" title="Richard Bellman">Richard Bellman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1980: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Bradford Shockley</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1981: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Darlington" title="Sidney Darlington">Sidney Darlington</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1982: <a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1983: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1984: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Norman Foster Ramsey</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1985: <a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1986: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1987: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1988: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Quate" title="Calvin Quate">Calvin Quate</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1989: <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Kumar_Patel" title="Chandra Kumar Patel">Chandra Kumar Patel</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1990: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gray_Gallager" title="Robert Gray Gallager">Robert Gray Gallager</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1991: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1992: <a href="/wiki/Amos_Edward_Joel" title="Amos Edward Joel">Amos Edward Joel</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1993: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Johan_%C3%85str%C3%B6m" title="Karl Johan Åström">Karl Johan Åström</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Yi_Cho" title="Alfred Yi Cho">Alfred Yi Cho</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1995: <a href="/wiki/Lotfali_Askar-Zadeh" title="Lotfali Askar-Zadeh">Lotfali Askar-Zadeh</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1997: <a href="/wiki/George_Heilmeier" title="George Heilmeier">George Heilmeier</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1998: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Pederson" title="Donald Pederson">Donald Pederson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1999: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Concordia" title="Charles Concordia">Charles Concordia</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2000: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2001–atualidade</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2001: <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Kogelnik" title="Herwig Kogelnik">Herwig Kogelnik</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2002: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2003: <a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2004: <a href="/wiki/Tadahiro_Sekimoto" title="Tadahiro Sekimoto">Tadahiro Sekimoto</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2005: <a href="/wiki/James_Flanagan" title="James Flanagan">James Flanagan</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2006: <a href="/wiki/James_Meindl" title="James Meindl">James Meindl</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2007: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2008: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2009: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dennard" title="Robert H. Dennard">Robert H. Dennard</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2010: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2011: <a href="/wiki/Morris_Chang" title="Morris Chang">Morris Chang</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2012: <a href="/wiki/John_LeRoy_Hennessy" title="John LeRoy Hennessy">John LeRoy Hennessy</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2013: <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Mark_Jacobs" title="Irwin Mark Jacobs">Irwin Mark Jacobs</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2014: <a href="/wiki/Jayant_Baliga" title="Jayant Baliga">Jayant Baliga</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2015: <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2016: <a href="/wiki/Dave_Forney" title="Dave Forney">Dave Forney</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2017: <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2018: <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Parkinson" title="Bradford Parkinson">Bradford Parkinson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2019: <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Petersen" title="Kurt Petersen">Kurt Petersen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chenming_Hu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chenming Hu (página não existe)">Chenming Hu</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2021: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ziv" title="Jacob Ziv">Jacob Ziv</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="noprint" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none; background:transparent; color: inherit"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ícone de esboço" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/30px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/45px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/60px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="4333" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Este artigo sobre um(a) <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">físico(a)</a> é um <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Esbo%C3%A7o" title="Wikipédia:Esboço">esboço</a>. Você pode ajudar a Wikipédia <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&action=edit">expandindo-o</a></span></b>.</i></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Controle_de_autoridade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Controle_de_autoridade" title="Ajuda:Controle de autoridade">Controle de autoridade</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163415" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q163415">Q163415</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/84393841">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_Virtual_Internacional_de_Autoridade" title="Base Virtual Internacional de Autoridade">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84393841/">84393841</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/21585">21585</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional da França">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb151125332">151125332</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Grande Enciclopédia Soviética">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/4944913">4944913</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0127751X">DA0127751X</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shockley">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1760985">1760985</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120275147">120275147</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109203822">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_controle_da_Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Número de controle da Biblioteca do Congresso">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91026074">n91026074</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9b5a9783-6597-483f-ac6a-ea1c72f052db">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munzinger-Archiv" class="extiw" title="de:Munzinger-Archiv">Munzinger</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000008758">00000008758</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00526149">00526149</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable Names Database">NNDB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/106/000026028/">000026028</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Real_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Biblioteca Real dos Países Baixos">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p134485106">134485106</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUKAT" class="extiw" title="pl:NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=1207&url_prefix=http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/&id=n00039157">n00039157</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" class="extiw" title="en:SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6df6stk">w6df6stk</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Universit%C3%A1rio_de_Documenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Universitário de Documentação">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/111534720">111534720</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Treccani" title="Enciclopédia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/william-shockley">william-shockley</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/WikiTree" title="WikiTree">WikiTree</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Shockley-442">Shockley-442</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Castellani_(Floren%C3%A7a)" title="Palazzo Castellani (Florença)">MG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.museogalileo.it/imss/authResource?uri=192099">192099</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Polónia">NLP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000002213769">a0000002213769</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56557486" class="extiw" title="d:Q56557486">Catálogo SHARE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.share-cat.unina.it/sharecat/searchNames?n_cluster_id=14619">14619</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&oldid=69032978">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bradford_Shockley&oldid=69032978</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Nascidos_em_1910" title="Categoria:Nascidos em 1910">Nascidos em 1910</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Mortos_em_1989" title="Categoria:Mortos em 1989">Mortos em 1989</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Categoria:Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Laureados_dos_Estados_Unidos_com_o_Nobel" title="Categoria:Laureados dos Estados Unidos com o Nobel">Laureados dos Estados Unidos com o Nobel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Pr%C3%AAmio_Comstock_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Categoria:Prêmio Comstock de Física">Prêmio Comstock de Física</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="Categoria:National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Membros_da_Academia_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Categoria:Membros da Academia Nacional de Ciências dos Estados Unidos">Membros da Academia Nacional de Ciências dos Estados Unidos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Pessoas_do_Vale_do_Sil%C3%ADcio" title="Categoria:Pessoas do Vale do Silício">Pessoas do Vale do Silício</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Professores_da_Escola_de_Engenharia_da_Universidade_Stanford" title="Categoria:Professores da Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Stanford">Professores da Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Stanford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:F%C3%ADsicos_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Categoria:Físicos dos Estados Unidos">Físicos dos Estados Unidos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Alunos_do_Instituto_de_Tecnologia_de_Massachusetts" title="Categoria:Alunos do Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts">Alunos do Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Ateus_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Categoria:Ateus dos Estados Unidos">Ateus dos Estados Unidos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Naturais_de_Londres" title="Categoria:Naturais de Londres">Naturais de Londres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" title="Categoria:Medalha de Honra IEEE">Medalha de Honra IEEE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Pessoa_do_Ano" 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