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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the rock and material. For the toy, see <a href="/wiki/Marble_(toy)" title="Marble (toy)">Marble (toy)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Marble_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marble (disambiguation)">Marble (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Marble</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> consisting of carbonate minerals (most commonly <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) or <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a> (CaMg(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) that have recrystallized under the influence of heat and pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-www.britannica.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a <a href="/wiki/Crystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline">crystalline</a> texture, and is typically not <a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">foliated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Layered_intrusion" title="Layered intrusion">layered</a>), although there are exceptions. </p><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Marble</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><b><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">Metamorphic rock</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marmo_z17.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Marmo_z17.JPG/220px-Marmo_z17.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Marmo_z17.JPG/330px-Marmo_z17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Marmo_z17.JPG/440px-Marmo_z17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Carrara marble</a> <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mostly <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Physical Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fabric</th><td class="infobox-data">Typically not foliated</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Relationships</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Protoliths</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate minerals">carbonate minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, the term <i>marble</i> refers to metamorphosed <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, but its use in <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonemasonry</a> more broadly encompasses unmetamorphosed limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marble is commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Marble_sculpture" title="Marble sculpture">sculpture</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building material</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Chemistry"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Chemistry</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Degradation_by_acids"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Degradation by acids</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Crystallization"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Crystallization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Microbial_degradation"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Microbial degradation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Types_and_features"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Types and features</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Examples_of_notable_marble_varieties_and_locations"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Examples of notable marble varieties and locations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Features"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Features</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Uses"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sculpture"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sculpture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Construction"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Construction</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Production"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Locations"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Locations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ancient_times"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient times</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Palestine"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Palestine</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Occupational_safety"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Occupational safety</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Cultural_associations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural associations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Impact_on_the_environment"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Impact on the environment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sustainability"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sustainability</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Cleaning_and_preservation"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Cleaning and preservation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Preservation"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Preservation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Cleaning"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cleaning</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marbleboot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marbleboot.jpg/220px-Marbleboot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marbleboot.jpg/220px-Marbleboot.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marbleboot.jpg/330px-Marbleboot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marbleboot.jpg/440px-Marbleboot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Marble_Boat" title="Marble Boat">Marble Boat</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pavilion" title="Pavilion">lakeside pavilion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_(Edited).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/220px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2525"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/220px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/330px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/440px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> is clad entirely in marble</figcaption></figure> <p>The word "marble" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μάρμαρον</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mármaron</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μάρμαρος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mármaros</i></span>), "crystalline rock, shining stone",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps from the verb <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μαρμαίρω</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">marmaírō</i></span>), "to flash, sparkle, gleam";<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">R. S. P. Beekes</a> has suggested that a "<a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Greek">Pre-Greek</a> origin is probable".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem (linguistics)">stem</a> is also the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> word "marmoreal", meaning "marble-like."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the English term "marble" resembles the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">marbre</i></span>, most other <a href="/wiki/European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European languages">European languages</a> (with words like "marmoreal") more closely resemble the original Ancient Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedraldemarmol.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Catedraldemarmol.JPG/210px-Catedraldemarmol.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Catedraldemarmol.JPG/210px-Catedraldemarmol.JPG" data-width="210" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Catedraldemarmol.JPG/315px-Catedraldemarmol.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Catedraldemarmol.JPG/420px-Catedraldemarmol.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Folded and weathered marble at <a href="/wiki/General_Carrera_Lake" title="General Carrera Lake">General Carrera Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></figcaption></figure><p>Marble is a rock resulting from <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonate rocks</a>, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a>. Metamorphism causes variable re-crystallization of the original carbonate mineral grains. The resulting marble rock is typically composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a>. Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the original carbonate rock (<a href="/wiki/Protolith" title="Protolith">protolith</a>) have typically been modified or destroyed. </p><p>Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure (<a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">silicate</a>-poor) limestone or dolomite protolith. The characteristic swirls and <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veins</a> of many colored marble varieties, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Striation_(geology)" title="Striation (geology)">striations</a>, are usually due to various mineral impurities such as <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a> which were originally present as grains or layers in the limestone. Green coloration is often due to <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine</a> resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolomite with <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure and heat of the metamorphism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemistry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degradation_by_acids">Degradation by acids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Degradation by acids" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acids</a> react with the calcium carbonate in marble, producing <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (which decomposes quickly to CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O) and other soluble salts :<sup id="cite_ref-UFIIN_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFIIN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) + 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) → Ca<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</dd></dl> <p>Outdoor marble statues, <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">gravestones</a>, or other marble structures are damaged by <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> whether by <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfation" title="Sulfation">sulfation</a> or the formation of "black-crust" (accumulation of calcium sulphate, nitrates and carbon particles).<sup id="cite_ref-UFIIN_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFIIN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinegar and other acidic solutions should be avoided in the cleaning of marble products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystallization">Crystallization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crystallization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Crystallization refers to a method of imparting a glossy, more durable finish on to a marble floor (CaCO<sub>3</sub>). It involves polishing the surface with an acidic solution and a steel wool pad on a flooring machine. The chemical reaction below shows a typical process using magnesium fluorosilicate (MgSiF<sub>6</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> (HCl) taking place. </p> <dl><dd>CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) + MgSiF<sub>6</sub>(l) + 2HCl (l) → MgCl<sub>2</sub>(s) + CaSiF<sub>6</sub>(s) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</dd></dl> <p>The resulting calcium hexafluorosilicate (CaSiF<sub>6</sub>) is bonded to the surface of the marble. This is harder, more glossy and stain resistant compared to the original surface. </p><p>The other often used method of finishing marble is to polish with oxalic acid (H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), an organic acid. The resulting reaction is as follows: </p> <dl><dd>CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(l) → CaC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(s) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</dd></dl> <p>In this case the calcium oxalate (CaC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) formed in the reaction is washed away with the slurry, leaving a surface that has not been chemically changed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbial_degradation">Microbial degradation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Microbial degradation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Methylophaga_murata" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylophaga murata">Methylophaga murata</a></i> was isolated from deteriorating marble in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacterial and fungal degradation was detected in four samples of marble from <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a>; black <i><a href="/wiki/Cladosporium" title="Cladosporium">Cladosporium</a></i> attacked dried <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_resin" title="Acrylic resin">acrylic resin</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using melanin.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Types_and_features">Types and features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types and features" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble" title="List of types of marble">List of types of marble</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/270px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9163" data-file-height="7100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/270px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" data-width="270" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/405px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/540px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus">Library of Celsus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Turkey is the largest marble exporter in the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_wall_of_Ruskeala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Marble_wall_of_Ruskeala.jpg/251px-Marble_wall_of_Ruskeala.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 251px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Marble_wall_of_Ruskeala.jpg/251px-Marble_wall_of_Ruskeala.jpg" data-width="251" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Marble_wall_of_Ruskeala.jpg/377px-Marble_wall_of_Ruskeala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Marble_wall_of_Ruskeala.jpg/502px-Marble_wall_of_Ruskeala.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Marble wall of <a href="/wiki/Ruskeala" title="Ruskeala">Ruskeala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_calcitic_marble,_Valentine_Mine,_Lewis_County_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Blue_calcitic_marble%2C_Valentine_Mine%2C_Lewis_County_NY.jpg/220px-Blue_calcitic_marble%2C_Valentine_Mine%2C_Lewis_County_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="2600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Blue_calcitic_marble%2C_Valentine_Mine%2C_Lewis_County_NY.jpg/220px-Blue_calcitic_marble%2C_Valentine_Mine%2C_Lewis_County_NY.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Blue_calcitic_marble%2C_Valentine_Mine%2C_Lewis_County_NY.jpg/330px-Blue_calcitic_marble%2C_Valentine_Mine%2C_Lewis_County_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Blue_calcitic_marble%2C_Valentine_Mine%2C_Lewis_County_NY.jpg/440px-Blue_calcitic_marble%2C_Valentine_Mine%2C_Lewis_County_NY.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A piece of blue <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite marble</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian period</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York State</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_notable_marble_varieties_and_locations">Examples of notable marble varieties and locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples of notable marble varieties and locations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Marble</th> <th>Color</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sivec" title="Sivec">Bianco Sivec</a> </td> <td>white </td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Prilep" title="Prilep">Prilep</a> (Прилеп), <a href="/wiki/Pelagonia_Statistical_Region" title="Pelagonia Statistical Region">Pelagonia</a> (Пелагониски) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Carrara marble</a> </td> <td>white or blue-gray </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statuario_marble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statuario marble (page does not exist)">Statuario marble</a> </td> <td>white, golden, black </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apuan_Alps" title="Apuan Alps">Apuan Alps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Creole_marble" title="Creole marble">Creole marble</a> </td> <td>white and blue/black </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pickens_County,_Georgia" title="Pickens County, Georgia">Pickens County, Georgia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etowah_marble" title="Etowah marble">Etowah marble</a> </td> <td>pink, salmon, rose </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pickens_County,_Georgia" title="Pickens County, Georgia">Pickens County, Georgia</a> </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanbaiyu_marble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanbaiyu marble (page does not exist)">Hanbaiyu marble</a> </td> <td>white </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quyang_County" title="Quyang County">Quyang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Makrana_marble" title="Makrana marble">Makrana marble</a> </td> <td>white </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makrana" title="Makrana">Makrana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagaur_district" title="Nagaur district">Nagaur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Marble_Company" title="Georgia Marble Company">Murphy marble</a> </td> <td>white </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pickens_County,_Georgia" title="Pickens County, Georgia">Pickens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilmer_County,_Georgia" title="Gilmer County, Georgia">Gilmer</a> Counties, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nero_Marquina_marble" title="Nero Marquina marble">Nero Marquina marble</a> </td> <td>black </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Markina-Xemein" title="Markina-Xemein">Markina-Xemein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bizkaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parian_marble" title="Parian marble">Parian marble</a> </td> <td>pure-white, fine-grained </td> <td>Island of <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a> (Πάρος), <a href="/wiki/South_Aegean" title="South Aegean">South Aegean</a> (Νοτίου Αιγαίου) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentelic_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentelic marble">Pentelic marble</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>pure-white, fine-grained semitranslucent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pentelicus" title="Mount Pentelicus">Mount Pentelicus</a> (Πεντελικό όρος), <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> (Ἀττική) </td> <td>Greece </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prokonnesos marble </td> <td>white </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marmara_Island" title="Marmara Island">Marmara Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruskeala" title="Ruskeala">Ruskeala marble</a> </td> <td>white </td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Ruskeala" title="Ruskeala">Ruskeala</a> (Рускеала), <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> (Карелия) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ru%C8%99chi%C8%9Ba_marble" title="Rușchița marble">Rușchița marble</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>white, pinkish, reddish </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poiana_Rusc%C4%83_Mountains" title="Poiana Ruscă Mountains">Poiana Ruscă Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cara%C8%99-Severin_County" title="Caraș-Severin County">Caraș-Severin County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_green_marble" title="Swedish green marble">Swedish green marble</a> </td> <td>green </td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Kolm%C3%A5rden" title="Kolmården">Kolmården</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Södermanland">Södermanland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sylacauga_marble" title="Sylacauga marble">Sylacauga marble</a> </td> <td>white </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Talladega_County,_Alabama" title="Talladega County, Alabama">Talladega County, Alabama</a> </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ven%C4%8Dac" title="Venčac">Venčac</a> marble </td> <td>white </td> <td>Venčac mountain near <a href="/wiki/Aran%C4%91elovac" title="Aranđelovac">Aranđelovac</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Marble_Museum" title="Vermont Marble Museum">Vermont marble</a> </td> <td>white </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proctor,_Vermont" title="Proctor, Vermont">Proctor, Vermont</a> </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wunsiedel_Marble" title="Wunsiedel Marble">Wunsiedel marble</a> </td> <td>white </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wunsiedel" title="Wunsiedel">Wunsiedel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yule_Marble" title="Yule Marble">Yule marble</a> </td> <td>uniform pure white </td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Marble,_Colorado" title="Marble, Colorado">Marble, Colorado</a> </td> <td>United States </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Features" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Marble is a rock composed of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">magnesium carbonate</a>, mostly white and pink.<sup id="cite_ref-www.britannica.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common marble varieties are granular limestone or <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a>. The hardness of marble is very high, because the internal structure of the rock is very uniform after long-term natural aging, and the <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">internal stress</a> disappears, so the marble will not be deformed due to temperature, and has strong wear resistance. It is a very popular building material. </p><p>The following table is a summary of the features of Marble.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Colour</a> </th> <td>White, Pink, Black etc </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Texture_(geology)" title="Texture (geology)">Texture</a> </th> <td>granular </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> </th> <td>medium grained </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a> </th> <td>calcite </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">Hardness</a> </th> <td>hard </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other features </th> <td>generally gritty to touch </td></tr> <tr> <th>Uses </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building stone</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romblon_island_089col.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Romblon_island_089col.jpg/220px-Romblon_island_089col.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Romblon_island_089col.jpg/220px-Romblon_island_089col.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Romblon_island_089col.jpg/330px-Romblon_island_089col.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Romblon_island_089col.jpg/440px-Romblon_island_089col.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Marble products in <a href="/wiki/Romblon_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Romblon province">Romblon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_statue,_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/220px-Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1004"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/220px-Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/330px-Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/440px-Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)</a> sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> from Georgia Marble in 1920</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sculpture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>White marble has been prized for its use in <a href="/wiki/Marble_sculpture" title="Marble sculpture">sculptures</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical times</a>. This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative <a href="/wiki/Isotropy" title="Isotropy">isotropy</a> and homogeneity, and a relative resistance to shattering. Also, the low <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">index of refraction</a> of calcite allows light to penetrate 12.7 to 38 millimeters into the stone before being scattered out, resulting in the characteristic waxy look which brings a lifelike luster to marble sculptures of any kind, which is why many sculptors preferred and still prefer marble for sculpting the human form.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Construction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a> or serpentine that is capable of taking a polish.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally in <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">dimension stone</a> trade, the term <i>marble</i> is used for any crystalline calcitic rock (and some non-calcitic rocks) useful as building stone. For example, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_marble" title="Tennessee marble">Tennessee marble</a> is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> limestone, that <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a> call the <a href="/wiki/Holston_Formation" title="Holston Formation">Holston Formation</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, was recorded in the 2013 <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a></i> as having the world's highest concentration of white marble buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karibib_Marble_(2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Karibib_Marble_%282018%29.jpg/220px-Karibib_Marble_%282018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Karibib_Marble_%282018%29.jpg/220px-Karibib_Marble_%282018%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Karibib_Marble_%282018%29.jpg/330px-Karibib_Marble_%282018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Karibib_Marble_%282018%29.jpg/440px-Karibib_Marble_%282018%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Mining of Karibib Marble (2018)<br><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marble&params=22_06_16_S_015_48_48_E_region:NA_type:landmark&title=Marmor"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°06′16″S</span> <span class="longitude">015°48′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.10444°S 15.81333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-22.10444; 15.81333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Marmor</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quarrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrying">Quarrying</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_quarry,_near_Jaipur,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Marble quarry in Jaipur, India. Large rock faces that have been cut to vertical angles, with heavy equipment such as excavators in the picture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Marble_quarry%2C_near_Jaipur%2C_India.jpg/220px-Marble_quarry%2C_near_Jaipur%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 307px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Marble_quarry%2C_near_Jaipur%2C_India.jpg/220px-Marble_quarry%2C_near_Jaipur%2C_India.jpg" data-alt="Marble quarry in Jaipur, India. Large rock faces that have been cut to vertical angles, with heavy equipment such as excavators in the picture." data-width="220" data-height="307" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Marble_quarry%2C_near_Jaipur%2C_India.jpg/330px-Marble_quarry%2C_near_Jaipur%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Marble_quarry%2C_near_Jaipur%2C_India.jpg/440px-Marble_quarry%2C_near_Jaipur%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Marble quarry in <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romblon_Marble_plant_workers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Romblon_Marble_plant_workers.jpg/220px-Romblon_Marble_plant_workers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Romblon_Marble_plant_workers.jpg/220px-Romblon_Marble_plant_workers.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Romblon_Marble_plant_workers.jpg/330px-Romblon_Marble_plant_workers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Romblon_Marble_plant_workers.jpg/440px-Romblon_Marble_plant_workers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Marble plant workers in <a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The extraction of marble is performed by <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarrying</a>. Blocks are favoured for most purposes, and can be created through various techniques, including drilling and blasting, water jet and wedge methods.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limestones are often commercially and historically referred to as marble, which differs from the geological definition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Locations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1998, marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of world production of marble and decorative stone. <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> were the world leaders, each representing 16% of world production, while <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> produced 9% and 8%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> was the world leader in marble export, with 42% share in global marble trade, followed by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> with 18% and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> with 10%. The largest importer of marble in 2018 was <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> with a 64% market share, followed by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> with 11% and Italy with 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-UNComtrade_2018_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNComtrade_2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancient times" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>White marbles throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean basin</a> were widely utilized during the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> period. Extraction centers were unevenly distributed across the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Greece">mainland Greece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, and smaller hubs like those in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. The need for extensive trade arose due to this imbalance, leading to the widespread exchange of marble objects, including building elements, sculptures, and <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a>. There was a significant increase in the distribution of white marble from the late 1st century BC to the end of the 2nd century AD. A gradual decline in distribution started in the third century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, U.S. domestic marble production in 2006 was 46,400 tons valued at about $18.1 million, compared to 72,300 tons valued at $18.9 million in 2005. Crushed marble production (for aggregate and industrial uses) in 2006 was 11.8 million tons valued at $116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> and the rest was <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">construction aggregate</a>. For comparison, 2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. U.S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. The DSAN World Demand for (finished) Marble Index has shown a growth of 12% annually for the 2000–2006 period, compared to 10.5% annually for the 2000–2005 period. The largest dimension marble application is tile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palestine">Palestine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Palestine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The stone and marble industry is one of the largest industries in Palestine, contributing 20-25% of its total industrial revenues, generating USD $400–$450 million in revenue annually. The industry employs 15,000–20,000 workers across the West Bank across 1200–1700 facilities, and amounts to 4.5% of the nation's GDP. The vast majority of the industry's exports are to Israel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Marble in the geologic sense does not naturally outcrop in Palestine, and that the vast majority of commercially labeled marble produced in Palestine produced would be geologically considered limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-Salem-2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salem-2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupational_safety">Occupational safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Occupational safety" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Particulate air pollution exposure has been found to be elevated in the marble production industry. Exposure to the dust produced by cutting marble could impair lung function or cause lung disease in workers, such as <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a>. Skin and eye problems are also a potential hazard. Mitigations such as dust filters, or dust suppression are suggested, but more research needs to be carried out on the efficacy of safety measures.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salem-2021_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salem-2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set the legal limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for marble exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> total exposure and 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 10 mg/m<sup>3</sup> total exposure and 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is a non sequitur, and needs to be integrated into the text in a way that is meaningful to the reader. (March 2023)"><i>non sequitur</i></span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dust, <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> and temperature fluctuations from working marble can endanger the eye health of employees.<sup id="cite_ref-Khorshed-2022_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khorshed-2022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the staff involved in marble processing, it is necessary to provide <a href="/wiki/Eye_protection" title="Eye protection">eye protection</a> equipment, and it is recommended to improve the education of all workers on <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational health</a> risks and strengthen preventive measures.<sup id="cite_ref-Khorshed-2022_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khorshed-2022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Cultural_associations">Cultural associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cultural associations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jadwiga_CP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jadwiga_CP.jpg/220px-Jadwiga_CP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jadwiga_CP.jpg/220px-Jadwiga_CP.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jadwiga_CP.jpg/330px-Jadwiga_CP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jadwiga_CP.jpg/440px-Jadwiga_CP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga of Poland</a>'s sarcophagus by Antoni Madeyski, <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the favorite medium for Greek and Roman sculptors and architects (see <a href="/wiki/Classical_sculpture" title="Classical sculpture">classical sculpture</a>), marble has become a cultural symbol of tradition and refined taste. Its extremely varied and colorful patterns make it a favorite decorative material.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Places named after the stone include <a href="/wiki/Marblehead,_Massachusetts" title="Marblehead, Massachusetts">Marblehead, Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marblehead,_Ohio" title="Marblehead, Ohio">Marblehead, Ohio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a>, London; the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>; India's <a href="/wiki/Marble_Rocks" title="Marble Rocks">Marble Rocks</a>; and the towns of <a href="/wiki/Marble,_Minnesota" title="Marble, Minnesota">Marble, Minnesota</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marble,_Colorado" title="Marble, Colorado">Marble, Colorado</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marble_Falls,_Texas" title="Marble Falls, Texas">Marble Falls, Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Marble Hill, Manhattan, New York">Marble Hill, Manhattan, New York</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> are marble sculptures from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> in Athens that are on display in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Impact_on_the_environment">Impact on the environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Impact on the environment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aliveri_marble_waste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aliveri_marble_waste.jpg/220px-Aliveri_marble_waste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aliveri_marble_waste.jpg/220px-Aliveri_marble_waste.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aliveri_marble_waste.jpg/330px-Aliveri_marble_waste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aliveri_marble_waste.jpg/440px-Aliveri_marble_waste.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>This is a pile of marble waste in <a href="/wiki/Aliveri" title="Aliveri">Aliveri</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Total world <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarrying</a> production in 2019 was approximately 316 million tonnes; however, quarrying waste accounted for 53% of this total production.<sup id="cite_ref-Khorshed-2022_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khorshed-2022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the process of marble mining and processing, around half or the excavated material will be waste, this is often then used as chips for flooring or wall finish, and uses for which high-calcium limestone is suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-www.britannica.com_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sustainability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p>Marble<sup id="cite_ref-www.britannica.com_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sludge waste can be used as a mineral filler in water-based paints.<sup id="cite_ref-Marras-2022_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marras-2022-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using ground <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> as a filler in paint production can improve the brightness, <a href="/wiki/Hiding_power" title="Hiding power">hiding power</a> and application performance of paint, and can also replace expensive <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marras-2022_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marras-2022-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recycling of marble waste leads to a large amount of waste not being land-filled, reducing environmental pollution, thereby realizing the sustainability of marble. Converting waste to generate economic income and restore degraded soil can improve the environment. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Cleaning_and_preservation">Cleaning and preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cleaning and preservation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <p>The nature of marble is soft and porous, so it is easily stained by colored liquids and scratches easily. Maintenance and cleaning is particularly important.<sup id="cite_ref-Better_Homes_&_Gardens_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Better_Homes_&_Gardens-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation">Preservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Preservation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>Prevent sand and dust from contacting the marble surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Better_Homes_&_Gardens_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Better_Homes_&_Gardens-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Avoid corroding marble surfaces with alcohol, color and acidic liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-Better_Homes_&_Gardens_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Better_Homes_&_Gardens-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleaning">Cleaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cleaning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>As a floor material, marble is easy to scratch. You can first use a vacuum cleaner to suck away the grit and dust on the marble floor, and then use a steam cleaner to remove other dirt.<sup id="cite_ref-This_Old_House_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-This_Old_House-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A mild, pH-neutral, non-abrasive soap should be used for cleaning marble surfaces. Wipe with a soft foam cotton or rag.<sup id="cite_ref-This_Old_House_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-This_Old_House-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Nike of Samothrace is made of Parian marble (c. 220–190 BC)"><noscript><img alt="The Nike of Samothrace is made of Parian marble (c. 220–190 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg/66px-Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3485"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 66px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg/66px-Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg" data-alt="The Nike of Samothrace is made of Parian marble (c. 220–190 BC)" data-width="66" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg/99px-Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg/132px-Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Nike of Samothrace</a> is made of Parian marble (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 220–190 BC</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laocoön and His Sons in the Vatican"><noscript><img alt="Laocoön and His Sons in the Vatican" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/92px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8744" data-file-height="9502"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 92px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/92px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg" data-alt="Laocoön and His Sons in the Vatican" data-width="92" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/138px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/184px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasury_Gate,_Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace,_Istanbul,_Turkey_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul"><noscript><img alt="Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Treasury_Gate%2C_Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/120px-Treasury_Gate%2C_Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3706" data-file-height="2418"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 78px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Treasury_Gate%2C_Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/120px-Treasury_Gate%2C_Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg" data-alt="Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul" data-width="120" data-height="78" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Treasury_Gate%2C_Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/180px-Treasury_Gate%2C_Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Treasury_Gate%2C_Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/240px-Treasury_Gate%2C_Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lens_-_Inauguration_du_Louvre-Lens_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_2012,_la_Galerie_du_Temps,_n%C2%B0_058.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Praetorians Relief, made from grey veined marble, c. 51–52 AD"><noscript><img alt="The Praetorians Relief, made from grey veined marble, c. 51–52 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lens_-_Inauguration_du_Louvre-Lens_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_2012%2C_la_Galerie_du_Temps%2C_n%C2%B0_058.JPG/83px-Lens_-_Inauguration_du_Louvre-Lens_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_2012%2C_la_Galerie_du_Temps%2C_n%C2%B0_058.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3299"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lens_-_Inauguration_du_Louvre-Lens_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_2012%2C_la_Galerie_du_Temps%2C_n%C2%B0_058.JPG/83px-Lens_-_Inauguration_du_Louvre-Lens_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_2012%2C_la_Galerie_du_Temps%2C_n%C2%B0_058.JPG" data-alt="The Praetorians Relief, made from grey veined marble, c. 51–52 AD" data-width="83" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lens_-_Inauguration_du_Louvre-Lens_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_2012%2C_la_Galerie_du_Temps%2C_n%C2%B0_058.JPG/124px-Lens_-_Inauguration_du_Louvre-Lens_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_2012%2C_la_Galerie_du_Temps%2C_n%C2%B0_058.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lens_-_Inauguration_du_Louvre-Lens_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_2012%2C_la_Galerie_du_Temps%2C_n%C2%B0_058.JPG/166px-Lens_-_Inauguration_du_Louvre-Lens_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_2012%2C_la_Galerie_du_Temps%2C_n%C2%B0_058.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Praetorians_Relief" title="Praetorians Relief">Praetorians Relief</a>, made from grey veined marble, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 51–52</span> AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imgp7544.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient marble columns in the prayer hall of the Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan, Tunisia"><noscript><img alt="Ancient marble columns in the prayer hall of the Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan, Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Imgp7544.jpg/75px-Imgp7544.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Imgp7544.jpg/75px-Imgp7544.jpg" data-alt="Ancient marble columns in the prayer hall of the Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan, Tunisia" data-width="75" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Imgp7544.jpg/112px-Imgp7544.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Imgp7544.jpg/150px-Imgp7544.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient marble columns in the prayer hall of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Uqba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Uqba">Mosque of Uqba</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleopatra_by_William_Wetmore_Story_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cleopatra by William Wetmore Story was described and admired in Nathaniel Hawthorne's romance The Marble Faun, and is on display at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City."><noscript><img alt="Cleopatra by William Wetmore Story was described and admired in Nathaniel Hawthorne's romance The Marble Faun, and is on display at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cleopatra_by_William_Wetmore_Story_03.jpg/120px-Cleopatra_by_William_Wetmore_Story_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cleopatra_by_William_Wetmore_Story_03.jpg/120px-Cleopatra_by_William_Wetmore_Story_03.jpg" data-alt="Cleopatra by William Wetmore Story was described and admired in Nathaniel Hawthorne's romance The Marble Faun, and is on display at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City." data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cleopatra_by_William_Wetmore_Story_03.jpg/180px-Cleopatra_by_William_Wetmore_Story_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cleopatra_by_William_Wetmore_Story_03.jpg/240px-Cleopatra_by_William_Wetmore_Story_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Wetmore_Story" title="William Wetmore Story">William Wetmore Story</a> was described and admired in <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>'s romance <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marble_Faun" title="The Marble Faun">The Marble Faun</a></i>, and is on display at <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Per_Hasselberg_N%C3%A4ckrosen_Rottneros_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Näckrosen (Water Lily), Stockholm 1892, by Swedish sculptor Per Hasselberg (1850–1894). Here a copy from 1953 in marble by Giovanni Ardini (Italy) placed in Rottneros Park near Sunne in Värmland/Sweden."><noscript><img alt="Näckrosen (Water Lily), Stockholm 1892, by Swedish sculptor Per Hasselberg (1850–1894). Here a copy from 1953 in marble by Giovanni Ardini (Italy) placed in Rottneros Park near Sunne in Värmland/Sweden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Per_Hasselberg_N%C3%A4ckrosen_Rottneros_Park.jpg/120px-Per_Hasselberg_N%C3%A4ckrosen_Rottneros_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="1803"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Per_Hasselberg_N%C3%A4ckrosen_Rottneros_Park.jpg/120px-Per_Hasselberg_N%C3%A4ckrosen_Rottneros_Park.jpg" data-alt="Näckrosen (Water Lily), Stockholm 1892, by Swedish sculptor Per Hasselberg (1850–1894). Here a copy from 1953 in marble by Giovanni Ardini (Italy) placed in Rottneros Park near Sunne in Värmland/Sweden." data-width="120" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Per_Hasselberg_N%C3%A4ckrosen_Rottneros_Park.jpg/180px-Per_Hasselberg_N%C3%A4ckrosen_Rottneros_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Per_Hasselberg_N%C3%A4ckrosen_Rottneros_Park.jpg/240px-Per_Hasselberg_N%C3%A4ckrosen_Rottneros_Park.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Näckrosen</i> (<i>Water Lily</i>), Stockholm 1892, by Swedish sculptor <a href="/wiki/Per_Hasselberg" title="Per Hasselberg">Per Hasselberg</a> (1850–1894). Here a copy from 1953 in marble by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Ardini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Ardini (page does not exist)">Giovanni Ardini</a> (Italy) placed in Rottneros Park near <a href="/wiki/Sunne,_Sweden" title="Sunne, Sweden">Sunne</a> in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%BEaislis_Monastery_interior_1,_Kaunas,_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pažaislis Monastery complex has the most marble-decorated Baroque church of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania"><noscript><img alt="Pažaislis Monastery complex has the most marble-decorated Baroque church of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pa%C5%BEaislis_Monastery_interior_1%2C_Kaunas%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/91px-Pa%C5%BEaislis_Monastery_interior_1%2C_Kaunas%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4528" data-file-height="5000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pa%C5%BEaislis_Monastery_interior_1%2C_Kaunas%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/91px-Pa%C5%BEaislis_Monastery_interior_1%2C_Kaunas%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg" data-alt="Pažaislis Monastery complex has the most marble-decorated Baroque church of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania" data-width="91" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pa%C5%BEaislis_Monastery_interior_1%2C_Kaunas%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/136px-Pa%C5%BEaislis_Monastery_interior_1%2C_Kaunas%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pa%C5%BEaislis_Monastery_interior_1%2C_Kaunas%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/181px-Pa%C5%BEaislis_Monastery_interior_1%2C_Kaunas%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%BEaislis_Monastery" title="Pažaislis Monastery">Pažaislis Monastery</a> complex has the most marble-decorated <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> church of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petropolis-Cathedral1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The tombs of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and other members of the Brazilian imperial family, made from Carrara marble in the Cathedral of Petrópolis, Brazil"><noscript><img alt="The tombs of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and other members of the Brazilian imperial family, made from Carrara marble in the Cathedral of Petrópolis, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Petropolis-Cathedral1.jpg/120px-Petropolis-Cathedral1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Petropolis-Cathedral1.jpg/120px-Petropolis-Cathedral1.jpg" data-alt="The tombs of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and other members of the Brazilian imperial family, made from Carrara marble in the Cathedral of Petrópolis, Brazil" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Petropolis-Cathedral1.jpg/180px-Petropolis-Cathedral1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Petropolis-Cathedral1.jpg/240px-Petropolis-Cathedral1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tombs of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Brazilian imperial family</a>, made from Carrara marble in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Cathedral of Petrópolis">Cathedral of Petrópolis</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Car_of_History_Clock_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carlo Franzoni's life-size sculptural marble chariot clock, the Car of History, depicting Clio, the Greek muse of history (National Statuary Hall, U.S. Capitol Building)."><noscript><img alt="Carlo Franzoni's life-size sculptural marble chariot clock, the Car of History, depicting Clio, the Greek muse of history (National Statuary Hall, U.S. Capitol Building)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Car_of_History_Clock_%281%29.jpg/65px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Car_of_History_Clock_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Car_of_History_Clock_%281%29.jpg/65px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Car_of_History_Clock_%281%29.jpg" data-alt="Carlo Franzoni's life-size sculptural marble chariot clock, the Car of History, depicting Clio, the Greek muse of history (National Statuary Hall, U.S. Capitol Building)." data-width="65" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Car_of_History_Clock_%281%29.jpg/98px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Car_of_History_Clock_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Car_of_History_Clock_%281%29.jpg/131px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Car_of_History_Clock_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carlo Franzoni's life-size sculptural marble <a href="/wiki/Chariot_clock" title="Chariot clock">chariot clock</a>, the <i>Car of History</i>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a>, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">muse</a> of history (<a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol Building">U.S. Capitol Building</a>).</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Antique_marble" title="Grand Antique marble">Grand Antique marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_sculpture" title="Marble sculpture">Marble sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmorino" title="Marmorino">Marmorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxian_marble" title="Naxian marble">Naxian marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Carrara marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Paper marbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">Pietra dura</a>, inlaying with marble and other stones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruin_marble" title="Ruin marble">Ruin marble</a>, marble that contains light and dark patterns, giving the impression of a ruined cityscape</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scagliola" title="Scagliola">Scagliola</a>, imitating marble with plasterwork</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verd_antique" title="Verd antique">Verd antique</a>, sometimes (erroneously) called "serpentine marble", and often confused with <a href="/wiki/Connemara_marble" title="Connemara marble">Connemara marble</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/marble-rock">"Marble | Definition, Types, Uses, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064629/https://www.britannica.com/science/marble-rock">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Askoxford.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmarmai%2Frw">μαρμαίρω</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020231925/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=marmai/rw">Archived</a> 2021-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">R. S. P. Beekes</a>, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>, Brill, 2009, p. 907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/marmoreal">"Definition of MARMOREAL"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024005612/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/marmoreal">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+MARMOREAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmarmoreal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/marble">"Definition of MARBLE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+MARBLE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmarble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UFIIN-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UFIIN_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UFIIN_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatischemistry.unina.it/en/martmarmo.html">"Environmental degradation of marble"</a>. <i>What is Chemistry?</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=What+is+Chemistry%3F&rft.atitle=Environmental+degradation+of+marble&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatischemistry.unina.it%2Fen%2Fmartmarmo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/790119O/crystallization-vs-oxalic-acid-polishing.pdf">"Crystallization vs. Oxalic Acid Polishing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 3M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901231013/https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/790119O/crystallization-vs-oxalic-acid-polishing.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514071707/http://www.digi24.ro/stire/RAPORT-DE-TARA-Domul-din-Milano-a-fost-reconstruit-cu-marmura-de-Ruschita_96970">"RAPORT DE ȚARĂ. Domul din Milano a fost reconstruit cu marmură de Rușchița"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digi24.ro/stire/RAPORT-DE-TARA-Domul-din-Milano-a-fost-reconstruit-cu-marmura-de-Ruschita_96970">the original</a> on 2013-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RAPORT+DE+%C8%9AAR%C4%82.+Domul+din+Milano+a+fost+reconstruit+cu+marmur%C4%83+de+Ru%C8%99chi%C8%9Ba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digi24.ro%2Fstire%2FRAPORT-DE-TARA-Domul-din-Milano-a-fost-reconstruit-cu-marmura-de-Ruschita_96970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rocksminerals.flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks/marble.html">"Geology – rocks and minerals"</a>. <i>rocksminerals.flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324054521/https://rocksminerals.flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks/marble.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rocksminerals.flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz&rft.atitle=Geology+%E2%80%93+rocks+and+minerals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frocksminerals.flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz%2Frocks%2Fmarble.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7zKJOYkW0GsC"><i>PROCEEDINGS 4th International Congress on "Science and Technology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Basin" VOL. I</i></a>. Angelo Ferrari. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7zKJOYkW0GsC/page/n411">371</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788896680315" title="Special:BookSources/9788896680315"><bdi>9788896680315</bdi></a>. <q>white marble prized for use to make sculptures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PROCEEDINGS+4th+International+Congress+on+%22Science+and+Technology+for+the+Safeguard+of+Cultural+Heritage+in+the+Mediterranean+Basin%22+VOL.+I&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Angelo+Ferrari&rft.isbn=9788896680315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_7zKJOYkW0GsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Marble", Britannica Online Encyclopaedia. 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CEPI Brief N° 6. tunisianindustry.nat.tn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNComtrade_2018-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNComtrade_2018_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComtrade" class="citation web cs1">Comtrade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comtrade.un.org/db/ce/ceSnapshot.aspx?px=H2&cc=2515">"Comtrade Explorer - Snapshot HS 2515 (Marble, travertine, ecaussine and other stone)"</a>. <i>United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023011533/https://comtrade.un.org/db/help/ureadMeFirst.aspx?returnPath=%2Fdb%2Fce%2FceSnapshot.aspx%3Fpx%3DH2&cc=2515">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Commodity+Trade+Statistics+Database&rft.atitle=Comtrade+Explorer+-+Snapshot+HS+2515+%28Marble%2C+travertine%2C+ecaussine+and+other+stone%29&rft.au=Comtrade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomtrade.un.org%2Fdb%2Fce%2FceSnapshot.aspx%3Fpx%3DH2%26cc%3D2515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaelman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Taelman, Devi (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/marble-trade-in-the-roman-mediterranean-a-quantitative-and-diachronic-study/21E133772DD873D63D03040C7CCE5D3F">"Marble trade in the Roman Mediterranean: a quantitative and diachronic study"</a>. <i>Journal of Roman Archaeology</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 848–875. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759422000447">10.1017/S1047759422000447</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-01GSF6YKQ2WTX6Y0SGZYHD1KVB">1854/LU-01GSF6YKQ2WTX6Y0SGZYHD1KVB</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-7594">1047-7594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256220068">256220068</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240127023800/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/marble-trade-in-the-roman-mediterranean-a-quantitative-and-diachronic-study/21E133772DD873D63D03040C7CCE5D3F">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Marble+trade+in+the+Roman+Mediterranean%3A+a+quantitative+and+diachronic+study&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=848-875&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-01GSF6YKQ2WTX6Y0SGZYHD1KVB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256220068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1047-7594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759422000447&rft.aulast=Taelman&rft.aufirst=Devi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-roman-archaeology%2Farticle%2Fmarble-trade-in-the-roman-mediterranean-a-quantitative-and-diachronic-study%2F21E133772DD873D63D03040C7CCE5D3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salem-2021-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salem-2021_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salem-2021_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalem2021" class="citation journal cs1">Salem, Hilmi S. (2021-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7851506">"Evaluation of the Stone and Marble Industry in Palestine: environmental, geological, health, socioeconomic, cultural, and legal perspectives, in view of sustainable development"</a>. <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>. <b>28</b> (22): 28058–28080. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ESPR...2828058S">2021ESPR...2828058S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-021-12526-4">10.1007/s11356-021-12526-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0944-1344">0944-1344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7851506">7851506</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33528771">33528771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+Stone+and+Marble+Industry+in+Palestine%3A+environmental%2C+geological%2C+health%2C+socioeconomic%2C+cultural%2C+and+legal+perspectives%2C+in+view+of+sustainable+development&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=28058-28080&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7851506%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ESPR...2828058S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33528771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-021-12526-4&rft.issn=0944-1344&rft.aulast=Salem&rft.aufirst=Hilmi+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7851506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foja, A.F. (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH9410698">Marble industry: its socioeconomic, environmental and health effects among marble worker/producer households in Romblon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428075000/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH9410698">Archived</a> 2016-04-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Philippines University Thesis. fao.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0382.html">"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Marble"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511065345/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0382.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%E2%80%93+Marble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0382.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khorshed-2022-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khorshed-2022_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khorshed-2022_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khorshed-2022_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhorshedEl-NaggarEl-GoharyAwad2022" class="citation journal cs1">Khorshed, Enjy A. E.; El-Naggar, Safaa A.; El-Gohary, Samia S.; Awad, Ahmed M. B.; Ahmed, Amani S. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9106598">"Occupational ocular health problems among marble workers at Shaq El Tho'ban industrial area in Egypt"</a>. <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>. <b>29</b> (25): 37445–37457. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ESPR...2937445K">2022ESPR...2937445K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-021-18410-5">10.1007/s11356-021-18410-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0944-1344">0944-1344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9106598">9106598</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35066853">35066853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=Occupational+ocular+health+problems+among+marble+workers+at+Shaq+El+Tho%27ban+industrial+area+in+Egypt&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=37445-37457&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9106598%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ESPR...2937445K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35066853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-021-18410-5&rft.issn=0944-1344&rft.aulast=Khorshed&rft.aufirst=Enjy+A.+E.&rft.au=El-Naggar%2C+Safaa+A.&rft.au=El-Gohary%2C+Samia+S.&rft.au=Awad%2C+Ahmed+M.+B.&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Amani+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9106598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranite2016" class="citation web cs1">Granite, Arch City (2016-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archcitygranite.com/the-history-of-marble-stone-and-why-its-so-popular-for-countertops/">"The History of Marble Stone And Why It's so Popular For Countertops"</a>. <i>Arch City Granite & Marble</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162236/https://www.archcitygranite.com/the-history-of-marble-stone-and-why-its-so-popular-for-countertops/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arch+City+Granite+%26+Marble&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Marble+Stone+And+Why+It%27s+so+Popular+For+Countertops&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft.aulast=Granite&rft.aufirst=Arch+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archcitygranite.com%2Fthe-history-of-marble-stone-and-why-its-so-popular-for-countertops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geotargit.com/called.php?qcity=Marble">"Cities named Marble. How many places are named Marble?"</a>. <i>geotargit.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162714/https://geotargit.com/called.php?qcity=Marble">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geotargit.com&rft.atitle=Cities+named+Marble.+How+many+places+are+named+Marble%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeotargit.com%2Fcalled.php%3Fqcity%3DMarble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marras-2022-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marras-2022_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marras-2022_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarrasCarcangiuMeloniCareddu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Marras, Graziella; Carcangiu, Gianfranco; Meloni, Paola; Careddu, Nicola (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061822004573">"Circular economy in marble industry: From stone scraps to sustainable water-based paints"</a>. <i>Construction and Building Materials</i>. <b>325</b>: 126768. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2022.126768">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126768</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246736434">246736434</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025348/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061822004573">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+and+Building+Materials&rft.atitle=Circular+economy+in+marble+industry%3A+From+stone+scraps+to+sustainable+water-based+paints&rft.volume=325&rft.pages=126768&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2022.126768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246736434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marras&rft.aufirst=Graziella&rft.au=Carcangiu%2C+Gianfranco&rft.au=Meloni%2C+Paola&rft.au=Careddu%2C+Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0950061822004573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Better_Homes_&_Gardens-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Better_Homes_&_Gardens_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Better_Homes_&_Gardens_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Better_Homes_&_Gardens_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhg.com/homekeeping/house-cleaning/surface/how-to-clean-marble/">"How to Clean Marble"</a>. <i>Better Homes & Gardens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324065940/https://www.bhg.com/homekeeping/house-cleaning/surface/how-to-clean-marble/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Better+Homes+%26+Gardens&rft.atitle=How+to+Clean+Marble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhg.com%2Fhomekeeping%2Fhouse-cleaning%2Fsurface%2Fhow-to-clean-marble%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-This_Old_House-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-This_Old_House_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-This_Old_House_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thisoldhouse.com/cleaning/reviews/how-to-clean-marble">"How to Clean Marble"</a>. <i>This Old House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324065946/https://www.thisoldhouse.com/cleaning/reviews/how-to-clean-marble">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+Old+House&rft.atitle=How+to+Clean+Marble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisoldhouse.com%2Fcleaning%2Freviews%2Fhow-to-clean-marble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marble" class="extiw" title="commons:Marble"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Marble</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Marble" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marble">Marble</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/">Dimension Stone Statistics and Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223080218/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/">Archived</a> 2009-12-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – United States Geological Survey minerals information for dimension stone</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/cstonmyb05.pdf">USGS 2005 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926092030/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/cstonmyb05.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/dstonmyb05.pdf">USGS 2005 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810030937/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/dstonmyb05.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/myb1-2006-stonc.pdf">USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227212344/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/myb1-2006-stonc.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/myb1-2006-stond.pdf">USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227212341/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/myb1-2006-stond.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marble-institute.com/">Marble Institute of America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053836/http://www.marble-institute.com/">Archived</a> 2011-09-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marble&oldid=1258378362">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marble&oldid=1258378362</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Marble&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Thumperward" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1732013750"> <span>Last edited on 19 November 2024, at 10:55</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmer" title="Marmer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marmer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="رخام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رخام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbre" title="Marbre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Marbre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rmole" title="Mármole – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mármole" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99rm%C9%99r" title="Mərmər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mərmər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="مرمر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مرمر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="মার্বেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্বেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-l%C3%AD-chio%CC%8Dh" title="Tāi-lí-chio̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-lí-chio̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Мармур – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мармур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Мармур – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мармур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="संगमरमर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संगमरमर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мрамор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мрамор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mramor" title="Mramor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mramor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbr" title="Marbr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marbr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbre" title="Marbre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marbre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mramor" title="Mramor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mramor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Μάρμαρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρμαρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rmol" title="Mármol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mármol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmoro" title="Marmoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marmoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitzurdin" title="Haitzurdin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haitzurdin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سنگ مرمر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ مرمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbre" title="Marbre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marbre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmar" title="Marmar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marmar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rmore" title="Mármore – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mármore" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%94" title="대리암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대리암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Մարմար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարմար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="संगमर्मर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संगमर्मर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mramor" title="Mramor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mramor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmoro" title="Marmoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Marmoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_pualam" title="Batu pualam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu pualam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmore" title="Marmore – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marmore" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmari" title="Marmari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marmari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmo" title="Marmo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marmo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A9" title="שיש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಮೃತಶಿಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮೃತಶಿಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="მარმარილო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარმარილო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%80" title="Мәрмәр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәрмәр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbel" title="Marbel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Marbel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumaru" title="Marumaru – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Marumaru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мрамор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мрамор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmors" title="Marmors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marmors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marber" title="Marber – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Marber" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmuras" title="Marmuras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marmuras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmer" title="Marmer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Marmer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mruamoru" title="Mruamoru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mruamoru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rv%C3%A1ny" title="Márvány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Márvány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мермер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мермер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatovandana" title="Vatovandana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vatovandana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="മാർബിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർബിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="संगमरवर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संगमरवर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="رخام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رخام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmar" title="Marmar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marmar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmer" title="Marmer – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Marmer" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Гантиг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гантиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="စကျင်ကျောက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စကျင်ကျောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmer" title="Marmer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marmer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E7%9F%B3" title="大理石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大理石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbre" title="Marbre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Marbre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waashee" title="Waashee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Waashee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmar" title="Marmar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marmar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2" title="ਮਾਰਬਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਬਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سنگ مرمر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنگ مرمر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmur" title="Marmur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marmur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rmore" title="Mármore – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mármore" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmur%C4%83" title="Marmură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marmură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachar" title="Pachar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pachar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мрамор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мрамор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble" title="Marble – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Marble" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermer" title="Mermer – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mermer" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0rmuru" title="Màrmuru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Màrmuru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AC" title="කිරිගරුඬ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කිරිගරුඬ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble" title="Marble – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marble" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سنگ مرمر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنگ مرمر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mramor" title="Mramor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mramor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мермер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мермер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mramor" title="Mramor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mramor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmori" title="Marmori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marmori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmor" title="Marmor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marmor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="பளிங்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பளிங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="หินอ่อน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินอ่อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мармар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мармар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermer" title="Mermer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mermer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Мармур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мармур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سنگ مرمر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنگ مرمر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0rmaro" title="Màrmaro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Màrmaro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A9m_th%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Cẩm thạch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cẩm thạch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmol" title="Marmol – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Marmol" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E7%9F%B3" title="大理石 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大理石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E7%9F%B3" title="大理石 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大理石" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B2%A9" title="大理岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大理岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_kosta" title="Batu kosta – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Batu kosta" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 10:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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