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href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is a 29-volume reference work, an edition of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. It was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time. This edition of the encyclopaedia, containing 40,000 entries, has entered the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> and is readily available on the Internet. Its use in modern scholarship and as a reliable source has been deemed problematic due to the outdated nature of some of its content.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Modern scholars have deemed some articles as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">cultural artifacts</a> of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Nevertheless, the 11th edition has retained considerable value as a time capsule of scientific and historical information, as well as scholarly attitudes of the era immediately preceding <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition&rft.date=1910%E2%80%931911&rft.pub=%5B%5BHorace+Everett+Hooper%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States"></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Encyclopædia Britannica, a dictionary of arts, science, literature and general information, eleventh edition."><img alt="The Encyclopædia Britannica, a dictionary of arts, science, literature and general information, eleventh edition." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.svg/300px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.svg/450px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.svg/600px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="507"></a><div class="infobox-caption">First page of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Release number</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">General</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Everett_Hooper" title="Horace Everett Hooper">Horace Everett Hooper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1910–1911</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print and digital</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Encyclopædia Britannica Tenth Edition </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Encyclopædia Britannica Twelfth Edition (supplementary update), Encyclopædia Britannica Fourteenth Edition (full revision) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background">1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Reviews">2 Reviews</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Public_domain">3 Public domain</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Project_Gutenberg_Encyclopedia">4 Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Free,_public-domain_sources_for_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_text">8.1 Free, public-domain sources for 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Other_sources_for_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_text">8.2 Other sources for 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica text</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11Britannica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/11Britannica.JPG/200px-11Britannica.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1936"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/11Britannica.JPG/200px-11Britannica.JPG" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/11Britannica.JPG/300px-11Britannica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/11Britannica.JPG/400px-11Britannica.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</figcaption></figure> The 1911 eleventh edition was assembled with the management of American publisher <a href="/wiki/Horace_Everett_Hooper" title="Horace Everett Hooper">Horace Everett Hooper</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Hugh Chisholm</a>, who had edited the previous edition, was appointed editor-in-chief, with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Walter Alison Phillips</a> as his principal assistant editor.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Originally, Hooper bought the rights to the 25-volume <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Ninth_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Ninth Edition">9th edition</a> and persuaded the British newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> to issue its reprint, with eleven additional volumes (35 volumes total) as the tenth edition, which was published in 1902. Hooper's association with The Times ceased in 1909, and he negotiated with the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> to publish the 29-volume eleventh edition. Though it is generally perceived as a quintessentially British work, the eleventh edition had substantial American influences, in not only the increased amount of American and Canadian content, but also the efforts made to make it more popular.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> American marketing methods also assisted sales. Some 14% of the contributors (214 of 1507) were from North America, and a New York office was established to coordinate their work.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The initials of the encyclopaedia's contributors appear at the end of selected articles or at the end of a section in the case of longer articles, such as that on China, and a key is given in each volume to these initials. Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._H._Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="T. H. Huxley">T. H. Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Hopwood_Jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hopwood Jeans">James Hopwood Jeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti" title="William Michael Rossetti">William Michael Rossetti</a>. Among the then lesser-known contributors were some who would later become distinguished, such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>. Many articles were carried over from the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Ninth_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Ninth Edition">9th edition</a>, some with minimal updating. Some of the book-length articles were divided into smaller parts for easier reference, yet others were much abridged. The best-known authors generally contributed only a single article or part of an article. Most of the work was done by journalists, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> scholars and other scholars. The 1911 edition was the first edition of the encyclopaedia to include more than just a handful of female contributors, with 34 women contributing articles to the edition.<a href="#cite_note-thomas_1992-5">[5]</a> These included <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Anderson" title="Adelaide Anderson">Adelaide Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bryant" title="Margaret Bryant">Margaret Bryant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constance_Jocelyn_Ffoulkes" title="Constance Jocelyn Ffoulkes">Constance Jocelyn Ffoulkes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriette_Lombard_Hennessy" title="Harriette Lombard Hennessy">Harriette Lombard Hennessy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Mildred_Sidgwick" title="Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick">Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thomas_1992-5">[5]</a> The eleventh edition introduced a number of changes of the format of the Britannica. It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The <a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">print type</a> was kept in <a href="/wiki/Galley_proof" title="Galley proof">galley proofs</a> and subject to continual updating until publication. It was the first edition of Britannica to be issued with a comprehensive index volume in which was added a categorical index, where like topics were listed. It was the first not to include long treatise-length articles. Even though the overall length of the work was about the same as that of its predecessor, the number of articles had increased from 17,000 to 40,000. It was also the first edition of Britannica to include biographies of living people. Sixteen maps of the famous 9th edition of <a href="/wiki/Stielers_Handatlas" title="Stielers Handatlas">Stielers Handatlas</a> were exclusively translated to English, converted to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial units</a>, printed in <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a>, Germany, by <a href="/wiki/Justus_Perthes" title="Justus Perthes">Justus Perthes</a> and the maps became a part of this edition. Later editions only included Perthes' maps as low-quality reproductions.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> According to Coleman and Simmons,<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_and_Simmons-7">[7]</a> the content of the encyclopaedia was distributed as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject </th> <th>Content </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> </td> <td align="right">29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Pure and applied science</a> </td> <td align="right">17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>History </td> <td align="right">17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Literature </td> <td align="right">11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fine art </td> <td align="right">9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a> </td> <td align="right">7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> </td> <td align="right">1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philosophy </td> <td align="right">0.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> Hooper sold the rights to <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears, Roebuck and Company</a> of Chicago in 1920, completing the Britannica's transition to becoming a substantially American publication.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-8">[8]</a> In 1922, an additional three volumes (also edited by Hugh Chisholm) where published, covering the events of the intervening years, including <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. These, together with a reprint of the eleventh edition, formed the twelfth edition of the work. A similar thirteenth edition, consisting of three volumes plus a reprint of the twelfth edition, was published in 1926. The London editor was <a href="/wiki/James_Louis_Garvin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Louis Garvin">J.L. Garvin</a>, as Chisholm had died.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-8">[8]</a> The twelfth and thirteenth editions were closely related to the eleventh edition and shared much of the same content. However, it became increasingly apparent that a more thorough update of the work was required. The fourteenth edition, published in 1929, was considerably revised, with much text eliminated or abridged to make room for new topics. Nevertheless, the eleventh edition was the basis of every later version of the Encyclopædia Britannica until the completely new fifteenth edition was published in 1974, using modern information presentation. The eleventh edition's articles are still of value and interest to modern readers and scholars, especially as a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">cultural artifact</a>: the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> was at its maximum, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> was largely unchallenged, much of the world was still ruled by monarchs, and the tumultuous <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a> were still in the future. They are a resource for topics omitted from modern encyclopaedias, particularly for biography and the history of science and technology. As a literary text, the encyclopaedia has value as an example of early 20th-century prose. For example, it employs <a href="/wiki/Literary_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary device">literary devices</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pathetic_fallacy" title="Pathetic fallacy">pathetic fallacy</a> (attribution of human-like traits to impersonal forces or inanimate objects), which are not as common in modern reference texts.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_and_Simmons-7">[7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Reviews">Reviews</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reviews" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EncycBrit1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/EncycBrit1913.jpg/256px-EncycBrit1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 256px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/EncycBrit1913.jpg/256px-EncycBrit1913.jpg" data-width="256" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/EncycBrit1913.jpg/384px-EncycBrit1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/EncycBrit1913.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1913 advertisement for the eleventh edition</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Misinforming_a_Nation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Misinforming a Nation">Misinforming a Nation</a></div></div></div> </div> In 1917, using the pseudonym of S. S. Van Dine, the US art critic and author <a href="/wiki/Willard_Huntington_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard Huntington Wright">Willard Huntington Wright</a> published <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Misinforming_a_Nation" class="extiw" title="s:Misinforming a Nation">Misinforming a Nation</a>, a 200+ page criticism of inaccuracies and biases of the Encyclopædia Britannica eleventh edition. Wright claimed that Britannica was "characterized by misstatements, inexcusable omissions, rabid and patriotic prejudices, personal animosities, blatant errors of fact, scholastic ignorance, gross neglect of non-British culture, an astounding egotism, and an undisguised contempt for American progress".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amos_Urban_Shirk" title="Amos Urban Shirk">Amos Urban Shirk</a>, known for having read the eleventh and fourteenth editions in their entirety, said he found the fourteenth edition to be a "big improvement" over the eleventh, stating that "most of the material had been completely rewritten". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Collison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Collison (page does not exist)">Robert Collison</a>, in Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout The Ages (1966), wrote of the eleventh edition that it "was probably the finest edition of the Britannica ever issued, and it ranks with the <a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopedia Italiana">Enciclopedia Italiana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_universal_ilustrada_europeo-americana" title="Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana">Espasa</a> as one of the three greatest encyclopaedias. It was the last edition to be produced almost in its entirety in Britain, and its position in time as a summary of the world's knowledge just before the outbreak of World War I is particularly valuable". Sir <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a>, in Another Part of the Wood (1974), wrote of the eleventh edition, "One leaps from one subject to another, fascinated as much by the play of mind and the <a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" title="Idiosyncrasy">idiosyncrasies</a> of their authors as by the facts and dates. It must be the last encyclopaedia in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a> which assumes that information can be made memorable only when it is slightly coloured by prejudice. When <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> wrote 'Soul curled up on the window seat reading the Encyclopædia Britannica,' he was certainly thinking of the eleventh edition." (Clark refers to Eliot's 1929 poem "<a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot%27s_Ariel_poems#%22Animula%22" title="T. S. Eliot's Ariel poems">Animula</a>".) It was one of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>'s favourite works, and was a source of information and enjoyment for his entire working life.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1912, mathematician <a href="/wiki/L._C._Karpinski" class="mw-redirect" title="L. C. Karpinski">L. C. Karpinski</a> criticised the eleventh edition for inaccuracies in articles on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">history of mathematics</a>, none of which had been written by specialists.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> English writer and former priest <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a> claimed in Lies and Fallacies of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1947) that Britannica was censored under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> after the 11th edition.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Initially, the eleventh edition received criticism from members of the Roman Catholic Church, who accused it of misrepresenting and being <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">biased against Catholics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> The most "vociferous" American Catholic critics of the eleventh edition were editors of the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> magazine <a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> Authorities ranging from <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> to professors criticised the 11th edition for having <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> and old-fashioned opinions on art, literature, and social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-thomas_1992-5">[5]</a> A contemporary <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a> professor, <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Titchener" title="Edward B. Titchener">Edward B. Titchener</a>, wrote in 1912, "the new Britannica does not reproduce the psychological atmosphere of its day and generation... Despite the halo of authority, and despite the scrutiny of the staff, the great bulk of the secondary articles in general psychology ... are not adapted to the requirements of the intelligent reader".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In an April 2012 article, Nate Pederson of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> said that the eleventh edition represented "a peak of colonial optimism before the slaughter of war" and that the edition "has acquired an almost mythic reputation among collectors".<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a> Critics have charged several editions with racism,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-thomas_1992-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a> The eleventh edition <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ku_Klux_Klan" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ku Klux Klan">characterises</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> as protecting the white race and restoring order to the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">American South</a> after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, citing the need to "control the negro", and "the frequent occurrence of the crime of rape by negro men upon white women".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Similarly, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Civilization" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Civilization">the "Civilization" article</a> argues for <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, stating that it is irrational to "propagate low orders of intelligence, to feed the ranks of paupers, defectives and criminals ... which to-day constitute so threatening an obstacle to racial progress".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The eleventh edition has no biography of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, despite her winning the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1903 and the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1911, although she is mentioned briefly under the biography of her husband <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Britannica employed a large female editorial staff that wrote hundreds of articles for which they were not given credit.<a href="#cite_note-thomas_1992-5">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Public_domain">Public domain</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public domain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The 1911 edition is no longer restricted by <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, and it is therefore freely available in several more modern forms. While it may once have been a reliable description of the academic consensus of its time,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] many modern readers find fault with the Encyclopedia for several major errors, <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> remarks, and other issues: <ul><li>Contemporary opinions of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a> are included in the Encyclopædia's articles. For example, the entry for "<a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a>" states, "Mentally the negro is inferior to the white... the arrest or even deterioration of mental development [after adolescence] is no doubt very largely due to the fact that after puberty sexual matters take the first place in the negro's life and thoughts."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The article about the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> attributes the success of the United States in part to "a population mainly of good English blood and instincts".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Many articles are now outdated factually, in particular those concerning science, technology, <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_law" title="Municipal law">municipal law</a>, and medicine. For example, the article on the vitamin deficiency disease <a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a> speculates that it is caused by a fungus, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> not having been discovered at the time.</li> <li>Even where the facts might still be accurate, new information, theories and perspectives developed since 1911 have substantially changed the way the same facts might be interpreted. For example, the modern interpretation of the history of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> is now very different from that of 1911; readers of the eleventh edition who want to know about the social customs and political life of the tribe and its warriors are told to look up the entry for their king, <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a>.</li></ul> The eleventh edition of Encyclopædia Britannica has become a commonly quoted source, both because of the reputation of the Britannica and because it is now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> and has been made available on the Internet. It has been used as a source by many modern projects, including Wikipedia and the Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Project_Gutenberg_Encyclopedia">Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia is the eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, renamed to address Britannica's trademark concerns. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>'s offerings are summarized below in the <a href="#External_links">External links</a> section and include text and graphics. As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders" title="Distributed Proofreaders">Distributed Proofreaders</a> are working on producing a complete electronic edition of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Cyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New American Cyclopedia">New American Cyclopedia</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoyles2016" class="citation book cs1">Boyles, Denis (2016). Everything Explained That Is Explainable: On the Creation of the Encyclopaedia Britannica's Celebrated Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911. Knopf. pp. xi–x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307269171" title="Special:BookSources/9780307269171"><bdi>9780307269171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everything+Explained+That+Is+Explainable%3A+On+the+Creation+of+the+Encyclopaedia+Britannica%27s+Celebrated+Eleventh+Edition%2C+1910%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=xi-x&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780307269171&rft.aulast=Boyles&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> S. 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Retrieved April 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+magic+of+Encyclopedia+Britannica%27s+11th+edition&rft.date=2012-04-10&rft.aulast=Pederson&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2012%2Fapr%2F10%2Fencyclopedia-britannica-11th-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers1992" class="citation journal cs1">Chalmers, F. Graeme (1992). "The Origins of Racism in the Public School Art Curriculum". Studies in Art Education. 33 (3): 134–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1320895">10.2307/1320895</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1320895">1320895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Art+Education&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Racism+in+the+Public+School+Art+Curriculum&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=134-143&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1320895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1320895%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=F.+Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Citing from the article on "Negro" and discussing the consequences of views such as those stated there: Brooks, Roy L., editor. "Redress for Racism?" When Sorry Isn't Enough: The Controversy Over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice, NYU Press, 1999, pp. 395–398. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg0xt.75">j.ctt9qg0xt.75</a>. Accessed August 17, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Fleming, Walter Lynwood</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lynch_Law">"Lynch Law" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lynch+Law&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Walter+Lynwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Fleming, Walter Lynwood</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ku_Klux_Klan">"Ku Klux Klan" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ku+Klux+Klan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Walter+Lynwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_Williams" title="Henry Smith Williams">Williams, Henry Smith</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Civilization">"Civilization" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civilization&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Henry+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Curie,_Pierre">"Curie, Pierre" </a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 644.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curie%2C+Pierre&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=644&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Athol_Joyce" title="Thomas Athol Joyce">Joyce, Thomas Athol</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Negro">"Negro" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 344.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Negro&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=344&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Athol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannay1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hannay_(historian)" title="David Hannay (historian)">Hannay, David</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/American_War_of_Independence">"American War of Independence" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 845.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+War+of+Independence&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=845&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyles,_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyles, Denis">Boyles, Denis</a>. Everything Explained That Is Explainable: On the Creation of the Encyclopaedia Britannica's Celebrated Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911 (2016), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307269175" title="Special:BookSources/0307269175">0307269175</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/wisdom-on-the-installment-plan-1466191897">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis1911" class="citation journal cs1">Wallis, W. D. (1911). "Review of The Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition". American Anthropologist. 13 (4): 617–620. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7294">0002-7294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/659453">659453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Encyclopedia+Britannica%2C+Eleventh+Edition&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=617-620&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F659453%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0002-7294&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Prefatory_Note" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prefatory Note">s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prefatory Note</a> to the Encyclopædia Britannica 11th ed. dated Cambridge November 1, 1910: with separate volumes below in several formats on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>:</li></ul> <table align="center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/texts">Internet Archive – Text Archives</a> Individual Volumes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Volume</th> <th>From</th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri01chisrich">Volume 1</a></td> <td>A</td> <td>Androphagi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri02chisrich">Volume 2</a></td> <td>Andros, Sir Edmund</td> <td>Austria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabrit03chisrich">Volume 3</a></td> <td>Austria, Lower</td> <td>Bisectrix </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri04chisrich">Volume 4</a></td> <td>Bisharin</td> <td>Calgary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabrit05chisrich">Volume 5</a></td> <td>Calhoun, John Caldwell</td> <td>Chatelaine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabrit06chisrich">Volume 6</a></td> <td>Châtelet</td> <td>Constantine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabrit07chisrich">Volume 7</a></td> <td>Constantine Pavlovich</td> <td>Demidov </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabrit08chisrich">Volume 8</a></td> <td>Demijohn</td> <td>Edward the Black Prince </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabrit09chisrich">Volume 9</a></td> <td>Edwardes, Sir Herbert Benjamin</td> <td>Evangelical Association </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri10chisrich">Volume 10</a></td> <td>Evangelical Church Conference</td> <td>Francis Joseph I </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabrit11chisrich">Volume 11</a></td> <td>Franciscans</td> <td>Gibson, William Hamilton </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabrit12chisrich">Volume 12</a></td> <td>Gichtel, Johann Georg</td> <td>Harmonium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabrit13chisrich">Volume 13</a></td> <td>Harmony</td> <td>Hurstmonceaux </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri14chisrich">Volume 14</a></td> <td>Husband</td> <td>Italic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri15chisrich">Volume 15</a></td> <td>Italy</td> <td>Kyshtym </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri16chisrich">Volume 16</a></td> <td>L</td> <td>Lord Advocate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri17chisrich">Volume 17</a></td> <td>Lord Chamberlain</td> <td>Mecklenburg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri18chisrich">Volume 18</a></td> <td>Medal</td> <td>Mumps </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri19chisrich">Volume 19</a></td> <td>Mun, Adrien Albert Marie de</td> <td>Oddfellows, Order of </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopdiabri20chis">Volume 20</a></td> <td>Ode</td> <td>Payment of members </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri21chisrich">Volume 21</a></td> <td>Payn, James</td> <td>Polka </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri22chisrich">Volume 22</a></td> <td>Poll</td> <td>Reeves, John Sims </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri23chisrich">Volume 23</a></td> <td>Refectory</td> <td>Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri24chisrich">Volume 24</a></td> <td>Sainte-Claire Deville, Étienne Henri</td> <td>Shuttle </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri25chisrich">Volume 25</a></td> <td>Shuválov, Peter Andreivich</td> <td>Subliminal self </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri26chisrich">Volume 26</a></td> <td>Submarine mines</td> <td>Tom-Tom </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri27chisrich">Volume 27</a></td> <td>Tonalite</td> <td>Vesuvius </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri28chisrich">Volume 28</a></td> <td>Vetch</td> <td>Zymotic diseases </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri29chisrich">Volume 29</a></td> <td>Index</td> <td>List of contributors </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri30chisrich">Volume 1 of 1922 supp</a></td> <td>Abbe</td> <td>English History </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri31chisrich">Volume 2 of 1922 supp</a></td> <td>English Literature</td> <td>Oyama, Iwao </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopdiabri32newyrich">Volume 3 of 1922 supp</a></td> <td>Pacific Ocean Islands</td> <td>Zuloaga </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-encyclopaedia-britannica.-3-encyclopaedia-britannica-inc.-1926/Encyclopaedia%20Britannica%20-%20Encyclopaedia%20Britannica.%201-Encyclopaedia%20Britannica%2C%20Inc.%20%281926%29/page/n1/mode/2up">Volume 1 of 1926 supp</a></td> <td>Aaland Islands</td> <td>Eye </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-encyclopaedia-britannica.-3-encyclopaedia-britannica-inc.-1926/Encyclopaedia%20Britannica%20-%20Encyclopaedia%20Britannica.%202-Encyclopaedia%20Britannica%2C%20Inc.%20%281926%29/page/n1/mode/2up">Volume 2 of 1926 supp</a></td> <td>Fabre</td> <td>Oyama </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-encyclopaedia-britannica.-3-encyclopaedia-britannica-inc.-1926/Encyclopaedia%20Britannica%20-%20Encyclopaedia%20Britannica.%203-Encyclopaedia%20Britannica%2C%20Inc.%20%281926%29/">Volume 3 of 1926 supp</a></td> <td>Pacific</td> <td>Zuyder Zee </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readersguidetoen00londuoft">Reader's Guide – 1913</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britannicayearbo00chisuoft">Year-Book – 1913</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> Encyclopedia:</li></ul> <table align="center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia As of 16 December 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit">[update]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Section</th> <th>From</th> <th></th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/200">Volume 1</a>: </td> <td>A </td> <td> – </td> <td>Androphagi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13600">Volume 2.1</a>: </td> <td>Andros, Sir Edmund </td> <td> – </td> <td>Anise </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34018">Volume 2.2</a>: </td> <td>Anjar </td> <td> – </td> <td>Apollo </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34047">Volume 2.3</a>: </td> <td>Apollodorus </td> <td> – </td> <td>Aral </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34082">Volume 2.4</a>: </td> <td>Aram, Eugene </td> <td> – </td> <td>Arcueil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34116">Volume 2.5</a>: </td> <td>Arculf </td> <td> – </td> <td>Armour, Philip </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34162">Volume 2.6</a>: </td> <td>Armour Plates </td> <td> – </td> <td>Arundel, Earls of </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34209">Volume 2.7</a>: </td> <td>Arundel, Thomas </td> <td> – </td> <td>Athens 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href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33750">Volume 4.4</a>: </td> <td>Bradford, William </td> <td> – </td> <td>Brequigny, Louis </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19699">Volume 4.5</a>: </td> <td>Bréquigny </td> <td> – </td> <td>Bulgaria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19846">Volume 4.6</a>: </td> <td>Bulgaria </td> <td> – </td> <td>Calgary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32975">Volume 5.1</a>: </td> <td>Calhoun </td> <td> – </td> <td>Camoens </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33052">Volume 5.2</a>: </td> <td>Camorra </td> <td> – </td> <td>Cape Colony </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33127">Volume 5.3</a>: </td> <td>Capefigue </td> <td> – </td> <td>Carneades 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</td> <td>Costume </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32294">Volume 7.5</a>: </td> <td>Cosway </td> <td> – </td> <td>Coucy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32423">Volume 7.6</a>: </td> <td>Coucy-le-Château </td> <td> – </td> <td>Crocodile </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38622">Volume 7.7</a>: </td> <td>Crocoite </td> <td> – </td> <td>Cuba </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38709">Volume 7.8</a>: </td> <td>Cube </td> <td> – </td> <td>Daguerre, Louis </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38799">Volume 7.9</a>: </td> <td>Dagupan </td> <td> – </td> <td>David </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38892">Volume 7.10</a>: </td> <td>David, St </td> <td> – </td> <td>Demidov </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30685">Volume 8.2</a>: </td> <td>Demijohn </td> <td> – </td> <td>Destructor </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30073">Volume 8.3</a>: </td> <td>Destructors </td> <td> – </td> <td>Diameter </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32607">Volume 8.4</a>: </td> <td>Diameter </td> <td> – </td> <td>Dinarchus </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32689">Volume 8.5</a>: </td> <td>Dinard </td> <td> – </td> <td>Dodsworth </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32758">Volume 8.6</a>: </td> <td>Dodwell </td> <td> – </td> <td>Drama </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32783">Volume 8.7</a>: </td> <td>Drama </td> <td> – </td> <td>Dublin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34751">Volume 8.8</a>: </td> <td>Dubner </td> <td> – </td> <td>Dyeing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34878">Volume 8.9</a>: </td> <td>Dyer </td> <td> – </td> <td>Echidna </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34992">Volume 8.10</a>: </td> <td>Echinoderma </td> <td> – </td> <td>Edward </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32860">Volume 9.1</a>: </td> <td>Edwardes </td> <td> – </td> <td>Ehrenbreitstein </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35092">Volume 9.2</a>: </td> <td>Ehud </td> <td> – </td> <td>Electroscope </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35169">Volume 9.3</a>: </td> <td>Electrostatics </td> <td> – </td> <td>Engis </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32940">Volume 9.4</a>: </td> <td>England </td> <td> – </td> <td>English Finance </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35236">Volume 9.5</a>: </td> <td>English History </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35306">Volume 9.6</a>: </td> <td>English Language </td> <td> – </td> <td>Epsom Salts </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35398">Volume 9.7</a>: </td> <td>Equation </td> <td> – </td> <td>Ethics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35473">Volume 9.8</a>: </td> <td>Ethiopia </td> <td> – </td> <td>Evangelical Association </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36735">Volume 10.1</a>: </td> <td>Evangelical Church Conference </td> <td> – </td> <td>Fairbairn, Sir William </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36452">Volume 10.2</a>: </td> <td>Fairbanks, Erastus </td> <td> – </td> <td>Fens </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35561">Volume 10.3</a>: </td> <td>Fenton, Edward </td> <td> – </td> <td>Finistère </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35606">Volume 10.4</a>: </td> <td>Finland </td> <td> – </td> <td>Fleury, Andre </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35747">Volume 10.5</a>: </td> <td>Fleury, Claude </td> <td> – </td> <td>Foraker, Joseph Henson </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35925">Volume 10.6</a>: </td> <td>Foraminifera </td> <td> – </td> <td>Fox, Edward </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36104">Volume 10.7</a>: </td> <td>Fox, George </td> <td> – </td> <td>France[p.775-p.894] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36226">Volume 10.8</a>: </td> <td>France[p.895-p.929] </td> <td> – </td> <td>Francis Joseph I. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37806">Volume 11.1</a>: </td> <td>Franciscians </td> <td> – </td> <td>French Language </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37736">Volume 11.2</a>: </td> <td>French Literature </td> <td> – </td> <td>Frost, William </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37064">Volume 11.3</a>: </td> <td>Frost </td> <td> – </td> <td>Fyzabad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37160">Volume 11.4</a>: </td> <td>G </td> <td> – </td> <td>Gaskell, Elizabeth </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37282">Volume 11.5</a>: </td> <td>Gassendi, Pierre </td> <td> – </td> <td>Geocentric </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37461">Volume 11.6</a>: </td> <td>Geodesy </td> <td> – </td> <td>Geometry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37523">Volume 11.7</a>: </td> <td>Geoponici </td> <td> – </td> <td>Germany[p.804-p.840] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37610">Volume 11.8</a>: </td> <td>Germany[p.841-p.901] </td> <td> – 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href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42854">Volume 17.4</a>: </td> <td>Magnetite </td> <td> – </td> <td>Malt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42736">Volume 17.5</a>: </td> <td>Malta </td> <td> – </td> <td>Map, Walter </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42638">Volume 17.6</a>: </td> <td>Map </td> <td> – </td> <td>Mars </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42552">Volume 17.7</a>: </td> <td>Mars </td> <td> – </td> <td>Matteawan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42473">Volume 17.8</a>: </td> <td>Matter </td> <td> – </td> <td>Mecklenburg </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eb11.nrbook.com/index.html">Flash reader (Empanel)</a> with full-page scans</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading 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"Copyright Statement[:] these [EB 1911] files are public domain".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/metabook?id=britannica11">The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information (11th edition)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Online_Books_Page" title="Online Books Page">Online Books Page</a> of the University of Pennsylvania.</li></ul> The preceding links adopt the spellings used in the target. <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="موسوعة بريتانيكا الحادية عشرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسوعة بريتانيكا الحادية عشرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(edici%C3%B3n_de_1911)" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edición de 1911) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edición de 1911)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা একাদশ সংস্করণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা একাদশ সংস্করণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(11-%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Енциклопедия Британика (11-о издание) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енциклопедия Британика (11-о издание)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11._izdanje)" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (11. izdanje) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica (11. izdanje)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(edici%C3%B3_de_1911)" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edició de 1911) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edició de 1911)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (11ª edición) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica (11ª edición)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ویرایش یازدهم دانشنامه بریتانیکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویرایش یازدهم دانشنامه بریتانیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_1911" title="Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica 1911" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%83%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%BB%A4_%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84_%EC%A0%9C11%ED%8C%90" title="브리태니커 백과사전 제11판 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브리태니커 백과사전 제11판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%97%D7%AA-%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="המהדורה האחת-עשרה של אנציקלופדיה בריטניקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהדורה האחת-עשרה של אנציקלופדיה בריטניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia_Britannica_Edisi_Ke-11" title="Ensiklopedia Britannica Edisi Ke-11 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ensiklopedia Britannica Edisi Ke-11" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8%E7%AC%AC11%E7%89%88" title="ブリタニカ百科事典第11版 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブリタニカ百科事典第11版" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1911)" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edição de 1911) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edição de 1911)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_1911" title="Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica 1911" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_(11-%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Британская энциклопедия (11-е издание) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская энциклопедия (11-е издание)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பிரித்தானிக்கா கலைக்களஞ்சியம் பதினோராம் பதிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானிக்கா கலைக்களஞ்சியம் பதினோராம் பதிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica%27n%C4%B1n_on_birinci_bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Encyclopædia Britannica'nın on birinci baskısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica'nın on birinci baskısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F_(11-%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Британська енциклопедія (11-те видання) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська енциклопедія (11-те видання)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%89%88" title="大英百科全書第十一版 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大英百科全書第十一版" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 04:45 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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