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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features of the ecosystem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_of_the_ecosystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Soil fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soil_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Soil fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Soil_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macrofauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macrofauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Macrofauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macrofauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microfauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microfauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Microfauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microfauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_microbes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_microbes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Soil microbes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_microbes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_food_web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_food_web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Soil food web</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_food_web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpaqlar%C4%B1n_ekologiyas%C4%B1" title="Torpaqların ekologiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Torpaqların ekologiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordbunds%C3%B8kologi" title="Jordbundsøkologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jordbundsøkologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boden%C3%B6kologie" title="Bodenökologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bodenökologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolog%C3%ADa_del_suelo" title="Ecología del suelo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecología del suelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundekologio" title="Grundekologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grundekologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="بوم‌شناسی خاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوم‌شناسی خاک" 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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" 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environment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is particularly concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">cycling of nutrients</a>, soil aggregate formation and soil <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_ecology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> is made up of a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Soil_physics" title="Soil physics">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">chemical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soil_biology" title="Soil biology">biological</a> entities, with many interactions occurring among them. It is a heterogenous mixture of minerals and organic matter with variations in moisture, temperature and nutrients. Soil supports a wide range of living organisms and is an essential component of terrestrial ecology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features_of_the_ecosystem">Features of the ecosystem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_ecology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features of the ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">Moisture</a> is a significant limiting factor in terrestrial ecosystems and majorly in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil organisms are constantly confronted with the problem of <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil microbial communities experience shifts in the diversity and composition during dehydration and rehydration cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil moisture affects carbon cycling a phenomenon known as Birch effect.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Temperature variations in soil are influenced by factors such as seasonality, environmental conditions, vegetation, and soil composition.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil temperature also varies with depth; upper soil layers are majorly influence by air temperature, while soil temperature fluctuations decrease with depth.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil temperature influences biological and biochemical processes in soil, playing an important role in microbial and enzymatic activities, mineralization and organic matter decomposition. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Air is vital for respiration in soil organisms and in plant growth. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both wind and atmospheric pressure play critical roles in soil aeration.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, convection and diffusion and influence the rates of soil aeration<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Soil structure refers to the size, shape and arrangement of solid particles in soil. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors such as climate, vegetation and organisms influence the complex arrangement of particles in the soil <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structural features of the soil include macroporosity and pore sieze which are also affected by minerals and soil organic matter.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Land, unlike the ocean, is not continuous; there are important geographical barriers to free movement.</li> <li>The nature of the substrate, although important in water is especially vital in terrestrial environment. Soil, not air, is the source of highly variable nutrients; it is a highly developed ecological subsystem.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soil_fauna">Soil fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_ecology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soil fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soil fauna is crucial to <a href="/wiki/Soil_formation" title="Soil formation">soil formation</a>, litter decomposition, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrient cycling">nutrient cycling</a>, biotic regulation, and for promoting <a href="/wiki/Plant_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant growth">plant growth</a>. Yet soil organisms remain underrepresented in studies on soil processes and in existing modeling exercises. This is a consequence of assuming that much below ground diversity is ecologically redundant and that <a href="/wiki/Soil_food_web" title="Soil food web">soil food webs</a> exhibit a higher degree of <a href="/wiki/Omnivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivory">omnivory</a>. However, evidence is accumulating on the strong influence of <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic filters</a>, such as temperature, moisture and <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">soil pH</a>, as well as soil habitat characteristics in controlling their spatial and temporal patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Briones2018_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briones2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soils are complex systems and their complexity resides in their heterogeneous nature: a mixture of air, water, minerals, organic compounds, and living organisms. The spatial variation, both horizontal and vertical, of all these constituents is related to soil forming agents varying from micro to macro scales.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the horizontal patchy distribution of soil properties (soil temperature, moisture, pH, litter/nutrient availability, etc.) also drives the patchiness of the soil organisms across the landscape,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been one of the main arguments for explaining the great diversity observed in soil communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because soils also show vertical stratification of their elemental constituents along the <a href="/wiki/Soil_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil profile">soil profile</a> as result of <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_texture" title="Soil texture">soil texture</a>, and resource quantity and quality differing between soil horizons, soil communities also change in abundance and structure with soil depth.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briones2018_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briones2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of these organisms are <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic</a>, so the amount of <a href="/wiki/Pore_space_in_soil" title="Pore space in soil">porous space</a>, pore-size distribution, surface area, and oxygen levels are crucial to their life cycles and activities. The smallest creatures (microbes) use the <a href="/wiki/Micropores" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropores">micropores</a> filled with air to grow, whereas other bigger animals require bigger spaces, <a href="/wiki/Macropores" class="mw-redirect" title="Macropores">macropores</a>, or the water film surrounding the soil particles to move in search for food. Therefore, soil textural properties together with the depth of the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> are also important factors regulating their diversity, population sizes, and their vertical stratification. Ultimately, the structure of the soil communities strongly depends not only on the natural soil forming factors but also on human activities (agriculture, forestry, urbanization) and determines the shape of landscapes in terms of healthy or contaminated, pristine or degraded soils.<sup id="cite_ref-Briones2018_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briones2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macrofauna">Macrofauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_ecology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Macrofauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soil_fauna,_climatic_gradients_and_soil_heterogeneity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Soil_fauna%2C_climatic_gradients_and_soil_heterogeneity.jpg/440px-Soil_fauna%2C_climatic_gradients_and_soil_heterogeneity.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Soil_fauna%2C_climatic_gradients_and_soil_heterogeneity.jpg/660px-Soil_fauna%2C_climatic_gradients_and_soil_heterogeneity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Soil_fauna%2C_climatic_gradients_and_soil_heterogeneity.jpg/880px-Soil_fauna%2C_climatic_gradients_and_soil_heterogeneity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Soil macrofauna, climatic gradients and soil heterogeneity</b> <sup id="cite_ref-Briones2018_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briones2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> Historical factors, such as climate and soil <a href="/wiki/Parent_material" title="Parent material">parent materials</a>, shape landscapes above and below ground, but the regional/local abiotic conditions constraint biological activities. These operate at different spatial and temporal scales and can switch on and off different organisms at different microsites resulting in a hot moment in a particular hotspot. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">trophic cascades</a> can occur up and down the <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a>.<br />Soil invertebrates are shown. Ellipses indicate hot (red) or cold spots (blue), with the curved arrows giving some examples of the factors that could switch on/off a hot moment and the straight black arrows (continuous black line = on, dashed = off) showing the implications for soil processes along the soil profile. In the boxes, the main ecosystem characteristics are listed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since all these drivers of biodiversity changes also operate above ground, it is thought that there must be some concordance of mechanisms regulating the spatial patterns and structure of both above and below ground communities. In support of this, a small-scale field study revealed that the relationships between <a href="/wiki/Environmental_heterogeneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental heterogeneity">environmental heterogeneity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">species richness</a> might be a general property of ecological communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen2010_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the molecular examination of 17,516 environmental 18S rRNA gene sequences representing 20 <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> of soil animals covering a range of <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> and latitudes around the world indicated otherwise, and the main conclusion from this study was that below-ground animal diversity may be inversely related to above-ground biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briones2018_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briones2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of distinct <a href="/wiki/Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity" title="Latitudinal gradients in species diversity">latitudinal gradients</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" title="Soil biodiversity">soil biodiversity</a> contrasts with those clear global patterns observed for plants above ground and has led to the assumption that they are indeed controlled by different factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardgett2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardgett2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in 2007 Lozupone and Knight found salinity was the major environmental determinant of bacterial diversity composition across the globe, rather than extremes of temperature, pH, or other physical and chemical factors.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another global scale study in 2014, Tedersoo <i>et al</i>. concluded <a href="/wiki/Fungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal">fungal</a> richness is causally unrelated to plant diversity and is better explained by climatic factors, followed by <a href="/wiki/Edaphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Edaphic">edaphic</a> and spatial patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global patterns of the distribution of macroscopic organisms are far poorer documented. However, the little evidence available appears to indicate that, at large scales, soil metazoans respond to altitudinal, latitudinal or area gradients in the same way as those described for above-ground organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, at local scales, the great diversity of microhabitats commonly found in soils provides the required niche portioning to create hot spots of diversity in just a gram of soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardgett2014_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardgett2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briones2018_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briones2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spatial patterns of soil biodiversity are difficult to explain, and its potential linkages to many soil processes and the overall ecosystem functioning are debated. For example, while some studies have found that reductions in the abundance and presence of soil organisms results in the decline of multiple ecosystem functions,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others concluded that above-ground plant diversity alone is a better predictor of ecosystem multi-functionality than soil biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil organisms exhibit a wide array of feeding preferences, life-cycles and survival strategies and they interact within complex food webs.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">species richness</a> <i>per se</i> has very little influence on soil processes and functional dissimilarity can have stronger impacts on ecosystem functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, besides the difficulties in linking above and below ground diversities at different spatial scales, gaining a better understanding of the biotic effects on ecosystem processes might require incorporating a great number of components together with several multi-trophic levels <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the much less considered non-trophic interactions such as <a href="/wiki/Phoresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoresy">phoresy</a>, passive consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In addition, if soil systems are indeed self-organized, and soil organisms concentrate their activities within a selected set of discrete scales with some form of overall coordination,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no need for looking for external factors controlling the assemblages of soil constituents. Instead we might just need to recognize the unexpected and that the linkages between above and below ground diversity and soil processes are difficult to predict.<sup id="cite_ref-Briones2018_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briones2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microfauna">Microfauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_ecology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Microfauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent advances are emerging from studying sub-organism level responses using <a href="/wiki/Environmental_DNA" title="Environmental DNA">environmental DNA</a> <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various <a href="/wiki/Omics" title="Omics">omics</a> approaches, such as <a href="/wiki/Metagenomics" title="Metagenomics">metagenomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metatranscriptomics" title="Metatranscriptomics">metatranscriptomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">proteomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proteogenomics" title="Proteogenomics">proteogenomics</a>, are rapidly advancing, at least for the microbial world.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Metaphenomics" title="Metaphenomics">Metaphenomics</a> has been proposed recently as a better way to encompass the omics and the environmental constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briones2018_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briones2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_microbes">Soil microbes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_ecology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soil microbes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_microbiology" title="Soil microbiology">Soil microbiology</a></div> <p>Soil harbors many microbes: bacteria, archaea, protist, fungi and viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of these microbes have not been cultured and remain undescribed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of next generation sequencing technologies open up the avenue to investigate microbial diversity in soil. <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One feature of soil microbes is spatial separation which influences microbe to microbe interactions and ecosystem functioning in the soil habitat. <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microorganisms in soil are found to be concentrated in specific sites called 'hot spots' which is characterized by an abundance of resources such as moisture or nutrients. <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is the <a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">rhizosphere</a>, and areas with accumulated organic matter such as the detritusphere.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These areas are characterized by the presence of decaying root litter and exudates released from plant roots which regulates the availability of carbon and nitrogen and in consequence modulate microbial processes. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from labile organic carbon, spatial separation of microbes in soil may be influenced by other environmental factors such as temperature and moisture. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other abiotic factors like pH and mineral nutrient composition may also influence the distribution of microorganisms in soil. <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variability of these factors make soil a dynamic system. <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactions between members of the soil microhabitat takes place via chemical signaling which is mediated by soluble metabolites and volatile organic compounds, in addition to extracellular polysaccharides. <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical signals enable microbes to interact, for example bacterial peptidoglycans stimulate growth of <i>Candida albicans</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reciprocally, <i>C. albicans</i> production of <a href="/wiki/Farnesol" title="Farnesol">farnesol</a> modulates the expression of virulence genes and influences bacterial quorum sensing. <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trophic interactions by microbes in the same environment is driven by molecular communication.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microbes may also exchange metabolites to support each other's growth, e.g., the release of extracellular enzymes by ectomycorrhiza decomposes organic matter and releases nutrients which then benefits other members of the population, in exchange organic acids from bacteria stimulate fungal growth <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These examples of trophic interactions especially metabolite dependencies drive species interactions and are important in the assembly of soil microbial communities. <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soil_food_web">Soil food web</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_ecology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soil food web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_food_web" title="Soil food web">soil food web</a></div> <p>Diverse organisms make up the soil <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a>. They range in size from one-celled <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>, to more complex <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> and micro-<a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, to the visible <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, small <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>. As these organisms eat, grow, and move through the soil, they make it possible to have clean water, clean air, healthy plants, and moderated water flow. </p><p>There are many ways that the soil food web is an integral part of landscape processes. <a href="/wiki/Soil_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil life">Soil organisms</a> decompose organic compounds, including <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>, plant residues, and <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, preventing them from entering water and becoming pollutants. They sequester nitrogen and other nutrients that might otherwise enter groundwater, and they fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, making it available to plants. Many organisms enhance soil aggregation and <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>, thus increasing <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">infiltration</a> and reducing <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>. Soil organisms prey on crop pests and are food for above-ground animals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_ecology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research interests span many aspects of soil ecology and <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>, Fundamentally, researchers are interested in understanding the interplay among <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, and plants, the <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogeochemical">biogeochemical</a> processes they carry out, and the physical environment in which their activities take place, and applying this knowledge to address environmental problems. </p><p>Example research projects are to examine the <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemistry</a> and microbial ecology of <a href="/wiki/Septic_drain_field" title="Septic drain field">septic drain field</a> soils used to treat domestic <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>, the role of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anecic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anecic (page does not exist)">anecic</a> <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a> in controlling the movement of water and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_soil_science" title="Agricultural soil science">agricultural soils</a>, and the assessment of soil quality in turf production.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of particular interest as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soil_ecology&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> is to understand the roles and functions of <a href="/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhiza" title="Arbuscular mycorrhiza">arbuscular</a> <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizal fungi">mycorrhizal fungi</a> in natural ecosystems. The effect of <a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">anthropic soil conditions</a> on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and the production of <a href="/wiki/Glomalin" title="Glomalin">glomalin</a> by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are both of particular interest due to their roles in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_ecology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Access Science: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessscience.com/Encyclopedia/6/63/Est_631825_frameset.html?doi">Soil Ecology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312193834/http://www.accessscience.com/Encyclopedia/6/63/Est_631825_frameset.html?doi">Archived</a> 2007-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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CABI, UK. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2F9780851996615.0000">10.1079/9780851996615.0000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851996615" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851996615"><bdi>978-0851996615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Soil+Decomposition&rft.pub=CABI%2C+UK&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2F9780851996615.0000&rft.isbn=978-0851996615&rft.au=Adl%2C+M.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil+ecology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman,_D.C.D.A._Crorsley,_Jr.2004" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, D.C. & D.A. Crorsley, Jr. (2004). <i>Fundamentals of Soil Ecology</i> (2nd ed.). Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0121797263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0121797263"><bdi>978-0121797263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Soil+Ecology&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0121797263&rft.au=Coleman%2C+D.C.&rft.au=D.A.+Crorsley%2C+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil+ecology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Killham, 1994, Soil Ecology, Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Metting, 1993,Soil Microbial Ecology, Marcel Dekker</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_ecology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soilecologysociety.com/">"Soil Ecology Society"</a>. rutgers.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soil+Ecology+Society&rft.pub=rutgers.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soilecologysociety.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil+ecology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor,_J._Anthoni2000" class="citation web cs1">Floor, J. Anthoni (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seafriends.org.nz/enviro/soil/ecology.htm">"Soil Ecology"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soil+Ecology&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Floor%2C+J.+Anthoni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seafriends.org.nz%2Fenviro%2Fsoil%2Fecology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil+ecology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.org/soilecology2/">"Soil Ecology Section"</a>. Ecological Society of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soil+Ecology+Section&rft.pub=Ecological+Society+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.org%2Fsoilecology2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil+ecology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yahoo! <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060420042508/http://dir.yahoo.com/Science/Ecology/Soil_Ecology/">Soil Ecology Directory</a>. Url last accessed 2006-04-18</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soil_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soil_science_topics" title="Template:Soil science topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soil_science_topics" title="Template talk:Soil science topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_microbiology" title="Soil microbiology">Soil microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_zoology" title="Soil zoology">Soil zoology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soil ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_physics" title="Soil physics">Soil physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Soil mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_soil_science" title="Environmental soil science">Environmental soil science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_soil_science" title="Agricultural soil science">Agricultural soil science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soil_profile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Soil_profile.svg/110px-Soil_profile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Soil_profile.svg/165px-Soil_profile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Soil_profile.svg/220px-Soil_profile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">Pedosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_morphology" title="Soil morphology">Soil morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedodiversity" title="Pedodiversity">Pedodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_formation" title="Soil formation">Soil formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">Soil erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">Soil retrogression and degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Soil compaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction_(agriculture)" title="Soil compaction (agriculture)">Soil compaction (agriculture)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_sealing" title="Soil sealing">Soil sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">Soil salinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_soil" title="Alkali soil">Alkali soil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">Soil pH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_acidification" title="Soil acidification">Soil acidification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">Soil health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil life">Soil life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" title="Soil biodiversity">Soil biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">Soil quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_value" title="Soil value">Soil value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">Soil fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">Soil resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_color" title="Soil color">Soil color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_texture" title="Soil texture">Soil texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_structure" title="Soil structure">Soil structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pore_space_in_soil" title="Pore space in soil">Pore space in soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_crust" title="Soil crust">Soil crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon">Soil horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biomantle" title="Soil biomantle">Soil biomantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">Soil carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_gas" title="Soil gas">Soil gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_respiration" title="Soil respiration">Soil respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">Soil organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">Soil moisture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_water_(retention)" title="Soil water (retention)">Soil water (retention)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil_type" title="Soil type">Soil type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soil_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soil_type" title="Template:Soil type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soil_type" title="Template talk:Soil type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soil_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soil type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soil_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">World Reference Base<br /> for Soil Resources</a> (1998–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrisol" title="Acrisol">Acrisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisols">Alisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andosol" title="Andosol">Andosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrosol" title="Anthrosol">Anthrosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamment" title="Psamment">Arenosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcisol" title="Calcisol">Calcisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambisol" title="Cambisol">Cambisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">Chernozem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryosols">Cryosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durisol" title="Durisol">Durisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferralsols" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferralsols">Ferralsols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvisol" title="Fluvisol">Fluvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleysol" title="Gleysol">Gleysols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsisols">Gypsisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastanozem" title="Kastanozem">Kastanozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptosol" title="Leptosol">Leptosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixisol" title="Lixisol">Lixisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luvisol" title="Luvisol">Luvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisol" title="Nitisol">Nitisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeozem" title="Phaeozem">Phaeozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planosol" title="Planosol">Planosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinthosol" title="Plinthosol">Plinthosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Podzols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regosol" title="Regosol">Regosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retisol" title="Retisol">Retisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonchak" title="Solonchak">Solonchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonetz" title="Solonetz">Solonetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnosol" title="Stagnosol">Stagnosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technosol" title="Technosol">Technosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrisol" title="Umbrisol">Umbrisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="USDA soil taxonomy">USDA soil taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfisol" title="Alfisol">Alfisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andisol" title="Andisol">Andisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aridisol" title="Aridisol">Aridisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entisol" title="Entisol">Entisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelisol" title="Gelisol">Gelisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inceptisol" title="Inceptisol">Inceptisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollisol" title="Mollisol">Mollisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxisol" title="Oxisol">Oxisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Spodosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultisol" title="Ultisol">Ultisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FAO_soil_classification" title="FAO soil classification">FAO soil classification</a> (1974–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Soil_Classification_System" title="Unified Soil Classification System">Unified Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AASHTO_Soil_Classification_System" title="AASHTO Soil Classification System">AASHTO Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentiel_p%C3%A9dologique" title="Référentiel pédologique">Référentiel pédologique</a> (French classification system)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_system_of_soil_classification" title="Canadian system of soil classification">Canadian system of soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Soil_Classification" title="Australian Soil Classification">Australian Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Soil_Classification" title="Polish Soil Classification">Polish Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="1938 USDA soil taxonomy">1938 USDA soil taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils" title="List of U.S. state soils">List of U.S. state soils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">List of vineyard soil types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic soil types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_crust" title="Soil crust">Soil crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claypan" title="Claypan">Claypan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpan" title="Hardpan">Hardpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypcrust" title="Gypcrust">Gypcrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliche" title="Caliche">Caliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_material" title="Parent material">Parent material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">Pedosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laimosphere" title="Laimosphere">Laimosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_soil" title="Bulk soil">Bulk soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_soil" title="Alkali soil">Alkali soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_goo" title="Blue goo">Blue goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickearth" title="Brickearth">Brickearth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_earth" title="Brown earth">Brown earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">Calcareous grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_earth" title="Dark earth">Dark earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_quicksand" title="Dry quicksand">Dry quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_soil" title="Duplex soil">Duplex soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluvium" title="Eluvium">Eluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansive_clay" title="Expansive clay">Expansive clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth" title="Fuller's earth">Fuller's earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_soil" title="Hydrophobic soil">Hydrophobic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Lunar soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">Mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">Paleosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_farmland" title="Prime farmland">Prime farmland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quicksand" title="Quicksand">Quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_soil" title="Serpentine soil">Serpentine soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spodic_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Spodic soil">Spodic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnogley" title="Stagnogley">Stagnogley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaqueous_soil" title="Subaqueous soil">Subaqueous soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takir_(soil)" title="Takir (soil)">Takir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_rossa_(soil)" title="Terra rossa (soil)">Terra rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedoma" title="Yedoma">Yedoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_soil" title="Category:Types of soil">Types of soil</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">Soil conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">Soil management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_survey" title="Soil survey">Soil survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil test">Soil test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_governance" title="Soil governance">Soil governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_value" title="Soil value">Soil value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity_control" title="Soil salinity control">Soil salinity control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liming_(soil)" title="Liming (soil)">Liming (soil)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_materials" title="Earth materials">Earth materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrology">Agrology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies, Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Society_of_Soil_Science_Incorporated" title="Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated">Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_of_Soil_Science" title="Canadian Society of Soil Science">Canadian Society of Soil Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Soil_Salinity_Research_Institute" title="Central Soil Salinity Research Institute">Central Soil Salinity Research Institute</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Soil_Science_Society" title="German Soil Science Society">German Soil Science Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Soil_Science" title="Indian Institute of Soil Science">Indian Institute of Soil Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Soil_Sciences" title="International Union of Soil Sciences">International Union of Soil Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Soil" title="International Year of Soil">International Year of Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_Consulting_Soil_Scientists" title="National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists">National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPAL_Soil_Centre" title="OPAL Soil Centre">OPAL Soil Centre</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_Poland" title="Soil Science Society of Poland">Soil Science Society of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_and_Water_Conservation_Society" title="Soil and Water Conservation Society">Soil and Water Conservation Society</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America" title="Soil Science Society of America">Soil Science Society of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Soil_Science" title="World Congress of Soil Science">World Congress of Soil Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Agriculturae_Scandinavica_B" title="Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B">Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Soil_and_Water_Conservation" title="Journal of Soil and Water Conservation">Journal of Soil and Water Conservation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plant_and_Soil" title="Plant and Soil">Plant and Soil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvovedenie" title="Pochvovedenie">Pochvovedenie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soil_Research" title="Soil Research">Soil Research</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Land conversion">Land conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">Crust (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impervious_surface" title="Impervious surface">Impervious surface</a>/<a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrichor" title="Petrichor">Petrichor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Project page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Soil" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Soil">Wikipedia:WikiProject Soil</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soil" title="Category:Soil">Category soil</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Soil_science" title="Category:Soil science">Category soil science</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_soil_scientists" title="List of soil scientists">List of soil scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_ecology" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_ecology" title="Template:Branches of ecology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_ecology" title="Template talk:Branches of ecology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_ecology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of ecology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_ecology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ecology#Subdisciplines_of_ecology,_and_subdiscipline_classification" title="Outline of ecology">Branches of ecology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">Methodology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">Field ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_ecology" title="Quantitative ecology">Quantitative ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_ecology" title="Theoretical ecology">Theoretical ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spatial_scale" title="Spatial scale">Spatial scale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microecology" title="Microecology">Microecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroecology" title="Macroecology">Macroecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Organisation</a> or scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autecology" title="Autecology">Autecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Synecology">Synecology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Community ecology">Community ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem ecology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_ecology" title="Insect ecology">Insect ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biogeographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogeographic">biogeographical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ecology" title="Polar ecology">Polar ecology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_ecology" title="Desert ecology">Desert ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Forest ecology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soil ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_ecology" title="Tropical ecology">Tropical ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenomena#Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">Ecological phenomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behavioral ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_ecology" title="Chemical ecology">Chemical ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_ecology" title="Disease ecology">Disease ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecophysiology" title="Ecophysiology">Ecophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotoxicology" title="Ecotoxicology">Ecotoxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_ecology" title="Functional ecology">Functional ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_ecology" title="Genetic ecology">Genetic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_ecology" title="Molecular ecology">Molecular ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoecology" title="Paleoecology">Paleoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(academic_field)" title="Social ecology (academic field)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_ecology" title="Spatial ecology">Spatial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_ecology" title="Thermal ecology">Thermal ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" 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