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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holdridge_(1947,_1964)_life_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holdridge_(1947,_1964)_life_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Holdridge (1947, 1964) life zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holdridge_(1947,_1964)_life_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allee_(1949)_biome-types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allee_(1949)_biome-types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Allee (1949) biome-types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allee_(1949)_biome-types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kendeigh_(1961)_biomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kendeigh_(1961)_biomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kendeigh (1961) biomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kendeigh_(1961)_biomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whittaker_(1962,_1970,_1975)_biome-types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whittaker_(1962,_1970,_1975)_biome-types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Whittaker (1962, 1970, 1975) biome-types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whittaker_(1962,_1970,_1975)_biome-types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_definitions_for_understanding_Whittaker's_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_definitions_for_understanding_Whittaker's_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Key definitions for understanding Whittaker's scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_definitions_for_understanding_Whittaker's_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whittaker's_parameters_for_classifying_biome-types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whittaker's_parameters_for_classifying_biome-types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Whittaker's parameters for classifying biome-types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whittaker's_parameters_for_classifying_biome-types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biome-types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biome-types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Biome-types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biome-types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goodall_(1974–)_ecosystem_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goodall_(1974–)_ecosystem_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Goodall (1974–) ecosystem types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goodall_(1974–)_ecosystem_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walter_(1976,_2002)_zonobiomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walter_(1976,_2002)_zonobiomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Walter (1976, 2002) zonobiomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walter_(1976,_2002)_zonobiomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schultz_(1988)_eco-zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schultz_(1988)_eco-zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Schultz (1988) eco-zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schultz_(1988)_eco-zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bailey_(1989)_ecoregions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bailey_(1989)_ecoregions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Bailey (1989) ecoregions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bailey_(1989)_ecoregions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olson_&_Dinerstein_(1998)_biomes_for_WWF_/_Global_200" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olson_&_Dinerstein_(1998)_biomes_for_WWF_/_Global_200"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olson_&_Dinerstein_(1998)_biomes_for_WWF_/_Global_200-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biogeographic_realms_(terrestrial_and_freshwater)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogeographic_realms_(terrestrial_and_freshwater)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>Biogeographic realms (terrestrial and freshwater)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogeographic_realms_(terrestrial_and_freshwater)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biogeographic_realms_(marine)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogeographic_realms_(marine)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.2</span> <span>Biogeographic realms (marine)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogeographic_realms_(marine)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomes_(terrestrial)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomes_(terrestrial)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.3</span> <span>Biomes (terrestrial)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomes_(terrestrial)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomes_(freshwater)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomes_(freshwater)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.4</span> <span>Biomes (freshwater)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomes_(freshwater)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomes_(marine)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomes_(marine)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.5</span> <span>Biomes (marine)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomes_(marine)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_of_the_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_the_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.6</span> <span>Summary of the scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_the_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_biomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_biomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other biomes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_biomes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other biomes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_biomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_biomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_biomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Marine biomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_biomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropogenic_biomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropogenic_biomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anthropogenic biomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropogenic_biomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbial_biomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbial_biomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Microbial biomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbial_biomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endolithic_biomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endolithic_biomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Endolithic biomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endolithic_biomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects of climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biome</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioom" title="Bioom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bioom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="حيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="জীবাঞ্চল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবাঞ্চল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Биом – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Биом" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BC" title="Біём – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біём" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BC" title="Біём – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біём" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="बायोम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बायोम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Биом – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биом" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Биом – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биом" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kozone" title="Ökozone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ökozone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioom" title="Bioom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bioom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Μεγαοικοσύστημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγαοικοσύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomo" title="Biomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85" title="زیست‌بوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌بوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome" title="Biome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bith%C3%B3m" title="Bithóm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bithóm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC_%EA%B5%B0%EA%B3%84" title="생물 군계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물 군계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Բիոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="बायोम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बायोम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auan" title="Auan – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Auan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADfbelti" title="Lífbelti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lífbelti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94" title="ביומה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביומה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბიომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Биом – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биом" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biy%C3%B2m" title="Biyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Biyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyom" title="Biyom – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Biyom" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Биом – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биом" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomas" title="Biomas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biomas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Биом – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биом" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijoma" title="Bijoma – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bijoma" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioom" title="Bioom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bioom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E7%B3%BB" title="生物群系 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物群系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B2ma" title="Biòma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biòma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baayoomii" title="Baayoomii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baayoomii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="بائیوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بائیوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بايوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بايوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Биом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Биом – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биом" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8" title="බයෝම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බයෝම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome" title="Biome – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B3m" title="Bióm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bióm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95_%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زیندە ھەرێمەکانی وشکانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیندە ھەرێمەکانی وشکانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Биом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bioma" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomi" title="Biomi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom" title="Biom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoma" title="Biyoma – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyoma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிர்மம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்மம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A8" title="ชีวนิเวศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีวนิเวศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyom" title="Biyom – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Біом – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="بائیوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بائیوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Khu sinh học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khu sinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioom" title="Bioom – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bioom" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoma" title="Biyoma – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Biyoma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E7%B3%BB" title="生物群系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物群系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E7%B3%BB" title="生物群系 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物群系" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E7%B3%BB" title="生物群系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物群系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101998#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Biogeographical unit with a particular biological community</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vegetation.png/300px-Vegetation.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vegetation.png/450px-Vegetation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vegetation.png/600px-Vegetation.png 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>One way of mapping terrestrial (land) biomes around the world</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>biome</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a distinct <a href="/wiki/Geographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical region">geographical region</a> with specific <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal life">animal life</a>. It consists of a biological <a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">community</a> that has formed in response to its physical environment and regional <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biomes may span more than one continent. A biome encompasses multiple <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> within its boundaries. It can also comprise a variety of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>. </p><p>While a biome can cover small areas, a <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiome</a> is a mix of organisms that coexist in a defined space on a much smaller scale. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome" title="Human microbiome">human microbiome</a> is the collection of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that are present on or in a human body.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A biota is the total collection of organisms of a geographic region or a time period, from local geographic scales and instantaneous temporal scales all the way up to whole-planet and whole-timescale spatiotemporal scales. The biotas of the Earth make up the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term was suggested in 1916 by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Clements" title="Frederic Clements">Clements</a>, originally as a synonym for <i><a href="/wiki/Biotic_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic community">biotic community</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%B6bius" title="Karl Möbius">Möbius</a> (1877).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, it gained its current definition, based on earlier concepts of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phytophysiognomy#:~:text=phytophysiognomy_(plural_phytophysiognomies),physiognomy_(appearance)_of_a_plant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:phytophysiognomy">phytophysiognomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formation_(vegetation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (vegetation)">formation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> (used in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a>), with the inclusion of the animal element and the exclusion of the taxonomic element of <a href="/wiki/Species_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Species composition">species composition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coutinho_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coutinho-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tansley" title="Arthur Tansley">Tansley</a> added the climatic and soil aspects to the idea, calling it <i><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Biological_Program" title="International Biological Program">International Biological Program</a> (1964–74) projects popularized the concept of biome.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in some contexts, the term <i>biome</i> is used in a different manner. In German literature, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Walter" title="Heinrich Walter">Walter</a> terminology, the term is used similarly as <i><a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">biotope</a></i> (a concrete geographical unit), while the biome definition used in this article is used as an international, non-regional, terminology—irrespectively of the continent in which an area is present, it takes the same biome name—and corresponds to his "zonobiome", "orobiome" and "pedobiome" (biomes determined by climate zone, altitude or soil).<sup id="cite_ref-WalterBreckle_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalterBreckle-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Brazilian literature, the term <i>biome</i> is sometimes used as a synonym of <i><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogeographic province">biogeographic province</a></i>, an area based on <a href="/wiki/Species_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Species composition">species composition</a> (the term <i><a href="/wiki/Floristic_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic province">floristic province</a></i> being used when plant species are considered), or also as synonym of the "morphoclimatic and phytogeographical domain" of <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Ab%27S%C3%A1ber" title="Aziz Ab'Sáber">Ab'Sáber</a>, a geographic space with subcontinental dimensions, with the predominance of similar geomorphologic and climatic characteristics, and of a certain vegetation form. Both include many biomes in fact.<sup id="cite_ref-Coutinho_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coutinho-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To divide the world into a few ecological zones is difficult, notably because of the small-scale variations that exist everywhere on earth and because of the gradual changeover from one biome to the other. Their boundaries must therefore be drawn arbitrarily and their characterization made according to the average conditions that predominate in them.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1978 study on North American <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">grasslands</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found a positive <a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">logistic correlation</a> between <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> in mm/yr and above-ground net primary production in g/m<sup>2</sup>/yr. The general results from the study were that precipitation and water use led to above-ground primary production, while <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar irradiation</a> and temperature lead to below-ground primary production (roots), and temperature and water lead to cool and warm season growth habit.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings help explain the categories used in Holdridge's bioclassification scheme (see below), which were then later simplified by Whittaker. The number of classification schemes and the variety of determinants used in those schemes, however, should be taken as strong indicators that biomes do not fit perfectly into the classification schemes created. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holdridge_(1947,_1964)_life_zones"><span id="Holdridge_.281947.2C_1964.29_life_zones"></span>Holdridge (1947, 1964) life zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Holdridge (1947, 1964) life zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lifezones_Pengo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lifezones_Pengo.svg/510px-Lifezones_Pengo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="510" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lifezones_Pengo.svg/765px-Lifezones_Pengo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lifezones_Pengo.svg/1020px-Lifezones_Pengo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Holdridge life zone classification scheme. Although conceived as three-dimensional by its originator, it is usually shown as a two-dimensional array of hexagons in a triangular frame.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holdridge_life_zones" title="Holdridge life zones">Holdridge life zones</a></div> <p>In 1947, the American botanist and climatologist <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Holdridge" title="Leslie Holdridge">Leslie Holdridge</a> classified climates based on the biological effects of temperature and <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> under the assumption that these two <a href="/wiki/Abiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotic">abiotic</a> factors are the largest determinants of the types of vegetation found in a habitat. Holdridge uses the four axes to define 30 so-called "humidity provinces", which are clearly visible in his diagram. While this scheme largely ignores soil and sun exposure, Holdridge acknowledged that these were important. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allee_(1949)_biome-types"><span id="Allee_.281949.29_biome-types"></span>Allee (1949) biome-types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allee (1949) biome-types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal biome-types by Allee (1949):<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">Deciduous forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="High plateau">High plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">Tropical forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_terrestrial_biomes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minor terrestrial biomes (page does not exist)">Minor terrestrial biomes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kendeigh_(1961)_biomes"><span id="Kendeigh_.281961.29_biomes"></span>Kendeigh (1961) biomes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kendeigh (1961) biomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal biomes of the world by Kendeigh (1961):<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Terrestrial</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Temperate deciduous forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Coniferous forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral">Chaparral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical savanna">Tropical savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">Tropical forest</a></li></ul></li> <li>Marine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">nekton</a></li> <li>Balanoid-gastropod-<a href="/wiki/Thallophyte" title="Thallophyte">thallophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecypod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelecypod">Pelecypod</a>-<a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whittaker_(1962,_1970,_1975)_biome-types"><span id="Whittaker_.281962.2C_1970.2C_1975.29_biome-types"></span>Whittaker (1962, 1970, 1975) biome-types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Whittaker (1962, 1970, 1975) biome-types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_influence_on_terrestrial_biome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Climate_influence_on_terrestrial_biome.svg/220px-Climate_influence_on_terrestrial_biome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Climate_influence_on_terrestrial_biome.svg/330px-Climate_influence_on_terrestrial_biome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Climate_influence_on_terrestrial_biome.svg/440px-Climate_influence_on_terrestrial_biome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of vegetation types as a function of mean annual temperature and precipitation.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harding_Whittaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Harding Whittaker">Whittaker</a> classified biomes using two abiotic factors: precipitation and temperature. His scheme can be seen as a simplification of Holdridge's; more readily accessible, but missing Holdridge's greater specificity. </p><p>Whittaker based his approach on theoretical assertions and empirical sampling. He had previously compiled a review of biome classifications.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Key_definitions_for_understanding_Whittaker's_scheme"><span id="Key_definitions_for_understanding_Whittaker.27s_scheme"></span>Key definitions for understanding Whittaker's scheme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Key definitions for understanding Whittaker's scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">Physiognomy</a>: sometimes referring to the plants' appearance; or the biome's apparent characteristics, outward features, or appearance of ecological communities or species - including plants.</li> <li>Biome: a grouping of terrestrial ecosystems on a given continent that is similar in vegetation structure, physiognomy, features of the environment and characteristics of their animal communities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_(vegetation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (vegetation)">Formation</a>: a major kind of community of plants on a given continent.</li> <li>Biome-type: grouping of convergent biomes or formations of different continents, defined by physiognomy.</li> <li>Formation-type: a grouping of convergent formations.</li></ul> <p>Whittaker's distinction between biome and formation can be simplified: formation is used when applied to <a href="/wiki/Plant_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant communities">plant communities</a> only, while biome is used when concerned with both plants and animals. Whittaker's convention of biome-type or formation-type is a broader method to categorize similar communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker1975_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker1975-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Whittaker's_parameters_for_classifying_biome-types"><span id="Whittaker.27s_parameters_for_classifying_biome-types"></span>Whittaker's parameters for classifying biome-types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Whittaker's parameters for classifying biome-types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whittaker used what he called "gradient analysis" of <a href="/wiki/Ecocline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecocline">ecocline</a> patterns to relate communities to climate on a worldwide scale. Whittaker considered four main ecoclines in the terrestrial realm.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker1975_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker1975-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Intertidal levels: The wetness gradient of areas that are exposed to alternating water and dryness with intensities that vary by location from high to low tide</li> <li>Climatic moisture gradient</li> <li>Temperature gradient by altitude</li> <li>Temperature gradient by latitude</li></ol> <p>Along these gradients, Whittaker noted several trends that allowed him to qualitatively establish biome-types: </p> <ul><li>The gradient runs from favorable to the extreme, with corresponding changes in productivity.</li> <li>Changes in physiognomic complexity vary with how favorable of an environment exists (decreasing community structure and reduction of stratal differentiation as the environment becomes less favorable).</li> <li>Trends in the diversity of structure follow trends in species diversity; alpha and beta species diversities decrease from favorable to extreme environments.</li> <li>Each growth-form (i.e. grasses, shrubs, etc.) has its characteristic place of maximum importance along the ecoclines.</li> <li>The same growth forms may be dominant in similar environments in widely different parts of the world.</li></ul> <p>Whittaker summed the effects of gradients (3) and (4) to get an overall temperature gradient and combined this with a gradient (2), the moisture gradient, to express the above conclusions in what is known as the Whittaker classification scheme. The scheme graphs average annual precipitation (x-axis) versus average annual temperature (y-axis) to classify biome-types. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biome-types">Biome-types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biome-types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">Tropical rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_seasonal_rainforest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropical seasonal rainforest (page does not exist)">Tropical seasonal rainforest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semideciduous" class="mw-redirect" title="Semideciduous">semideciduous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperate_giant_rainforest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperate giant rainforest (page does not exist)">Temperate giant rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane rainforest">Montane rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Temperate deciduous forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperate_evergreen_forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperate evergreen forest (page does not exist)">Temperate evergreen forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Needleleaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Needleleaf (page does not exist)">needleleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">sclerophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subarctic-subalpine needle-leaved forests (<a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfin_woodland" class="mw-redirect" title="Elfin woodland">Elfin woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorn_forest" title="Thorn forest">Thorn forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorn_scrub" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorn scrub">Thorn scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_woodland" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate woodland">Temperate woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate shrublands">Temperate shrublands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">sclerophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subalpine-needleleaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subalpine-needleleaf (page does not exist)">subalpine-needleleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subalpine-broadleaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subalpine-broadleaf (page does not exist)">subalpine-broadleaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_grassland" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate grassland">Temperate grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_grasslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpine grasslands (page does not exist)">Alpine grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_desert" title="Tropical desert">Tropical desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warm-temperate_desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warm-temperate desert (page does not exist)">Warm-temperate desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_temperate_desert_scrub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cool temperate desert scrub (page does not exist)">Cool temperate desert scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic-alpine_desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arctic-alpine desert (page does not exist)">Arctic-alpine desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_fresh-water_swamp_forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropical fresh-water swamp forest (page does not exist)">Tropical fresh-water swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperate_fresh-water_swamp_forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperate fresh-water swamp forest (page does not exist)">Temperate fresh-water swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove swamp">Mangrove swamp</a></li> <li>Salt marsh</li> <li>Wetland<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goodall_(1974–)_ecosystem_types"><span id="Goodall_.281974.E2.80.93.29_ecosystem_types"></span>Goodall (1974–) ecosystem types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Goodall (1974–) ecosystem types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The multi-authored series <i>Ecosystems of the World</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/David_W._Goodall" class="mw-redirect" title="David W. Goodall">David W. Goodall</a>, provides a comprehensive coverage of the major "ecosystem types or biomes" on Earth:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"><li>Terrestrial Ecosystems <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li>Natural Terrestrial Ecosystems <div><ol><li>Wet Coastal Ecosystems</li><li>Dry Coastal Ecosystems</li><li>Polar and Alpine Tundra</li><li>Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen, and Moor</li><li>Temperate Deserts and Semi-Deserts</li><li>Coniferous Forests</li><li>Temperate Deciduous Forests</li><li>Natural Grasslands</li><li>Heathlands and Related Shrublands</li><li>Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forests</li><li>Mediterranean-Type Shrublands</li><li>Hot Deserts and Arid Shrublands</li><li>Tropical Savannas</li><li>Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems</li><li>Wetland Forests</li><li>Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground</li></ol></div></li><li>Managed Terrestrial Ecosystems <div><ol start="17"><li>Managed Grasslands</li><li>Field Crop Ecosystems</li><li>Tree Crop Ecosystems</li><li>Greenhouse Ecosystems</li><li>Bioindustrial Ecosystems</li></ol></div></li></ol></div></li><li>Aquatic Ecosystems <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li>Inland Aquatic Ecosystems <div><ol start="22"><li>River and Stream Ecosystems</li><li>Lakes and Reservoirs</li></ol></div></li><li>Marine Ecosystems <div><ol start="24"><li>Intertidal and Littoral Ecosystems</li><li>Coral Reefs</li><li>Estuaries and Enclosed Seas</li><li>Ecosystems of the Continental Shelves</li><li>Ecosystems of the Deep Ocean</li></ol></div></li><li>Managed Aquatic Ecosystems <div><ol start="29"><li>Managed Aquatic Ecosystems</li></ol></div></li></ol></div></li><li>Underground Ecosystems <div><ol start="30"><li>Cave Ecosystems</li></ol></div></li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walter_(1976,_2002)_zonobiomes"><span id="Walter_.281976.2C_2002.29_zonobiomes"></span>Walter (1976, 2002) zonobiomes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Walter (1976, 2002) zonobiomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eponymously named <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Walter" title="Heinrich Walter">Heinrich Walter</a> classification scheme considers the seasonality of temperature and precipitation. The system, also assessing precipitation and temperature, finds nine major biome types, with the important climate traits and <a href="/wiki/Vegetation_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetation type">vegetation types</a>. The boundaries of each biome correlate to the conditions of moisture and cold stress that are strong determinants of plant form, and therefore the vegetation that defines the region. Extreme conditions, such as flooding in a swamp, can create different kinds of communities within the same biome.<sup id="cite_ref-WalterBreckle_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalterBreckle-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th>Zonobiome </th> <th>Zonal soil type </th> <th>Zonal vegetation type </th></tr> <tr> <th>ZB I </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial region">Equatorial</a>, always moist, little temperature seasonality </td> <td>Equatorial brown clays </td> <td>Evergreen <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ZB II </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">Tropical</a>, summer rainy season and cooler "winter" dry season </td> <td>Red clays or red earths </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropical_seasonal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical seasonal forest">Tropical seasonal forest</a>, seasonal <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">dry forest</a>, scrub, or savanna </td></tr> <tr> <th>ZB III </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">Subtropical</a>, highly seasonal, <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> climate </td> <td>Serosemes, sierozemes </td> <td>Desert vegetation with considerable exposed surface </td></tr> <tr> <th>ZB IV </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, winter rainy season and summer drought </td> <td>Mediterranean brown earths </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">Sclerophyllous</a> (drought-adapted), frost-sensitive shrublands and woodlands </td></tr> <tr> <th>ZB V </th> <td>Warm temperate, occasional frost, often with summer rainfall maximum </td> <td>Yellow or red forest soils, slightly podsolic soils </td> <td>Temperate evergreen forest, somewhat frost-sensitive </td></tr> <tr> <th>ZB VI </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nemoral" title="Nemoral">Nemoral</a>, moderate climate with winter freezing </td> <td>Forest brown earths and grey forest soils </td> <td>Frost-resistant, <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>, temperate forest </td></tr> <tr> <th>ZB VII </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Continental</a>, arid, with warm or hot summers and cold winters </td> <td>Chernozems to serozems </td> <td>Grasslands and temperate deserts </td></tr> <tr> <th>ZB VIII </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Boreal_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal climate">Boreal</a>, cold temperate with cool summers and long winters </td> <td>Podsols </td> <td>Evergreen, frost-hardy, needle-leaved forest (<a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>ZB IX </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar</a>, short, cool summers and long, cold winters </td> <td>Tundra humus soils with solifluction (<a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> soils) </td> <td>Low, evergreen vegetation, without trees, growing over permanently frozen soils </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schultz_(1988)_eco-zones"><span id="Schultz_.281988.29_eco-zones"></span>Schultz (1988) eco-zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Schultz (1988) eco-zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schultz (1988, 2005) defined nine <i>ecozones</i> (his concept of ecozone is more similar to the concept of biome than to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">ecozone</a> of BBC):<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ol><li>polar/subpolar zone</li> <li>boreal zone</li> <li>humid mid-latitudes</li> <li>dry mid-latitudes</li> <li>subtropics with winter rain</li> <li>subtropics with year-round rain</li> <li>dry tropics and subtropics</li> <li>tropics with summer rain</li> <li>tropics with year-round rain</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bailey_(1989)_ecoregions"><span id="Bailey_.281989.29_ecoregions"></span>Bailey (1989) ecoregions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bailey (1989) ecoregions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bailey_(geographer)" title="Robert Bailey (geographer)">Robert G. Bailey</a> nearly developed a <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeographical</a> classification system of <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a> for the United States in a map published in 1976. He subsequently expanded the system to include the rest of North America in 1981, and the world in 1989. The Bailey system, based on climate, is divided into four domains (polar, humid temperate, dry, and humid tropical), with further divisions based on other climate characteristics (subarctic, warm temperate, hot temperate, and subtropical; marine and continental; lowland and mountain).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>100 Polar Domain</b> <ul><li>120 <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a> Division (Köppen: <a href="/wiki/Ice_Cap_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Cap Climate">Ft</a>)</li> <li>M120 Tundra Division – Mountain Provinces</li> <li>130 Subarctic Division (Köppen: <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">E</a>)</li> <li>M130 Subarctic Division – Mountain Provinces</li></ul></li> <li><b>200 Humid Temperate Domain</b> <ul><li>210 Warm Continental Division (Köppen: portion of <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dcb</a>)</li> <li>M210 Warm Continental Division – Mountain Provinces</li> <li>220 Hot Continental Division (Köppen: portion of <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dca</a>)</li> <li>M220 Hot Continental Division – Mountain Provinces</li> <li>230 Subtropical Division (Köppen: portion of <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cf</a>)</li> <li>M230 Subtropical Division – Mountain Provinces</li> <li>240 Marine Division (Köppen: <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Do</a>)</li> <li>M240 Marine Division – Mountain Provinces</li> <li>250 Prairie Division (Köppen: arid portions of <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dcb</a>)</li> <li>260 Mediterranean Division (Köppen: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Cs</a>)</li> <li>M260 Mediterranean Division – Mountain Provinces</li></ul></li> <li><b>300 Dry Domain</b> <ul><li>310 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division</li> <li>M310 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division – Mountain Provinces</li> <li>320 Tropical/Subtropical Desert Division</li> <li>330 Temperate Steppe Division</li> <li>340 Temperate Desert Division</li></ul></li> <li><b>400 Humid Tropical Domain</b> <ul><li>410 Savanna Division</li> <li>420 Rainforest Division</li></ul></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Biome_WWF_System"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olson_&_Dinerstein_(1998)_biomes_for_WWF_/_Global_200"><span id="Olson_.26_Dinerstein_.281998.29_biomes_for_WWF_.2F_Global_200"></span>Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biomes_of_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Biomes_of_the_world.svg/440px-Biomes_of_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Biomes_of_the_world.svg/660px-Biomes_of_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Biomes_of_the_world.svg/880px-Biomes_of_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Terrestrial biomes of the world according to Olson et al. and used by the WWF and Global 200.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200</a></div> <p>A team of biologists convened by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wildlife Fund</a> (WWF) developed a scheme that divided the world's land area into <a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">biogeographic realms</a> (called "ecozones" in a BBC scheme), and these into <a href="/wiki/Ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions">ecoregions</a> (Olson & Dinerstein, 1998, etc.). Each ecoregion is characterized by a main biome (also called major habitat type).<sup id="cite_ref-Olson1998_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olson2001_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson2001-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This classification is used to define the <a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200</a> list of <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a> identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson1998_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregions">terrestrial ecoregions</a>, there is a specific EcoID, format XXnnNN (XX is the <a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">biogeographic realm</a>, nn is the biome number, NN is the individual number). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biogeographic_realms_(terrestrial_and_freshwater)"><span id="Biogeographic_realms_.28terrestrial_and_freshwater.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic realms</a> (terrestrial and freshwater)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Biogeographic realms (terrestrial and freshwater)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>NA: <a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a></li> <li>PA: <a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a></li> <li>AT: <a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropic</a></li> <li>IM: <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalaya</a></li> <li>AA: <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasia</a></li> <li>NT: <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropic</a></li> <li>OC: <a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceania</a></li> <li>AN: <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Olson2001_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson2001-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>The applicability of the realms scheme above - based on Udvardy (1975)—to most freshwater taxa is unresolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Abell_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abell-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biogeographic_realms_(marine)"><span id="Biogeographic_realms_.28marine.29"></span>Biogeographic realms (<a href="/wiki/Marine_ecoregion" title="Marine ecoregion">marine</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biogeographic realms (marine)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Atlantic" title="Temperate Northern Atlantic">Temperate Northern Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Pacific" title="Temperate Northern Pacific">Temperate Northern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Atlantic" title="Tropical Atlantic">Tropical Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Pacific" title="Eastern Indo-Pacific">Eastern Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific" title="Tropical Eastern Pacific">Tropical Eastern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_South_America" title="Temperate South America">Temperate South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Australasia" title="Temperate Australasia">Temperate Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a><sup id="cite_ref-Spalding_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalding-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biomes_(terrestrial)"><span id="Biomes_.28terrestrial.29"></span>Biomes (terrestrial)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biomes (terrestrial)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests</a> (tropical and subtropical, humid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests</a> (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests</a> (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a> (temperate, humid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate coniferous forests">Temperate coniferous forests</a> (temperate, humid to semihumid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Boreal forests/taiga</a> (subarctic, humid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a> (tropical and subtropical, semiarid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a> (temperate, semiarid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a> (temperate to tropical, fresh or brackish water inundated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a> (alpine or montane climate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a> (Arctic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerophyll forest">sclerophyll forests</a> (temperate warm, semihumid to semiarid with winter rainfall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a> (temperate to tropical, arid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a> (subtropical and tropical, salt water inundated)<sup id="cite_ref-Olson2001_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson2001-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biomes_(freshwater)"><span id="Biomes_.28freshwater.29"></span>Biomes (freshwater)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biomes (freshwater)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the WWF, the following are classified as <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> biomes:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Large <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a></li> <li>Large <a href="/wiki/River_deltas" class="mw-redirect" title="River deltas">river deltas</a></li> <li>Polar <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwaters</a></li> <li>Montane <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwaters</a></li> <li>Temperate <a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland_(freshwater_ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)">coastal rivers</a></li> <li>Temperate floodplain rivers and <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a></li> <li>Temperate <a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland_(freshwater_ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)">upland rivers</a></li> <li>Tropical and subtropical <a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland_(freshwater_ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)">coastal rivers</a></li> <li>Tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a></li> <li>Tropical and subtropical <a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland_(freshwater_ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)">upland rivers</a></li> <li>Xeric freshwaters and <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic islands">Oceanic islands</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biomes_(marine)"><span id="Biomes_.28marine.29"></span>Biomes (marine)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Biomes (marine)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biomes of the coastal and <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> areas (<a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">neritic zone</a>): </p> <ul><li>Polar</li> <li>Temperate shelves and sea</li> <li>Temperate <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a></li> <li>Tropical <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Tropical coral</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary_of_the_scheme">Summary of the scheme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Summary of the scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic realms</a> (terrestrial) (8) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions">Ecoregions</a> (867), each characterized by a main biome type (14) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">Ecosystems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">biotopes</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic realms</a> (freshwater) (8) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions">Ecoregions</a> (426), each characterized by a main biome type (12) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">Ecosystems</a> (biotopes)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a> <ul><li>Biogeographic realms (marine) (12) <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ecoregion#Marine" title="Ecoregion">Marine provinces</a>) (62) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions">Ecoregions</a> (232), each characterized by a main biome type (5) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">Ecosystems</a> (biotopes)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic realm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palearctic">Palearctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Dinaric Mountains mixed forests">Dinaric Mountains mixed forests</a> (PA0418); biome type: <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orjen" title="Orjen">Orjen</a>, vegetation belt between 1,100 and 1,450 m, Oromediterranean zone, nemoral zone (temperate zone) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">Biotope</a>: <i>Oreoherzogio-Abietetum illyricae</i> Fuk. (<a href="/wiki/Dinaric_calcareous_block_fir_forest#Plant_list" title="Dinaric calcareous block fir forest">Plant list</a>) <ul><li>Plant: Silver fir (<i><a href="/wiki/Abies_alba" title="Abies alba">Abies alba</a></i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_biomes">Other biomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other biomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_biomes">Marine biomes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Marine biomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine habitats">Marine habitats</a></div> <p>Pruvot (1896) zones or "systems":<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_zone" title="Abyssal zone">Abyssal zone</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Longhurst_code" title="Longhurst code">Longhurst (1998) biomes</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Coastal</li> <li>Polar</li> <li>Trade wind</li> <li>Westerly</li></ul> <p>Other marine <a href="/wiki/Habitat_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat type">habitat types</a> (not covered yet by the Global 200/WWF scheme):<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Open sea">Open sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a> (trades and westerlies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssal">Abyssal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadal">Hadal</a> (ocean trench)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuaries</a></li> <li>Coastal lagoons/Atoll lagoons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">Pack ice</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropogenic_biomes">Anthropogenic biomes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Anthropogenic biomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_biome" title="Anthropogenic biome">Anthropogenic biome</a></div> <p>Humans have altered global patterns of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> processes. As a result, vegetation forms predicted by conventional biome systems can no longer be observed across much of Earth's land surface as they have been replaced by crop and rangelands or cities. <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic biomes">Anthropogenic biomes</a> provide an alternative view of the terrestrial biosphere based on global patterns of sustained direct human interaction with ecosystems, including <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">human settlements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">uses of land</a>. Anthropogenic biomes offer a way to recognize the irreversible coupling of human and ecological systems at global scales and manage Earth's biosphere and anthropogenic biomes. </p><p>Major anthropogenic biomes: </p> <ul><li>Dense settlements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cropland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cropland">Croplands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangelands</a></li> <li>Forested</li> <li>Indoor<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbial_biomes">Microbial biomes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Microbial biomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">Microbiome</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Habitat#Microhabitats" title="Habitat">Habitat § Microhabitats</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Endolithic_biomes">Endolithic biomes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Endolithic biomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">endolithic</a> biome, consisting entirely of microscopic life in rock <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">pores</a> and cracks, kilometers beneath the surface, has only recently been discovered, and does not fit well into most classification schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_climate_change">Effects of climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Effects of climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> has the potential to greatly alter the distribution of Earth's biomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobrowski-2021_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobrowski-2021-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meaning, biomes around the world could change so much that they would be at risk of becoming new biomes entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, between 54% and 22% of global land area will experience climates that correspond to other biomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobrowski-2021_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobrowski-2021-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3.6% of land area will experience climates that are completely new or unusual.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a biome shift is <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody plant encroachment</a>, which can change grass savanna into shrub savanna.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Average temperatures have risen more than twice the usual amount in both arctic and mountainous biomes,<sup id="cite_ref-De_Boeck-2019_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Boeck-2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which leads to the conclusion that arctic and mountainous biomes are currently the most vulnerable to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Boeck-2019_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Boeck-2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South American terrestrial biomes have been predicted to go through the same temperature trends as arctic and mountainous biomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Anjos-2021_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anjos-2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its annual average temperature continuing to increase, the moisture currently located in forest biomes will dry up.<sup id="cite_ref-Anjos-2021_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anjos-2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marcolla-2020_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcolla-2020-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Effects of climate change on biomes</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kummu_2021_quantiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kummu_2021_quantiles.jpg/220px-Kummu_2021_quantiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kummu_2021_quantiles.jpg/330px-Kummu_2021_quantiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kummu_2021_quantiles.jpg/440px-Kummu_2021_quantiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Predicated changes for Earth's biomes under two different <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">climate change scenarios</a> for 2081–2100. Top row is low emissions scenario, bottom row is high emissions scenario. Biomes are classified with <a href="/wiki/Holdridge_life_zones" title="Holdridge life zones">Holdridge life zones</a> system. A shift of 1 or 100% (darker colours) indicates that the region has fully moved into a completely different biome zone type.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes_Kummu2021_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes_Kummu2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is already now altering biomes, adversely affecting terrestrial and marine <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change represents long-term changes in temperature and average weather patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to a substantial increase in both the frequency and the intensity of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather event">extreme weather events</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes_IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes_IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a region's climate changes, a change in its <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> follows.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, out of 4000 species analyzed by the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a>, half were found to have shifted their distribution to higher latitudes or elevations in response to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes_AR6_WGII_Chapter2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes_AR6_WGII_Chapter2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_classification" title="Climate classification">Climate classification</a> – Systems that categorize the world's climates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotope" title="Ecotope">Ecotope</a> – Smallest ecologically distinct landscape features in a landscape mapping and classification system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_zone" title="Life zone">Life zone</a> – Concept was developed by C. Hart Merriam in 1889</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a> – Living and non-living things on Earth</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBowmanHacker2021" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, William D.; Hacker, Sally D. (2021). <i>Ecology</i> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. H3–1–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1605359212" title="Special:BookSources/978-1605359212"><bdi>978-1605359212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology&rft.pages=H3-1-51&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1605359212&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.au=Hacker%2C+Sally+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRull2020" class="citation book cs1">Rull, Valentí (2020). 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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 9 August 2021. p. SPM-23; Fig. SPM.6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104175351/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Summary+for+Policymakers&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis.+Working+Group+I+contribution+to+the+WGI+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pages=SPM-23%3B+Fig.+SPM.6&rft.pub=Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.date=2021-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_PuttenMacelVisser2010" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Putten, Wim H.; Macel, Mirka; Visser, Marcel E. (2010-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880132">"Predicting species distribution and abundance responses to climate change: why it is essential to include biotic interactions across trophic levels"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>365</b> (1549): 2025–2034. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0037">10.1098/rstb.2010.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880132">2880132</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20513711">20513711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Predicting+species+distribution+and+abundance+responses+to+climate+change%3A+why+it+is+essential+to+include+biotic+interactions+across+trophic+levels&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=1549&rft.pages=2025-2034&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2880132%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20513711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0037&rft.aulast=Van+der+Putten&rft.aufirst=Wim+H.&rft.au=Macel%2C+Mirka&rft.au=Visser%2C+Marcel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2880132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes_AR6_WGII_Chapter2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes_AR6_WGII_Chapter2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter02.pdf">Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 257-260 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.004</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ritter, Michael E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228054041/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/biomes/outline.html">The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography</a>. University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biome&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Biome" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Biome">Biome</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Biomes_and_ecosystems#Q101998" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Biomes and ecosystems">Biomes and ecosystems</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>University of California Museum of Paleontology Berkeley's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/">The World's Biomes</a></li> <li>Gale/Cengage <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711070312/http://www.galeschools.com/environment/biomes/overview.htm">Biome Overview</a> (archived 11 July 2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/topics/view/51cbfc84f702fc2ba812bc2d/">"Biomes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth" title="Encyclopedia of Earth">Encyclopedia of Earth</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biomes&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Earth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoearth.org%2Ftopics%2Fview%2F51cbfc84f702fc2ba812bc2d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theglobaleducationproject.org/earth/global-ecology.php#3">Global Currents and Terrestrial Biomes Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222001659/http://www.worldbiomes.com/">WorldBiomes.com</a> (archived 22 February 2011)</li> <li>Panda.org's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706065633/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/">Major Habitat Types</a> (archived 6 July 2017)</li> <li>NASA's Earth Observatory <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Experiments/Biome/">Mission: Biomes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://databayou.com/world/deserts.html">World Map of Desert Biomes</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biogeographic_regionalisations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biomes" title="Template:Biomes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biomes" title="Template talk:Biomes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biogeographic_regionalisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biogeography#Biogeographic_regionalisations" title="Biogeography">Biogeographic regionalisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biomes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90A010;">Polar/montane</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;">Temperate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Broadleaf and mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#20A010;">Tropical and<br /> subtropical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">Tropical rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Moist broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Dry broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFDC60;">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:mediumseagreen;">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Aquatic<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:silver;">Other biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolithic zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic <br /> realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holarctic_realm" title="Holarctic realm">Holarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Marine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_realm" title="Arctic realm">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Pacific" title="Eastern Indo-Pacific">Eastern Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Australasia" title="Temperate Australasia">Temperate Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Atlantic" title="Temperate Northern Atlantic">Temperate Northern Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Pacific" title="Temperate Northern Pacific">Temperate Northern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_South_America" title="Temperate South America">Temperate South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Atlantic" title="Tropical Atlantic">Tropical Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific" title="Tropical Eastern Pacific">Tropical Eastern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biogeographic_provinces" title="List of biogeographic provinces">Biogeographic provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">Bioregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ecoregions" title="Lists of ecoregions">Lists of ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200 ecoregions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_land_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological land classification">Ecological land classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeographic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoogeographic region">Zoogeographic regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth" title="Template talk:Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth" title="Outline of Earth">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">Troposphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">Stratosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">Mesosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">Thermosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">Exosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Energy balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">Culture and society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_symbol" title="Earth symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth#Etymology" title="Earth">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_imaging" title="Geophysical imaging">Tomography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101998#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101998#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101998#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4132387-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Life zones"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85076851">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="biomy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114170&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529356805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=35323">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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