AGRICULTURE - Histoire des agricultures jusqu'au XIXe siècle

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Les grands traits de l'évolution de l'agriculture en Europe jusqu'au xixe siècle </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="AGRICULTURE - Histoire des agricultures jusqu'au XIXe siècle, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/agriculture-histoire-des-agricultures-jusqu-au-xixe-siecle/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>AGRICULTURE</strong><span class="label-sub"> Histoire des agricultures jusqu'au XIXe siècle</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC140065_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC140065_0"></i><p>Il y a dix mille ans, au début du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Néolithique correspond à une époque des temps préhistoriques que l'on situe aujourd'hui pour l'Europe entre — 6 000 et — 3 000 mais qui a des chronologies variables dans les autres régions du monde. Pour les premiers préhistoriens comme John Lubbock, qui a créé le terme en 1865, le Néolithique correspondait à l'Âge de la pierre polie et on le plaçait alors entre le Pa..." title="Article : NÉOLITHIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/neolithique/">Néolithique</a>, les quelque cinq millions d'êtres humains, généralement nomades, qui peuplaient la Terre se nourrissaient des produits de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La chasse est passée en quelques milliers d'années d'une pratique de survie à celle d'un loisir, en passant par la splendeur d'une représentation de l'autorité seigneuriale et royale. Un encadrement juridique de rigueur croissante et une intolérance à la mort animale conduisent cette pratique ancestrale à une remise en cause inédite.. Actuellement, alors qu'il n'existe en France aucun..." title="Article : CHASSE" href="/encyclopedie/chasse/">chasse</a>, de la pêche et de la cueillette. Cependant, dans quelques rares régions du monde, certaines communautés sédentarisées ont commencé de cultiver des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme « plantes » regroupe les organismes végétaux, majoritairement terrestres, constitués d’une tige feuillée aérienne et ancrée dans le sol. Cette définition aujourd’hui unanime est assez récente, datant de la fin du xx e siècle.. Historiquement et traditionnellement, les biologistes ont assimilé les plantes au « règne végétal », incluant également les c..." title="Article : PLANTES" href="/encyclopedie/plantes/">plantes</a> et d'élever des animaux et se sont transformées, très lentement, en sociétés d'agriculteurs. Durant cinq mille ans, les cultivateurs et éleveurs néolithiques ont colonisé les régions du monde exploitables avec les outils dont ils disposaient. La population humaine augmentant, il s'est ensuivi de grands déboisements qui ont créé des conditions écologiques inédites, très différentes d'une région à l'autre. Les paysanneries ont alors développé des formes d'agriculture différenciées, qui ont ensuite beaucoup évolué au fil du temps. Le concept de système agraire permet d'appréhender cette diversité des agricultures du monde. À la fin du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, celles-ci nourrissaient environ 1 600 millions d'êtres humains.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC140065_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC140065_1"></i><h2> Les origines et l'expansion de l'agriculture </h2><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="DE070070" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Agriculture néolithique" href="/media/agriculture-neolithique-de070070/"><img id="DE070070" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/8/csm_de070070_2ffd3f97ba.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Agriculture néolithique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Foyers d'origine et aires d'extension de l'agriculture néolithique." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1188" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Agriculture néolithique </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Il y a moins de dix mille ans, des sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs-pêcheurs se sont transformées d'elles-mêmes en sociétés d'agriculteurs dans quelques rares régions d'Asie et d'Amérique. Ces zones peu étendues et très éloignées les unes des autres, appelées « foyers d'origine de l'agriculture », étaient riches en ressources végétales et animales sauvages comestibles. Leurs habitants étaient des villageois sédentarisés, qui disposaient déjà d'outils spécialisés et diversifiés (haches et herminettes en pierre polie, faucilles à dents en silex, pierres à moudre, poteries parfois).</p><p>L'émergence de l'agriculture ne semble pas avoir répondu à une crise ouverte de la prédation, qui aurait résulté de la surexploitation des ressources sauvages par une population en forte croissance. Mais on peut penser que, une fois atteint un certain niveau de densité humaine à l'échelle locale, le temps de cueillette et de chasse nécessaire pour se procurer la nourriture quotidienne et constituer des réserves en vue de la mauvaise saison s'est beaucoup accru. Dès lors, les sociétés qui disposaient, depuis longtemps dans certains cas, des outils et des savoirs nécessaires, ont eu intérêt à étendre les cultures pour réduire le temps de récolte, et à multiplier les animaux d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L’élevage désigne l’ensemble des activités mises en œuvre pour assurer la production , la reproduction et l’entretien des animaux dits domestiques afin d’en obtenir différents produits ou services. Dans les pays riches, il s’agit principalement de production de viande, de lait , d’œufs, parfois de cuir et, plus localement, de force de travail et de fumure. Dans quelques soci�..." title="Article : ÉLEVAGE" href="/encyclopedie/elevage/">élevage</a> pour les abattre plus aisément en fonction de leurs besoins. La conversion de ces sociétés de prédateurs en sociétés d'agriculteurs se nourrissant principalement des produits issus des cultures et des élevages a pris des siècles. Au cours de ce lent processus, certaines espèces de plantes cultivées et d'animaux élevés se sont différenciées peu à peu de leurs ancêtres et de leurs congénères sauvages, devenant ainsi des plantes et des animaux dits domestiques. Parallèlement, les sociétés humaines ont connu de profonds changements culturels, comme l'élaboration de nouvelles langues : les langues mères néolithiques.</p><p>Dans chaque foyer d'origine, l'augmentation de la population a conduit progressivement à l'utilisation de toutes les terres exploitables avec les outils de l'époque. Dès lors, une partie de la population a dû migrer vers les régions fertiles les plus proches, créant, au fil des générations, des villages de plus en plus éloignés du foyer d'origine. Durant des millénaires, les agriculteurs du Néolithique ont ainsi colonisé, pas à pas, une grande partie de la planète. Ce faisant, ils ont rencontré des peuples de chasseurs-cueilleurs-pêcheurs qu'ils ont repoussés ou assimilés, et découvert de nouvelles espèces de plantes et d'animaux, dont certaines ont été domestiquées. Au cours de leur progression, ils ont investi deux grands types de formations<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C140065_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="MAZOYER, Marcel"><a title="Auteur : Marcel MAZOYER" rel="author" href="/auteurs/marcel-mazoyer/"><strong>Marcel MAZOYER</strong></a> : professeur émérite à AgroParisTech (ex. I.N.A.-P.G.) </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="ROUDART, Laurence"><a title="Auteur : Laurence ROUDART" rel="author" href="/auteurs/laurence-roudart/"><strong>Laurence ROUDART</strong></a> : professeure en sciences de la population et du développement, spécialisée dans les questions agricoles et alimentaires à l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Belgique) </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : AGRICULTURE - Histoire des agricultures jusqu'au XIXe siècle" href="/carte-mentale/agriculture-histoire-des-agricultures-jusqu-au-xixe-siecle/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC140065_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Techniques" href="/classification/techniques/"> Techniques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Agriculture et élevage" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/"> Agriculture et élevage </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Agriculture et élevage: généralités"> <a title="Classification : Agriculture et élevage: généralités" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/agriculture-et-elevage-generalites/"> Agriculture et élevage: généralités </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Économie et gestion" href="/classification/economie-et-gestion/"> Économie et gestion </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Secteurs d'activité économique" href="/classification/economie-et-gestion/secteurs-d-activite-economique/"> Secteurs d'activité économique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Secteur agricole"> <a title="Classification : Secteur agricole" href="/classification/economie-et-gestion/secteurs-d-activite-economique/secteur-agricole/"> Secteur agricole </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Techniques" href="/classification/techniques/"> Techniques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Agriculture et élevage" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/"> Agriculture et élevage </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire de l'agriculture et de l'élevage"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'agriculture et de l'élevage" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/histoire-de-l-agriculture-et-de-l-elevage/"> Histoire de l'agriculture et de l'élevage </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC140065_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="DE070070" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Agriculture néolithique" href="/media/agriculture-neolithique-de070070/"> <img id="DE070070" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/8/csm_de070070_2ffd3f97ba.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Agriculture néolithique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Foyers d'origine et aires d'extension de l'agriculture néolithique." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1188" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Agriculture néolithique </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH993913" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Irrigation" href="/media/irrigation-ph993913/"> <img id="PH993913" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/9/csm_ph993913_46c1528e6a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Irrigation - crédits : J W Thomas/ Getty Images" data-description="Utilisation d'une vis d'Archimède pour l'irrigation des cultures dans le delta du Nil, en Égypte, vers 1950. Inventé par Archimède au IIIe siècle avant J.-C., lors de son séjour en Égypte, cet appareil permet d'élever l'eau." data-copyright="J W Thomas/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="677" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Irrigation </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> J W Thomas/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC140065_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/agriculture-biologique/"> <span class="rg">AGRICULTURE BIOLOGIQUE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Céline CRESSON</span> , <span rel="author">Claire LAMINE</span> et <span rel="author">Servane PENVERN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 882 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AGRICULTURE BIOLOGIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/agriculture-biologique/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Agriculture biologique : verger de pommiers - crédits : Servane Penvern" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/f/csm_ph200322_4711ef85a7.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> L’agriculture biologique (AB) est un mode de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La production est à la fois une activité consistant à créer des biens en combinant des ressources et le résultat de cette activité (la production d'un bien, la production des entreprises, etc.). Devenue centrale dans la réflexion économique, cette notion ne s'est imposée dans son sens moderne qu'à la fin du xviii e siècle.. Dans l'Antiquité, seule la production agricole a retenu l..." title="Article : PRODUCTION, économie" href="/encyclopedie/production-economie/">production</a> et de transformation ayant pour objectif de préserver l’environnement, la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La biodiversité, qui représente la diversité biologique, ou diversité du monde vivant, a subi de façon croissante depuis l’apparition de l’homme moderne des pressions qui l’entraînent, au xxi e siècle, au bord de sa sixième crise d’extinction. Nécessaire au maintien de la vie sur Terre, elle est le fruit de milliards d’années d’évolution. Elle offre des contributions inco..." title="Article : BIODIVERSITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/biodiversite/">biodiversité</a>, le bien-être animal et le développement rural. Elle est définie dans ses principes par la Fédération internationale des mouvements d’agriculture biologique...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/agriculture-durable/"> <span class="rg">AGRICULTURE DURABLE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Paul CHARVET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 444 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AGRICULTURE DURABLE" href="/encyclopedie/agriculture-durable/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Agriculture durable : circuits courts de distribution - crédits : A. Metais" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/d/csm_ph131401_876b5cebf6.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Dans le langage courant, l’expression « agriculture durable » fait d’abord référence à une agriculture respectueuse de l’environnement, avec, comme principaux objectifs, la limitation du recours aux intrants (engrais, produits phytosanitaires…) d’origine industrielle. S’y ajoute la diversification...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/agriculture-urbaine/"> <span class="rg">AGRICULTURE URBAINE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Paul CHARVET</span> et <span rel="author">Xavier LAUREAU</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 273 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AGRICULTURE URBAINE" href="/encyclopedie/agriculture-urbaine/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Jardins potagers sur les toits à Boston (États-Unis) - crédits : Brian Crawford/ Flickr ; CC-BY 2.0" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/5/csm_ph190558_6de6ea8299.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> L’expression « agriculture urbaine », qui était devenue un oxymore dans les pays industrialisés avec la disparition progressive au cours du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle des ceintures maraîchères entourant les villes, a retrouvé du sens. En effet, dans un contexte d’étalement urbain (<em>urban</em><em></em><em>sprawl</em>) et...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/france-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-espace-et-societe/#c375"> <span class="rg">FRANCE - </span><span class="rm">(Le territoire et les hommes) - Espace et société</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Magali REGHEZZA</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">14 014 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : FRANCE - (Le territoire et les hommes) - Espace et soci&eacute;t&eacute;" href="/encyclopedie/france-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-espace-et-societe/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="France : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/5/csm_at006904_2eb84cd499.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> L’insertion dans la mondialisation a des conséquences sur l’ensemble des systèmes productifs. Dans le cas de l’agriculture, elles viennent s’ajouter à des évolutions plus anciennes : la révolution productiviste et l’intégration européenne. </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/adventices/"> <span class="rg">ADVENTICES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marcel BOURNÉRIAS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">804 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Étymologiquement, une plante qui s'ajoute à un peuplement végétal auquel elle est initialement étrangère est une plante adventice (lat. <em>adventicium</em>, supplémentaire). On distingue les adventices réellement étrangères (exotiques), spontanées dans des régions éloignées (érigéron du Canada),...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/afghanistan/#c375"> <span class="rg">AFGHANISTAN</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Daniel BALLAND</span> , <span rel="author">Gilles DORRONSORO</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Mir Mohammad Sediq FARHANG</span> , <span rel="author">Pierre GENTELLE</span> , <span rel="author">Sayed Qassem RESHTIA</span> , <span rel="author">Olivier ROY</span> et <span rel="author">Francine TISSOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">37 316 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">19 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AFGHANISTAN" href="/encyclopedie/afghanistan/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Afghanistan : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/1/csm_at000103_583b20bbd2.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> L'économie de l'Afghanistan est encore fondamentalement agricole : c'est le seul pays de la région où l'agriculture emploie plus de la moitié de la population active et contribue pour plus de 50 % à la formation du PNB. Rien pourtant de figé dans cette situation : l'agriculture afghane est brusquement... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/afrique-histoire-prehistoire/#c375"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Histoire) - Préhistoire</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Augustin HOLL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 326 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AFRIQUE (Histoire) - Pr&eacute;histoire" href="/encyclopedie/afrique-histoire-prehistoire/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Sites acheuléens, Afrique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/9/csm_ca070288_8df7d683b5.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> La troisième option s'articule davantage autour des pratiques agricoles, aussi bien céréaliculture qu'horticulture, dans les sous-zones équatoriales et tropicales. La céréaliculture comporte deux volets : l'un septentrional avec la culture du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le blé demeure la céréale la plus consommée de façon directe par les hommes dans le monde et la plus échangée sur les marchés internationaux. Il appartient à la famille des Poacées (anciennement Graminées). Originaire des steppes semi-arides du Proche-Orient, il est étroitement associé aux peuples méditerranéens et européens. Sa culture remonte à 8000-7000 avant J.-C. Elle s..." title="Article : BLÉ" href="/encyclopedie/ble/">blé</a>, de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'avoine est une céréale d'origine eurasiatique servant principalement aujourd'hui à l'alimentation des animaux, en particulier des chevaux. Sa production a fortement reculé depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale avec le développement de la motorisation en agriculture qui a entraîné la disparition du cheval de trait. Localement, le développement de centres hippiques freine ce déclin.. L'av..." title="Article : AVOINE" href="/encyclopedie/avoine/">avoine</a> et d'autres... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/agriculture/"> Afficher les 205 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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AGRICULTURE - Histoire des agricultures jusqu'au XIXe siècle - Encyclopædia Universalis