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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Clerical philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clerical_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metternich_and_containment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metternich_and_containment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Metternich and containment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metternich_and_containment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reactionary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksion%C3%AAr" title="Reaksionêr – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reaksionêr" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktion_(Politik)" title="Reaktion (Politik) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Reaktion (Politik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رجعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رجعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rtica" title="İrtica – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrtica" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Палітычная рэакцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітычная рэакцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Реакция (политика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реакция (политика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хархис ябадал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хархис ябадал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaccionari" title="Reaccionari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reaccionari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakcion%C3%A1%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Reakcionářství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reakcionářství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktion%C3%A6r" title="Reaktionær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Reaktionær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktion_(Politik)" title="Reaktion (Politik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reaktion (Politik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktsion%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Reaktsionäär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reaktsionäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αντιδραστισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιδραστισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Reacción (política) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reacción (política)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakciismo" title="Reakciismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reakciismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atzerakoi" title="Atzerakoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atzerakoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B9_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="ارتجاع (علوم سیاسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتجاع (علوم سیاسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9action_(politique)" title="Réaction (politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réaction (politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%99%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="반동주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반동주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakcija_(politika)" title="Reakcija (politika) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Reakcija (politika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksioner" title="Reaksioner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reaksioner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmPhikishintsho" title="UmPhikishintsho – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmPhikishintsho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reazione_(politica)" title="Reazione (politica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reazione (politica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="ריאקציה (אידאולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריאקציה (אידאולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რეაქციონიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეაქციონიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саяси реакция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саяси реакция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Реакция (саясий) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Реакция (саясий)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ກຸ່ມປະຕິການ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກຸ່ມປະຕິການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakcijas_laikmets" title="Reakcijas laikmets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Reakcijas laikmets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="رجعيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رجعيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksioner" title="Reaksioner – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reaksioner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactionair" title="Reactionair – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reactionair" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8B%95" title="反動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_reaksjon" title="Politisk reaksjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politisk reaksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaccion_(politica)" title="Reaccion (politica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reaccion (politica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakcjonizm" title="Reakcjonizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reakcjonizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacion%C3%A1rio" title="Reacionário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reacionário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reac%C8%9Biune_(politic%C4%83)" title="Reacțiune (politică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reacțiune (politică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическая реакция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политическая реакция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reactionary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakcionar" title="Reakcionar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Reakcionar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taantumuksellisuus" title="Taantumuksellisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taantumuksellisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktion%C3%A4r" title="Reaktionär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reaktionär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="พวกปฏิกิริยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พวกปฏิกิริยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gericilik" title="Gericilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gericilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionary conservatism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Hispanic conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">in United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #36c; border-bottom:1px solid #36c; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, a <b>reactionary</b> is a person who favors a return to a previous state of society which they believe possessed positive characteristics absent from contemporary society – for example: discipline, hierarchy, respect for authority and privilege, and a sense of duty.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._729_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._729-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a descriptor term, <i>reactionary</i> derives from the ideological context of the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a>. As an adjective, the word <i>reactionary</i> describes points of view and policies meant to restore a <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/status_quo_ante" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:status quo ante">status quo ante</a></i>. </p><p>As an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, <b>reactionism</b> is a tradition in <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._729_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._729-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the reactionary stance opposes policies for the <a href="/wiki/Social_transformation" title="Social transformation">social transformation</a> of society, whereas <a href="/wiki/Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatives">conservatives</a> seek to preserve the socio-economic structure and order that exists in the present.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In popular usage, <i>reactionary</i> refers to a strong <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist conservative">traditionalist conservative</a> political perspective of a person opposed to social, political, and economic change.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reactionary ideologies can be radical in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">political extremism</a> in service to re-establishing past conditions. To some writers, the term <i>reactionary</i> carries negative connotations—<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">Peter King</a> observed that it is "an unsought-for label, used as a torment rather than a badge of honor."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the descriptor "political reactionary" has been adopted by writers such as the Austrian monarchist <a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Warner" title="Gerald Warner">Gerald Warner of Craigenmaddie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Colombian <a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Nicolás Gómez Dávila</a>, and the American historian <a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">John Lukacs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_usage">History and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary of the French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> gave the English language three politically descriptive words denoting anti-progressive politics: (i) "reactionary", (ii) "conservative", and (iii) "<a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>". "Reactionary" derives from the French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">réactionnaire</i></span> (a late 18th-century coinage based on the word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">réaction</i></span>, "reaction") and "<a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>" from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">conservateur</i></span>, identifying monarchist parliamentarians opposed to the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Austin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this French usage, reactionary denotes "a movement towards the reversal of an existing tendency or state" and a "return to a previous condition of affairs". The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> cites the first English language usage in 1799 in a translation of <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a>'s letter on the <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1848_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_1848_map_en.png/220px-Europe_1848_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_1848_map_en.png/330px-Europe_1848_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_1848_map_en.png/440px-Europe_1848_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>Several <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions occurred in 1848</a> and early 1849, before reactionary forces regained control and the revolutions collapsed.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the French Revolution, conservative forces (especially within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>) organized opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> sociopolitical and economic changes brought by the Revolution; and so Conservatives fought to restore the temporal authority of the Church and <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</a>. In 19th Century European politics, the reactionary class included the Catholic Church's hierarchy and the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal families</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">royalists</a> who believed that national government was the sole domain of the Church and the State. In France, supporters of traditional rule by direct heirs of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> dynasty were labeled the <a href="/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">legitimist</a> reaction. In the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>, the monarchists were the reactionary faction, later renamed <i>Conservative</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Austin_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, reactionary denoted people who idealized <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and the pre-modern era—before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the French Revolution—when economies were mostly <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Landed_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Landed aristocracy">landed aristocracy</a> dominated society, a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary king</a> ruled, and the Catholic Church was society's moral center. Those labeled "reactionary" favored the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working classes</a>. Reactionaries <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to democracy">opposed democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">parliamentarism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermidorian_Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Thermidorian Reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reactionary" title="Special:EditPage/Reactionary">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> was a movement within the French Revolution against the perceived excesses of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> ended on 27 July 1794 (9 Thermidor year II in the <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a>). The overthrow of Robespierre signaled the reassertion of the French <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a>. The Jacobins were suppressed, the prisons were emptied, and the committee was shorn of its powers. After the execution of some 104 Robespierre supporters, the Thermidorian Reaction stopped using the <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> against alleged <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolutionaries">counter-revolutionaries</a>, set a middle course between the monarchists and the radicals, and ushered in a time of relative exuberance and its accompanying corruption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_the_French_monarchy">Restoration of the French monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Restoration of the French monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration in France</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reactionary" title="Special:EditPage/Reactionary">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png/220px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png/330px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png/440px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a> preparing for the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">French intervention in Spain</a> to help the Spanish Royalists, by <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #98285c;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0 0.2em;background:#98285c;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Toryism</span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism"><img alt="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/250px-Royal_Oak.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/330px-Royal_Oak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/500px-Royal_Oak.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Characteristics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">General topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">People </span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">1st Earl of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Related topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Tory" title="Pink Tory">Pink Tory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Spanish American royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Tory socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendéens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toryism" title="Template:Toryism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toryism" title="Template talk:Toryism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, inspired by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a>, the monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a>, a form of collective security against <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a>. This instance of reaction was surpassed by a movement that developed in France when, after the second fall of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>, or reinstatement of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> dynasty, ensued. This time it was to be a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elected</a> lower house of parliament, the Chamber of Deputies. The Franchise was restricted to men over the age of forty, which indicated that for the first fifteen years of their lives, they had lived under the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a></i>. Nevertheless, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a> worried he would still suffer an intractable parliament. He was delighted with the <a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">ultra-royalists</a>, or Ultras, whom the election returned, declaring that he had found a <i><a href="/wiki/Chambre_introuvable" title="Chambre introuvable">chambre introuvable</a></i>, literally, an "unfindable house". </p><p>It was the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Saint-Ouen" title="Declaration of Saint-Ouen">Declaration of Saint-Ouen</a> that prepared the way for the Restoration. Before the French Revolution, which radically and bloodily overthrew most aspects of French society's organization, the only way constitutional change could be instituted was by extracting it from old legal documents that could be interpreted as agreeing with the proposal. Everything new had to be expressed as a righteous revival of something old that had lapsed and had been forgotten. This was also the means used by diminished aristocrats to get themselves a bigger piece of the pie. In the 18th century, those gentry whose fortunes and prestige had diminished to the level of peasants would search diligently for every ancient feudal statute that might give them something. For example, the "ban" meant that all peasants had to grind their grain in their lord's mill. Therefore, these gentry came to the <a href="/wiki/French_States-General_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="French States-General of 1789">French States-General of 1789</a> fully prepared to press for expanding such practices in all provinces to the legal limit. They were horrified when, for example, the French Revolution permitted common citizens to go hunting, one of the few perquisites they had always enjoyed. </p><p>Thus with the Bourbons Restoration, the <i>Chambre Introuvable</i> set about reverting every law to return society to conditions prior to the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, when the power of the Second Estate was at its zenith. This clearly distinguishes a "reactionary" from a "conservative". The use of the word "reactionary" in later days as a political slur is thus often rhetorical since there is nothing directly comparable with the <i>Chambre Introuvable</i> in the history of other countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clerical_philosophers">Clerical philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clerical philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>'s aftermath, France was continually wracked by quarrels between right-wing <a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">legitimists</a> and left-wing revolutionaries. Herein arose the clerical philosophers—<a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Louis de Bonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a>—whose answer was restoring the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> and reinstalling the Catholic Church as the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a>. Since then, France's political spectrum has featured similar divisions (see <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span>). The teachings of the 19th-century popes buttressed the ideas of the clerical philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metternich_and_containment">Metternich and containment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Metternich and containment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Metternich">Age of Metternich</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reactionary" title="Special:EditPage/Reactionary">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From 1815 to 1848, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Metternich">Prince Metternich</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_of_Austria-Hungary" title="List of foreign ministers of Austria-Hungary">foreign minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, stepped in to organize the <a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">containment of revolutionary forces</a> through international <a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">alliances</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> fervor. At the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, he was very influential in establishing the new order, the <a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a>, after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. </p><p>After the Congress, Prince Metternich worked hard to bolster and stabilize the conservative regime of the Restoration period. He worked furiously to prevent Russia's Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> (who aided the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> forces in Germany, Italy, and France) from gaining influence in Europe. The Church was his principal ally. He promoted it as a conservative principle of order while opposing <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> and liberal tendencies within the Church. His basic philosophy was based on <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, who championed the need for old roots and the orderly development of society. He opposed <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliamentary</a> institutions but favored <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernizing</a> existing structures through gradual <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">reform</a>. Despite Metternich's efforts, a series of <a href="/wiki/1848_Revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 Revolutions">revolutions rocked Europe in 1848</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_suffrage_%C3%A0_2_tours_vaincra_la_r%C3%A9action.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Le_suffrage_%C3%A0_2_tours_vaincra_la_r%C3%A9action.jpg/250px-Le_suffrage_%C3%A0_2_tours_vaincra_la_r%C3%A9action.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Le_suffrage_%C3%A0_2_tours_vaincra_la_r%C3%A9action.jpg/330px-Le_suffrage_%C3%A0_2_tours_vaincra_la_r%C3%A9action.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Le_suffrage_%C3%A0_2_tours_vaincra_la_r%C3%A9action.jpg/500px-Le_suffrage_%C3%A0_2_tours_vaincra_la_r%C3%A9action.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>1932 poster of the <a href="/wiki/Parti_r%C3%A9publicain,_radical_et_radical-socialiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti républicain, radical et radical-socialiste">French Radical Party</a> (PRRRS) against the attempt by the <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval#First_Laval_government" title="Pierre Laval">Laval government</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>, which favored the Radicals, with <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> ("<i>The two-round suffrage will overcome the reaction.</i>")</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 20th century, proponents of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> used the term <i>reactionary</i> polemically to label their enemies, such as the <a href="/wiki/White_Armies" class="mw-redirect" title="White Armies">White Armies</a>, who fought in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> terminology, <i>reactionary</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> adjective denoting people whose ideas might appear to be socialist but, in their opinion, contain elements of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, or other characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a>, including usage between conflicting factions of Marxist movements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Non-socialists also used the label <i>reactionary</i>, with British diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_Jordan_(diplomat)" title="John Jordan (diplomat)">Sir John Jordan</a> nicknaming the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Royalist_Party" title="Royalist Party">Royalist Party</a> the "reactionary party" for supporting the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and opposing <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKit-ching197851_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKit-ching197851-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being traditionally related to right-wing governments, elements of reactionary politics were present in left-wing governments as well, such as when <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> implemented conservative social policies, such as the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Soviet Union">re-criminalisation of homosexuality</a>, restrictions on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Zhenotdel" title="Zhenotdel">Zhenotdel</a></i> women's department.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Reactionary</i> is also used to denote supporters of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> régimes such as <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, Spain under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>, and Portugal under <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="António Salazar">Salazar</a>. One example occurred after <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a>. On 26 October 1958, the day following the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committee</a>'s announcement, Moscow's <i>Literary Gazette</i> ran a polemical article by David Zaslavski entitled, <i>Reactionary <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> Uproar over a Literary Weed</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascists">Italian Fascists</a> desired a new social order based on the ancient feudal principle of delegation (though without <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>) in their enthusiasm for the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate state">corporate state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> said that "fascism is reaction" and that "fascism, which did not fear to call itself reactionary... has not today any impediment against declaring itself illiberal and anti-liberal."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> and Mussolini also attacked certain reactionary policies, particularly monarchism, and veiled some aspects of Italian conservative <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>. They wrote, "History doesn't travel backwards. The fascist doctrine has not taken <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a> as its prophet. Monarchical absolutism is of the past, and so is ecclesiolatry." They further elaborated in their political doctrine that fascism "is not reactionary [in the old way] but revolutionary."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Conversely, they explained that fascism was of the right, not the left. Fascism was certainly not simply a return to tradition, as it carried the centralized state beyond even what had been seen in <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarchies">absolute monarchies</a>. Fascist <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party states</a> were as centralized as most <a href="/wiki/Communist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist states">communist states</a>, and fascism's intense <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> was not found in the period prior to the French Revolution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the German <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> did not consider themselves fascists or reactionaries and condemned the traditional German forces of reaction (Prussian <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">Junker</a> nobility, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Roman Catholic clergy</a>) as being among their enemies, next to their <a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Red Front</a> enemies in the Nazi Party march <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Fahne_hoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Fahne hoch">Die Fahne hoch</a></i></span>, they virulently opposed revolutionary leftism. The fact that the Nazis called their 1933 rise to power the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i></span> (national revolution) showed that, like the Italian Fascists, they supported some form of revolution; however, the Germans and Italian fascists both idealized tradition, folklore, and the tenets of classical thought and leadership, as exemplified in Nazi-era Germany by the idolization of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>. They also rejected the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> parliamentary era under the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>, which had succeeded the monarchy in 1918, despite it also being capitalist and classical. Although claiming to be separate from reactionism, the Nazis' rejection of Weimar was based on ostensibly reactionary principles, as the Nazis claimed that the parliamentary system was simply the first step towards <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> and instead idealized more reactionary parts of Germany's past. They referred to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as the <a href="/wiki/German_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="German Realm">German Realm</a> and informally as the <i>Drittes Reich</i> (Third Realm), a reference to past reactionary German entities: the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (First Realm) and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (Second Realm).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clericalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clericalist">Clericalist</a> movements, sometimes labeled as <a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerical fascist">clerical fascist</a> by their critics, can be considered reactionaries in terms of the 19th century since they share some elements of fascism while at the same time promoting a return to the pre-revolutionary model of social relations, with a strong role for the Church. Their utmost philosopher was <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Nicolás Gómez Dávila</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Corey_Robin" title="Corey Robin">Corey Robin</a> argues in his 2011 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reactionary_Mind" title="The Reactionary Mind">The Reactionary Mind</a></i> that modern <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism in the United States</a> is "inherently reactionary".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warning_in_Internet_Cafe_in_Thu_Duc,_Vietnam-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Warning_in_Internet_Cafe_in_Thu_Duc%2C_Vietnam-1.jpg/300px-Warning_in_Internet_Cafe_in_Thu_Duc%2C_Vietnam-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Warning_in_Internet_Cafe_in_Thu_Duc%2C_Vietnam-1.jpg/450px-Warning_in_Internet_Cafe_in_Thu_Duc%2C_Vietnam-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Warning_in_Internet_Cafe_in_Thu_Duc%2C_Vietnam-1.jpg/600px-Warning_in_Internet_Cafe_in_Thu_Duc%2C_Vietnam-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption> "Accessing reactional and perverse websites strictly prohibited" - Warning against visiting reactionary websites in a <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">internet café</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s right-wing <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Japan" title="Right-wing populism">populist</a> movements and related organizations, which emerged rapidly from the late 20th century, are considered "reactionary" because they revised the post-war <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">peace constitution</a> and have an advocating attitude toward the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Neo-reactionary" is a term that is sometimes a self-description of an informal group of online political theorists who have been active since the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-TechCrunch:_Geeks_for_Monarchy_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch:_Geeks_for_Monarchy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "neo-reactionary" was coined by "Mencius Moldbug" (the pseudonym of <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a>, a computer programmer) in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Kling" title="Arnold Kling">Arnold Kling</a> used it in 2010 to describe "Moldbug", and the subculture quickly adopted it.<sup id="cite_ref-TechCrunch:_Geeks_for_Monarchy_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch:_Geeks_for_Monarchy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the "Neo-reactionary" movement (also called the "<a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a>" movement) include philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reactionary" title="Special:EditPage/Reactionary">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Persons who have at times been designated reactionaries, by themselves or others, include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Nicolás Gómez Dávila</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Louis de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note that <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> did not become united as a country until 1871. Metternich was born in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Reinhart Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Karl Ludwig von Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Juan Donoso Cortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George Kennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Nathan Bedford Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">John Lukacs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_C%C6%A1_Minh" title="Hoàng Cơ Minh">Hoàng Cơ Minh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-modernization" title="Anti-modernization">Anti-modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)" title="Backlash (sociology)">Backlash (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Restoration (disambiguation)">Restoration (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._729-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._729_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._729_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought</i> Third Edition, (1999) p. 729. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780002558716" title="Special:BookSources/9780002558716">9780002558716</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLilla2016" class="citation book cs1">Lilla, Mark (2016). "Introduction". <i>The Shipwrecked Mind</i>. New York Review Books. pp. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590179024" title="Special:BookSources/9781590179024"><bdi>9781590179024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Shipwrecked+Mind&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=New+York+Review+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781590179024&rft.aulast=Lilla&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014094954/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/reactionary">"reactionary"</a>. <i>Lexico</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/reactionary">the original</a> on October 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=reactionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Freactionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reactionary">"reactionary"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=reactionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Freactionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Peter. Reaction: Against the modern world. Andrews UK Limited, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Credo of a Reactionary</i> by Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn – <a href="/wiki/The_American_Mercury" title="The American Mercury">The American Mercury</a>, under his alias Francis Stuart Campbell</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100730033616/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/geraldwarner/100048734/scrap-the-meaningless-terms-left-and-right-and-reclaim-the-honourable-title-reactionary/">"Scrap the meaningless terms Left and Right and reclaim the honourable title 'reactionary'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. 27 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/geraldwarner/100048734/scrap-the-meaningless-terms-left-and-right-and-reclaim-the-honourable-title-reactionary/">the original</a> on 30 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Scrap+the+meaningless+terms+Left+and+Right+and+reclaim+the+honourable+title+%27reactionary%27&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgeraldwarner%2F100048734%2Fscrap-the-meaningless-terms-left-and-right-and-reclaim-the-honourable-title-reactionary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLukacs2000" class="citation book cs1">Lukacs, John (2000). <i>Confessions of an Original Sinner</i>. St. Augustine's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781890318123" title="Special:BookSources/9781890318123"><bdi>9781890318123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions+of+an+Original+Sinner&rft.pub=St.+Augustine%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781890318123&rft.aulast=Lukacs&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Austin_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austin_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Governments of Europe</i>, Frederic Austin OGG, Rev. Ed., The MacMillan Co., 1922, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarnot1799" class="citation book cs1">Carnot, L. N. M. (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xMdDAAAAYAAJ&q=reactionaries&pg=PA149"><i>Reply of L. N. M. Carnot, citizen of France ... to the report made on the conspiracy of the 18th Fructidor</i></a> (3rd ed.). London: J. Wright. p. 149<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reply+of+L.+N.+M.+Carnot%2C+citizen+of+France+...+to+the+report+made+on+the+conspiracy+of+the+18th+Fructidor&rft.place=London&rft.pages=149&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=J.+Wright&rft.date=1799&rft.aulast=Carnot&rft.aufirst=L.+N.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxMdDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dreactionaries%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFawcett2020" class="citation book cs1">Fawcett, Edmund (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TO3eDwAAQBAJ"><i>Conservatism: The Fight for a Tradition</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17410-5"><bdi>978-0-691-17410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism%3A+The+Fight+for+a+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17410-5&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTO3eDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKit-ching197851-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKit-ching197851_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKit-ching1978">Kit-ching (1978)</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandle, Mark (1999). <i>A Short History of Soviet Socialism</i>. UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:10.4324/9780203500279. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8572-8355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8572-8355-6">978-1-8572-8355-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIvinskaya1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olga_Ivinskaya" title="Olga Ivinskaya">Ivinskaya, Olga</a> (1978). <i>A Captive of Time: My Years with Pasternak</i>. Doubleday. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0006353362" title="Special:BookSources/978-0006353362"><bdi>978-0006353362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Captive+of+Time%3A+My+Years+with+Pasternak&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0006353362&rft.aulast=Ivinskaya&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerarchia, March, 1923 quoted in <a href="/wiki/George_Seldes" title="George Seldes">George Seldes</a>, <i>Facts and Fascism</i>, eighth edition, New York: In Fact, 1943, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2012" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, David V. (22 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/corey-robin-reactionary-mind-conservatism/">"Contraception and Counterrevolution: An Interview with Corey Robin"</a>. <i>Boston Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Review&rft.atitle=Contraception+and+Counterrevolution%3A+An+Interview+with+Corey+Robin&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=David+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonreview.net%2Farticles%2Fcorey-robin-reactionary-mind-conservatism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSohnPempel2018" class="citation book cs1">Sohn, Yul; Pempel, T. J., eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4F5qDwAAQBAJ&q=Reactionary+Nippon+Kaigi&pg=PA148"><i>Japan and Asia's Contested Order: The Interplay of Security, Economics, and Identity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811302565" title="Special:BookSources/9789811302565"><bdi>9789811302565</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>the reactionary group Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference)—has been waging war over its shared past with China and South Korea on battlegrounds ranging from Yasukuni Shrine to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+and+Asia%27s+Contested+Order%3A+The+Interplay+of+Security%2C+Economics%2C+and+Identity&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789811302565&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4F5qDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DReactionary%2BNippon%2BKaigi%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TechCrunch:_Geeks_for_Monarchy-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TechCrunch:_Geeks_for_Monarchy_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TechCrunch:_Geeks_for_Monarchy_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinley2013" class="citation web cs1">Finley, Klint (22 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/22/geeks-for-monarchy/">"Geeks for Monarchy: The Rise of the Neoreactionaries"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Geeks+for+Monarchy%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Neoreactionaries&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Klint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2013%2F11%2F22%2Fgeeks-for-monarchy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unqualified-reservations.blogspot.co.uk/2008/05/ol3-jacobite-history-of-world.html">"Unqualified Reservations: OL3: the Jacobite history of the world"</a>. <i>unqualified-reservations.blogspot.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unqualified-reservations.blogspot.co.uk&rft.atitle=Unqualified+Reservations%3A+OL3%3A+the+Jacobite+history+of+the+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funqualified-reservations.blogspot.co.uk%2F2008%2F05%2Fol3-jacobite-history-of-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unqualified-reservations.blogspot.co.uk/2008/06/olx-simple-sovereign-bankruptcy.html">"Unqualified Reservations: OLX: a simple sovereign bankruptcy procedure"</a>. <i>unqualified-reservations.blogspot.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unqualified-reservations.blogspot.co.uk&rft.atitle=Unqualified+Reservations%3A+OLX%3A+a+simple+sovereign+bankruptcy+procedure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funqualified-reservations.blogspot.co.uk%2F2008%2F06%2Folx-simple-sovereign-bankruptcy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> used it in a different context in 1943 – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1943" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell, George</a> (24 December 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telelib.com/authors/O/OrwellGeorge/essay/tribune/AsIPlease19431224.html">"As I Please"</a>. <i>Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune&rft.atitle=As+I+Please&rft.date=1943-12-24&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telelib.com%2Fauthors%2FO%2FOrwellGeorge%2Fessay%2Ftribune%2FAsIPlease19431224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalther2014" class="citation web cs1">Walther, Matthew (January 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140126235319/https://spectator.org/blog/57516/dark-enlightenment-silly-not-scary">"The Dark Enlightenment Is Silly Not Scary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.org/blog/57516/dark-enlightenment-silly-not-scary">the original</a> on 2014-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Dark+Enlightenment+Is+Silly+Not+Scary&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft.aulast=Walther&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectator.org%2Fblog%2F57516%2Fdark-enlightenment-silly-not-scary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Liberty or Equality</i>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a>, Christendom Press, Front Royal, Virginia, 1993.</li> <li><i>Liberalism and the Challenge of Fascism, Social Forces in England and France 1815-1870</i>, <a href="/wiki/J._Salwyn_Schapiro" title="J. Salwyn Schapiro">J. Salwyn Schapiro</a>, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., NY, 1949. (with over 34 mentions of the word "reactionary" in political context)</li> <li><i>The Reactionary Revolution, The Catholic Revival in French Literature, 1870/1914</i>, Richard Griffiths, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., NY, 1965.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 20 Vol. 31 references on the use of the term.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKit-ching1978" class="citation book cs1">Kit-ching, Chan Lau (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpBlT5nnKecC"><i>Anglo-Chinese Diplomacy 1906-1920: In the Careers of Sir John Jordan and Yüan Shih-kai</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-010-9" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-010-9"><bdi>962-209-010-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Chinese+Diplomacy+1906-1920%3A+In+the+Careers+of+Sir+John+Jordan+and+Y%C3%BCan+Shih-kai&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=962-209-010-9&rft.aulast=Kit-ching&rft.aufirst=Chan+Lau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpBlT5nnKecC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactionary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reactionary" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reactionary">Reactionary</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_spectrum253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_spectrum" title="Template talk:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_spectrum253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political positions</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political ideologies</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Religious politics</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political pejoratives</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Models</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>See also</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">Triangulation</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies504" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies504" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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