CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Imperialism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9ddd9c1f-0f72-4bff-a4e5-1991db692671","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Imperialism","wgTitle":"Imperialism","wgCurRevisionId":1260091531,"wgRevisionId":1260091531,"wgArticleId":15316,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1 maint: others","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2014","Articles containing French-language text", "Articles to be expanded from June 2020","All articles to be expanded","Articles to be expanded from April 2021","Articles to be expanded from April 2020","Articles to be split from November 2024","All articles to be split","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from August 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019","Commons category link from Wikidata","Authoritarianism","Imperialism","History of colonialism","Marxian economics","Political systems","Political theories","Invasions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Imperialism","wgRelevantArticleId":15316,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7260","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/1200px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1555"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/800px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1037"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/640px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="829"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Imperialism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Imperialism rootpage-Imperialism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Imperialism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Imperialism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Imperialism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Imperialism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology and usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versus_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versus_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Versus colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versus_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Age of Imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theories of imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orientalism_and_imaginative_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientalism_and_imaginative_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Orientalism and imaginative geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientalism_and_imaginative_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cartography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Expansionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Cultural imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Religious imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Psychological imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Social imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Justification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Justification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Justification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Justification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_determinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_determinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Environmental determinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_determinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Anti-imperialism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-imperialism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-imperialism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pan-African_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-African_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pan-African Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-African_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperialism_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperialism_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Imperialism by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imperialism_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imperialism by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imperialism_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8.1</span> <span>Education policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.12</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.13</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.14</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.15</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.15.1</span> <span>Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.15.2</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_under_Putin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_under_Putin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.15.3</span> <span>Russia under Putin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_under_Putin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.16</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.17</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperialism_in_the_Caribbean_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperialism_in_the_Caribbean_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.17.1</span> <span>Imperialism in the Caribbean basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperialism_in_the_Caribbean_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_debate_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_debate_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.17.2</span> <span>Scholarly debate and controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_debate_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.18</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperialism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">124 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismus" title="Imperialismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Imperialismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إمبريالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبريالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismo" title="Imperialismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperialismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismu" title="Imperialismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperialismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperializm" title="İmperializm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İmperializm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="یاییلماچیلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاییلماچیلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সাম্রাজ্যবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাম্রাজ্যবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8-kok-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Tè-kok-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tè-kok-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Імперыялізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыялізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Імпэрыялізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Імпэрыялізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Империализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Империализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismus" title="Imperialismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Imperialismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperijalizam" title="Imperijalizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Imperijalizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaerouriezh" title="Impalaerouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaerouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismus" title="Imperialismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Imperialismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialaeth" title="Imperialaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Imperialaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismus" title="Imperialismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Imperialismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Imperialism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιμπεριαλισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιμπεριαλισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismo" title="Imperialismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperialismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiismo" title="Imperiismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imperiismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inperialismo" title="Inperialismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inperialismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="امپریالیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپریالیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samrajwaad" title="Samrajwaad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Samrajwaad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rialisme" title="Impérialisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Impérialisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymperialisme" title="Ymperialisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ymperialisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismo" title="Imperialismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperialismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="제국주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제국주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Imperialism" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Իմպերիալիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իմպերիալիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="साम्राज्यवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साम्राज्यवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperijalizam" title="Imperijalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Imperijalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismo" title="Imperialismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Imperialismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismo" title="Imperialismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperialismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperalismo" title="Imperalismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperalismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ububhozomeli" title="Ububhozomeli – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ububhozomeli" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimsvaldastefna" title="Heimsvaldastefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heimsvaldastefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismo" title="Imperialismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imperialismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אימפריאליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אימפריאליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aj%C9%9By%C9%9B_%C3%B1%CA%8A%C5%8B_y%C9%94%C9%94_ca%C9%A3%CA%8A%CA%8A_l%C9%A9ma%C9%A3z%C9%A9y%C9%9B_t%C9%94m" title="Ajɛyɛ ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ajɛyɛ ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იმპერიალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იმპერიალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperouregieth" title="Emperouregieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperouregieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubeberu" title="Ubeberu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubeberu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A9ryalism" title="Empéryalism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Empéryalism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperyal%C3%AEzm" title="Împeryalîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeryalîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismus" title="Imperialismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperialismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi%C4%81lisms" title="Imperiālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Imperiālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperializmas" title="Imperializmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Imperializmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imperialism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperializmus" title="Imperializmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Imperializmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Империјализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Империјализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisma" title="Imperialisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Imperialisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="സാമ്രാജ്യത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാമ്രാജ്യത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="साम्राज्यवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साम्राज्यवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იმპერიალიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იმპერიალიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperialismo" title="Amperialismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Amperialismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="साम्राज्यवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साम्राज्यवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="帝国主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="帝国主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C3%A9rialisme" title="Împérialisme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Împérialisme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperializm" title="Imperializm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Imperializm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸਾਮਰਾਜਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਮਰਾਜਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="سامراجیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سامراجیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="امپریالیزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امپریالیزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impiirializim" title="Impiirializim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Impiirializim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Imperialism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismus" title="Imperialismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Imperialismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperializm" title="Imperializm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperializm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismo" title="Imperialismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imperialismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperialism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialissem" title="Imperialissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Imperialissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Імперіалізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Імперіалізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Imperialism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperializmi" title="Imperializmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Imperializmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpirialismu" title="Mpirialismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpirialismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="අධිරාජ්‍යවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අධිරාජ්‍යවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Imperialism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="سامراجيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سامراجيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperializmus" title="Imperializmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Imperializmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperializem" title="Imperializem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Imperializem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ئیمپریالیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپریالیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Империјализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Империјализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperijalizam" title="Imperijalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imperijalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismi" title="Imperialismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Imperialismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Imperialism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyalismo" title="Imperyalismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyalismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பேரரசுவாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேரரசுவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="จักรวรรดินิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดินิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Империализм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Империализм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperyalizm" title="Emperyalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emperyalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Імперіалізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імперіалізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="سامراجیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سامراجیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Chủ nghĩa đế quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa đế quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Imperialism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="帝國主義 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="帝國主義" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyalism%C3%B3" title="Imperyalismó – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyalismó" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="帝国主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אימפעריאליזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אימפעריאליזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="帝國主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="帝國主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperyalizm" title="İmperyalizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperyalizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper%C4%93l%C4%97zmos" title="Imperēlėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Imperēlėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帝国主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7260#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Imperialism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Imperialism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Imperialism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Imperialism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Imperialism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&oldid=1260091531" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Imperialism&id=1260091531&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImperialism"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImperialism"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Imperialism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imperialism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Imperialism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7260" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extension of rule over foreign nations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Imperialism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Imperialism (disambiguation)">Imperialism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/220px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/330px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/440px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="2681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Rhodes_Colossus" title="The Rhodes Colossus">Illustration</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>' plan of <a href="/wiki/Cape-Cairo_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape-Cairo railway">building railways across Africa</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, aimed at extending the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg/220px-LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg/330px-LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg/440px-LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5300" data-file-height="7976" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a French soldier planting a French military standard on Madagascar during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Hova_Wars" title="Franco-Hova Wars">Franco-Hova Wars</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P_20221107_205156_vHDR_Auto_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_20221107_205156_vHDR_Auto_%281%29.jpg/220px-P_20221107_205156_vHDR_Auto_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_20221107_205156_vHDR_Auto_%281%29.jpg/330px-P_20221107_205156_vHDR_Auto_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_20221107_205156_vHDR_Auto_%281%29.jpg/440px-P_20221107_205156_vHDR_Auto_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption>Borders of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a> envisaged in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Propaganda">Nazi-era propaganda</a> map "<i>Das Grossdeutschland in der Zukunft</i>" (1943). The map depicts occupied Eastern Europe as a <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler-colonial</a> territory of Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Imperialism</b> is maintaining or extending <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">power</a> over foreign nations, particularly through <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a>, employing both <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard power</a> (military and economic power) and <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic power">diplomatic power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a>). Imperialism focuses on establishing or maintaining <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> and a more or less formal empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft_Griffiths_Tiffin_Ashcroft_2007_p._5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft_Griffiths_Tiffin_Ashcroft_2007_p.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While related to the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, imperialism is a distinct concept that can apply to other forms of expansion and many forms of government.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>imperialism</i> originated from the Latin word <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means "to command", "to be <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a>", or simply "to rule".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word “imperialism” was first produced in the 19th century to decry <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>'s despotic militarism and his attempts at obtaining political support through foreign military interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnusson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnusson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term became common in the current sense in Great Britain during the 1870s; by the 1880's it was used with a positive connotation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 19th century it was being used to describe the behavior of empires at all times and places.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> defined imperialism as expansion for the sake of expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was and is mainly applied to Western and Japanese political and economic dominance, especially in Asia and Africa, <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">in the 19th and 20th centuries</a>. Its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars. Some writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organized around an imperial <a href="/wiki/Core_countries" title="Core countries">core</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Periphery_countries" title="Periphery countries">periphery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_Said_1994._P._9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_Said_1994._P._9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition encompasses both nominal empires and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versus_colonialism">Versus colonialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Versus colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonisation_1800.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colonisation_1800.png/300px-Colonisation_1800.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colonisation_1800.png/450px-Colonisation_1800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colonisation_1800.png/600px-Colonisation_1800.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Imperial powers in 1800<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png/300px-Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png/450px-Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png/600px-Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Imperial powers in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "imperialism" is often conflated with "<a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>"; however, many scholars have argued that each has its own distinct definition. Imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one's influence upon a person or group of people. <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._C._Young" title="Robert J. C. Young">Robert Young</a> writes that imperialism operates from the centre as a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons, while colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions; however, colonialism still includes invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonialism in modern usage also tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power. Particularly, Edward Said distinguishes between imperialism and colonialism by stating: "imperialism involved 'the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory', while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory.'<sup id="cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmartin2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contiguous land empires such as the Russian, Chinese or Ottoman have traditionally been excluded from discussions of colonialism, though this is beginning to change, since it is accepted that they also sent populations into the territories they ruled.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmartin2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> </p><p>Imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control, yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painter_&_Jeffrey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107">: 107 </span></sup> Although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of <i>another</i>, if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another, imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance, either formally or informally. Colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism. Colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled. Colonialism's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painter_&_Jeffrey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 170–75">: 170–75 </span></sup> The meaning of imperialism is to create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance. Colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region.<sup id="cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painter_&_Jeffrey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173–76">: 173–76 </span></sup> Colonialism can completely change the existing social structure, physical structure, and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painter_&_Jeffrey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> Few colonies remain remote from their mother country. Thus, most will eventually establish a separate nationality or remain under complete control of their mother colony.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> suggested that "imperialism was the highest form of capitalism", claiming that "imperialism developed after colonialism, and was distinguished from colonialism by monopoly capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmartin2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_of_Imperialism">Age of Imperialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Age of Imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Imperial Age" redirects here. For the symphonic metal band, see <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Age_(band)" title="Imperial Age (band)">Imperial Age (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">International relations (1648–1814)</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a></div> <p>The Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1760, saw European industrializing nations, engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 19th century episodes included the "<a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_map_1914.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Africa_map_1914.svg/290px-Africa_map_1914.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Africa_map_1914.svg/435px-Africa_map_1914.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Africa_map_1914.svg/580px-Africa_map_1914.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Africa</a>, divided into colonies under multiple European empires, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1914</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc00; color:black;"> </span> Belgium</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ba8ed9; color:black;"> </span> France</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Germany</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99ff55; color:black;"> </span> Italy</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Portugal</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffe502; color:black;"> </span> Spain</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb5b7; color:black;"> </span> United Kingdom</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s British historians <a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Gallagher" class="mw-redirect" title="John Andrew Gallagher">John Gallagher</a> (1919–1980) and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Robinson" title="Ronald Robinson">Ronald Robinson</a> (1920–1999) argued that European leaders rejected the notion that "imperialism" required formal, legal control by one government over a colonial region. Much more important was informal control of independent areas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wm. Roger Louis, "In their view, historians have been mesmerized by formal empire and maps of the world with regions colored red. The bulk of British emigration, trade, and capital went to areas outside the formal British Empire. Key to their thinking is the idea of empire 'informally if possible and formally if necessary.'"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oron Hale says that Gallagher and Robinson looked at the British involvement in Africa where they "found few capitalists, less capital, and not much pressure from the alleged traditional promoters of colonial expansion. Cabinet decisions to annex or not to annex were made, usually on the basis of political or geopolitical considerations."<sup id="cite_ref-Hale_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hale-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p><p>Looking at the main empires from 1875 to 1914, there was a mixed record in terms of profitability. At first, planners expected that colonies would provide an excellent captive market for manufactured items. Apart from the Indian subcontinent, this was seldom true. By the 1890s, imperialists saw the economic benefit primarily in the production of inexpensive raw materials to feed the domestic manufacturing sector. Overall, Great Britain did very well in terms of profits from India, especially <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a>, but not from most of the rest of its empire. According to Indian Economist <a href="/wiki/Utsa_Patnaik" title="Utsa Patnaik">Utsa Patnaik</a>, the scale of the wealth transfer out of India, between 1765 and 1938, was an estimated $45 Trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Netherlands did very well in the East Indies. Germany and Italy got very little trade or raw materials from their empires. France did slightly better. The Belgian Congo was notoriously profitable when it was a capitalistic rubber plantation owned and operated by King Leopold II as a private enterprise. However, scandal after scandal regarding <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">atrocities in the Congo Free State</a> led the international community to force the government of Belgium to take it over in 1908, and it became much less profitable. The Philippines cost the United States much more than expected because of military action against rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-Hale_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hale-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–10">: 7–10 </span></sup> </p><p>Because of the resources made available by imperialism, the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europe's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies, in combination with assuming political control by military and political means. The colonization of India in the mid-18th century offers an example of this focus: there, the "British exploited the political weakness of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> state, and, while military activity was important at various times, the economic and administrative incorporation of local elites was also of crucial significance" for the establishment of control over the subcontinent's resources, markets, and manpower.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a substantial number of colonies had been designed to provide economic profit and to ship resources to home ports in the 17th and 18th centuries, D. K. Fieldhouse suggests that in the 19th and 20th centuries in places such as Africa and Asia, this idea is not necessarily valid:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Modern empires were not artificially constructed economic machines. The second expansion of Europe was a complex historical process in which political, social and emotional forces in Europe and on the periphery were more influential than calculated imperialism. Individual colonies might serve an economic purpose; collectively no empire had any definable function, economic or otherwise. Empires represented only a particular phase in the ever-changing relationship of Europe with the rest of the world: analogies with industrial systems or investment in real estate were simply misleading.<sup id="cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painter_&_Jeffrey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 184">: 184 </span></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>During this time, European merchants had the ability to "roam the high seas and appropriate surpluses from around the world (sometimes peaceably, sometimes violently) and to concentrate them in Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_ships_in_Canton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/British_ships_in_Canton.jpg/220px-British_ships_in_Canton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/British_ships_in_Canton.jpg/330px-British_ships_in_Canton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/British_ships_in_Canton.jpg/440px-British_ships_in_Canton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>British assault on <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>, May 1841</figcaption></figure> <p>European expansion greatly accelerated in the 19th century. To obtain raw materials, Europe expanded imports from other countries and from the colonies. European industrialists sought raw materials such as dyes, cotton, vegetable oils, and metal ores from overseas. Concurrently, industrialization was quickly making Europe the centre of manufacturing and economic growth, driving resource needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Adas_2008_54-58_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adas_2008_54-58-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communication became much more advanced during European expansion. With the invention of railroads and telegraphs, it became easier to communicate with other countries and to extend the administrative control of a home nation over its colonies. Steam railroads and steam-driven ocean shipping made possible the fast, cheap transport of massive amounts of goods to and from colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Adas_2008_54-58_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adas_2008_54-58-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists made new explosives that made artillery much more deadly. By the 1880s, the machine gun had become a reliable battlefield weapon. This technology gave European armies an advantage over their opponents, as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows, swords, and leather shields (e.g. the Zulus in Southern Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> of 1879).<sup id="cite_ref-Adas_2008_54-58_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adas_2008_54-58-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some exceptions of armies that managed to get nearly on par with the European expeditions and standards include the Ethiopian armies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a>, and the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Army_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Army of Japan">Imperial Army of Japan</a>, but these still relied heavily on weapons imported from Europe and often on European military advisors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg/220px-Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg/330px-Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg/440px-Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2593" /></a><figcaption>This cartoon reflects the view of <a href="/wiki/Judge_(magazine)" title="Judge (magazine)">Judge magazine</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">America's imperial ambitions</a> following McKinley's quick victory in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> of 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_imperialism">Theories of imperialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theories of imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism" title="Theories of imperialism">Theories of imperialism</a></div> <p>Anglophone academic studies often base their theories regarding imperialism on the British experience of Empire. The term <i>imperialism</i> was originally introduced into English in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>. Supporters of "imperialism" such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> quickly appropriated the concept. For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest, and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed. </p><p>Historians and political theorists have long debated the correlation between capitalism, class and imperialism. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as <a href="/wiki/J._A._Hobson" title="J. A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a> (1858–1940), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1883–1950), <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a> (1857–1929), and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a> (1872–1967). While these non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I, they remained active in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar years</a>. Their combined work informed the study of imperialism and its impact on Europe, as well as contributing to reflections on the rise of the military-political complex in the United States from the 1950s. </p><p>In <i>Imperialism: A Study</i> (1902), Hobson developed a highly influential interpretation of imperialism that expanded on his belief that free enterprise capitalism had a negative impact on the majority of the population. In <i>Imperialism</i> he argued that the financing of overseas empires drained money that was needed at home. It was invested abroad because of lower wages paid to the workers overseas made for higher profits and higher rates of return, compared to domestic wages. So although domestic wages remained higher, they did not grow nearly as fast as they might have otherwise. Exporting capital, he concluded, put a lid on the growth of domestic wages in the domestic standard of living. Hobson theorized that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation, while state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption, create wealth, and encourage a peaceful, tolerant, multipolar world order.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1970s, historians such as <a href="/wiki/David_Fieldhouse" title="David Fieldhouse">David K. Fieldhouse</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fieldhouse1961_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fieldhouse1961-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Oron Hale could argue that "the Hobsonian foundation has been almost completely demolished."<sup id="cite_ref-Hale_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hale-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup> It was not businessmen and bankers but politicians who went with the stream of the masses. The modern imperialism was primarily a political product caused by the national mass hysteria rather than by the much-abused capitalists.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British experience failed to support it. Similarly, American Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Landes" title="David Landes">David Landes</a> claims that businessmen were less enthusiastic about colonialism than statesmen and adventurers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, European Marxists picked up Hobson's ideas wholeheartedly and made it into their own theory of imperialism, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i> (1916). Lenin portrayed <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Imperialism">imperialism as the closure of the world market and the end of capitalist free-competition</a> that arose from the need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion. Later Marxist theoreticians echo this conception of imperialism as a structural feature of capitalism, which explained the World War as the battle between imperialists for control of external markets. Lenin's treatise became a standard textbook that flourished until the collapse of communism in 1989–91.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG/220px-Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG/330px-Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG/440px-Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><i>Entrance of the Russian troops in Tiflis, 26 November 1799</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Roubaud" title="Franz Roubaud">Franz Roubaud</a>, 1886</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaptureOfLang-Son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/CaptureOfLang-Son.jpg/220px-CaptureOfLang-Son.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/CaptureOfLang-Son.jpg/330px-CaptureOfLang-Son.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/CaptureOfLang-Son.jpg/440px-CaptureOfLang-Son.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The capture of <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Lạng Sơn">Lạng Sơn</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a> in 1885</figcaption></figure> <p>Some theoreticians on the non-Communist left have emphasized the structural or systemic character of "imperialism". Such writers have expanded the period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy, nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century, but a world system extending over a period of centuries, often going back to <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonization</a> and, in some accounts, to the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. As the application of the term has expanded, its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes: the moral, the economic, the systemic, the cultural, and the temporal. Those changes reflect—among other shifts in sensibility—a growing unease, even great distaste, with the pervasiveness of such power, specifically, Western power.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fieldhouse1961_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fieldhouse1961-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a>, in his 1972 <a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a>, proposes the idea that imperialism is a phase of capitalism "in which Western European capitalist countries, the US, and Japan established political, economic, military and cultural hegemony over other parts of the world which were initially at a lower level and therefore could not resist domination."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Imperialism "for many years embraced the whole world – one part being the exploiters and the other the exploited, one part being dominated and the other acting as overlords, one part making policy and the other being dependent."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imperialism has also been identified in newer phenomena like <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization#Colonialism" title="Space colonization">space development</a> and its governing context.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientalism_and_imaginative_geography">Orientalism and imaginative geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orientalism and imaginative geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg/220px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg/330px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg/440px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="1972" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bonaparte_Visiting_the_Plague_Victims_of_Jaffa" title="Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa"><i>Napoleon visiting the plague victims of Jaffa</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Imperial control, territorial and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a>, is justified through <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourses</a> about the imperialists' understanding of different spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard,_P._2010_p._239_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard,_P._2010_p._239-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conceptually, <a href="/wiki/Imagined_geographies" title="Imagined geographies">imagined geographies</a> explain the limitations of the imperialist understanding of the societies of the different spaces inhabited by the non–European Other.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard,_P._2010_p._239_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard,_P._2010_p._239-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a></i> (1978), <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> said that the West developed the concept of <a href="/wiki/The_Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="The Orient">The Orient</a>—an imagined geography of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern world</a>—which functions as an <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentializing</a> discourse that represents neither the ethnic diversity nor the social reality of the Eastern world.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That by reducing the East into cultural essences, the imperial discourse uses place-based identities to create <a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">cultural difference</a> and psychologic distance between "We, the West" and "They, the East" and between "Here, in the West" and "There, in the East".<sup id="cite_ref-Said,_Edward_1979_p.357_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said,_Edward_1979_p.357-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That cultural differentiation was especially noticeable in the books and paintings of early <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Oriental studies</a>, the European examinations of the Orient, which misrepresented the East as irrational and backward, the opposite of the rational and progressive West.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard,_P._2010_p._239_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard,_P._2010_p._239-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defining the East as a negative vision of the Western world, as its inferior, not only increased the sense-of-self of the West, but also was a way of ordering the East, and making it known to the West, so that it could be dominated and controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Orientalism was the ideological justification of early Western imperialism—a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social, cultural, political, and economic control of other, non-white peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Said,_Edward_1979_p.357_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said,_Edward_1979_p.357-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmartin2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartography">Cartography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cartography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_propaganda" title="Cartographic propaganda">Cartographic propaganda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/220px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/330px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/440px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>By displaying oversized flags of British possessions, this map artificially increases the apparent influence and presence of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the main tools used by imperialists was cartography. <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> is "the art, science and technology of making maps"<sup id="cite_ref-Harley,_J.B._1989_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harley,_J.B._1989-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this definition is problematic. It implies that maps are objective representations of the world when in reality they serve very political means.<sup id="cite_ref-Harley,_J.B._1989_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harley,_J.B._1989-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Harley, maps serve as an example of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault's</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> concept. </p><p>To better illustrate this idea, Bassett focuses his analysis of the role of 19th-century maps during the "<a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states that maps "contributed to empire by promoting, assisting, and legitimizing the extension of French and British power into West Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his analysis of 19th-century cartographic techniques, he highlights the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain "information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps".<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although cartographic processes advanced through imperialism, further analysis of their progress reveals many biases linked to <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">eurocentrism</a>. According to Bassett, "[n]ineteenth-century explorers commonly requested Africans to sketch maps of unknown areas on the ground. Many of those maps were highly regarded for their accuracy"<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but were not printed in Europe unless Europeans verified them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansionism">Expansionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expansionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Belgrade_(N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r)_1456.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Siege_of_Belgrade_%28N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%29_1456.jpg/170px-Siege_of_Belgrade_%28N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%29_1456.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Siege_of_Belgrade_%28N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%29_1456.jpg/255px-Siege_of_Belgrade_%28N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%29_1456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Siege_of_Belgrade_%28N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%29_1456.jpg/340px-Siege_of_Belgrade_%28N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%29_1456.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="3147" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Imperialism in pre-modern times was common in the form of <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a> through <a href="/wiki/Vassalage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassalage">vassalage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquest</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="dubious (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_imperialism">Cultural imperialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a> refers to the cultural influence of one dominant culture over others, i.e. a form of <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>, which changes the moral, cultural, and societal <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> of the subordinate culture. This means more than just "foreign" music, television or film becoming popular with young people; rather that a populace changes its own expectations of life, desiring for their own country to become more like the foreign country depicted. For example, depictions of opulent American lifestyles in the soap opera <a href="/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)#Dallas_and_the_Cold_War" title="Dallas (1978 TV series)"><i>Dallas</i> during the Cold War</a> changed the expectations of Romanians; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled South Korean drama-series in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. The importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes, which may oppose such influence with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and of unauthorized satellite dishes, etc. Nor is such a usage of culture recent – as part of Roman imperialism, local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of Roman culture and lifestyle, with the aim that they would then become willing participants. </p><p>Imperialism has been subject to moral or immoral censure by its critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2014)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, and thus the term "imperialism" is frequently used in international propaganda as a pejorative for expansionist and aggressive foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-IESS_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IESS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_imperialism">Religious imperialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aspects of imperialism motivated by <a href="/wiki/Supremacism#Religious" title="Supremacism">religious supremacism</a> can be described as religious imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-c737_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c737-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_imperialism">Psychological imperialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Psychological imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An empire <a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">mentality</a> may build on and bolster views contrasting "primitive" and "advanced" peoples and cultures, thus justifying and encouraging imperialist practices among participants.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associated psychological tropes include the <a href="/wiki/White_Man%27s_Burden" class="mw-redirect" title="White Man's Burden">White Man's Burden</a> and the idea of <a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilizing mission</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">mission civilatrice</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_imperialism">Social imperialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political concept <a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social imperialism</a> is a Marxist expression first used in the early 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> as "socialist in words, imperialist in deeds" describing the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> and other socialist organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in a split with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> criticized its leaders as social imperialists.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Justification">Justification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Justification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/170px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/255px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/340px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3118" data-file-height="4267" /></a><figcaption>A French <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoon</a> depicting a shocked <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">mandarin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> robe in the back, with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Wilhelm II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>) stabbing into a <a href="/wiki/King_cake" title="King cake">king cake</a> with <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chine</i></span> ("China" in French) written on it. A portrayal of New Imperialism and its effects on <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">China</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stephen Howe has summarized his view on the beneficial effects of the colonial empires: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At least some of the great modern empires—the British, French, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and even the Ottoman—have virtues that have been too readily forgotten. They provided stability, security, and legal order for their subjects. They constrained, and at their best, tried to transcend, the potentially savage ethnic or religious antagonisms among the peoples. And the aristocracies which ruled most of them were often far more liberal, humane, and cosmopolitan than their supposedly ever more democratic successors.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianxia" title="Tianxia">Tianxia</a> denoted the lands, space, and area divinely appointed to the Emperor by universal and well-defined principles of order. The center of this land was directly apportioned to the Imperial court, forming the center of a world view that centered on the Imperial court and went concentrically outward to major and minor officials and then the common citizens, <a href="/wiki/Tributary_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributary states">tributary states</a>, and finally ending with the fringe "<a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>". Tianxia's idea of hierarchy gave Chinese a privileged position and was justified through the promise of order and peace. </p><p>The purportedly scientific nature of "<a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>" and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism. Under this doctrine, the French politician <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> could declare in 1883 that "Superior races have a right, because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize the inferior races."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._A._Hobson" title="J. A. Hobson">J. A. Hobson</a> identifies this justification on general grounds as: "It is desirable that the earth should be peopled, governed, and developed, as far as possible, by the races which can do this work best, i.e. by the races of highest 'social efficiency'".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society of London</a> and other geographical societies in Europe had great influence and were able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries. These societies also served as a space for travellers to share these stories.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmartin2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> Political geographers such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Friedrich Ratzel</a> of Germany and <a href="/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Halford Mackinder</a> of Britain also supported imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmartin2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> Ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state's survival and this argument dominated the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a> for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmartin2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> British imperialism in some sparsely-inhabited regions applied a principle now termed <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Terra nullius</a> (Latin expression which stems from <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> meaning 'no man's land'). The British settlement in Australia in the 18th century was arguably premised on <i>terra nullius</i>, as its settlers considered it unused by its original inhabitants. The rhetoric of colonizers being racially superior appears still to have its impact. For example, throughout Latin America "whiteness" is still prized today and various forms of <a href="/wiki/Blanqueamiento" title="Blanqueamiento">blanqueamiento</a> (whitening) are common. </p><p>Imperial peripheries benefited from <a href="/wiki/Economic_efficiency" title="Economic efficiency">economic efficiency</a> improved through the building of roads, other infrastructure and introduction of new technologies. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_L%C3%BCthy" title="Herbert Lüthy">Herbert Lüthy</a> notes that ex-colonial peoples themselves show no desire to undo the basic effects of this process. Hence moral self-criticism in respect of the colonial past is out of place.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_determinism">Environmental determinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environmental determinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">environmental determinism</a> served as a moral justification for the domination of certain territories and peoples. The environmental determinist school of thought held that the environment in which certain people lived determined those persons' behaviours; and thus validated their domination. Some geographic scholars under colonizing empires divided the world into <a href="/wiki/Climate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate zone">climatic zones</a>. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a> produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being. In contrast, tropical climates allegedly yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promiscuity, exotic culture, and moral degeneracy. The tropical peoples were believed to be "less civilized" and in need of European guidance,<sup id="cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmartin2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> therefore justifying colonial control as a <a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilizing mission</a>. For instance, American geographer <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Churchill_Semple" title="Ellen Churchill Semple">Ellen Churchill Semple</a> argued that even though human beings originated in the tropics they were only able to become fully human in the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold2000_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold2000-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Across the three major waves of <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a> (the first in the Americas, the second in Asia and the last in Africa), <a href="/wiki/Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">environmental determinism</a> served to place categorically indigenous people in a racial hierarchy. Tropicality can be paralleled with Edward Said's <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> as the west's construction of the east as the "other".<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold2000_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold2000-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> According to Said, orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm, which justified its dominance over the essentialized Orient.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 329">: 329 </span></sup> Orientalism is a view of a people based on their geographical location.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anti-imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Anti-imperialism gained a wide currency after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and at the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> as political movements in colonies of European powers promoted national sovereignty. Some anti-imperialist groups who opposed the <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">United States</a> supported the power of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> this was criticized as <a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social imperialism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-African_Movement">Pan-African Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pan-African Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a> is a movement across Africa and the world that came as a result of imperial ideas splitting apart African nations and pitting them against each other. The Pan-African movement instead tried to reverse those ideas by uniting Africans and creating a sense of brotherhood among all African people.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pan-African movement helped with the eventual end of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> in Africa. </p><p>Representatives at the <a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">1900 Pan African Conference</a> demanded moderate reforms for colonial African nations.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference also discussed African populations in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the United States and their rights. A total of six Pan-African conferences that were held, and these allowed the African people to have a voice in ending colonial rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperialism_by_country">Imperialism by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Imperialism by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome">Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Roman_Empire_Map.png/250px-Roman_Empire_Map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Roman_Empire_Map.png/375px-Roman_Empire_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Roman_Empire_Map.png/500px-Roman_Empire_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> around 117 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman Empire was the post-<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican</a> period of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caliphate">Caliphate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Caliphate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Muslim conquests</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> have been described at religious imperialism motivated by <a href="/wiki/Supremacism#Islamic" title="Supremacism">Islamic supremacism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c737_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c737-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-h557_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h557-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Empire">Belgian Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a></b> into a new article titled <i><a href="/wiki/British_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="British imperialism">British imperialism</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Imperialism" title="Talk:Imperialism">discuss</a>) <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg/220px-Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg/330px-Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg/440px-Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Sultan of Mysore</a>, an ally of <a href="/wiki/Napoleone_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleone Bonaparte">Napoleone Bonaparte</a>, confronted <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">British East India Company forces</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Siege of Srirangapatna</a>, where he was killed.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resa_del_bacino_del_Brandewater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Resa_del_bacino_del_Brandewater.jpg/220px-Resa_del_bacino_del_Brandewater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Resa_del_bacino_del_Brandewater.jpg/330px-Resa_del_bacino_del_Brandewater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Resa_del_bacino_del_Brandewater.jpg/440px-Resa_del_bacino_del_Brandewater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The result of the <a href="/wiki/Boer_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Wars">Boer Wars</a> was the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a> to the British Empire in 1902.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>England's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the 16th century as the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a> began in the 1530s. In 1599 the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painter_&_Jeffrey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174">: 174 </span></sup> With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to maintain strength relative to other empires such as the Portuguese who already had set up trading posts in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painter_&_Jeffrey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174">: 174 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1621 and 1699, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> authorised <a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">several colonies in the Americas</a>. Most of these colonies were either closed down or collapsed quickly for various reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, the English and Scottish kingdoms were merged, and their colonies collectively became subject to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (also known as the United Kingdom). The empire Great Britain would go on to found was the largest empire that the world has ever seen both in terms of landmass and population. Its power, both military and economic, remained unmatched for a few decades. </p><p>In 1767, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> and other political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the year 1670 Britain's imperialist ambitions were well off as she had colonies in Virginia, Massachusetts, Bermuda, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the vast imperialist ambitions of European countries, Britain had several clashes with France. This competition was evident in the colonization of what is now known as Canada. <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> claimed Newfoundland for the British while the French established colonies along the St. Lawrence River and claiming it as "New France".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain continued to expand by colonizing countries such as New Zealand and Australia, both of which were not empty land as they had their own locals and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painter_&_Jeffrey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 175">: 175 </span></sup> Britain's nationalistic movements were evident with the creation of the commonwealth countries where there was a shared nature of national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painter_&_Jeffrey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147">: 147 </span></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">proto-industrialization</a>, the "First" <a href="/wiki/British_Empire#"First"_British_Empire_(1707–1783)" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> was based on <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, and involved colonies and holdings primarily in North America, the Caribbean, and India. Its growth was reversed by the loss of the American colonies in 1776. Britain made compensating gains in India, Australia, and in constructing an informal economic empire through control of trade and finance in Latin America after the independence of Spanish and Portuguese colonies in about 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1840s, the United Kingdom had adopted a highly successful policy of <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom#19th_century" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">free trade</a> that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After losing its first Empire to the Americans, Britain then turned its attention towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. Following the defeat of Napoleonic France in 1815, the United Kingdom enjoyed a century of almost unchallenged dominance and expanded its imperial holdings around the globe. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1815–1914" title="Royal Navy">Unchallenged at sea</a>, British dominance was later described as <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></i> ("British Peace"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became the global <a href="/wiki/Hegemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemon">hegemon</a> and adopted the role of global policeman. However, this peace was mostly a perceived one from Europe, and the period was still an almost uninterrupted series of colonial wars and disputes. The <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Conquest of India</a>, its intervention against <a href="/wiki/Mehemet_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehemet Ali">Mehemet Ali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_Wars" title="Anglo-Burmese Wars">Anglo-Burmese Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Wars" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> to name the most notable conflicts mobilised ample military means to press Britain's lead in the global conquest Europe led across the century.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> began to transform Britain; by the time of <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">the Great Exhibition</a> in 1851 the country was described as the "workshop of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Empire expanded to include <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, large <a href="/wiki/British_Empire#Cape_to_Cairo" title="British Empire">parts of Africa</a> and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively <a href="/wiki/Informal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal Empire">controlled the economies of many regions</a>, such as Asia and Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestically, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise. During this century, the population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, causing significant social and economic stresses.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> under <a href="/wiki/Disraeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Disraeli">Disraeli</a> launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/330px-British_Empire_1921.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/495px-British_Empire_1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/660px-British_Empire_1921.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Map of the British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>A resurgence came in the late 19th century with the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Lord Rosebury</a>, and implemented in Africa by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>. The pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism and theories of race formed an ideological underpinning and legitimation during this time. Other influential spokesmen included <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Cromer" title="Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer">Lord Cromer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">General Kitchener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner,_1st_Viscount_Milner" title="Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner">Lord Milner</a>, and the writer <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> were recognised by the United Kingdom but eventually re-annexed after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>. But British power was fading, as the reunited <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German state founded by the Kingdom of Prussia</a> posed a growing threat to Britain's dominance. As of 1913, the United Kingdom was the world's fourth economy, behind the U.S., Russia and Germany. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> in 1919–1921 led to the сreation of the Irish Free State. But the United Kingdom gained control of former German and Ottoman colonies with the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. The United Kingdom now had a practically continuous line of controlled territories from Egypt to Burma and another one from Cairo to Cape Town. However, this period was also one of emergence of independence movements based on nationalism and new experiences the colonists had gained in the war. </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> decisively weakened Britain's position in the world, especially financially. <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a> movements arose nearly everywhere in the Empire, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence and partition</a> in 1947, the self-governing dominions break away from the empire in 1949, and the establishment of independent states in the 1950s. British imperialism showed its frailty in Egypt during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> in 1956. However, with the United States and Soviet Union emerging from World War II as the sole superpowers, Britain's role as a worldwide power declined significantly and rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, the "imperialism" (and the related term "colonialism") has had a variety of contradictory meanings since the 19th century. In the late 19th and early 20th, to be an "imperialist" meant thinking of Canada as a part of the <a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">British nation</a> not a separate nation.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The older words for the same concepts were "<a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">loyalism</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">unionism</a>", which continued to be used as well. In mid-twentieth century Canada, the words "imperialism" and "colonialism" were used in English Canadian discourse to instead portray <a href="/wiki/Victim_mentality" title="Victim mentality">Canada as a victim</a> of <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">economic and cultural penetration by the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In twentieth century French-Canadian discourse the "imperialists" were all the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglo-Saxon countries</a> including Canada who were oppressing <a href="/wiki/Francophone_Canadians" title="Francophone Canadians">French-speakers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">province of Quebec</a>. By the early 21st century, "colonialism" was used to highlight supposed <a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">anti-indigenous</a> attitudes and actions of Canada inherited from the British period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/330px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/495px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/660px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>The Qing Empire <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820</span> marked the time when the Qing began to rule these areas.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Chinese imperialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing dynasty in Inner Asia</a></div> <p>China was one of the world's oldest empires. Due to its long history of imperialist expansion, China has been seen by its neighboring countries as a threat due to its large population, giant economy, large military force as well as its territorial evolution throughout history. Starting with the unification of China under the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Chinese dynasties</a> continued to follow its form of expansions.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most successful Chinese imperial dynasties in terms of territorial expansion were the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish overseas colonies</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> after 1814) possessed overseas colonies from 1536 until 1953. At its apex there were colonies on four continents: Europe, North America, Africa and Asia. In the 17th century, following territorial losses on the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a>, Denmark-Norway began to develop colonies, forts, and trading posts in West Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a> first initiated the policy of expanding Denmark-Norway's overseas trade, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Mercantilist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercantilist">mercantilist</a> wave that was sweeping Europe. Denmark-Norway's first colony was established at <a href="/wiki/Tranquebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquebar">Tranquebar</a> on India's southern coast in 1620. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ove_Gjedde" title="Ove Gjedde">Ove Gjedde</a> led the expedition that established the colony. After 1814, when Norway was ceded to Sweden, Denmark retained what remained of Norway's <a href="/wiki/Greater_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Norway">great medieval colonial holdings</a>. One by one the smaller colonies were lost or sold. Tranquebar was sold to the British in 1845. The United States purchased the <a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> in 1917. Iceland became independent in 1944. Today, the only remaining vestiges are two originally Norwegian colonies that are currently within the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Danish Realm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>; the Faroes were a Danish county until 1948, while Greenland's colonial status ceased in 1953. They are now autonomous territories.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Empire_17th_century-20th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/French_Empire_17th_century-20th_century.png/330px-French_Empire_17th_century-20th_century.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/French_Empire_17th_century-20th_century.png/495px-French_Empire_17th_century-20th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/French_Empire_17th_century-20th_century.png/660px-French_Empire_17th_century-20th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Map of the first (light blue) and second (dark blue) French colonial empires</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a> began with the creation of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. It was followed by <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a>'s trading posts in Africa and Asia in the 17th century. France had its "First colonial empire" from 1534 until 1814, including <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>), <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, Guadeloupe, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>), <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e" title="Gorée">Gorée</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritius Island">Mauritius Island</a>, Réunion) and <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a>. </p><p>Its "Second colonial empire" began with the seizure of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> in 1830 and came for the most part to an end with the granting of independence to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French imperial history was marked by numerous wars, large and small, and also by significant help to France itself from the colonials in the world wars.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France took control of Algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa (<a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a>), as well as South-East Asia (<a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>), with other conquests in the South Pacific (<a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>). France also twice attempted to make Mexico a colony in 1838–39 and in 1861–67 (see <a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention in Mexico</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg/170px-LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg/255px-LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg/340px-LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5300" data-file-height="7976" /></a><figcaption>French poster about the "<a href="/wiki/Franco-Hova_Wars" title="Franco-Hova Wars">Madagascar War</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>French Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire. As it developed, the new empire took on roles of trade with France, supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items, as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language as well as Catholicism. It also provided crucial manpower in both World Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a moral justification to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> declared France had a <a href="/wiki/Civilising_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilising mission">civilising mission</a>: "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full citizenship rights – <i>assimilation</i> – were offered, although in reality assimilation was always on the distant horizon.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrasting from Britain, France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority. </p><p>The French colonial empire of extended over 11,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (4,400,000 sq mi) at its height in the 1920s and had a population of 110 million people on the eve of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In World War II, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a> used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However, after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, de Gaulle decided to grant Algeria independence anyway in 1962. French settlers and many local supporters relocated to France. Nearly all of France's colonies gained independence by 1960, but France retained great financial and diplomatic influence. It has repeatedly sent troops to assist its former colonies in Africa in suppressing insurrections and coups d'état.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_policy">Education policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Education policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French colonial officials, influenced by the revolutionary ideal of equality, standardized schools, curricula, and teaching methods as much as possible. They did not establish colonial school systems with the idea of furthering the ambitions of the local people, but rather simply exported the systems and methods in vogue in the mother nation.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having a moderately trained lower bureaucracy was of great use to colonial officials.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emerging French-educated indigenous elite saw little value in educating rural peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1946 the policy was to bring the best students to Paris for advanced training. The result was to immerse the next generation of leaders in the growing anti-colonial diaspora centered in Paris. Impressionistic colonials could mingle with studious scholars or radical revolutionaries or so everything in between. <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh#Political_education_in_France" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> and other young radicals in Paris formed the French Communist party in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tunisia was exceptional. The colony was administered by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cambon" title="Paul Cambon">Paul Cambon</a>, who built an educational system for colonists and indigenous people alike that was closely modeled on mainland France. He emphasized female and vocational education. By independence, the quality of Tunisian education nearly equalled that in France.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African nationalists rejected such a public education system, which they perceived as an attempt to retard African development and maintain colonial superiority. One of the first demands of the emerging nationalist movement after World War II was the introduction of full metropolitan-style education in French West Africa with its promise of equality with Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Algeria, the debate was polarized. The French set up schools based on the scientific method and French culture. The <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pied-Noir</a> (Catholic migrants from Europe) welcomed this. Those goals were rejected by the Moslem Arabs, who prized mental agility and their distinctive religious tradition. The Arabs refused to become patriotic and cultured Frenchmen and a unified educational system was impossible until the Pied-Noir and their Arab allies went into exile after 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South Vietnam from 1955 to 1975 there were two competing powers in education, as the French continued their work and the Americans moved in. They sharply disagreed on goals. The French educators sought to preserving French culture among the Vietnamese elites and relied on the Mission Culturelle – the heir of the colonial Direction of Education – and its prestigious high schools. The Americans looked at the great mass of people and sought to make South Vietnam a nation strong enough to stop communism. The Americans had far more money, as USAID coordinated and funded the activities of expert teams, and particularly of academic missions. The French deeply resented the American invasion of their historical zone of cultural imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_colonial.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/German_colonial.PNG/280px-German_colonial.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/German_colonial.PNG/420px-German_colonial.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/German_colonial.PNG/560px-German_colonial.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>German colonial empire, the third largest <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empire</a> during the 19th century after the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French colonial empire">French</a> ones<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>German expansion into Slavic lands begins in the 12th–13th-century (see <a href="/wiki/Drang_Nach_Osten" class="mw-redirect" title="Drang Nach Osten">Drang Nach Osten</a>). The concept of Drang Nach Osten was a core element of German nationalism and a major element of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ideology">Nazi ideology</a>. However, the German involvement in the seizure of overseas territories was negligible until the end of the 19th century. Prussia unified the other states into the <a href="/wiki/Second_German_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second German Empire">second German Empire</a> in 1871. Its Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> (1862–90), long opposed colonial acquisitions, arguing that the burden of obtaining, maintaining, and defending such possessions would outweigh any potential benefits. He felt that colonies did not pay for themselves, that the German bureaucratic system would not work well in the tropics and the diplomatic disputes over colonies would distract Germany from its central interest, Europe itself.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, public opinion and elite opinion in Germany demanded colonies for reasons of international prestige, so Bismarck was forced to oblige. In 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a> started with <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a> in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within 25 years, <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a> had committed the <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">Herero and Namaqua genocide</a> in modern-day Namibia, the first genocide of the 20th century. </p><p>German colonies included the present territories of in Africa: <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>; in Oceania: <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>; and in Asia: <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay_Leased_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory">Jiaozhou Bay</a>. The Treaty of Versailles made them mandates under the control the Allied victors.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany also lost the portions of its Eastern territories that had Polish majorities to independent Poland as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in 1919. The Eastern territories inhabited by a German majority since the Middle Ages were torn from Germany and became part of both Poland and the USSR as a result of the territorial reorganization established by the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> of the Allied powers in 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_empire_1940.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Italian_empire_1940.PNG/250px-Italian_empire_1940.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Italian_empire_1940.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>The Italian Empire in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Italian Empire</b> (<i>Impero italiano</i>) comprised the overseas possessions of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> primarily in northeast Africa. It began with the purchase in 1869 of <a href="/wiki/Assab" title="Assab">Assab Bay</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> by an Italian navigation company which intended to establish a coaling station at the time the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> was being opened to navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was taken over by the Italian government in 1882, becoming modern Italy's first overseas territory.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the start of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914, Italy had acquired in Africa the colony of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a> on the Red Sea coast, a large protectorate and later colony in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Somalia</a>, and authority in formerly Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> (gained after the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>) which were later unified in the colony of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a>. </p><p>Outside Africa, Italy possessed the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Aegean_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Aegean Islands">Dodecanese Islands</a> off the coast of Turkey (following the Italo-Turkish War) and a <a href="/wiki/Concessions_in_Tianjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Concessions in Tianjin">small concession in Tianjin</a> in China following the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer War">Boxer War</a> of 1900. During the First World War, Italy occupied southern <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Albania</a> to prevent it from falling to <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. In 1917, it established <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">a protectorate over Albania</a>, which remained in place <a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">until 1920</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">Fascist government</a> that came to power with <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and to satisfy the claims of <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentists" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian irredentists">Italian irredentists</a>. </p><p>In its <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">second invasion of Ethiopia</a> in 1935–36, Italy was successful and it merged its <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">new conquest</a> with its older east African colonies to create <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>. In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italy invaded Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">incorporated it</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist state</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (1939–1945), Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">occupied British Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">parts of south-eastern France</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece#The_Italian_occupation_zone" title="Axis occupation of Greece">most of Greece</a>, but then lost those conquests and its African colonies, including Ethiopia, to the invading <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied forces</a> by 1943. It was forced in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">peace treaty of 1947</a> to relinquish sovereignty over all its colonies. It was granted a <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">trust to administer former Italian Somaliland</a> under United Nations supervision in 1950. When <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> became independent in 1960, Italy's eight-decade experiment with colonialism ended.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese colonial empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_occupied_by_Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan">List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_on_the_deck_board_of_the_IJN_xxx,_June_11th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_on_the_deck_board_of_the_IJN_xxx%2C_June_11th.jpg/220px-Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_on_the_deck_board_of_the_IJN_xxx%2C_June_11th.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_on_the_deck_board_of_the_IJN_xxx%2C_June_11th.jpg/330px-Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_on_the_deck_board_of_the_IJN_xxx%2C_June_11th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_on_the_deck_board_of_the_IJN_xxx%2C_June_11th.jpg/440px-Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_on_the_deck_board_of_the_IJN_xxx%2C_June_11th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Special_Naval_Landing_Forces" title="Special Naval Landing Forces">Japanese Marines</a> preparing to land in <a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a> China in June 1938 </figcaption></figure> <p>For over 200 years, Japan maintained a feudal society during a period of <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">relative isolation from the rest of the world</a>. However, in the 1850s, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">military pressure from the United States</a> and other world powers coerced Japan to open itself to the global market, resulting in an end to the country's isolation. A <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">period of conflicts and political revolutions</a> followed due to socioeconomic uncertainty, ending in 1868 with the reunification of political power under the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japanese Emperor</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. This sparked a period of rapid industrialization driven in part by a Japanese desire for self-sufficiency. By the early 1900s, Japan was a naval power that could hold its own against an established European power as it defeated Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its rising population and increasingly industrialized economy, Japan lacked significant natural resources. As a result, the country turned to imperialism and <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a> in part as a means of compensating for these shortcomings, adopting the national motto <i>"<a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a>"</i> (富国強兵, "Enrich the state, strengthen the military").<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>And Japan was eager to take every opportunity. In 1869 they took advantage of the defeat of the rebels of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a> to incorporate definitely the island of <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> to Japan. For centuries, Japan viewed the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> as one of its provinces. In 1871 the <a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a> happened: <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Taiwanese aborigines</a> murdered 54 <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryūkyūan</a> sailors that became shipwrecked. At that time the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> were claimed by both <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a> and Japan, and the Japanese interpreted the incident as an attack on their citizens. They took steps to bring the islands in their jurisdiction: in 1872 the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Domain" title="Ryukyu Domain">Ryukyu Domain</a> was declared, and in 1874 a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">retaliatory incursion to Taiwan</a> was sent, which was a success. The success of this expedition emboldened the Japanese: not even the Americans could defeat the Taiwanese in the <a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a> of 1867. Very few gave it much thought at the time, but this was the first move in the Japanese expansionism series. Japan occupied Taiwan for the rest of 1874 and then left owing to Chinese pressures, but in 1879 it finally annexed the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>. In 1875 Qing China sent a 300-men force to subdue the Taiwanese, but unlike the Japanese the Chinese were routed, ambushed and 250 of their men were killed; the failure of this expedition exposed once more the failure of Qing China to exert effective control in Taiwan, and acted as another incentive for the Japanese to annex Taiwan. Eventually, the spoils for winning the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1894 included <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875 Japan took its first operation against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Joseon">Joseon Korea</a>, another territory that for centuries it coveted; the <a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island_incident" title="Ganghwa Island incident">Ganghwa Island incident</a> made Korea open to international trade. <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> was annexed in 1910. As a result of winning the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> in 1905, Japan took part of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin Island</a> from Russia. Precisely, the victory against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> shook the world: never before had an Asian nation defeated a European power<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Imperialism#Dubious" title="Talk:Imperialism">discuss</a></i>]</sup>, and in Japan it was seen as a feat. Japan's victory against Russia would act as an antecedent for Asian countries in the fight against the Western powers for <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Japan took German-leased territories in China's Shandong Province, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, and kept the islands as League of nations mandates. At first, Japan was in good standing with the victorious Allied powers of World War I, but different discrepancies and dissatisfaction with the rewards of the treaties cooled the relations with them, for example American pressure forced it to return the Shandong area. By the '30s, economic depression, urgency of resources and a growing distrust in the Allied powers made Japan lean to a hardened militaristic stance. Through the decade, it would grow closer to Germany and Italy, forming together the Axis alliance. In 1931 Japan took <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a> from China. International reactions condemned this move, but Japan's already strong skepticism against Allied nations meant that it nevertheless carried on.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/220px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/330px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/440px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Japanese march into <a href="/wiki/Zhengyangmen" title="Zhengyangmen">Zhengyangmen</a> of Beijing after capturing the city in July 1937.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China. Also, in 1938–1939 Japan made an attempt to seize the territory of Soviet Russia and Mongolia, but suffered a serious defeats (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a>). By now, relations with the Allied powers were at the bottom, and an international boycott against Japan to deprive it of natural resources was enforced. A military move to gain access to them was deemed necessary, and so Japan <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked Pearl Harbor</a>, bringing the United States to World War II. Using its superior technological advances in <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">naval aviation</a> and its modern doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a>, Japan achieved one of the fastest maritime expansions in history. By 1942 Japan had conquered much of East Asia and the Pacific, including the east of China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and many islands of the Pacific Ocean. Just as Japan's late industrialization success and victory against the Russian Empire was seen as an example among underdeveloped Asia-Pacific nations, the Japanese took advantage of this and promoted among its conquered the goal to jointly create an anti-European "<a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>". This plan helped the Japanese gain support from native populations during its conquests<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> especially in Indonesia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the United States had a vastly stronger military and industrial base and defeated Japan, stripping it of conquests and returning its settlers back to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a></div> <p>The most notable example of Dutch imperialism is regarding <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire">Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpire1683.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/OttomanEmpire1683.png/300px-OttomanEmpire1683.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/OttomanEmpire1683.png/450px-OttomanEmpire1683.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/OttomanEmpire1683.png/600px-OttomanEmpire1683.png 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2582" /></a><figcaption>The Ottoman Empire in 1683; core possessions in dark green; <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">vassal or autonomous areas</a> in light green.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1922. In 1453, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and made it his capital. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, the Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual empire, which <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe#Ottoman_migration" title="Turks in Europe">invaded and colonized</a> much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, North Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. Its repeated invasions, and brutal treatment of Slavs led to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migrations_of_the_Serbs" title="Great Migrations of the Serbs">Great Migrations of the Serbs</a> to escape persecution. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of the Ottoman Empire">32 provinces</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">vassal states</a>. Some of these were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a long period of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">military setbacks</a> against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Ottoman Empire">declined</a>, losing control of much of its territory in Europe and Africa. </p><p>By 1810 Egypt was effectively independent. In 1821–1829 the Greeks in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> were assisted by Russia, Britain and France. In 1815 to 1914 the Ottoman Empire could exist only in the conditions of acute rivalry of the great powers, with Britain its main supporter, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean war">Crimean war</a> 1853–1856, against Russia. After Ottoman defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a>, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro gained independence and Britain took colonial control of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> were occupied and annexed by <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> in 1908. </p><p>The empire allied with Germany in World War I with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolved</a> in the aftermath of its decisive defeat. The Kemalist national movement, supported by Soviet Russia, achieved victory in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>, and the parties signed and ratified the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> in 1923 and 1924. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> was established.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Portuguese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Portuguese Empire">Second Portuguese Empire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_areas_of_the_world_that_were_once_part_of_the_Portuguese_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/All_areas_of_the_world_that_were_once_part_of_the_Portuguese_Empire.png/250px-All_areas_of_the_world_that_were_once_part_of_the_Portuguese_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/All_areas_of_the_world_that_were_once_part_of_the_Portuguese_Empire.png/375px-All_areas_of_the_world_that_were_once_part_of_the_Portuguese_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/All_areas_of_the_world_that_were_once_part_of_the_Portuguese_Empire.png/500px-All_areas_of_the_world_that_were_once_part_of_the_Portuguese_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Areas across the world that were, at one point in their history, part of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Russia" title="Territorial evolution of Russia">Territorial evolution of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_expansion_1300-1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Russian_expansion_1300-1914.png/220px-Russian_expansion_1300-1914.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Russian_expansion_1300-1914.png/330px-Russian_expansion_1300-1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Russian_expansion_1300-1914.png/440px-Russian_expansion_1300-1914.png 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of the Tsardom and Empire of Russia until 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> extended its control to the Pacific, peacefully forming a common border with the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. This took place in a large number of military invasions of the lands east, west, and south of it. The <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Polish–Russian War of 1792</a> took place after Polish nobility from the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May 1791</a>. The war resulted in eastern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> being conquered by Imperial Russia as a colony until 1918. The southern campaigns involved a series of <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a>, which began with the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Persian Expedition of 1796</a>, resulting in the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> as a protectorate. Between 1800 and 1864, Imperial armies invaded south in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a>. This last conflict led to the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Circassians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic cleansing of Circassians">ethnic cleansing of Circassians</a> from their lands. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian conquest of Siberia</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Khanate of Sibir">Khanate of Sibir</a> took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, and resulted in the slaughter of various indigenous tribes by Russians, including the <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Itelmens" title="Itelmens">Itelmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a>. The Russian colonization of Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia and treatment of the resident indigenous peoples has been compared to European colonization of the Americas, with similar negative impacts on the indigenous Siberians as upon the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The extermination of indigenous Siberian tribes was so complete that a relatively small population of only 180,000 are said to exist today. The Russian Empire exploited and suppressed <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> hosts during this period, before turning them into the special military estate <a href="/wiki/Sosloviye" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosloviye">Sosloviye</a> in the late 18th century. Cossacks were then used in Imperial Russian campaigns against other tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The acquisition of Ukraine by Russia commenced in 1654 with the <a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a>. Georgia's accession to Russia in 1783 was marked by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk" title="Treaty of Georgievsk">Treaty of Georgievsk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Russia-controlled_territories_without_Alaska.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Former_Russia-controlled_territories_without_Alaska.png/220px-Former_Russia-controlled_territories_without_Alaska.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Former_Russia-controlled_territories_without_Alaska.png/330px-Former_Russia-controlled_territories_without_Alaska.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Former_Russia-controlled_territories_without_Alaska.png/440px-Former_Russia-controlled_territories_without_Alaska.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#673334; color:white;"> </span> </span>Soviet Union<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800000; color:white;"> </span> </span>Soviet territories that were never part of Imperial Russia: <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tuva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">western Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute" title="Kuril Islands dispute">Kuril Islands</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B31B1B; color:white;"> </span> </span>Imperial territories that did not become part of the Soviet Union<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> </span>Soviet sphere of influence: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FB607F; color:black;"> </span> </span>Soviet military occupation: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">northern Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet occupation of Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">northern Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1923, the policy of "<a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a>" [korenizatsiya] was intended to support non-Russians develop their national cultures within a socialist framework. Never formally revoked, it stopped being implemented after 1932<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. After World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, in areas its forces occupied in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union and later the People's Republic of China supported revolutionary and communist movements in foreign nations and colonies to advance their own interests, but were not always successful.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USSR provided great assistance to <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> in 1926–1928 in the formation of a unified Chinese government (see <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a>). Although then relations with the USSR deteriorated, but the USSR was the only world power that provided military assistance to China against Japanese aggression in 1937–1941 (see <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact">Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact</a>). The victory of the Chinese Communists in the civil war of 1946–1949 relied on the great help of the USSR (see <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>). </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> declared itself <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a>, critics argue that it exhibited traits common to historic empires.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-olaf_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olaf-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation-states. Some also argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control.<sup id="cite_ref-olaf_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olaf-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an <a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">imperialist power</a> while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milovan_Djilas" title="Milovan Djilas">Milovan Djilas</a> have referred to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Stalinist USSR</a>'s foreign policies, such as the occupation and economic exploitations of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Europe</a> and its aggressive and hostile policy towards <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> as Soviet imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perović,_2007_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perović,_2007-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Marxists within the Russian Empire and later the USSR, like <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Galiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Galiev">Sultan Galiev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Shakhrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasyl Shakhrai">Vasyl Shakhrai</a>, considered the Soviet regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crushing of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> have been cited as examples.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia_under_Putin">Russia under Putin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Russia under Putin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_neo-imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neo-imperialism">Russian neo-imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin_(2022-03-08).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Putin_%282022-03-08%29.jpg/220px-Putin_%282022-03-08%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Putin_%282022-03-08%29.jpg/330px-Putin_%282022-03-08%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Putin_%282022-03-08%29.jpg/440px-Putin_%282022-03-08%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Russia's president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> compared himself to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> in an effort to regain former Russian lands.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Russia under Vladimir Putin</a> has been described as <a href="/wiki/Russian_neo-imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neo-imperialism">neo-imperialist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories" title="Russian-occupied territories">occupies parts of neighboring countries</a> and has engaged in <a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">expansionism</a>, most notably with the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russian invasion of Georgia</a>, the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a>, and the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">annexation of its southeast</a>. Russia has also established <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">domination over Belarus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four months into the invasion of Ukraine, Putin compared himself to Russian emperor <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>. He said that <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> Peter had <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">returned "Russian land"</a> to the empire, and that "it is now also our responsibility to return (Russian) land".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kseniya Oksamytna wrote that in Russia media, the invasion was accompanied by discourses of Russian "supremacy". She says that this likely fuelled <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">war crimes against Ukrainians</a> and that "the behavior of Russian forces bore all hallmarks of imperial violence".<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Putin regime has revived imperial ideas such as the "<a href="/wiki/Russian_world" title="Russian world">Russian world</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has used <a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">disinformation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian diaspora</a> to undermine the sovereignty of other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia is also accused of <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism#Russia" title="Neocolonialism">neo-colonialism in Africa</a>, mainly through the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_activities_in_Africa" title="Wagner Group activities in Africa">activities of the Wagner Group and Africa Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_(detailed).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg/220px-Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg/330px-Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg/440px-Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ceremonies during the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii#Annexation" class="mw-redirect" title="Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii">annexation of the Republic of Hawaii</a>, 1898</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Seaport_Museum_226.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Independence_Seaport_Museum_226.JPG/170px-Independence_Seaport_Museum_226.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Independence_Seaport_Museum_226.JPG/255px-Independence_Seaport_Museum_226.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Independence_Seaport_Museum_226.JPG/340px-Independence_Seaport_Museum_226.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="3110" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon of belligerent <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> placing Spain on notice, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1898</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Made up of former colonies itself, the early United States expressed its opposition to imperialism, at least in a form distinct from its own <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a>, through policies such as the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>. However the US may have unsuccessfully attempted to capture Canada in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. The United States achieved very significant territorial concessions from Mexico during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. Beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century, policies such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s interventionism in Central America and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s mission to "make the world safe for democracy"<sup id="cite_ref-mtholyoke_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtholyoke-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> changed all this. They were often backed by military force, but were more often affected from behind the scenes. This is consistent with the general notion of hegemony and imperium of historical empires.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898, Americans who opposed imperialism created the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">Anti-Imperialist League</a> to oppose the <a href="/wiki/US_annexation_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="US annexation of the Philippines">US annexation of the Philippines</a> and Cuba. One year later, a war erupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders in the US to condemn America's occupation in the Philippines as they also denounced them for causing the deaths of many Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-google_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American foreign policy was denounced as a "racket" by <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a>, a former American general who had become a spokesman for the far left.<sup id="cite_ref-federalobserver_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federalobserver-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was opposed to European colonialism, especially in India. He pulled back when Britain's Winston Churchill demanded that victory in the war be the first priority. Roosevelt expected that the United Nations would take up the problem of decolonization.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some have described the internal strife between various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism. This internal form is distinct from informal U.S. imperialism in the form of political and financial hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-Empire-_A_Very_Short_Introduction_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Empire-_A_Very_Short_Introduction-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also showed difference in the United States' formation of "colonies" abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Empire-_A_Very_Short_Introduction_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Empire-_A_Very_Short_Introduction-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the treatment of its indigenous peoples during westward expansion, the United States took on the form of an imperial power prior to any attempts at external imperialism. This internal form of empire has been referred to as "internal colonialism".<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participation in the African slave trade and the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million Africans is viewed by some to be a more modern extension of America's "internal colonialism".<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this internal colonialism faced resistance, as external colonialism did, but the anti-colonial presence was far less prominent due to the nearly complete dominance that the United States was able to assert over both indigenous peoples and African-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a lecture on April 16, 2003, Edward Said described modern imperialism in the United States as an aggressive means of attack towards the contemporary Orient stating that "due to their backward living, lack of democracy and the violation of women's rights. The western world forgets during this process of converting the other that enlightenment and democracy are concepts that not all will agree upon".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg/330px-Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg/495px-Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg/660px-Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>The areas of the world that at one time were territories of the Spanish Empire</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div> <p>Spanish imperialism in the colonial era corresponds with the rise and decline of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, conventionally recognized as emerging in 1402 with the conquest of the Canary Islands. Following the successes of exploratory maritime voyages conducted during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, Spain committed considerable financial and military resources towards developing a robust navy capable of conducting large-scale, transatlantic expeditionary operations in order to establish and solidify a firm imperial presence across large portions of North America, South America, and the geographic regions comprising the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean basin">Caribbean basin</a>. Concomitant with Spanish endorsement and sponsorship of transatlantic expeditionary voyages was the deployment of <i><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></i>, which further expanded Spanish imperial boundaries through the acquisition and development of territories and colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperialism_in_the_Caribbean_basin">Imperialism in the Caribbean basin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Imperialism in the Caribbean basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png/220px-Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png/330px-Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png/440px-Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Spanish colonies and territories in the Caribbean basin (c. 1490 – c. 1660)</figcaption></figure> <p>In congruence with the colonialist activities of competing European imperial powers throughout the 15th – 19th centuries, the Spanish were equally engrossed in extending geopolitical power. The Caribbean basin functioned as a key geographic focal point for advancing Spanish imperialism. Similar to the strategic prioritization Spain placed towards achieving victory in the conquests of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, Spain placed equal strategic emphasis on expanding the nation's imperial footprint within the Caribbean basin. </p><p>Echoing the prevailing ideological perspectives regarding colonialism and imperialism embraced by Spain's European rivals during the colonial era, including the English, French, and the Dutch, the Spanish used colonialism as a means of expanding imperial geopolitical borders and securing the defense of maritime trade routes in the Caribbean basin. </p><p>While leveraging colonialism in the same geographic operating theater as its imperial rivals, Spain maintained distinct imperial objectives and instituted a unique form of colonialism in support of its imperial agenda. Spain placed significant strategic emphasis on the acquisition, extraction, and exportation of precious metals (primarily gold and silver). A second objective was the evangelization of subjugated indigenous populations residing in mineral-rich and strategically favorable locations. Notable examples of these indigenous groups include the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taίno</a> populations inhabiting Puerto Rico and segments of Cuba. Compulsory labor and slavery were widely institutionalized across Spanish-occupied territories and colonies, with an initial emphasis on directing labor towards mining activity and related methods of procuring semi-precious metals. The emergence of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></i> system during the 16th–17th centuries in occupied colonies within the Caribbean basin reflects a gradual shift in imperial prioritization, increasingly focusing on large-scale production and exportation of agricultural commodities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scholarly_debate_and_controversy">Scholarly debate and controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Scholarly debate and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scope and scale of Spanish participation in imperialism within the Caribbean basin remains a subject of scholarly debate among historians. A fundamental source of contention stems from the inadvertent conflation of theoretical conceptions of imperialism and colonialism. Furthermore, significant variation exists in the definition and interpretation of these terms as expounded by historians, anthropologists, philosophers, and political scientists. </p><p>Among historians, there is substantial support in favor of approaching imperialism as a conceptual theory emerging during the 18th–19th centuries, particularly within Britain, propagated by key exponents such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>. In accordance with this theoretical perspective, the activities of the Spanish in the Caribbean are not components of a preeminent, ideologically driven form of imperialism. Rather, these activities are more accurately classified as representing a form of colonialism. </p><p>Further divergence among historians can be attributed to varying theoretical perspectives regarding imperialism that are proposed by emerging academic schools of thought. Noteworthy examples include <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a>, whereby proponents such as John Downing and Annabelle Sreberny-Modammadi define imperialism as "...the conquest and control of one country by a more powerful one."<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural imperialism signifies the dimensions of the process that go beyond economic exploitation or military force." Moreover, colonialism is understood as "...the form of imperialism in which the government of the colony is run directly by foreigners."<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of diverging perspectives and the absence of a unilateral scholarly consensus regarding imperialism among historians, within the context of Spanish expansion in the Caribbean basin during the colonial era, imperialism can be interpreted as an overarching ideological agenda that is perpetuated through the institution of colonialism. In this context, colonialism functions as an instrument designed to achieve specific imperialist objectives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish overseas colonies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">International relations (1648–1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International relations (1919–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">List of empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">List of largest empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Might_Makes_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Might Makes Right">Might Makes Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>, in the late 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization">Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> esp. V and XII in 1918</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i> 1917 book by Lenin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super-imperialism" title="Super-imperialism">Super-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-imperialism" title="Ultra-imperialism">Ultra-imperialism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/S._Gertrude_Millin" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Gertrude Millin">S. Gertrude Millin</a>, <i>Rhodes</i>, London: 1933, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614003327/https://www.dhm.de/lemo/bestand/objekt/d2a24325">"Kartenskizze eines zukünftigen Europa unter deutscher Herrschaft"</a> [Sketch map of a future Europe under German rule]. <i>Deutsches Historisches Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/bestand/objekt/d2a24325">the original</a> on 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft.atitle=Kartenskizze+eines+zuk%C3%BCnftigen+Europa+unter+deutscher+Herrschaft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fbestand%2Fobjekt%2Fd2a24325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperialism">"Imperialism"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponent's foreign policy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Imperialism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fimperialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/imperialism">"imperialism"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>... the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=imperialism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fimperialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashcroft_Griffiths_Tiffin_Ashcroft_2007_p.-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft_Griffiths_Tiffin_Ashcroft_2007_p._5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshcroftGriffithsTiffinAshcroft2007" class="citation book cs1">Ashcroft, Bill; Griffiths, Gareth; Tiffin, Helen; Ashcroft, Bill (2007). <i>Post-colonial studies : the key concepts</i>. London: Routledge. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93347-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93347-3"><bdi>978-0-203-93347-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244320058">244320058</a>. <q>In its most general sense, imperialism refers to the formation of an empire, and, as such, has been an aspect of all periods of history in which one nation has extended its domination over one or several neighbouring nations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-colonial+studies+%3A+the+key+concepts&rft.place=London&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244320058&rft.isbn=978-0-203-93347-3&rft.aulast=Ashcroft&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Gareth&rft.au=Tiffin%2C+Helen&rft.au=Ashcroft%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperialism">"Imperialism | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. 4 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Imperialism+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Examples%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fimperialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0060%3Aentry%3Dimperium">"Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, imperium (inp-)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charlton+T.+Lewis%2C+An+Elementary+Latin+Dictionary%2C+imperium+%28inp-%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0060%253Aentry%253Dimperium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe, 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magnusson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magnusson_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Magnusson, Lars (1991). <i>Teorier om imperialism</i> (in Swedish). Tidens Förl. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-550-3830-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-550-3830-4"><bdi>978-91-550-3830-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teorier+om+imperialism&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Tidens+F%C3%B6rl.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-91-550-3830-4&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinmetz, George, (2014). "Empires, Imperial States, and Colonial Societies," <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Comparative Sociology</i>, ed. Sasaki, Masamichi, (Leiden & Boston: Brill), p 59, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~geostein/docs/Steinmetz%202014%20Empires%20imperial%20states%20and%20colonies.pdf">http://www-personal.umich.edu/~geostein/docs/Steinmetz%202014%20Empires%20imperial%20states%20and%20colonies.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, Krishan (2017). <i>Visions of Empire: How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World</i>, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press), p 16, EISBN 978-1-4008-8491-9 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10967.pdf">https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10967.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sasaki 2014, p 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnorr1952" class="citation journal cs1">Knorr, Klaus (1952). Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Arendt, Hannah (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009130">"Theories of Imperialism"</a>. <i>World Politics</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 402–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009130">10.2307/2009130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8871">0043-8871</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009130">2009130</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145320143">145320143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Theories+of+Imperialism&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=402-431&rft.date=1952&rft.issn=0043-8871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145320143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2009130%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2009130&rft.aulast=Knorr&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2009130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edward_Said_1994._P._9-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edward_Said_1994._P._9_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward W. Said. Culture and Imperialism. Vintage Publishers, 1994. p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapp1912" class="citation journal cs1">Clapp, C H (1912). "Southern Vancouver Island". Canada. Geological Survey. Memoirno. 13. Ottawa. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4095%2F100487">10.4095/100487</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433090753066">2027/nyp.33433090753066</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Southern+Vancouver+Island&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433090753066&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4095%2F100487&rft.aulast=Clapp&rft.aufirst=C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2015" class="citation book cs1">Young, Robert (2015). <i>Empire, colony, postcolony</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9355-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9355-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-9355-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907133189">907133189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+colony%2C+postcolony&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907133189&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9355-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilmartin2009-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmartin2009_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Gilmartin, Mary (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpBJclVnVdQC&pg=PA115">"Colonialism/Imperialism"</a>. In Gallaher, Carolyn; Dahlman, Carl; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (eds.). <i>Key Concepts in Political Geography</i>. pp. 115–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781446279496.n13">10.4135/9781446279496.n13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412946728" title="Special:BookSources/9781412946728"><bdi>9781412946728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonialism%2FImperialism&rft.btitle=Key+Concepts+in+Political+Geography&rft.pages=115-123&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781446279496.n13&rft.isbn=9781412946728&rft.aulast=Gilmartin&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpBJclVnVdQC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Painter_&_Jeffrey-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painter_&_Jeffrey_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainterJeffrey2009" class="citation book cs1">Painter, Joe; Jeffrey, Alex (2009). <i>Political Geography</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-4435-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-4435-7"><bdi>978-1-4462-4435-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Geography&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4462-4435-7&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Jeffrey%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/hobson-imperialism-a-study">"Imperialism: A Study – Online Library of Liberty"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperialism%3A+A+Study+%E2%80%93+Online+Library+of+Liberty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2Fhobson-imperialism-a-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=atlas%20world%20history%20haywood">"John Haywood, <i>Atlas of world history</i> (1997)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Haywood%2C+Atlas+of+world+history+%281997%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3Datlas%2520world%2520history%2520haywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Stephen Howe, ed., <i>The New Imperial Histories Reader</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=32358">online review</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.E. Robinson and John Gallagher, <i> Africa and the Victorians: The official mind of imperialism</i> (1966).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wm. Roger Louis, <i>Imperialism</i> (1976) p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hale-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hale_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hale_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hale_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1971" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Oron J. (1971). <i>The great illusion: 1900–14</i>. Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+illusion%3A+1900%E2%80%9314&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Oron+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dispossession deprivation and development: essays for Utsa Patnaik</i>. Utsa Patnaik, Arindam Banerjee, C. P. Chandrasekhar (eds.) (1st ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788193732915" title="Special:BookSources/9788193732915"><bdi>9788193732915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dispossession+deprivation+and+development%3A+essays+for+Utsa+Patnaik&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9788193732915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher1985" class="citation journal cs1">Christopher, A.J. (1985). "Patterns of British Overseas Investment in Land". <i>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</i>. New Series. <b>10</b> (4): 452–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F621891">10.2307/621891</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-2754">0020-2754</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/621891">621891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Institute+of+British+Geographers&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+British+Overseas+Investment+in+Land&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=452-66&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0020-2754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F621891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F621891&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Painter1995" class="citation book cs1">Joe Painter (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsgeograph00pain"><i>Politics, Geography and Political Geography: A Critical Perspective</i></a></span>. E. Arnold. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsgeograph00pain/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-23544-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-23544-7"><bdi>978-0-470-23544-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Geography+and+Political+Geography%3A+A+Critical+Perspective&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=E.+Arnold&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-470-23544-7&rft.au=Joe+Painter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsgeograph00pain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. K. Fieldhouse, “'Imperialism': An Historiographical Revision.” <i>Economic History Review</i> 14#2 1961, pp. 187–209 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2593218">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Harvey, <i>Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development</i> (Verso, 2006) p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adas_2008_54-58-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adas_2008_54-58_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adas_2008_54-58_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adas_2008_54-58_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdasStearns2008" class="citation book cs1">Adas, Michael; Stearns, Peter N. (2008). <i>Turbulent Passage A Global History of the Twentieth Century</i> (4th ed.). Pearson/Longman. pp. 54–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-64571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-64571-8"><bdi>978-0-205-64571-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turbulent+Passage+A+Global+History+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=54-58&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-205-64571-8&rft.aulast=Adas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Peter+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:3293822">"A Thing Well Begun Is Half Done"</a>. <i>Persuasive Maps: PJ Mode Collection</i>. Cornell University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Persuasive+Maps%3A+PJ+Mode+Collection&rft.atitle=A+Thing+Well+Begun+Is+Half+Done&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.cornell.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fss%3A3293822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cain, P. J. (2007). "Capitalism, Aristocracy and Empire: Some 'Classical' Theories of Imperialism Revisited". <i>The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>35</b>: 25–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086530601143388">10.1080/03086530601143388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159660602">159660602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Capitalism%2C+Aristocracy+and+Empire%3A+Some+%27Classical%27+Theories+of+Imperialism+Revisited&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=25-47&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086530601143388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159660602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeatling2004" class="citation journal cs1">Peatling, G. K. (2004). "Globalism, Hegemonism and British Power: J. A. Hobson and Alfred Zimmern Reconsidered". <i>History</i>. <b>89</b> (295): 381–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2004.00305.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.2004.00305.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Globalism%2C+Hegemonism+and+British+Power%3A+J.+A.+Hobson+and+Alfred+Zimmern+Reconsidered&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=295&rft.pages=381-398&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2004.00305.x&rft.aulast=Peatling&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fieldhouse1961-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fieldhouse1961_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fieldhouse1961_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldhouse1961" class="citation journal cs1">Fieldhouse, D. K. (1961). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Imperialism': An Historiographical Revision". <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 187–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1961.tb00045.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.1961.tb00045.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2593218">2593218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=%27Imperialism%27%3A+An+Historiographical+Revision&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-209&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1961.tb00045.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2593218%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fieldhouse&rft.aufirst=D.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mommsen" title="Wolfgang Mommsen"> Mommsen, Wolfgang</a> (1982). <i>Theories of Imperialism</i>, (tr. Falla, P. S. Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p 72, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/theoriesofimperi0000momm/page/72/mode/2up?view=theater">https://archive.org/details/theoriesofimperi0000momm/page/72/mode/2up?view=theater</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mommsen" title="Wolfgang Mommsen"> Mommsen, Wolfgang</a> (1982). <i>Theories of Imperialism</i>, (tr. Falla, P. S. Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p 79, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/theoriesofimperi0000momm/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater">https://archive.org/details/theoriesofimperi0000momm/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Brewer, <i>Marxist theories of imperialism: a critical survey</i> (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Proudman, Mark F. (2008). "Words for Scholars: The Semantics of "Imperialism"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of the Historical Society</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 395–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5923.2008.00252.x">10.1111/j.1540-5923.2008.00252.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Words+for+Scholars%3A+The+Semantics+of+%22Imperialism%22&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=395-433&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5923.2008.00252.x&rft.aulast=Proudman&rft.aufirst=Mark+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter.1972" class="citation book cs1">Walter., Rodney (1972). <i>How Europe underdeveloped Africa</i>. Howard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9501546-4-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9501546-4-0"><bdi>978-0-9501546-4-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/589558">589558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Europe+underdeveloped+Africa.&rft.pub=Howard+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F589558&rft.isbn=978-0-9501546-4-0&rft.aulast=Walter.&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Marshall1995" class="citation journal cs1">Alan Marshall (February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222641231">"Development and imperialism in space"</a>. <i>Space Policy</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 41–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SpPol..11...41M">1995SpPol..11...41M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0265-9646%2895%2993233-B">10.1016/0265-9646(95)93233-B</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Policy&rft.atitle=Development+and+imperialism+in+space&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-52&rft.date=1995-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0265-9646%2895%2993233-B&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995SpPol..11...41M&rft.au=Alan+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F222641231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard,_P._2010_p._239-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard,_P._2010_p._239_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard,_P._2010_p._239_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard,_P._2010_p._239_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, P., & Kitchin, R. Eds. <i>Key Thinkers on Space and Place</i>, 2nd. Ed. Los Angeles, Calif:Sage Publications. 2010. p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp, J. (2008). Geographies of Postcolonialism. Los Angeles:London:Sage Publications. pp. 16, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Said,_Edward_1979_p.357-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Said,_Edward_1979_p.357_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said,_Edward_1979_p.357_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Said, Edward. "Imaginative Geography and its Representations: Orientalizing the Oriental", <i>Orientalism</i>. New York:Vintage. p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp, J. <i>Geographies of Postcolonialism</i>. Los Angeles: London: Sage Publications. 2008. p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp, J. (2008). Geographies of Postcolonialism. Los Angeles:London: Sage Publications. p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Said, Edward.(1979) "Imaginative Geography and its Representations: Orientalizing the Oriental", <i>Orientalism</i>. New York: Vintage. p. 361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harley,_J.B._1989-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harley,_J.B._1989_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harley,_J.B._1989_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarley1989" class="citation journal cs1">Harley, J. B. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comitepp.sp.gov.br/MESTRADO/files/Texto%2001%20-%20Harley%20A.pdf">"Deconstructing the Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2FE635-7827-1757-9T53">10.3138/E635-7827-1757-9T53</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145766679">145766679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartographica%3A+The+International+Journal+for+Geographic+Information+and+Geovisualization&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+the+Map&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2FE635-7827-1757-9T53&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145766679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harley&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comitepp.sp.gov.br%2FMESTRADO%2Ffiles%2FTexto%252001%2520-%2520Harley%2520A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span> p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassett,_Thomas_J._1994_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bassett, Thomas J. (1994). "Cartography and Empire Building in Nineteenth-Century West Africa". <i>Geographical Review</i>. <b>84</b> (3): 316–335. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994GeoRv..84..316B">1994GeoRv..84..316B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F215456">10.2307/215456</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/215456">215456</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161167051">161167051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Cartography+and+Empire+Building+in+Nineteenth-Century+West+Africa&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=316-335&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F215456&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161167051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F215456%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994GeoRv..84..316B&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span> p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IESS-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IESS_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Imperialism." <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i>, 2nd edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c737-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c737_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c737_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramer1952" class="citation journal cs1">Cramer, Frederick H. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/45308160">"The Arab Empire: A Religious Imperialism"</a>. <i>Current History</i>. <b>22</b> (130). University of California Press: 340–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.1952.22.130.340">10.1525/curh.1952.22.130.340</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3530">0011-3530</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45308160">45308160</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+History&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Empire%3A+A+Religious+Imperialism&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=130&rft.pages=340-347&rft.date=1952&rft.issn=0011-3530&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45308160%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcurh.1952.22.130.340&rft.aulast=Cramer&rft.aufirst=Frederick+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45308160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinstrum2016" class="citation book cs1">Linstrum, Erik (1 April 2016). "The Laboratory in the Field: Inventing Imperial Psychology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BCtUCwAAQBAJ"><i>Ruling Minds: Psychology in the British Empire</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674088665" title="Special:BookSources/9780674088665"><bdi>9780674088665</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>As late as 1935, a district officer in Northern Rhodesia asserted that 'the idea of the western mind, that can conceive of an individual personality having an independent existence ... is still beyond the scope of savage mentality.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Laboratory+in+the+Field%3A+Inventing+Imperial+Psychology&rft.btitle=Ruling+Minds%3A+Psychology+in+the+British+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft.isbn=9780674088665&rft.aulast=Linstrum&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBCtUCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, Vladimir</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qk_A74ZnjNMC"><i>Essential Works of Lenin</i></a>. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486253336" title="Special:BookSources/9780486253336"><bdi>9780486253336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Works+of+Lenin&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780486253336&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQk_A74ZnjNMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chambers Dictionary of World History</i>, B.P.Lenman, T. Anderson, Editors, Chambers: Edinburgh. 2000. p. 769.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Howe2002" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Howe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04lJ4TshmxcC&pg=PT164"><i>Empire: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160444-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160444-7"><bdi>978-0-19-160444-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-160444-7&rft.au=Stephen+Howe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04lJ4TshmxcC%26pg%3DPT164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishan_Kumar2017" class="citation book cs1">Krishan Kumar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iupuDQAAQBAJ"><i>Visions of Empire: How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8491-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8491-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-8491-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Empire%3A+How+Five+Imperial+Regimes+Shaped+the+World&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8491-9&rft.au=Krishan+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiupuDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAusten1969" class="citation book cs1">Austen, Ralph, ed. (1969). <i>Modern Imperialism</i>. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath. pp. 70–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Imperialism&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=70-73&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hobson, J.A. <i>Imperialism: A Study.</i> Cosimo, Inc., 2005. p. 154, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.121968/page/n183/mode/2up?view=theater">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.121968/page/n183/mode/2up?view=theater</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mommsen" title="Wolfgang Mommsen"> Mommsen, Wolfgang</a> (1982). <i>Theories of Imperialism</i>, (tr. Falla, P. S. Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p 76-77, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/theoriesofimperi0000momm/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater">https://archive.org/details/theoriesofimperi0000momm/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold2000-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold2000_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold2000_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2000" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, David (2000). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Illusory Riches": Representations of the Tropical World, 1840–1950". <i>Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 6–18. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SJTG...21....6A">2000SJTG...21....6A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9493.00060">10.1111/1467-9493.00060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Journal+of+Tropical+Geography&rft.atitle=%22Illusory+Riches%22%3A+Representations+of+the+Tropical+World%2C+1840%E2%80%931950&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-18&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9493.00060&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000SJTG...21....6A&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMountz2009" class="citation book cs1">Mountz, Alison (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpBJclVnVdQC&pg=PA328">"The other"</a>. In Gallaher, Carolyn; Dahlman, Carl; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (eds.). <i>Key Concepts in Political Geography</i>. pp. 328–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781446279496.n35">10.4135/9781446279496.n35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412946728" title="Special:BookSources/9781412946728"><bdi>9781412946728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+other&rft.btitle=Key+Concepts+in+Political+Geography&rft.pages=328-338&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781446279496.n35&rft.isbn=9781412946728&rft.aulast=Mountz&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpBJclVnVdQC%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <a href="#CITEREFGilmartin2009">Gilmartin 2009</a>, "... the practice of colonialism was legitimized by geographical theories such as environmental determinism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/teaching-resources-for-historians/teaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age/through-the-lens-of-history-biafra-nigeria-the-west-and-the-world/the-colonial-and-pre-colonial-eras-in-nigeria/the-pan-african-movement#:~:text=Pan-Africanism%20was%20the%20attempt,the%20world%20of%20African%20colonies.">"The Pan-African Movement | AHA"</a>. <i>www.historians.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historians.org&rft.atitle=The+Pan-African+Movement+%7C+AHA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fteaching-and-learning%2Fteaching-resources-for-historians%2Fteaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age%2Fthrough-the-lens-of-history-biafra-nigeria-the-west-and-the-world%2Fthe-colonial-and-pre-colonial-eras-in-nigeria%2Fthe-pan-african-movement%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPan-Africanism%2520was%2520the%2520attempt%2Cthe%2520world%2520of%2520African%2520colonies.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdejumobi2008" class="citation web cs1">Adejumobi, Saheed (30 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/pan-african-congresses-1900-1945/">"The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945 •"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pan-African+Congresses%2C+1900%E2%80%931945+%E2%80%A2&rft.date=2008-07-30&rft.aulast=Adejumobi&rft.aufirst=Saheed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fglobal-african-history%2Fpan-african-congresses-1900-1945%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h557-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h557_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar2010" class="citation book cs1">Akhtar, Shabbir (18 October 2010). <i>Islam as Political Religion</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203841822">10.4324/9780203841822</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-90143-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-90143-0"><bdi>978-1-136-90143-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+as+Political+Religion&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203841822&rft.isbn=978-1-136-90143-0&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Shabbir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"British Empire" British Empire | historical state, United Kingdom | Encyclopædia Britannica Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008091712/http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/pioneers/pioneers3_e.html">"New France (1608–1763)"</a>. <i>Canada in the Making</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/pioneers/pioneers3_e.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+in+the+Making&rft.atitle=New+France+%281608%E2%80%931763%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiana.ca%2Fcitm%2Fthemes%2Fpioneers%2Fpioneers3_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piers Brendon, <i>The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997</i> (2008) p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence James, <i>The Rise and Fall of the British Empire</i> (1997) pp. 169–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonReisman2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA508"><i>The Historical Foundations of World Order</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 508–510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9047423935" title="Special:BookSources/978-9047423935"><bdi>978-9047423935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Foundations+of+World+Order&rft.pages=508-510&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9047423935&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft.au=Reisman%2C+W.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVuwCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refOHBEv3">Porter</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sondhaus, L. (2004). <i>Navies in Modern World History</i>. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-202-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-202-0">1-86189-202-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refOHBEv3" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC"><i>The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6"><bdi>978-0-19-924678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+III&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924678-6&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml">"The Workshop of the World"</a>. <i>BBC History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=The+Workshop+of+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Fworkshop_of_the_world_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refOHBEv3" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC"><i>The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6"><bdi>978-0-19-924678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+III&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924678-6&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refMarshall" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, P.J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00254-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=156-57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00254-7&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2EXN8JTwAEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTompson2003" class="citation book cs1">Tompson, Richard S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5kcJqmXk2oC&pg=PA63"><i>Great Britain: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present</i></a>. Infobase. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4474-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4474-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-4474-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain%3A+a+reference+guide+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+present&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4474-0&rft.aulast=Tompson&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5kcJqmXk2oC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosch,_William_L.2009" class="citation book cs1">Hosch, William L. (2009). <i>World War I: People, Politics, and Power</i>. America at War. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-048-8"><bdi>978-1-61530-048-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+People%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power&rft.series=America+at+War&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-048-8&rft.au=Hosch%2C+William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, <i>The Rise and Fall of the British Empire</i> (1997) pp. 307–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Langer, <i>The Diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890–1902</i> (2nd ed. 1950) pp. 67–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin" class="citation web cs1">Darwin, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/endofempire_overview_01.shtml">"Britain, the Commonwealth and the End of Empire"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain%2C+the+Commonwealth+and+the+End+of+Empire&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fmodern%2Fendofempire_overview_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Berger_(historian)" title="Carl Berger (historian)">Berger, Carl</a> (1970). <i>The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism, 1867–1914</i>. pp. passim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sense+of+Power%3A+Studies+in+the+Ideas+of+Canadian+Imperialism%2C+1867%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=passim&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranatstein1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._L._Granatstein" title="J. L. Granatstein">Granatstein, J. L.</a> (1996). <i>Yankee Go Home?: Canadians and anti-Americanism</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp. passim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yankee+Go+Home%3F%3A+Canadians+and+anti-Americanism&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Granatstein&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chun-shu Chang, <i>The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C.–A.D. 8</i> (University of Michigan Press, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prem Poddar and Lars Jensen, eds., <i>A historical companion to postcolonial literatures</i> (Edinburgh UP, 2008), "Denmark and its colonies" pp 58–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Aldrich, <i>Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion</i> (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Clayton, <i>The Wars of French Decolonization</i> (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Winfried_Baumgart" title="Winfried Baumgart">Winfried Baumgart</a>, <i>Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880–1914</i> (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmanuelle_Jouannet2012" class="citation book cs1">Emmanuelle Jouannet (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=docaDtxWPK8C&pg=PA142"><i>The Liberal-Welfarist Law of Nations: A History of International Law</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01894-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01894-5"><bdi>978-1-107-01894-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberal-Welfarist+Law+of+Nations%3A+A+History+of+International+Law&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01894-5&rft.au=Emmanuelle+Jouannet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdocaDtxWPK8C%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Betts, <i>Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890–1914</i> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1">Taagepera, R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <i>International Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 475–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8833">0020-8833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475-504&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft.issn=0020-8833&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3cn68807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5390418?sommaire=5390468">"Population en 2019 - Tableaux de séries longues − La situation démographique en 2019 | Insee"</a>. <i>www.insee.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.insee.fr&rft.atitle=Population+en+2019+-+Tableaux+de+s%C3%A9ries+longues+%E2%88%92+La+situation+d%C3%A9mographique+en+2019+%7C+Insee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F5390418%3Fsommaire%3D5390468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Chafer, <i>The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?</i> (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClignet1970" class="citation journal cs1">Clignet, Remi (1970). "Inadequacies of the Notion of Assimilation in African Education". <i>The Journal of Modern African Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 425–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00019935">10.1017/S0022278X00019935</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/158852">158852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145692910">145692910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Inadequacies+of+the+Notion+of+Assimilation+in+African+Education&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425-444&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145692910%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F158852%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00019935&rft.aulast=Clignet&rft.aufirst=Remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFỌlọruntimẹhin1974" class="citation journal cs1">Ọlọruntimẹhin, B. Ọlatunji (1974). "Education for Colonial Dominance in French West Africa from 1900 to the Second World War". <i>Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 347–356. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857017">41857017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Historical+Society+of+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Education+for+Colonial+Dominance+in+French+West+Africa+from+1900+to+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=347-356&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41857017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Druntim%E1%BA%B9hin&rft.aufirst=B.+%E1%BB%8Clatunji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenova2004" class="citation journal cs1">Genova, James E. (2004). "Conflicted Missionaries: Power and Identity in French West Africa During the 1930s". <i>The Historian</i>. <b>66</b>: 45–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0018-2370.2004.00063.x">10.1111/j.0018-2370.2004.00063.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143384173">143384173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Conflicted+Missionaries%3A+Power+and+Identity+in+French+West+Africa+During+the+1930s&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=45-66&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0018-2370.2004.00063.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143384173%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Genova&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, Louisa (2013). "Between empire and nation: Francophone West African students and decolonization". <i>Atlantic Studies</i>. <b>10</b>: 131–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14788810.2013.764106">10.1080/14788810.2013.764106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144542200">144542200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Studies&rft.atitle=Between+empire+and+nation%3A+Francophone+West+African+students+and+decolonization&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=131-147&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14788810.2013.764106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144542200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Louisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegorge2002" class="citation journal cs1">Degorge, Barbara (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33429271">"The Modernization of Education: A Case Study of Tunisia and Morocco"</a>. <i>The European Legacy</i>. <b>7</b> (5): 579–596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1084877022000006780">10.1080/1084877022000006780</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146190465">146190465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Legacy&rft.atitle=The+Modernization+of+Education%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Tunisia+and+Morocco&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=579-596&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1084877022000006780&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146190465%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Degorge&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33429271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChafer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chafer, Tony (2001). "Teaching Africans to be French?: France's 'civilising mission' and the establishment of a public education system in French West Africa, 1903–30". <i>Africa</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 190–209. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40761537">40761537</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18254200">18254200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.atitle=Teaching+Africans+to+be+French%3F%3A+France%27s+%27civilising+mission%27+and+the+establishment+of+a+public+education+system+in+French+West+Africa%2C+1903%E2%80%9330&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-209&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40761537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18254200&rft.aulast=Chafer&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardinier1974" class="citation journal cs1">Gardinier, David E. (1974). "Schooling in the States of Equatorial Africa". <i>Canadian Journal of African Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 517–538. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00083968.1974.10804447">10.1080/00083968.1974.10804447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Schooling+in+the+States+of+Equatorial+Africa&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=517-538&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00083968.1974.10804447&rft.aulast=Gardinier&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggoyZingg1976" class="citation journal cs1">Heggoy, Alf Andrew; Zingg, Paul J. (1976). "French Education in Revolutionary North Africa". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 571–578. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800024703">10.1017/S0020743800024703</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/162510">162510</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161744830">161744830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=French+Education+in+Revolutionary+North+Africa&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=571-578&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161744830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F162510%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800024703&rft.aulast=Heggoy&rft.aufirst=Alf+Andrew&rft.au=Zingg%2C+Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, Thuy-Phuong (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31337115">"The rivalry of the French and American educational missions during the Vietnam War"</a>. <i>Paedagogica Historica</i>. <b>50</b> (1–2): 27–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00309230.2013.872683">10.1080/00309230.2013.872683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144976778">144976778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paedagogica+Historica&rft.atitle=The+rivalry+of+the+French+and+American+educational+missions+during+the+Vietnam+War&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=27-41&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00309230.2013.872683&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144976778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Thuy-Phuong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31337115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/kultur/article168705897/Diese-deutschen-Woerter-kennt-man-noch-in-der-Suedsee.html">Diese deutschen Wörter kennt man noch in der Südsee, von Matthias Heine</a> "Einst hatten die Deutschen das drittgrößte Kolonialreich ... ."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Pakenham, <i>The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912</i> (1992) ch 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul M. Kennedy, <i>The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914</i> (1988) pp. 167–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehler1970" class="citation cs2">Wehler, Hans–Ulrich (1970), "Bismarck's Imperialism 1862–1890", <i>Past and Present</i> (48): 119–55, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F48.1.119">10.1093/past/48.1.119</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Bismarck%27s+Imperialism+1862%E2%80%931890&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=119-55&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F48.1.119&rft.aulast=Wehler&rft.aufirst=Hans%E2%80%93Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Strandmann1969" class="citation cs2">von Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge (1969), "Domestic Origins of Germany's Colonial Expansion Under Bismarck", <i>Past and Present</i> (42): 140–59, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F42.1.140">10.1093/past/42.1.140</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Domestic+Origins+of+Germany%27s+Colonial+Expansion+Under+Bismarck&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=140-59&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F42.1.140&rft.aulast=von+Strandmann&rft.aufirst=Hartmut+Pogge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1922" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, Pitman B. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1943638.pdf">"Origin of the System of Mandates Under the League of Nations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 563–583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1943638">10.2307/1943638</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1943638">1943638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+System+of+Mandates+Under+the+League+of+Nations&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=563-583&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1943638&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1943638%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Pitman+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F1943638.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fuller, Mia (2014). "Italian Colonial Rule". <i>Oxford Bibliographies in African Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199846733-0150">10.1093/OBO/9780199846733-0150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+in+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Italian+Colonial+Rule&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199846733-0150&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Mia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore M. Vestal, "Reflections on the Battle of Adwa and Its Significance for Today", in <i>The Battle of Adwa: Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism</i> (Algora, 2005), p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Thomas, <i>Armies in the Balkans 1914–18</i> (Osprey Publishing, 2001), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Saul (2000). "Britain, the United States, and the End of the Italian empire in Africa, 1940–52". <i>The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 51–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086530008583098">10.1080/03086530008583098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159656946">159656946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Britain%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+End+of+the+Italian+empire+in+Africa%2C+1940%E2%80%9352&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=51-70&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086530008583098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159656946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2015" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann, Reto (2015). <i>The Fascist Effect</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801456350" title="Special:BookSources/9780801456350"><bdi>9780801456350</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt20d88b6">10.7591/j.ctt20d88b6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fascist+Effect&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt20d88b6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780801456350&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Reto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Gordon, <i>A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present</i> (2013), pp 114–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2016" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Paul, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA430"><i>The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483359885" title="Special:BookSources/9781483359885"><bdi>9781483359885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+War%3A+Social+Science+Perspectives&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781483359885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Didw0DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.C.M. Paine, <i>The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War</i> (2017) pp 15–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louise Young, <i>Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism</i> (1999) pp 3–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie, eds., <i>The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945</i> (1987) pp 61–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Hathaway, <i>The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800</i> (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caroline Finkel, (2005). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard Sunderland, "An Empire of Peasants. Empire-Building, Interethnic Interaction, and Ethnic Stereotyping in the Rural World of the Russian Empire, 1800–1850s." <i>Imperial Russia. New histories for the Empire</i> (1998): 174–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV.I._Lenin1913" class="citation book cs1">V.I. Lenin (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1913/crnq/index.htm"><i>Critical Remarks on the National Question</i></a>. Prosveshcheniye.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Remarks+on+the+National+Question&rft.pub=Prosveshcheniye&rft.date=1913&rft.au=V.I.+Lenin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1913%2Fcrnq%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005506">"The Soviet Union and Europe after 1945"</a>. The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+Europe+after+1945&rft.pub=The+U.S.+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin_E._Page2003" class="citation book cs1">Melvin E. Page (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA138"><i>Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-335-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-335-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-335-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism%3A+An+International+Social%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Political+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-335-3&rft.au=Melvin+E.+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqFTHBoRvQbsC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeissinger2006" class="citation journal cs1">Beissinger, Mark R. (2006). "Soviet Empire as "Family Resemblance"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>65</b> (2): 294–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4148594">10.2307/4148594</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4148594">4148594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156553569">156553569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Soviet+Empire+as+%22Family+Resemblance%22&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=294-303&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156553569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4148594%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4148594&rft.aulast=Beissinger&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave, Bhavna. 2007 Kazakhstan: Ethnicity, language and power. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olaf-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olaf_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olaf_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroe1953" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Caroe" title="Olaf Caroe">Caroe, Olaf</a> (1953). "Soviet Colonialism in Central Asia". <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 135–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20031013">10.2307/20031013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20031013">20031013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Soviet+Colonialism+in+Central+Asia&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-44&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20031013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20031013%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Caroe&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjilas1957" class="citation book cs1">Djilas, Milovan (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/816ilasMilovanTheNewClassAnAnalysisOfTheCommunistSystemThamesAndHudson1957"><i>The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System</i></a>. London: Thames & Hudson<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Class%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Communist+System&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Djilas&rft.aufirst=Milovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F816ilasMilovanTheNewClassAnAnalysisOfTheCommunistSystemThamesAndHudson1957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perović,_2007-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perović,_2007_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerović2007" class="citation journal cs1">Perović, Jeronim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/62735/1/Perovic_Tito.pdf">"The Tito–Stalin split: a reassessment in light of new evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a></i>. <b>9</b> (2). MIT Press: 32–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws.2007.9.2.32">10.1162/jcws.2007.9.2.32</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57567168">57567168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Tito%E2%80%93Stalin+split%3A+a+reassessment+in+light+of+new+evidence&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=32-63&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjcws.2007.9.2.32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57567168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Perovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Jeronim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F62735%2F1%2FPerovic_Tito.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelychenko2015" class="citation book cs1">Velychenko, Stephen (2015). <i>Painting Imperialism and Nationalism Red: The Ukrainian Marxist Critique of Russian Communist Rule in Ukraine, 1918–1925</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442648517" title="Special:BookSources/9781442648517"><bdi>9781442648517</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctv69tft2">10.3138/j.ctv69tft2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painting+Imperialism+and+Nationalism+Red%3A+The+Ukrainian+Marxist+Critique+of+Russian+Communist+Rule+in+Ukraine%2C+1918%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctv69tft2%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781442648517&rft.aulast=Velychenko&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendt1958" class="citation journal cs1">Arendt, Hannah (1958). "Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution". <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 5–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2127387">10.2307/2127387</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2127387">2127387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154428972">154428972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Totalitarian+Imperialism%3A+Reflections+on+the+Hungarian+Revolution&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-43&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154428972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2127387%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2127387&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_SmithPatrick_SalmonStephen_Robert_Twigge2012" class="citation book cs1">Richard Smith; Patrick Salmon; Stephen Robert Twigge (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfrIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT520"><i>The Invasion of Afghanistan and UK-Soviet Relations, 1979-1982: Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III</i></a>. Routledge. p. 520. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136325489" title="Special:BookSources/9781136325489"><bdi>9781136325489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invasion+of+Afghanistan+and+UK-Soviet+Relations%2C+1979-1982%3A+Documents+on+British+Policy+Overseas%2C+Series+III&rft.pages=520&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136325489&rft.au=Richard+Smith&rft.au=Patrick+Salmon&rft.au=Stephen+Robert+Twigge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfrIBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvin Z. Rubinstein, "Soviet Imperialism in Afghanistan." <i>Current History</i> 79#459 (1980): 80-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/06/10/putin-compares-himself-to-peter-the-great-over-drive-to-take-back-russian-land">"Putin compares himself to Peter the Great over drive to 'take back Russian land'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Euronews</i>. 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Putin+compares+himself+to+Peter+the+Great+over+drive+to+%27take+back+Russian+land%27&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fmy-europe%2F2022%2F06%2F10%2Fputin-compares-himself-to-peter-the-great-over-drive-to-take-back-russian-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolesnikov2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kolesnikov_(journalist)" title="Andrey Kolesnikov (journalist)">Kolesnikov, Andrei</a> (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/11/blood-and-iron-how-nationalist-imperialism-became-russias-state-ideology?lang=en">"Blood and Iron: How Nationalist Imperialism Became Russia's State Ideology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Russia_Eurasia_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center">Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Iron%3A+How+Nationalist+Imperialism+Became+Russia%27s+State+Ideology&rft.pub=Carnegie+Russia+Eurasia+Center&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Kolesnikov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2023%2F11%2Fblood-and-iron-how-nationalist-imperialism-became-russias-state-ideology%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Melvin" title="Neil Melvin">Melvin, Neil</a> (2 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/nationalist-and-imperial-thinking-define-putins-vision-russia">"Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationalist+and+Imperial+Thinking+Define+Putin%27s+Vision+for+Russia&rft.pub=Royal+United+Services+Institute&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusi.org%2Fexplore-our-research%2Fpublications%2Fcommentary%2Fnationalist-and-imperial-thinking-define-putins-vision-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Herpen2015" class="citation book cs1">Van Herpen, Marcel (2015). <i>Putin's Wars: The Rise of Russia's New Imperialism</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putin%27s+Wars%3A+The+Rise+of+Russia%27s+New+Imperialism&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Van+Herpen&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNabb2017" class="citation book cs1">McNabb, David (2017). <i>Vladimir Putin and Russia's Imperial Revival</i>. Routledge. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vladimir+Putin+and+Russia%27s+Imperial+Revival&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=McNabb&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigas2016" class="citation book cs1">Grigas, Agnia (2016). <i>Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 2–3, 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Crimea%3A+The+New+Russian+Empire&rft.pages=2-3%2C+9&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Grigas&rft.aufirst=Agnia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankoff2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mankoff, Jeffrey (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2022.2090761">"The War in Ukraine and Eurasia's New Imperial Moment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Quarterly" title="The Washington Quarterly">The Washington Quarterly</a></i>. <b>45</b> (2): 127–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0163660X.2022.2090761">10.1080/0163660X.2022.2090761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+War+in+Ukraine+and+Eurasia%27s+New+Imperial+Moment&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-128&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0163660X.2022.2090761&rft.aulast=Mankoff&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F0163660X.2022.2090761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGötzMerlen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Götz, Elias; Merlen, Camille-Renaud (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2018.1545181">"Russia and the question of world order"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Politics_and_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Politics and Society (page does not exist)">European Politics and Society</a></i>. <b>20</b> (2): 133–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23745118.2018.1545181">10.1080/23745118.2018.1545181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=Russia+and+the+question+of+world+order&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-153&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23745118.2018.1545181&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6tz&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft.au=Merlen%2C+Camille-Renaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F23745118.2018.1545181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMälksoo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mälksoo, Maria (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2022.2074947">"The Postcolonial Moment in Russia's War Against Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. <b>25</b> (3): 471–481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2074947">10.1080/14623528.2022.2074947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+Postcolonial+Moment+in+Russia%27s+War+Against+Ukraine&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=471-481&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2074947&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4lksoo&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2074947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlando_Figes2022" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a> (30 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6218211/vladimir-putin-russian-tsars-imperialism/">"Putin Sees Himself as Part of the History of Russia's Tsars—Including Their Imperialism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Putin+Sees+Himself+as+Part+of+the+History+of+Russia%27s+Tsars%E2%80%94Including+Their+Imperialism&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft.au=Orlando+Figes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6218211%2Fvladimir-putin-russian-tsars-imperialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankoff2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mankoff, Jeffrey (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2022.2090761">"The War in Ukraine and Eurasia's New Imperial Moment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Quarterly" title="The Washington Quarterly">The Washington Quarterly</a></i>. <b>45</b> (2): 127–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0163660X.2022.2090761">10.1080/0163660X.2022.2090761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+War+in+Ukraine+and+Eurasia%27s+New+Imperial+Moment&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-128&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0163660X.2022.2090761&rft.aulast=Mankoff&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F0163660X.2022.2090761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2022" class="citation web cs1">Dickinson, Peter (10 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/putin-admits-ukraine-invasion-is-an-imperial-war-to-return-russian-land/">"Putin admits Ukraine invasion is an imperial war to "return" Russian land"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putin+admits+Ukraine+invasion+is+an+imperial+war+to+%22return%22+Russian+land&rft.pub=Atlantic+Council&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fukrainealert%2Fputin-admits-ukraine-invasion-is-an-imperial-war-to-return-russian-land%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOksamytna2023" class="citation journal cs1">Oksamytna, Kseniya (October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523260.2023.2259661#abstract">"Imperialism, supremacy, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_Security_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contemporary Security Policy (page does not exist)">Contemporary Security Policy</a></i>. <b>44</b> (4): 497–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13523260.2023.2259661">10.1080/13523260.2023.2259661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Security+Policy&rft.atitle=Imperialism%2C+supremacy%2C+and+the+Russian+invasion+of+Ukraine&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=497-512&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13523260.2023.2259661&rft.aulast=Oksamytna&rft.aufirst=Kseniya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13523260.2023.2259661%23abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigas2016" class="citation book cs1">Grigas, Agnia (2016). <i>Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 30–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Crimea%3A+The+New+Russian+Empire&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Grigas&rft.aufirst=Agnia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hirsh Eurasianism"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Hirsh2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hirsh_(journalist)" title="Michael Hirsh (journalist)">Michael Hirsh</a> (12 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/12/putins-thousand-year-war/">"Putin's Thousand-Year War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+Thousand-Year+War&rft.date=2022-03-12&rft.au=Michael+Hirsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2022%2F03%2F12%2Fputins-thousand-year-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigas2016" class="citation book cs1">Grigas, Agnia (2016). <i>Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 2–3, 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Crimea%3A+The+New+Russian+Empire&rft.pages=2-3%2C+9&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Grigas&rft.aufirst=Agnia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobošPurton2024" class="citation journal cs1">Doboš, Bohumil; Purton, Alexander (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09750878231209705">"Proxy Neo-colonialism? The Case of Wagner Group in the Central African Republic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Insight_on_Africa" title="Insight on Africa">Insight on Africa</a></i>. <b>16</b> (1): 7–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09750878231209705">10.1177/09750878231209705</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insight+on+Africa&rft.atitle=Proxy+Neo-colonialism%3F+The+Case+of+Wagner+Group+in+the+Central+African+Republic&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-21&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F09750878231209705&rft.aulast=Dobo%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Bohumil&rft.au=Purton%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F09750878231209705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-wagner-group-ukraine-war-putin-prigozhin-africa-plundering-resources/">"How Russia's Wagner Group funds its role in Putin's Ukraine war by plundering Africa's resources"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. 16 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622145256/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-wagner-group-ukraine-war-putin-prigozhin-africa-plundering-resources/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=How+Russia%27s+Wagner+Group+funds+its+role+in+Putin%27s+Ukraine+war+by+plundering+Africa%27s+resources&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Frussia-wagner-group-ukraine-war-putin-prigozhin-africa-plundering-resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mtholyoke-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mtholyoke_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970501050006/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww18.htm">"Woodrow Wilson: War Message | Text of Original address (mtholyoke.edu)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww18.htm">the original</a> on 1 May 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woodrow+Wilson%3A+War+Message+%26%23124%3B+Text+of+Original+address+%28mtholyoke.edu%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fww18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoot2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Boot" title="Max Boot">Boot, Max</a> (15 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720214335/http://www.cfr.org/publication/7190/in_modern_imperialism_us_needs_to_walk_softly.html">"In Modern Imperialism, U.S. Needs to Walk Softly"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/7190/in_modern_imperialism_us_needs_to_walk_softly.html">the original</a> on 20 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Modern+Imperialism%2C+U.S.+Needs+to+Walk+Softly&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2004-07-15&rft.aulast=Boot&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fpublication%2F7190%2Fin_modern_imperialism_us_needs_to_walk_softly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Kamm2008" class="citation news cs1">Oliver Kamm (30 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602202401/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/specials/article5047143.ece">"America is still the world's policeman"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/specials/article5047143.ece">the original</a> on 2 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=America+is+still+the+world%27s+policeman&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.au=Oliver+Kamm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fspecials%2Farticle5047143.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi,_K.G.2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, K.G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i></a>. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 1075. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pages=1075&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.au=Ooi%2C+K.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-federalobserver-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-federalobserver_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924011500/http://www.federalobserver.com/archive.php?aid=5776">"Moore: War is just a racket, said a General in 1933"</a>. federalobserver.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federalobserver.com/archive.php?aid=5776">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moore%3A+War+is+just+a+racket%2C+said+a+General+in+1933&rft.pub=federalobserver.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalobserver.com%2Farchive.php%3Faid%3D5776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._RyanV._Pungong2000" class="citation book cs1">D. Ryan; V. Pungong (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8D6JDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>The United States and Decolonization: Power and Freedom</i></a>. Springer. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-97795-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-97795-8"><bdi>978-0-333-97795-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Decolonization%3A+Power+and+Freedom&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-97795-8&rft.au=D.+Ryan&rft.au=V.+Pungong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8D6JDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Empire-_A_Very_Short_Introduction-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Empire-_A_Very_Short_Introduction_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Empire-_A_Very_Short_Introduction_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Stephen (2002). <i>Empire – A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+%E2%80%93+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Stephen (2002). <i>Empire – A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+%E2%80%93+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Stephen (2002). <i>Empire – A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+%E2%80%93+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Stephen (2002). <i>Empire – A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+%E2%80%93+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="16_minute" class="citation news cs1">Said, Edward (16 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JncXpQQoZAo">"orientalism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/JncXpQQoZAo">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=orientalism&rft.date=2003-04-16&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJncXpQQoZAo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Bigelow Merriman, <i>The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New</i> (4 vol 1918–1933) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28Merriman%2C%20Roger%20Bigelow.%20%29%20empire">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Downing, John; Ali Mohammadi; Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi (1995). <i>Questioning the media: a critical introduction</i> (2, illustrated ed.). Sage. p. 482. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-7197-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-7197-4">978-0-8039-7197-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Downing; Sreberny-Mohammadi (1995). p. 482.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Abernethy, David P. <i>The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1425–1980</i> (Yale UP, 2000), political science approach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/16319/summary">online review</a></li> <li>Ankerl, Guy. <i>Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharatai, Chinese, and Western,</i> Geneva, INU Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88155-004-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-88155-004-5">2-88155-004-5</a>.</li> <li>Bayly, C.A. ed. <i>Atlas of the British Empire</i> (1989). survey by scholars; heavily illustrated</li> <li>Brendon, Piers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/british_empire/">"A Moral Audit of the British Empire"</a>. <i>History Today</i>, (Oct 2007), Vol. 57 Issue 10, pp. 44–47</li> <li>Brendon, Piers. <i>The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997</i> (2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27028-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27028-3">978-0-307-27028-3</a>, wide-ranging survey</li> <li>Bickers, Robert and Christian Henriot, <i>New Frontiers: Imperialism's New Communities in East Asia, 1842–1953</i>, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5604-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5604-7">0-7190-5604-7</a></li> <li>Blanken, Leo. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/Rational-Empires-Institutional-Incentives-and-Imperial-Expansion.php">Rational Empires: Institutional Incentives and Imperial Expansion</a>,</i> University Of Chicago Press, 2012</li> <li>Bush, Barbara. <i>Imperialism and Postcolonialism (History: Concepts, Theories and Practice),</i> Longmans, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-50583-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-50583-6">0-582-50583-6</a></li> <li>Comer, Earl of. <i>Ancient and Modern Imperialism,</i> John Murray, 1910.</li> <li>Cotterell, Arthur. <i>Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415 – 1999</i> (2009) popular history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Western-Power-Asia-Slow-Swift/dp/0470824891/">excerpts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramerz_Dabhoiwala" title="Faramerz Dabhoiwala">Dabhoiwala, Fara</a>, "Imperial Delusions" (review of <a href="/wiki/Priya_Satia" title="Priya Satia">Priya Satia</a>, <i>Time's Monster: How History Makes History</i>, Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 2020, 363 pp.; <a href="/wiki/Mahmood_Mamdani" title="Mahmood Mamdani">Mahmood Mamdani</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neither_Settler_nor_Native" title="Neither Settler nor Native">Neither Settler nor Native</a>: The Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities</i>, Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 2020, 401 pp.; and <a href="/wiki/Adom_Getachew" title="Adom Getachew">Adom Getachew</a>, <i>Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination</i>, Princeton University Press, 2021 [?], 271 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXVIII, no. 11 (1 July 2021), pp. 59–62.</li> <li>Darwin, John. <i> After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400–2000,</i> (Penguin Books, 2008), 576 pp</li> <li>Darwin, John. <i>The Empire Project</i> (2011) 811pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=b7E83PeQAQMC&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA23.w.1.1.99">free viewing</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davies, Stephen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Imperialism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. pp. 237–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n146">10.4135/9781412965811.n146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperialism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.pages=237-39&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n146&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fay, Richard B. and Daniel Gaido (ed. and trans.), <i>Discovering Imperialism: Social Democracy to World War I.</i> Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, <i>Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World,</i> Penguin Books, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-100754-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-100754-0">0-14-100754-0</a></li> <li>Gotteland, Mathieu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://middlegroundjournal.com/2017/09/05/on-teaching-column-what-is-informal-imperialism/">What Is Informal Imperialism?</a>, The Middle Ground Journal (2017).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toni_Negri" class="mw-redirect" title="Toni Negri">Toni Negri</a>, <i>Empire,</i> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00671-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00671-2">0-674-00671-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickelDorningerWielandSuwandi2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Hickel, Jason</a>; Dorninger, Christian; Wieland, Hanspeter; Suwandi, Intan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2022.102467">"Imperialist appropriation in the world economy: Drain from the global South through unequal exchange, 1990–2015"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Environmental_Change" title="Global Environmental Change">Global Environmental Change</a></i>. <b>73</b> (102467): 102467. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7302467H">2022GEC....7302467H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2022.102467">10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102467</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246855421">246855421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Environmental+Change&rft.atitle=Imperialist+appropriation+in+the+world+economy%3A+Drain+from+the+global+South+through+unequal+exchange%2C+1990%E2%80%932015&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=102467&rft.pages=102467&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246855421%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2022.102467&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022GEC....7302467H&rft.aulast=Hickel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Dorninger%2C+Christian&rft.au=Wieland%2C+Hanspeter&rft.au=Suwandi%2C+Intan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.gloenvcha.2022.102467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.J._Hobsbawm" class="mw-redirect" title="E.J. Hobsbawm">E.J. Hobsbawm</a>, <i>The Age of Empire, 1875–1914,</i> Abacus Books, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-10598-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-10598-7">0-349-10598-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.J._Hobsbawm" class="mw-redirect" title="E.J. Hobsbawm">E.J. Hobsbawm</a>, <i>On Empire: America, War, and Global Supremacy,</i> Pantheon Books, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-42537-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-42537-3">0-375-42537-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="J.A. Hobson">J.A. Hobson</a>, <i>Imperialism: A Study,</i> Cosimo Classics, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59605-250-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59605-250-3">1-59605-250-3</a></li> <li>Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. <i>Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914</i> (2 vol. 2007), online</li> <li>Howe, Stephen Howe, ed., <i>The New Imperial Histories Reader</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=32358">online review</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesNairn2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Nairn, Tom (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3587722"><i>Globalization and Violence, Vol. 1: Globalizing Empires, Old and New</i></a>. Sage Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Violence%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Globalizing+Empires%2C+Old+and+New&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Nairn%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3587722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kumar, Krishan. <i>Visions of Empire: How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World</i> (2017).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn" title="Gabriel Kuhn">Gabriel Kuhn</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kersplebedeb.com/posts/oppressor-and-oppressed-nations/"><i>Oppressor and Oppressed Nations: Sketching a Taxonomy of Imperialism</i></a>, Kersplebedeb, June 2017.</li> <li>Lawrence, Adria K. <i>Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire</i> (Cambridge UP, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/roundtables/7-18-imperial-rule-nationalism">online reviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Lears" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson Lears">Jackson Lears</a>, "Imperial Exceptionalism" (review of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Bulmer-Thomas" title="Victor Bulmer-Thomas">Victor Bulmer-Thomas</a>, <i>Empire in Retreat: The Past, Present, and Future of the United States</i>, Yale University Press, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21000-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21000-2">978-0-300-21000-2</a>, 459 pp.; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_C._Hendrickson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David C. Hendrickson (page does not exist)">David C. Hendrickson</a>, <i>Republic in Peril: American Empire and the Liberal Tradition</i>, Oxford University Press, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190660383" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190660383">978-0190660383</a>, 287 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXVI, no. 2 (February 7, 2019), pp. 8–10. Bulmer-Thomas writes: "Imperial retreat is not the same as national decline, as many other countries can attest. Indeed, imperial retreat can strengthen the nation-state just as imperial expansion can weaken it." (<i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">NYRB</a></i>, cited on p. 10.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merriman,_Roger_Bigelow" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriman, Roger Bigelow">Merriman, Roger Bigelow</a>. <i>The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New</i> (4 vol 1918–1933) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28Merriman%2C%20Roger%20Bigelow.%20%29%20empire">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonypenny1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Flavelle_Monypenny" title="William Flavelle Monypenny">Monypenny, William Flavelle</a> (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Empire and the century/The Imperial Ideal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/The_Imperial_Ideal">"The Imperial Ideal" </a></span>. <i>The Empire and the century</i>. John Murray. pp. 5–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Imperial+Ideal&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+century&rft.pages=5-28&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Monypenny&rft.aufirst=William+Flavelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Thomas_Moon" title="Parker Thomas Moon">Moon, Parker T.</a> <i>Imperialism and world politics</i> (1926); 583 pp; Wide-ranging historical survey; online</li> <li>Ness, Immanuel and Zak Cope, eds. <i>The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism</i> (2 vol 2015), 1456 pp</li> <li>Page, Melvin E. et al. eds. <i>Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia</i> (2 vol 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pakenham_(historian)" title="Thomas Pakenham (historian)">Thomas Pakenham</a>. <i>The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912</i> (1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-71999-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-71999-0">978-0-380-71999-0</a></li> <li>Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds., <i>A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires</i> (Edinburgh UP, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Companion-Postcolonial-Literatures-Continental/dp/0748623949/">excerpt</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g0b6vw">entire text online</a></li> <li>Rothermund, Dietmar. <i>Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013</i> (2015), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-107-10229-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-107-10229-4">1-107-10229-4</a>; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, <i>Culture and Imperialism,</i> Vintage Books, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-996750-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-996750-2">0-09-996750-2</a></li> <li>Simms, Brendan. <i>Three victories and a defeat: the rise and fall of the first British Empire</i> (Hachette UK, 2008). to 1783.</li> <li>Smith, Simon C. <i>British Imperialism 1750–1970,</i> Cambridge University Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59930-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59930-X">0-521-59930-X</a></li> <li>Stuchtey, Benedikt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025319"><i>Colonialism and Imperialism, 1450–1950</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2011.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton1980" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, A.P. (1980). <i>Imperialism in the Twentieth Century</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816609932" title="Special:BookSources/9780816609932"><bdi>9780816609932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780816609932&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=A.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>U.S. Tariff Commission. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialtariffpo00unit">Colonial tariff policies</a></i> (1922), worldwide; 922 pp</li> <li>Vandervort, Bruce. <i>Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830―1914</i> (Indiana UP, 2009)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinslow1931" class="citation journal cs1">Winslow, E. M. (1931). "Marxian, Liberal, and Sociological Theories of Imperialism". <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>39</b> (6): 713–758. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F254283">10.1086/254283</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1823170">1823170</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143859209">143859209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Marxian%2C+Liberal%2C+and+Sociological+Theories+of+Imperialism&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=713-758&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143859209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1823170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F254283&rft.aulast=Winslow&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXypolia2016" class="citation journal cs1">Xypolia, Ilia (August 2016). "Divide et Impera: Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of British Imperialism". <i>Critique</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 221–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03017605.2016.1199629">10.1080/03017605.2016.1199629</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F9956">2164/9956</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148118309">148118309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique&rft.atitle=Divide+et+Impera%3A+Vertical+and+Horizontal+Dimensions+of+British+Imperialism&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221-231&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F9956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148118309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03017605.2016.1199629&rft.aulast=Xypolia&rft.aufirst=Ilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Primary sources</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._I._Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="V. I. Lenin">V. I. Lenin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism:_The_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism</a>,</i> International Publishers, New York, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7178-0098-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7178-0098-9">0-7178-0098-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital:_A_Contribution_to_an_Economic_Explanation_of_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Accumulation of Capital: A Contribution to an Economic Explanation of Imperialism">The Accumulation of Capital: A Contribution to an Economic Explanation of Imperialism</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imperialism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:imperialism">imperialism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Imperialism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Imperialism">Imperialism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imperialism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Imperialism">Imperialism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/hobson/1902/imperialism/index.htm">Imperialism: a Study</a>, by <a href="/wiki/J._A._Hobson" title="J. A. Hobson">J. A. Hobson</a>, 1902.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polyarchy.org/documents/imperialism.html">Imperialism Quotations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/schumpeter/imperialism.html">State, Imperialism and Capitalism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>, 1919.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/taylor/imperialism.1952.html">Economic Imperialism</a> by <a href="/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J.P. Taylor">A.J.P. Taylor</a>, 1952.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/social-science/government/concepts/imperialism">Imperialism Entry in The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed.</a>, Columbia University Press.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512015502/http://www.polis.cam.ac.uk/contacts/staff/eperreausaussine/imperialism.pdf">Imperialism</a>, by Emile Perreau-Saussine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225004118/http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/volume12/winter/winter-004-PERCEPTION%28mehmetakifokur%29%5B4%5D.pdf">Rethinking Empire After 9/11: Towards A New Ontological Image of World Order"</a> by Mehmet Akif Okur, <i>Perceptions, Journal of International Affairs</i>, Volume XII, Winter 2007, pp. 61–93.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelparenti.org/Imperialism101.html"><i>Imperialism 101, Against Empire</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Michael Parenti</a>, City Lights Books, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87286-298-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87286-298-4">0-87286-298-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-298-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-298-2">978-0-87286-298-2</a>, 217 pages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/story/2383">The Paradox of Imperialism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a>, November 2006.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template talk:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_state" title="Counterintelligence state">Counterintelligence state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictatorship" title="Benevolent dictatorship">Benevolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_dictatorship" title="Constitutional dictatorship">Constitutional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda" title="Dictablanda">Dictablanda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_dictatorship" title="Grassroots dictatorship">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Proletarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">Right-wing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyranny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tyranny" title="Soft tyranny">Soft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_despotism" title="Soft despotism">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">Deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_authoritarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing authoritarianism">Left-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_strongman" title="Political strongman">Strongman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_totalitarian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of totalitarian states">List of totalitarian states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations" title="Template talk:International relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_international_relations_terms" title="Glossary of international relations terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">1648–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">1919–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entente_(alliance)" title="Entente (alliance)">Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">Collective security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationality" title="Internationality">Internationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">National interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">Non-belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship" title="Treaty of friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">Multilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">Non-aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-of-society" title="Whole-of-society">Whole-of-society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields and subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_analysis" title="Foreign policy analysis">Foreign policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_sociology" title="International political sociology">International political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_studies" title="Security studies">Security studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7260#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7260#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7260#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026651-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064628">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320677">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320677">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572763">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="imperialismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121038&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Imperialismo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576305">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541082205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637576">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=13271">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&oldid=1260091531">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&oldid=1260091531</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Authoritarianism" title="Category:Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Imperialism" title="Category:Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_colonialism" title="Category:History of colonialism">History of colonialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marxian_economics" title="Category:Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_systems" title="Category:Political systems">Political systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_theories" title="Category:Political theories">Political theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions" title="Category:Invasions">Invasions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2023">Use dmy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_December_2014" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2014">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from June 2020">Articles to be expanded from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from April 2021">Articles to be expanded from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from April 2020">Articles to be expanded from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_split_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles to be split from November 2024">Articles to be split from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_split" title="Category:All articles to be split">All articles to be split</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from August 2020">Articles with disputed statements from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 19:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperialism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-v2f7m","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.474","walltime":"2.817","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20287,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":389981,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16068,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":48,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":544510,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2324.586 1 -total"," 39.47% 917.407 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.30% 262.747 47 Template:Cite_book"," 9.79% 227.500 38 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.82% 181.677 21 Template:Cite_web"," 6.40% 148.819 22 Template:Rp"," 6.00% 139.508 1 Template:Politics"," 5.94% 138.106 22 Template:R/superscript"," 5.85% 135.959 1 Template:Politics_series_sidebar"," 5.73% 133.206 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.392","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19792479,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"16_minute\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdasStearns2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdejumobi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkhtar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlan_Marshall1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArendt1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshcroftGriffithsTiffinAshcroft2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAusten1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassett1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeissinger2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoot2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCain2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaroe1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChafer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClapp1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClignet1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCramer1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._RyanV._Pungong2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarwin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDegorge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjilas1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobošPurton2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmanuelle_Jouannet2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldhouse1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardinier1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenova2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmartin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranatstein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigas2016\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGötzMerlen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeggoyZingg1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickelDorningerWielandSuwandi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosch,_William_L.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe2002\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFJamesNairn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoe_Painter1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstonReisman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnorr1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolesnikov2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishan_Kumar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenin1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinstrum2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnusson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMankoff2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcNabb2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin_E._Page2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Hirsh2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonypenny1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMountz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMälksoo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOksamytna2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_Kamm2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi,_K.G.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrlando_Figes2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPainterJeffrey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeatling2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerović2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProudman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_SmithPatrick_SalmonStephen_Robert_Twigge2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Howe2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaagepera1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTompson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV.I._Lenin1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Herpen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelychenko2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter.1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWehler1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinslow1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXypolia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Strandmann1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFỌlọruntimẹhin1974\"] = 1,\n [\"refMarshall\"] = 1,\n [\"refOHBEv3\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Authoritarian types of rule\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvard citation no brackets\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 19,\n [\"International relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 7,\n [\"Legend2\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Political ideologies\"] = 1,\n [\"Politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 22,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Split\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","24.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","12.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","9.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","8.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.8"],["type","80","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.1"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.7"],["[others]","320","21.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-6ps7j","timestamp":"20241130105833","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Imperialism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperialism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7260","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7260","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-04T14:30:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T19:58:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ec\/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png","headline":"creation of an unequal relationship between states through domination"}</script> </body> </html>