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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:2px solid #90ee90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90ee90;padding:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/180px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/270px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/360px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of evolutionary biology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Processes and outcomes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Contingency (evolutionary biology)">Contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">History of evolutionary theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Before Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Before synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evo-devo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_research_in_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current research in evolutionary biology">Current research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_speciation" title="History of speciation">History of speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology" title="Timeline of paleontology">timeline</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Fields and applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_evolution" title="Applications of evolution">Applications of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">Evolutionary physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_evolution" title="Experimental evolution">Experimental evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" title="Laboratory experiments of speciation">Speciation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_biogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Island biogeography">Island biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Social implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" title="Evolution as fact and theory">Evolution as fact and theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory" title="Social effects of evolutionary theory">Social effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objections_to_evolution" title="Objections to evolution">Objections to evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution" title="Level of support for evolution">Level of support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature-nurture controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/16px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/24px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jeewanu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> for "particles of life") are synthetic chemical particles that possess <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell</a>-like structure and seem to have some functional properties; that is, they are a model of primitive cells, or <a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">protocells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grote_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadur_1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mathur_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathur-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first synthesised by Krishna Bahadur (20 January 1926 — 5 August 1994), an Indian chemist and his team in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-bah1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bah1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bah2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bah2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bah_1975_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bah_1975-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using <a href="/wiki/Photochemical_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical reaction">photochemical reaction</a>, they produced <a href="/wiki/Coacervate" title="Coacervate">coacervates</a>, microscopic cell-like spheres from a mixture of simple <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic compounds">inorganic compounds</a>. Bahadur named these particles 'Jeewanu' because they exhibit some of the basic properties of a cell, such as the presence of <a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">semipermeable membrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phospholipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Phospholipids">phospholipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>. Further, like living cells, they had several catalytic activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grote_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeewanu are cited as models of <a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">protocells</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">origin of life</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ganti_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganti-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-principles_of_life_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principles_of_life-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cell" title="Artificial cell">artificial cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grote_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeewanu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jeewanu is derived from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> जीव <i>jīvá</i>, meaning "life", and अणु <i>aṇu</i>, meaning "smallest particle", or the "indivisible". In contemporary <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <i>jeewanu</i> also means unicellular organisms such as bacteria. Bahadur specifically used the term to represent the <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophical tradition</a> not only through the use of Sanskrit but also by inferring ideas on the origin of life from the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>. Bahadur, while employing the traditional Hindu philosophy, attempted to incorporate the advances in <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a> to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grote_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeewanu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.svg/200px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.svg/300px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.svg/400px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>The three main structures phospholipids form in solution; the <a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">liposome</a> (a closed bilayer), the micelle and the bilayer.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1954<sup id="cite_ref-Bahadur_1954_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadur_1954-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1958 Krishna Bahadur and co-workers published the successful synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> from a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Paraformaldehyde" title="Paraformaldehyde">paraformaldehyde</a>, colloidal <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_oxide" title="Molybdenum oxide">molybdenum oxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferric_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric chloride">ferric chloride</a> under sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-photo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that this experimental approach was seminal for the assays to produce Jeewanu, which he first reported in 1963 in an obscure Indian journal, <i>Vijnana Parishad Anusandhan Patrika</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bah1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bah1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His detailed syntheses were published in Germany in 1964 in a series of articles.<sup id="cite_ref-series_1964_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-series_1964-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their initial experiment consisted of a sterilised apparatus in which inorganic nitrogenous compounds (such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_phosphate" title="Ammonium phosphate">ammonium phosphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_molybdate" title="Ammonium molybdate">ammonium molybdate</a>) and organic compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a> (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>7</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Paraformaldehyde" title="Paraformaldehyde">paraformaldehyde</a> (OH(CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>H) and <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> (CH<sub>2</sub>O) for carbon sources were mixed with minerals commonly found in living cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadur_1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inorganic substances such as colloidal <a href="/wiki/Ferric_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric chloride">ferric chloride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> compounds supposedly acted as cofactors and catalysts.<sup id="cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grote_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-photo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Srivastava_2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srivastava_2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the apparatus was exposed to <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> for several days and constantly shaken, microscopic spherical particles were formed. The interesting features of these particles were that they were enclosed in a semipermeable membrane, like the typical <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>. Like living cells, they were reported to contain amino acids, <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipid</a> membrane and <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadur_1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bahadur_1973_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadur_1973-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bahadur_1975_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadur_1975-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, they were claimed to have reproductive capability by <a href="/wiki/Budding" title="Budding">budding</a>, much like <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular organisms</a>, but did not grow on any bacterial culture medium.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadur_1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahadur reported that the Jeewanu exhibited various catalytic properties and produced their own <a href="/wiki/Peptides" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptides">peptides</a> by metabolic reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadur_1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahadur's later work on the Jeewanu also detected the presence of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> in peptide form and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid bases</a> (<a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> building blocks) including <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadur_1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bahadur_Histochemistry_1981_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadur_Histochemistry_1981-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahadur also reported having detected <a href="/wiki/ATPase" title="ATPase">ATPase</a>-like and <a href="/wiki/Peroxidase" title="Peroxidase">peroxidase</a>-like activity. Bahadur stated that by using <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> as a cofactor, the Jeewanu showed capability of reversible photochemical <a href="/wiki/Electron_transfer" title="Electron transfer">electron transfer</a>, and released a gas mixture of oxygen and hydrogen at a 1:2 ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadur_1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Srivastava_2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srivastava_2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_reviews">Scientific reviews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeewanu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientific reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bahadur's publications were ambivalently received, and the overall attention of the scientific community seemed limited since Krishna Bahadur and his co-workers reported that the Jeewanus are alive (a striking statement), the team changed the protocols frequently and documented them somewhat idiosyncratically.<sup id="cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grote_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahadur defined "living units" as "[...] those which grow, multiply, and are metabolically active in a systematic, harmonious, and synchronized manner".<sup id="cite_ref-bah2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bah2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-series_1964_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-series_1964-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, NASA's Exobiology Division tasked two biologists in 1967 to review and evaluate the literature so far published by Krishna Bahadur (not to replicate the experiments) on the synthesis and characteristics of the Jeewanu.<sup id="cite_ref-series_1964_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-series_1964-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_1967_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_1967-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two NASA biologists did not debate whether these three criteria are an adequate <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">definition of life</a>, but whether the Jeewanu satisfy these criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_1967_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_1967-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NASA report concluded that "the evidence presented on these three points is on the whole unconvincing". The report also stated that the postulated existence of these living units has not been proved and "the nature and properties of the Jeewanu remains to be clarified."<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_1967_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_1967-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, the Hungarian chemist <a href="/wiki/Tibor_G%C3%A1nti" title="Tibor Gánti">Tibor Gánti</a> discussed the Jeewanu at length in his '<a href="/wiki/Chemoton" title="Chemoton">chemoton</a> theory'—an abstract model of autocatalytic chemical reactions—published first in Hungarian and translated into English in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grote_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of self-organizing structures, Gánti considered the Jeewanu a promising model system to understand the origin and fundamentals of life, and one that had never received due attention.<sup id="cite_ref-ganti_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganti-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, a German scientist stated that the Jeewanu story pertains to concepts of life, its beginnings, as well as possible artificially created cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grote_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experimental duplication work published in 2013 by Gupta and Rai reported that their size varies from 0.5 μ to 3.5 μ in diameter, growth from within, metabolic activities, and "the presence of RNA-like material".<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_2013_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors stated that the RNA-like material detected in the Jeewanu protocells support the <a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_2013_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeewanu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cell" title="Artificial cell">Artificial cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">Endocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosymbiotic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiotic theory">Endosymbiotic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_and_life" title="Entropy and life">Entropy and life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Last universal ancestor">Last universal ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer_characterization" title="Lipid bilayer characterization">Lipid bilayer characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer_phase_behavior" title="Lipid bilayer phase behavior">Lipid bilayer phase behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_lipid_bilayer" title="Model lipid bilayer">Model lipid bilayer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protocell_Circus" title="Protocell Circus">Protocell Circus</a></i> – a film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia#Origination_and_distribution_of_organic_molecules:_Pseudo-panspermia" title="Panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeewanu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Grote_2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grote_2011_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrote2011" class="citation journal cs1">Grote M (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/grote_3677.pdf">"Jeewanu, or the 'particles of life'. The approach of Krishna Bahadur in 20th century origin of life research"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Biosciences</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 563–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12038-011-9087-0">10.1007/s12038-011-9087-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21857103">21857103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19551399">19551399</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050938/http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/grote_3677.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosciences&rft.atitle=Jeewanu%2C+or+the+%27particles+of+life%27.+The+approach+of+Krishna+Bahadur+in+20th+century+origin+of+life+research&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=563-70&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19551399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21857103&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12038-011-9087-0&rft.aulast=Grote&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fjbiosci%2Fgrote_3677.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahadur_1980-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahadur_1980_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadurRanganayakiFolsomeSmith1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bahadur K, Ranganayaki S, Folsome C, Smith A (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/knudsenconsultants/docs/bahadur_1980?e=3452312/5022749"><i>A functional approach to the origin of life problem</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. Golden Jubilee Conmmemoration Volume. National Academy of Sciences, India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+functional+approach+to+the+origin+of+life+problem&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+India&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Ranganayaki%2C+S&rft.au=Folsome%2C+C&rft.au=Smith%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fknudsenconsultants%2Fdocs%2Fbahadur_1980%3Fe%3D3452312%2F5022749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathur-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mathur_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323021203/http://www.mathurholding.com/jeewanu/introductiontojeewanu.html">"Jeewanu – Introduction"</a>. <i>Jeewanu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathurholding.com/jeewanu/introductiontojeewanu.html">the original</a> on 2014-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jeewanu&rft.atitle=Jeewanu+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathurholding.com%2Fjeewanu%2Fintroductiontojeewanu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bah1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bah1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bah1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadur1963" class="citation journal cs1">Bahadur K, et al. (1963). "Synthesis of Jeewanu, the units capable of growth, multiplication and metabolic activity". <i>Vijnana Parishad Anusandhan Patrika</i>. <b>9</b>: 117–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vijnana+Parishad+Anusandhan+Patrika&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Jeewanu%2C+the+units+capable+of+growth%2C+multiplication+and+metabolic+activity&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=117-127&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bah2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bah2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bah2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadur1974" class="citation journal cs1">Bahadur K (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019172800/http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b73_455.pdf">"Photochemical formation of self-sustaining coacervates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Zweite Naturwissenschaftliche Abt</i>. <b>130</b> (3): 211–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-4057%2875%2980076-1">10.1016/s0044-4057(75)80076-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1242552">1242552</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b73_455.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zentralblatt+f%C3%BCr+Bakteriologie%2C+Parasitenkunde%2C+Infektionskrankheiten+und+Hygiene.+Zweite+Naturwissenschaftliche+Abt.&rft.atitle=Photochemical+formation+of+self-sustaining+coacervates&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=211-8&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0044-4057%2875%2980076-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1242552&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dli.gov.in%2Frawdataupload%2Fupload%2Finsa%2FINSA_1%2F20005b73_455.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bah_1975-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bah_1975_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadur1975" class="citation journal cs1">Bahadur K (1975). 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(4415): 1141. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954Natur.173.1141B">1954Natur.173.1141B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1731141a0">10.1038/1731141a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4172011">4172011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+of+Amino-Acids+from+Paraformaldehylde+and+Potassium+Nitrate&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=4415&rft.pages=1141&rft.date=1954-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4172011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F1731141a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954Natur.173.1141B&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fknudsenconsultants%2Fdocs%2Fbahadur1954%3Fe%3D3452312%2F5433167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-photo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-photo_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-photo_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadurRanganayakiSantamaria1958" class="citation journal cs1">Bahadur K, Ranganayaki S, Santamaria L (December 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1821668a0">"Photosynthesis of amino-acids from paraformaldehyde involving the fixation of nitrogen in the presence of colloidal molybdenum oxide as catalyst"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>182</b> (4650): 1668. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.182.1668B">1958Natur.182.1668B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1821668a0">10.1038/1821668a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13622608">13622608</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4261578">4261578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+of+amino-acids+from+paraformaldehyde+involving+the+fixation+of+nitrogen+in+the+presence+of+colloidal+molybdenum+oxide+as+catalyst&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=4650&rft.pages=1668&rft.date=1958-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F1821668a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4261578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13622608&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958Natur.182.1668B&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Ranganayaki%2C+S&rft.au=Santamaria%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F1821668a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-series_1964-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-series_1964_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-series_1964_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-series_1964_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadurRanganayaki1964" class="citation journal cs1">Bahadur K, Ranganayaki S (1964). 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Photochemical Preparation of Growing and Multiplying Units with Metabolic Activities". <i>Zentr. Bakteriol. Parasitenk</i>. <b>117</b> (11): 573–584.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zentr.+Bakteriol.+Parasitenk.&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Jeewanu%2C+the+Units+Capable+of+Growth%2C+Multiplication+and+Metabolic+Activity.+II.+Photochemical+Preparation+of+Growing+and+Multiplying+Units+with+Metabolic+Activities.&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=573-584&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Verma%2C+HC&rft.au=Srivastva%2C+RB&rft.au=Agrawal%2C+KM&rft.au=Pandey%2C+RS&rft.au=Saxena%2C+I&rft.au=Malviya%2C+AN&rft.au=Kumar%2C+V&rft.au=Perti%2C+ON&rft.au=Pathak%2C+HD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></li><li>3) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadur1964" class="citation journal cs1">Bahadur K (1964). "Synthesis of Jeewanu, the Units Capable of Growth, Multiplication and Metabolic Activity. III. 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Zweite Naturwissenschaftliche Abt</i>. <b>121</b> (3): 291–319. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4878619">4878619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zentralblatt+f%C3%BCr+Bakteriologie%2C+Parasitenkunde%2C+Infektionskrankheiten+und+Hygiene.+Zweite+Naturwissenschaftliche+Abt.&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Jeewanu%2C+the+Protocell&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-319&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4878619&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta_2013-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_2013_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_2013_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_2013_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaRai2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta VK, Rai RK (2013). 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Of Science & Engineering</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2322-0015">2322-0015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+Res.+J.+Of+Science+%26+Engineering&rft.atitle=Histochemical+localisation+of+RNA-like+material+in+photochemically+formed+self-sustaining%2C+abiogenic+supramolecular+assemblies+%27Jeewanu%27&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=2322-0015&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=VK&rft.au=Rai%2C+RK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srivastava_2016-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Srivastava_2016_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srivastava_2016_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava2016" class="citation journal cs1">Srivastava D (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pnrsolution.org/Datacenter/Vol4/Issue4/51.pdf">"Effect of Irradiation of the PEM of 1.531211SMJ29 Jeewanu with Clinical Mercury Lamp and Sunlight on the Morphological Features of the Silicon Molybdenum Jeewanu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science</i>. <b>4</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2091-2730">2091-2730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Engineering+Research+and+General+Science&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Irradiation+of+the+PEM+of+1.531211SMJ29+Jeewanu+with+Clinical+Mercury+Lamp+and+Sunlight+on+the+Morphological+Features+of+the+Silicon+Molybdenum+Jeewanu&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2091-2730&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpnrsolution.org%2FDatacenter%2FVol4%2FIssue4%2F51.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahadur_1973-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bahadur_1973_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadur1973" class="citation cs2">Bahadur K (June 1973), "Photochemical Formation of Self Sustaining Coacervates", <i>4th International Symposium of 'Origin of Life on the Earth'<span></span></i>, Barcelona, Spain</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Photochemical+Formation+of+Self+Sustaining+Coacervates&rft.btitle=4th+International+Symposium+of+%27Origin+of+Life+on+the+Earth%27&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.date=1973-06&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahadur_1975-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bahadur_1975_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadur1975" class="citation journal cs1">Bahadur K (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/knudsenconsultants/docs/bahadur1975?e=3452312/3997879">"Photochemical formation of self-sustaining coacervates"</a>. <i>Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Zweite Naturwissenschaftliche Abt</i>. <b>130</b> (3): 211–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-4057%2875%2980076-1">10.1016/s0044-4057(75)80076-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1242552">1242552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zentralblatt+f%C3%BCr+Bakteriologie%2C+Parasitenkunde%2C+Infektionskrankheiten+und+Hygiene.+Zweite+Naturwissenschaftliche+Abt.&rft.atitle=Photochemical+formation+of+self-sustaining+coacervates&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=211-8&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0044-4057%2875%2980076-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1242552&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fknudsenconsultants%2Fdocs%2Fbahadur1975%3Fe%3D3452312%2F3997879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahadur_Histochemistry_1981-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bahadur_Histochemistry_1981_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarma1981" class="citation journal cs1">Varma PK (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/knudsenconsultants/docs/bahadur_1981?e=3452312/3986940">"Histochemical study of lipid-like material in photochemically formed Jeewanu, the photocell, with formaldehyde partially replaced by other organic sources"</a>. <i>Journal of the British Interplanetary Society</i>. <b>34</b>: 100–102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JBIS...34..100B">1981JBIS...34..100B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Interplanetary+Society&rft.atitle=Histochemical+study+of+lipid-like+material+in+photochemically+formed+Jeewanu%2C+the+photocell%2C+with+formaldehyde+partially+replaced+by+other+organic+sources&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=100-102&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981JBIS...34..100B&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=PK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fknudsenconsultants%2Fdocs%2Fbahadur_1981%3Fe%3D3452312%2F3986940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta_2002-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_2002_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2002" class="citation web cs1">Gupta VK (22 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Matter+contrives+to+be+alive.-a0163336449">"Matter contrives to be alive"</a>. <i>Frontier Perspectives</i>. Farlex, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontier+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Matter+contrives+to+be+alive&rft.date=2002-03-22&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=VK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FMatter%2Bcontrives%2Bto%2Bbe%2Balive.-a0163336449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_1967-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_1967_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_1967_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_1967_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarenPonnamperuma1967" class="citation journal cs1">Caren LD, Ponnamperuma C (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670026284.pdf">"A review of some experiments on the synthesis of 'Jeewanu'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NASA Technical Memorandum X-1439</i>. Moffett Field, California: Ames Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Technical+Memorandum+X-1439&rft.atitle=A+review+of+some+experiments+on+the+synthesis+of+%27Jeewanu%27&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Caren&rft.aufirst=LD&rft.au=Ponnamperuma%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19670026284.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar_GuptaChaturvedi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar Gupta V, Chaturvedi I (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220021700/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2286/1942267df79f50142ea20c81537c2fd8dd2e.pdf">"Histochemical characterization of protocell-like supramolecular assemblies "Jeewanu", synthesized in a irradiated sterilized aqueous mixture of some inorganic and organic substances"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian J. Exp. Sci</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 23–28. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42341118">42341118</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2286/1942267df79f50142ea20c81537c2fd8dd2e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+J.+Exp.+Sci&rft.atitle=Histochemical+characterization+of+protocell-like+supramolecular+assemblies+%22Jeewanu%22%2C+synthesized+in+a+irradiated+sterilized+aqueous+mixture+of+some+inorganic+and+organic+substances&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=23-28&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42341118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kumar+Gupta&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Chaturvedi%2C+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F2286%2F1942267df79f50142ea20c81537c2fd8dd2e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeewanu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeewanu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Synthesis of Jeewanu, the Protocell." Bahadur, Krishna. (In English) Ram Narain Lal Beni Prasad, New Katra, Allahabad-211002 (U.P) India. ASIN: B0007JHWU0 (1966)</li> <li>"Origin of Life: A Functional Approach." Bahadur K. and Ranganayaki S.Ram Narain Lal Beni Prasad, New Katra, Allahabad-211002(U.P), India, (1981)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeewanu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeewanu.com/">jeewanu.com</a> Dr. Krishna Bahadur's homepage.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V—negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">(−)ssRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">ssRNA-RT virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DsDNA-RT_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="DsDNA-RT virus">dsDNA-RT virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Subviral_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Subviral agents">Subviral<br />agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Helper_virus" title="Helper virus">Helper-virus<br />dependent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ssRNA satellite virus</li> <li>dsDNA satellite virus (<a href="/wiki/Virophage" title="Virophage">Virophage</a>)</li> <li>ssDNA satellite virus</li> <li>ssDNA satellite</li> <li>dsRNA satellite</li> <li>ssRNA satellite (<a href="/wiki/Virusoid" title="Virusoid">Virusoid</a>)</li> <li>Satellite-like nucleic acids <ul><li>RNA</li> <li>DNA</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a> <ul><li>RNA</li> <li>DNA</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Mammalian prion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acid</a><br />self-replication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements" title="Mobile genetic elements">Mobile genetic<br />elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobilome" title="Mobilome">Mobilome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_island" title="Genomic island">Genomic island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrotransposon" title="Retrotransposon">Class I or retrotransposon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_transposon" title="DNA transposon">Class II or DNA transposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_factor_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility factor (bacteria)">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-factor" class="mw-redirect" title="R-factor">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colicin" title="Colicin">Col</a></li> <li>Degradative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">Virulence</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ti_plasmid" title="Ti plasmid">Ti</a></li> <li>Cryptic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_I_catalytic_intron" title="Group I catalytic intron">Group I intron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_II_intron" title="Group II intron">Group II intron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrozyme" title="Retrozyme">Retrozyme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA replication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_chromosome" title="Linear chromosome">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_chromosome" title="Circular chromosome">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA" title="Extrachromosomal DNA">Extrachromosomal DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_chromosome" title="Secondary chromosome">Secondary chromosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">Gene duplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-coding_DNA" title="Non-coding DNA">Non-coding DNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_replication" title="Origin of replication">Origin of replication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Replicon_(genetics)" title="Replicon (genetics)">Replicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provirus" title="Provirus">Provirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophage" title="Prophage">Prophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus" title="Endogenous retrovirus">Endogenous retrovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeated_sequence_(DNA)" title="Repeated sequence (DNA)">Repeated sequences in DNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspersed_repeat" title="Interspersed repeat">Interspersed repeat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">Endosymbiosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitosome" title="Mitosome">Mitosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenosome" title="Hydrogenosome">Hydrogenosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromoplast" title="Chromoplast">Chromoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">Gerontoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucoplast" title="Leucoplast">Leucoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicoplast" title="Apicoplast">Apicoplast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_organism" title="Kappa organism">Kappa organism</a></li> <li>Organs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriome" title="Bacteriome">Bacteriome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophosome" title="Trophosome">Trophosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroplast" title="Nitroplast">Nitroplast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coacervate" title="Coacervate">Coacervate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphobes" title="Sulphobes">Sulphobe</a></li> <li>Research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_lipid_bilayer" title="Model lipid bilayer">Model lipid bilayer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jeewanu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">Cell division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cell" title="Artificial cell">Artificial cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">Non-cellular life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_virology" title="Synthetic virology">Synthetic virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_vector" title="Viral vector">Viral vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helper_dependent_virus" title="Helper dependent virus">Helper dependent virus</a></li></ul></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virome" title="Virome">Virome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template talk:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">non-cellular life</a>, and comparable structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LUCA" class="mw-redirect" title="LUCA">LUCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a>'</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter#Microbes_with_highly_unusual_DNA" title="Microbial dark matter">Microbes with highly unusual DNA</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adnaviria" title="Adnaviria">Adnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribozyviria" title="Ribozyviria">Ribozyviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Naldaviricetes" title="Naldaviricetes">Naldaviricetes</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alphasatellitidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphasatellitidae">Alphasatellitidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampullaviridae" title="Ampullaviridae">Ampullaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anelloviridae" title="Anelloviridae">Anelloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicaudaviridae" title="Bicaudaviridae">Bicaudaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clavaviridae" title="Clavaviridae">Clavaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finnlakeviridae" title="Finnlakeviridae">Finnlakeviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuselloviridae" title="Fuselloviridae">Fuselloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globuloviridae" title="Globuloviridae">Globuloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttaviridae" title="Guttaviridae">Guttaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halspiviridae" title="Halspiviridae">Halspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ovaliviridae" title="Ovaliviridae">Ovaliviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmaviridae" title="Plasmaviridae">Plasmaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polydnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydnaviridae">Polydnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portogloboviridae" title="Portogloboviridae">Portogloboviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiraviridae" title="Spiraviridae">Spiraviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaspiviridae" title="Thaspiviridae">Thaspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolecusatellitidae" title="Tolecusatellitidae">Tolecusatellitidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodnavirus" title="Dinodnavirus">Dinodnavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizidiovirus" title="Rhizidiovirus">Rhizidiovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_(biology)" title="Obelisk (biology)">Obelisk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparable<br />structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-like_structure" title="Bio-like structure">Bio-like structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_and_conjugative_element" title="Integrative and conjugative element">Integrative and conjugative element</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jeewanu</a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Microparticle#Biological_protocells" title="Microparticle">microsphere</a></li> <li>Retroelements not elsewhere classified <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retron" title="Retron">Retron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity-generating_retroelement" title="Diversity-generating retroelement">Diversity-generating retroelement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase" title="Telomerase reverse transcriptase">Telomerase reverse transcriptase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase-related_cellular_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene">Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiegelman%27s_Monster" title="Spiegelman's Monster">Spiegelman's Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroposon" title="Retroposon">Retroposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobot" title="Xenobot">Xenobot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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