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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allopatric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allopatric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Allopatric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allopatric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripatric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripatric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Peripatric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripatric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parapatric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parapatric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Parapatric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parapatric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sympatric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sympatric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sympatric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sympatric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methods of selection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_of_selection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods of selection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reinforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reinforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ecological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sexual selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_speciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_speciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Artificial speciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_speciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speciation_via_polyploidy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speciation_via_polyploidy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Speciation via polyploidy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speciation_via_polyploidy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_speciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_speciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hybrid speciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_speciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene_transposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_transposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Gene transposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_transposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punctuated_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuated_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Punctuated evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuated_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Speciation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesievorming" title="Spesievorming – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spesievorming" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="انتواع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتواع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6vl%C9%99%C5%9Fm%C9%99" title="Növləşmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Növləşmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রজাত্যায়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রজাত্যায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Видообразуване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Видообразуване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijacija" title="Specijacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Specijacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especiaci%C3%B3" title="Especiació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Especiació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Тĕссем пулса кайни (биологи) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕссем пулса кайни (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciace" title="Speciace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Speciace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsdannelse" title="Artsdannelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Artsdannelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artbildung" title="Artbildung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Artbildung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liigiteke" title="Liigiteke – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liigiteke" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ειδογένεση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ειδογένεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especiaci%C3%B3n" title="Especiación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Especiación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciigo" title="Speciigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Speciigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espeziazio" title="Espeziazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espeziazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="گونه‌زایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گونه‌زایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9ciation" title="Spéciation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spéciation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especiaci%C3%B3n" title="Especiación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Especiación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EB%B6%84%ED%99%94" title="종분화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종분화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Տեսակառաջացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեսակառաջացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जातिउद्भवन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जातिउद्भवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijacija" title="Specijacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Specijacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesiasi" title="Spesiasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spesiasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Speciation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Speciation" title="I-Speciation – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Speciation" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciazione_(evoluzione)" title="Speciazione (evoluzione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Speciazione (evoluzione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="היווצרות המינים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היווצרות המינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಜಾತೀಕರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾತೀಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Түр түзілу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түр түзілу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesyasyon" title="Espesyasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Espesyasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajk%C3%A9pz%C5%91d%C3%A9s" title="Fajképződés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fajképződés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Видообразба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Видообразба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penspesiesan" title="Penspesiesan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penspesiesan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soortvorming" title="Soortvorming – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soortvorming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96" title="種分化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="種分化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsdanning" title="Artsdanning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Artsdanning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turlanish_(biologiya)" title="Turlanish (biologiya) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turlanish (biologiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%8A%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86/_%D8%AF_%DA%89%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D8%AA%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84" title="سپېسيېشن/ د ډولونو رامنځته کېدل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سپېسيېشن/ د ډولونو رامنځته کېدل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstawanie_gatunk%C3%B3w" title="Powstawanie gatunków – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstawanie gatunków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Especiação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Especiação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specia%C8%9Bie" title="Speciație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Speciație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Видообразование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Видообразование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="විශේෂ ප්‍රාප්තිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශේෂ ප්‍රාප්තිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Speciation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speci%C3%A1cia" title="Speciácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Speciácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijacija" title="Specijacija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Specijacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijacija" title="Specijacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Specijacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajiutuminen" title="Lajiutuminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lajiutuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artbildning" title="Artbildning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Artbildning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesyasyon" title="Espesyasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espesyasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிற்றினத்தோற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிற்றினத்தோற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="การเกิดสปีชีส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเกิดสปีชีส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrle%C5%9Fme" title="Türleşme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 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href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物种形成" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物種形成 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="物種形成" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物种形成" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:2px solid #90ee90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90ee90;padding:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/180px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/270px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/360px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of evolutionary biology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Processes and outcomes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Contingency (evolutionary biology)">Contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">History of evolutionary theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Before Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Before synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evo-devo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_research_in_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current research in evolutionary biology">Current research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_speciation" title="History of speciation">History of speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology" title="Timeline of paleontology">timeline</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Fields and applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_evolution" title="Applications of evolution">Applications of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">Evolutionary physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_evolution" title="Experimental evolution">Experimental evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" title="Laboratory experiments of speciation">Speciation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a 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title="Social effects of evolutionary theory">Social effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objections_to_evolution" title="Objections to evolution">Objections to evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution" title="Level of support for evolution">Level of support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature-nurture controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/16px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Speciation</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> process by which populations evolve to become distinct <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. The biologist <a href="/wiki/Orator_F._Cook" title="Orator F. Cook">Orator F. Cook</a> coined the term in 1906 for <a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">cladogenesis</a>, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">anagenesis</a>, phyletic evolution within lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlocher98_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlocher98-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> was the first to describe the role of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> in speciation in his 1859 book <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also identified <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> as a likely mechanism, but found it problematic. </p><p>There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> are isolated from one another: <a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">allopatric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">peripatric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" title="Parapatric speciation">parapatric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">sympatric</a>. Whether <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a> is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject of much ongoing discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapid sympatric speciation can take place through <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">polyploidy</a>, such as by doubling of chromosome number; the result is progeny which are immediately <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" title="Reproductive isolation">reproductively isolated</a> from the parent population. New species can also be created through <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">hybridization</a>, followed by reproductive isolation, if the hybrid is favoured by natural selection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_speciation" title="History of speciation">History of speciation</a></div> <p>In addressing the origin of species, there are two key issues: </p> <ol><li>the evolutionary mechanisms of speciation</li> <li>how the separateness and individuality of species is maintained</li></ol> <p>Since Charles Darwin's time, efforts to understand the nature of species have primarily focused on the first aspect, and it is now widely agreed that the critical factor behind the origin of new species is reproductive isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwin's_dilemma:_why_do_species_exist?"><span id="Darwin.27s_dilemma:_why_do_species_exist.3F"></span>Darwin's dilemma: why do species exist?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Darwin's dilemma: why do species exist?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> (1859), Darwin interpreted biological evolution in terms of natural selection, but was perplexed by the clustering of organisms into species.<sup id="cite_ref-OofS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OofS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 6 of Darwin's book is entitled "Difficulties of the Theory". In discussing these "difficulties" he noted </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Firstly, why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature in confusion instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> (1859), chapter 6<sup id="cite_ref-OofS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OofS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This dilemma can be described as the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in habitat space.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another dilemma,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> related to the first one, is the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in time. Darwin pointed out that by the theory of natural selection "innumerable transitional forms must have existed", and wondered "why do we not find them embedded in countless numbers in the crust of the earth". That clearly defined species actually do exist in nature in both space and time implies that some fundamental feature of natural selection operates to generate and maintain species.<sup id="cite_ref-OofS_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OofS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_sexual_reproduction_on_species_formation">Effect of sexual reproduction on species formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effect of sexual reproduction on species formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been argued that the resolution of Darwin's first dilemma lies in the fact that <a href="/wiki/Out-crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-crossing">out-crossing</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> has an intrinsic cost of rarity.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein85_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein85-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hopf85_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopf85-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernsteinbook_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernsteinbook-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michod95_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michod95-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michod99_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michod99-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of rarity arises as follows. If, on a resource gradient, a large number of separate species evolve, each exquisitely adapted to a very narrow band on that gradient, each species will, of necessity, consist of very few members. Finding a mate under these circumstances may present difficulties when many of the individuals in the neighborhood belong to other species. Under these circumstances, if any species' population size happens, by chance, to increase (at the expense of one or other of its neighboring species, if the environment is saturated), this will immediately make it easier for its members to find sexual partners. The members of the neighboring species, whose population sizes have decreased, experience greater difficulty in finding mates, and therefore form pairs less frequently than the larger species. This has a snowball effect, with large species growing at the expense of the smaller, rarer species, eventually driving them to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>. Eventually, only a few species remain, each distinctly different from the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein85_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein85-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hopf85_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopf85-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michod95_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michod95-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarity not only imposes the risk of failure to find a mate, but it may also incur indirect costs, such as the resources expended or risks taken to seek out a partner at low population densities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_African_pygmy-kingfisher_(Ceyx_pictus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_African_pygmy-kingfisher_%28Ceyx_pictus%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_African_pygmy-kingfisher_%28Ceyx_pictus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_African_pygmy-kingfisher_%28Ceyx_pictus%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_African_pygmy-kingfisher_%28Ceyx_pictus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_African_pygmy-kingfisher_%28Ceyx_pictus%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_African_pygmy-kingfisher_%28Ceyx_pictus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/African_pygmy_kingfisher" title="African pygmy kingfisher">African pygmy kingfisher</a>, showing coloration shared by all adults of that species to a high degree of fidelity.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Rarity brings with it other costs. Rare and unusual features are very seldom advantageous. In most instances, they indicate a (<a href="/wiki/Silent_mutation" title="Silent mutation">non-silent</a>) <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a>, which is almost certain to be deleterious. It therefore behooves sexual creatures to avoid mates sporting rare or unusual features (<a href="/wiki/Koinophilia" title="Koinophilia">koinophilia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1990_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1990-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1995_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual populations therefore rapidly shed rare or peripheral phenotypic features, thus canalizing the entire external appearance, as illustrated in the accompanying image of the <a href="/wiki/African_pygmy_kingfisher" title="African pygmy kingfisher">African pygmy kingfisher</a>, <i>Ispidina picta</i>. This uniformity of all the adult members of a sexual species has stimulated the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Field_guide" title="Field guide">field guides</a> on birds, mammals, reptiles, insects, and many other <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>, in which a species can be described with a single illustration (or two, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>). Once a population has become as homogeneous in appearance as is typical of most species (and is illustrated in the photograph of the African pygmy kingfisher), its members will avoid mating with members of other populations that look different from themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Unnikrishnan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unnikrishnan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the avoidance of mates displaying rare and unusual phenotypic features inevitably leads to reproductive isolation, one of the hallmarks of speciation.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_online_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial_online-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maynard_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maynard-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the contrasting case of organisms that <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">reproduce asexually</a>, there is no cost of rarity; consequently, there are only benefits to fine-scale adaptation. Thus, asexual organisms very frequently show the continuous variation in form (often in many different directions) that Darwin expected evolution to produce, making their classification into "species" (more correctly, <a href="/wiki/Morphospecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphospecies">morphospecies</a>) very difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein85_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein85-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1990_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1990-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1995_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modes">Modes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speciation_modes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Speciation_modes.svg/440px-Speciation_modes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Speciation_modes.svg/660px-Speciation_modes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Speciation_modes.svg/880px-Speciation_modes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of <a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">allopatric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">peripatric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" title="Parapatric speciation">parapatric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">sympatric speciation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the <a href="/wiki/Three-spined_stickleback" title="Three-spined stickleback">three-spined stickleback</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> fish that, after the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, has undergone speciation into new <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen between different <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.<sup id="cite_ref-sciamstickleback_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciamstickleback-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allopatric">Allopatric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Allopatric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">Allopatric speciation</a></div> <p>During allopatric (from the ancient Greek <i>allos</i>, "other" + <i>patrā</i>, "fatherland") speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations (for example, by <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> due to geographical change such as <a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">mountain formation</a>). The isolated populations then undergo genotypic or <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> divergence as: (a) they become subjected to dissimilar <a href="/wiki/Selection_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection (biology)">selective</a> pressures; (b) different <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> arise in the two populations. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Small_population_size#Genetic_consequences" title="Small population size">Island genetics</a> is the term associated with the tendency of small, isolated genetic pools to produce unusual traits. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Insular_dwarfism" title="Insular dwarfism">insular dwarfism</a> and the radical changes among certain famous island chains, for example on <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> are particularly famous for their influence on Charles Darwin. During his five weeks there he heard that <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Galápagos tortoise">Galápagos tortoises</a> could be identified by island, and noticed that <a href="/wiki/Finch" title="Finch">finches</a> differed from one island to another, but it was only nine months later that he speculated that such facts could show that species were changeable. When he returned to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties, and famously that other differing Galápagos birds were all species of finches. Though the finches were less important for Darwin, more recent research has shown the birds now known as <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> to be a classic case of adaptive evolutionary radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peripatric">Peripatric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peripatric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">Peripatric speciation</a></div> <p>In peripatric speciation, a subform of allopatric speciation, new species are formed in isolated, smaller peripheral populations that are prevented from exchanging genes with the main population. It is related to the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a>, since small populations often undergo <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">bottlenecks</a>. Genetic drift is often proposed to play a significant role in peripatric speciation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoyneOrr2004105_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoyneOrr2004105-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawson2015_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawson2015-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Case studies include Mayr's investigation of bird fauna;<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr1992_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr1992-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Australian bird <i><a href="/wiki/Petroica_multicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroica multicolor">Petroica multicolor</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reproductive isolation in populations of <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i> subject to population bottlenecking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parapatric">Parapatric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parapatric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" title="Parapatric speciation">Parapatric speciation</a></div> <p>In parapatric speciation, there is only partial separation of the zones of two diverging populations afforded by geography; individuals of each species may come in contact or cross habitats from time to time, but reduced fitness of the <a href="/wiki/Zygosity" title="Zygosity">heterozygote</a> leads to selection for behaviours or mechanisms that prevent their <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">interbreeding</a>. Parapatric speciation is modelled on continuous variation within a "single", connected habitat acting as a source of natural selection rather than the effects of isolation of habitats produced in peripatric and allopatric speciation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parapatric speciation may be associated with differential landscape-dependent <a href="/wiki/Selection_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection (biology)">selection</a>. Even if there is a <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> between two populations, strong differential selection may impede assimilation and different species may eventually develop.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat differences may be more important in the development of reproductive isolation than the isolation time. Caucasian rock lizards <i><a href="/wiki/Darevskia" title="Darevskia">Darevskia</a> rudis</i>, <i>D. valentini</i> and <i>D. portschinskii</i> all <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridize</a> with each other in their <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_zone" title="Hybrid zone">hybrid zone</a>; however, hybridization is stronger between <i>D. portschinskii</i> and <i>D. rudis</i>, which separated earlier but live in similar habitats than between <i>D. valentini</i> and two other species, which separated later but live in climatically different habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ecologists refer to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> parapatric and peripatric speciation in terms of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niches</a>. A niche must be available in order for a new species to be successful. <a href="/wiki/Ring_species" title="Ring species">Ring species</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">Larus</a></i> gulls have been claimed to illustrate speciation in progress, though the situation may be more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Liebers_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebers-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grass <i><a href="/wiki/Anthoxanthum_odoratum" title="Anthoxanthum odoratum">Anthoxanthum odoratum</a></i> may be starting parapatric speciation in areas of mine contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sympatric">Sympatric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sympatric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">Sympatric speciation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pundamilia_(Haplochromis)_nyererei_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pundamilia_%28Haplochromis%29_nyererei_male.jpg/220px-Pundamilia_%28Haplochromis%29_nyererei_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pundamilia_%28Haplochromis%29_nyererei_male.jpg/330px-Pundamilia_%28Haplochromis%29_nyererei_male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pundamilia_%28Haplochromis%29_nyererei_male.jpg/440px-Pundamilia_%28Haplochromis%29_nyererei_male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">Cichlids</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Haplochromis_nyererei" title="Haplochromis nyererei">Haplochromis nyererei</a></i> diversified by <a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">sympatric speciation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_lakes" title="Rift Valley lakes">Rift Valley lakes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sympatric speciation is the formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location. </p><p>Often-cited examples of sympatric speciation are found in insects that become dependent on different <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> plants in the same area.<sup id="cite_ref-rhagoletis1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhagoletis1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hostplant1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hostplant1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best known example of sympatric speciation is that of the <a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">cichlids</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_lakes" title="Rift Valley lakes">Rift Valley lakes</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>. There are over 800 described species, and according to estimates, there could be well over 1,600 species in the region. Their evolution is cited as an example of both <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 study suggests that sympatric speciation has occurred in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_cave_salamander" title="Tennessee cave salamander">Tennessee cave salamanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sympatric speciation driven by ecological factors may also account for the extraordinary diversity of crustaceans living in the depths of Siberia's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Budding speciation has been proposed as a particular form of sympatric speciation, whereby small groups of individuals become progressively more isolated from the ancestral stock by breeding preferentially with one another. This type of speciation would be driven by the conjunction of various advantages of inbreeding such as the expression of advantageous recessive phenotypes, reducing the recombination load, and reducing the cost of sex.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhagoletis_pomonella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rhagoletis_pomonella.jpg/220px-Rhagoletis_pomonella.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rhagoletis_pomonella.jpg/330px-Rhagoletis_pomonella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rhagoletis_pomonella.jpg/440px-Rhagoletis_pomonella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Rhagoletis_pomonella" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhagoletis pomonella">Rhagoletis pomonella</a></i>, the hawthorn fly, appears to be in the process of sympatric speciation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The hawthorn fly (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhagoletis_pomonella" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhagoletis pomonella">Rhagoletis pomonella</a></i>), also known as the apple maggot fly, appears to be undergoing sympatric speciation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different populations of hawthorn fly feed on different fruits. A distinct population emerged in North America in the 19th century some time after <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, a non-native species, were introduced. This apple-feeding population normally feeds only on apples and not on the historically preferred fruit of <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">hawthorns</a>. The current hawthorn feeding population does not normally feed on apples. Some evidence, such as that six out of thirteen <a href="/wiki/Alloenzyme" title="Alloenzyme">allozyme</a> loci are different, that hawthorn flies mature later in the season and take longer to mature than apple flies; and that there is little evidence of interbreeding (researchers have documented a 4–6% hybridization rate) suggests that sympatric speciation is occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_selection">Methods of selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Methods of selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reinforcement">Reinforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reinforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speciation_by_Reinforcement_Schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Speciation_by_Reinforcement_Schematic.svg/440px-Speciation_by_Reinforcement_Schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Speciation_by_Reinforcement_Schematic.svg/660px-Speciation_by_Reinforcement_Schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Speciation_by_Reinforcement_Schematic.svg/880px-Speciation_by_Reinforcement_Schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Reinforcement assists speciation by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">selecting</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_(speciation)" title="Reinforcement (speciation)">Reinforcement (speciation)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_speciation_by_reinforcement" title="Evidence for speciation by reinforcement">Evidence for speciation by reinforcement</a></div> <p>Reinforcement, also called the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace effect">Wallace effect</a>, is the process by which natural selection increases reproductive isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_online_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial_online-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may occur after two populations of the same species are separated and then come back into contact. If their reproductive isolation was complete, then they will have already developed into two separate incompatible species. If their reproductive isolation is incomplete, then further mating between the populations will produce hybrids, which may or may not be fertile. If the hybrids are infertile, or fertile but less fit than their ancestors, then there will be further reproductive isolation and speciation has essentially occurred, as in <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eLS2012_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eLS2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One reasoning behind this is that if the parents of the hybrid offspring each have naturally selected traits for their own certain environments, the hybrid offspring will bear traits from both, therefore would not fit either ecological niche as well as either parent (ecological speciation). The low fitness of the hybrids would cause selection to favor <a href="/wiki/Assortative_mating" title="Assortative mating">assortative mating</a>, which would control hybridization. This is sometimes called the Wallace effect after the evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> who suggested in the late 19th century that it might be an important factor in speciation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, if the hybrid offspring are more fit than their ancestors, then the populations will merge back into the same species within the area they are in contact.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another important theoretical mechanism is the arise of intrinsic genetic incompatibilities, addressed in the <a href="/wiki/Bateson%E2%80%93Dobzhansky%E2%80%93Muller_model" title="Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model">Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genes from allopatric populations will have different evolutionary backgrounds and are never tested together until hybridization at secondary contact, when negative epistatic interactions will be exposed. In other words, new alleles will emerge in a population and only pass through selection if they work well together with other genes in the same population, but it may not be compatible with genes in an allopatric population, be those other newly derived alleles or retained ancestral alleles. This is only revealed through new hybridization.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such incompatibilities cause lower fitness in hybrids regardless of the ecological environment, and are thus intrinsic, although they can originate from the adaptation to different environments.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accumulation of such incompatibilities increases faster and faster with time, creating a "snowball" effect.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a large amount of evidence supporting this theory, primarily from laboratory populations such as <i>Drosophila</i> and <i>Mus</i>, and some genes involved in incompatibilities have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reinforcement favoring reproductive isolation is required for both parapatric and sympatric speciation. Without reinforcement, the geographic area of contact between different forms of the same species, called their "hybrid zone", will not develop into a boundary between the different species. Hybrid zones are regions where diverged populations meet and interbreed. Hybrid offspring are common in these regions, which are usually created by diverged species coming into <a href="/wiki/Secondary_contact" title="Secondary contact">secondary contact</a>. Without reinforcement, the two species would have uncontrollable <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Reinforcement may be induced in artificial selection experiments as described below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological">Ecological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ecological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecological_speciation" title="Ecological speciation">Ecological speciation</a></div> <p>Ecological selection is "the interaction of individuals with their environment during resource acquisition".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural selection is inherently involved in the process of speciation, whereby, "under ecological speciation, populations in different environments, or populations exploiting different resources, experience contrasting natural selection pressures on the traits that directly or indirectly bring about the evolution of reproductive isolation".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for the role ecology plays in the process of speciation exists. Studies of stickleback populations support ecologically-linked speciation arising as a by-product,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside numerous studies of parallel speciation, where isolation evolves between independent populations of species adapting to contrasting environments than between independent populations adapting to similar environments.<sup id="cite_ref-DolphSchluter_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DolphSchluter-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecological speciation occurs with much of the evidence, "...accumulated from top-down studies of adaptation and reproductive isolation".<sup id="cite_ref-DolphSchluter_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DolphSchluter-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_selection">Sexual selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sexual selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> can drive speciation in a clade, independently of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Panhuis_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panhuis-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the term "speciation", in this context, tends to be used in two different, but not mutually exclusive senses. The first and most commonly used sense refers to the "birth" of new species. That is, the splitting of an existing species into two separate species, or the budding off of a new species from a parent species, both driven by a biological "fashion fad" (a preference for a feature, or features, in one or both sexes, that do not necessarily have any adaptive qualities).<sup id="cite_ref-Panhuis_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panhuis-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin185989[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypesideitemIDF373pageseq11_"IV._Natural_Selection"]_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin185989[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypesideitemIDF373pageseq11_"IV._Natural_Selection"]-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second sense, "speciation" refers to the wide-spread tendency of sexual creatures to be grouped into clearly defined species,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailspandasthumb000steppage204_204–213]"A_Quahog_is_a_Quahog"_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailspandasthumb000steppage204_204–213]"A_Quahog_is_a_Quahog"-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maynard_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maynard-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than forming a continuum of <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a> both in time and space – which would be the more obvious or logical consequence of natural selection. This was indeed recognized by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a> as problematic, and included in his <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> (1859), under the heading "Difficulties with the Theory".<sup id="cite_ref-OofS_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OofS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several suggestions as to how <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a> might play a significant role in resolving <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Darwin's_dilemma:_why_do_species_exist">Darwin's dilemma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maynard_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maynard-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein85_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein85-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1990_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1990-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1995_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unnikrishnan_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unnikrishnan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-miller_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If speciation takes place in the absence of natural selection, it might be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Nonecological_speciation" title="Nonecological speciation">nonecological speciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artificial_speciation">Artificial speciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Artificial speciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Bison_(Gaur)_1_by_N._A._Naseer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Indian_Bison_%28Gaur%29_1_by_N._A._Naseer.jpg/220px-Indian_Bison_%28Gaur%29_1_by_N._A._Naseer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Indian_Bison_%28Gaur%29_1_by_N._A._Naseer.jpg/330px-Indian_Bison_%28Gaur%29_1_by_N._A._Naseer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Indian_Bison_%28Gaur%29_1_by_N._A._Naseer.jpg/440px-Indian_Bison_%28Gaur%29_1_by_N._A._Naseer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur</a> (Indian bison) can interbreed with domestic <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drosophila_pseudoobscura-Male.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Drosophila_pseudoobscura-Male.png/220px-Drosophila_pseudoobscura-Male.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Drosophila_pseudoobscura-Male.png 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="114" /></a><figcaption>Male <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_pseudoobscura" title="Drosophila pseudoobscura">Drosophila pseudoobscura</a></i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" title="Laboratory experiments of speciation">Laboratory experiments of speciation</a></div> <p>New species have been created by <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>, but the dates and methods of the initiation of such species are not clear. Often, the domestic counterpart can still interbreed and produce fertile offspring with its wild ancestor. This is the case with domestic <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, which can be considered the same species as several varieties of wild <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">ox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yak</a>; and with domestic <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> that can interbreed with the <a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">mouflon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12028771_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12028771-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best-documented creations of new species in the laboratory were performed in the late 1980s. William R. Rice and George W. Salt bred <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Drosophilidae" title="Drosophilidae">fruit flies</a> using a maze with three different choices of habitat such as light/dark and wet/dry. Each generation was placed into the maze, and the groups of flies that came out of two of the eight exits were set apart to breed with each other in their respective groups. After thirty-five generations, the two groups and their offspring were isolated reproductively because of their strong habitat preferences: they mated only within the areas they preferred, and so did not mate with flies that preferred the other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of such attempts is described by Rice and Elen E. Hostert (1993).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14628909_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14628909-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diane Dodd used a laboratory experiment to show how reproductive isolation can develop in <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_pseudoobscura" title="Drosophila pseudoobscura">Drosophila pseudoobscura</a></i> fruit flies after several generations by placing them in different media, starch- and maltose-based media.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg/600px-Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg/900px-Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg/1200px-Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="235" /></a></span> </p><p>Dodd's experiment has been replicated many times, including with other kinds of fruit flies and foods.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such rapid evolution of reproductive isolation may sometimes be a relic of infection by <i><a href="/wiki/Wolbachia" title="Wolbachia">Wolbachia</a></i> bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16568634_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16568634-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative explanation is that these observations are consistent with sexually-reproducing animals being inherently reluctant to mate with individuals whose appearance or behavior is different from the norm. The risk that such deviations are due to <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">heritable maladaptations</a> is high. Thus, if an animal, unable to predict natural selection's future direction, is conditioned to produce the fittest offspring possible, it will avoid mates with unusual habits or features.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Langlois_&_Roggman,_1990_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois_&_Roggman,_1990-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1990_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1990-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1995_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unnikrishnan_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unnikrishnan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual creatures then inevitably group themselves into reproductively isolated species.<sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1995_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Few speciation genes have been found. They usually involve the reinforcement process of late stages of speciation. In 2008, a speciation gene causing reproductive isolation was reported.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It causes hybrid sterility between related subspecies. The order of speciation of three groups from a common ancestor may be unclear or unknown; a collection of three such species is referred to as a "trichotomy".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speciation_via_polyploidy">Speciation via polyploidy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Speciation via polyploidy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyploidization.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Polyploidization.svg/220px-Polyploidization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Polyploidization.svg/330px-Polyploidization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Polyploidization.svg/440px-Polyploidization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption>Speciation via polyploidy: A <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> cell undergoes failed <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>, producing diploid <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>, which self-fertilize to produce a tetraploid <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>. In plants, this can effectively be a new species, reproductively isolated from its parents, and able to reproduce.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">Polyploid</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">Polyploidy</a> is a mechanism that has caused many rapid speciation events in <a href="/wiki/Sympatry" title="Sympatry">sympatry</a> because offspring of, for example, tetraploid x diploid matings often result in triploid sterile progeny.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, among plants, not all polyploids are reproductively isolated from their parents, and gene flow may still occur, such as through triploid hybrid x diploid matings that produce tetraploids, or matings between <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiotically unreduced</a> gametes from diploids and gametes from tetraploids (see also <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">hybrid speciation</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that many of the existing plant and most animal species have undergone an event of polyploidization in their evolutionary history.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comai_2005_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comai_2005-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reproduction of successful polyploid species is sometimes asexual, by <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomixis</a>, as for unknown reasons many asexual organisms are polyploid. Rare instances of polyploid mammals are known, but most often result in prenatal death. <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_speciation">Hybrid speciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hybrid speciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">Hybrid speciation</a></div> <p>Hybridization between two different species sometimes leads to a distinct <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>. This phenotype can also be fitter than the parental lineage and as such natural selection may then favor these individuals. Eventually, if reproductive isolation is achieved, it may lead to a separate species. However, reproductive isolation between hybrids and their parents is particularly difficult to achieve and thus hybrid speciation is considered an extremely rare event. The <a href="/wiki/Mariana_mallard" title="Mariana mallard">Mariana mallard</a> is thought to have arisen from hybrid speciation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hybridization is an important means of speciation in plants, since <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">polyploidy</a> (having more than two copies of each <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a>) is tolerated in plants more readily than in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendel_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendel-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Semon_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semon-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyploidy is important in hybrids as it allows reproduction, with the two different sets of chromosomes each being able to pair with an identical partner during meiosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Comai_2005_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comai_2005-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyploids also have more genetic diversity, which allows them to avoid <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a> in small populations.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hybridization without change in chromosome number is called homoploid hybrid speciation. It is considered very rare but has been shown in <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mavarez2006_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mavarez2006-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflowers</a>. Polyploid speciation, which involves changes in chromosome number, is a more common phenomenon, especially in plant species. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_transposition">Gene transposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gene transposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a>, who studied fruit flies in the early days of genetic research in 1930s, speculated that parts of chromosomes that switch from one location to another might cause a species to split into two different species. He mapped out how it might be possible for sections of chromosomes to relocate themselves in a genome. Those mobile sections can cause sterility in inter-species hybrids, which can act as a speciation pressure. In theory, his idea was sound, but scientists long debated whether it actually happened in nature. Eventually a competing theory involving the gradual accumulation of mutations was shown to occur in nature so often that geneticists largely dismissed the moving gene hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, 2006 research shows that jumping of a gene from one chromosome to another can contribute to the birth of new species.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This validates the reproductive isolation mechanism, a key component of speciation.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rates">Rates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punctuated-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Punctuated-equilibrium.svg/250px-Punctuated-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Punctuated-equilibrium.svg/375px-Punctuated-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Punctuated-equilibrium.svg/500px-Punctuated-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism" title="Phyletic gradualism">Phyletic gradualism</a>, above, consists of relatively slow change over geological time. <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a>, bottom, consists of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> stability and rare, relatively rapid bursts of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> change.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is debate as to the rate at which speciation events occur over geologic time. While some evolutionary biologists claim that speciation events have remained relatively constant and gradual over time (known as "Phyletic gradualism" – see diagram), some <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">palaeontologists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Niles_Eldredge" title="Niles Eldredge">Niles Eldredge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gould&Eldredge1977_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould&Eldredge1977-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have argued that species usually remain unchanged over long stretches of time, and that speciation occurs only over relatively brief intervals, a view known as <i><a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">punctuated equilibrium</a></i>. (See diagram, and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Darwin's_dilemma:_why_species_exist">Darwin's dilemma</a>.) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuated_evolution">Punctuated evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Punctuated evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_evolution" title="Rate of evolution">Rate of evolution</a></div> <p>Evolution can be extremely rapid, as shown in the creation of domesticated animals and plants in a very short geological space of time, spanning only a few tens of thousands of years. <a href="/wiki/Maize#Origin" title="Maize">Maize</a> (<i>Zea mays</i>), for instance, was <a href="/wiki/Zea_(plant)#Origin_of_maize_and_interaction_with_teosintes" title="Zea (plant)">created</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in only a few thousand years, starting about 7,000 to 12,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raises the question of why the long term rate of evolution is far slower than is theoretically possible.<sup id="cite_ref-williams_1992b_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams_1992b-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EldredgeN_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EldredgeN-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayr_1954_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayr_1954-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Domestic_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic plants">Plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animal">domestic animals</a> can differ markedly from their wild ancestors</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maize-teosinte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Maize-teosinte.jpg/238px-Maize-teosinte.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Maize-teosinte.jpg/357px-Maize-teosinte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Maize-teosinte.jpg/476px-Maize-teosinte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="643" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Top: wild <a href="/wiki/Teosinte" class="mw-redirect" title="Teosinte">teosinte</a>; middle: maize-teosinte hybrid; bottom: <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brassica_oleracea0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Brassica_oleracea0.jpg/117px-Brassica_oleracea0.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Brassica_oleracea0.jpg/176px-Brassica_oleracea0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Brassica_oleracea0.jpg/234px-Brassica_oleracea0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Brassica_oleracea" title="Brassica oleracea">Ancestral wild cabbage</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolworths-cauliflower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Woolworths-cauliflower.jpg/117px-Woolworths-cauliflower.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Woolworths-cauliflower.jpg/176px-Woolworths-cauliflower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Woolworths-cauliflower.jpg/234px-Woolworths-cauliflower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">Domesticated cauliflower</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:75px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carassius_gibelio_2008_G2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Carassius_gibelio_2008_G2.jpg/134px-Carassius_gibelio_2008_G2.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Carassius_gibelio_2008_G2.jpg/201px-Carassius_gibelio_2008_G2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Carassius_gibelio_2008_G2.jpg/268px-Carassius_gibelio_2008_G2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_carp" title="Prussian carp">Ancestral Prussian carp</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:75px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gullfiskur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gullfiskur.jpg/100px-Gullfiskur.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gullfiskur.jpg/150px-Gullfiskur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gullfiskur.jpg/200px-Gullfiskur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">Domestic goldfish</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovis_orientalis_LC0267.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ovis_orientalis_LC0267.jpg/110px-Ovis_orientalis_LC0267.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ovis_orientalis_LC0267.jpg/165px-Ovis_orientalis_LC0267.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ovis_orientalis_LC0267.jpg/220px-Ovis_orientalis_LC0267.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Ancestral mouflon</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg/124px-Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg/186px-Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg/248px-Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Evolution is imposed on species or groups. It is not planned or striven for in some <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckist</a> way.<sup id="cite_ref-GouldHopefulMonster_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GouldHopefulMonster-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mutations on which the process depends are random events, and, except for the "<a href="/wiki/Silent_mutation" title="Silent mutation">silent mutations</a>" which do not affect the functionality or appearance of the carrier, are thus usually disadvantageous, and their chance of proving to be useful in the future is vanishingly small. Therefore, while a species or group might benefit from being able to adapt to a new environment by accumulating a wide range of genetic variation, this is to the detriment of the <i>individuals</i> who have to carry these mutations until a small, unpredictable minority of them ultimately contributes to such an adaptation. Thus, the <i>capability</i> to evolve would require <a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">group selection</a>, a concept discredited by (for example) <a href="/wiki/George_C._Williams_(biologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Williams (biologist)">George C. Williams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a><sup id="cite_ref-River_Out_of_Eden_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-River_Out_of_Eden-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dawkins_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawkins-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dennet_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dennet-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pinker_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinker-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as selectively disadvantageous to the individual. </p><p>The resolution to Darwin's second dilemma might thus come about as follows: </p><p>If sexual individuals are disadvantaged by passing mutations on to their offspring, they will avoid mutant mates with strange or unusual characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Langlois_&_Roggman,_1990_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois_&_Roggman,_1990-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1990_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1990-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1995_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-miller_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutations that affect the external appearance of their carriers will then rarely be passed on to the next and subsequent generations. They would therefore seldom be tested by natural selection. Evolution is, therefore, effectively halted or slowed down considerably. The only mutations that can accumulate in a population, on this punctuated equilibrium view, are ones that have no noticeable effect on the outward appearance and functionality of their bearers (i.e., they are "silent" or "<a href="/wiki/Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution" title="Neutral theory of molecular evolution">neutral mutations</a>", which can be, and are, used to trace the <a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">relatedness and age of populations and species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koeslag,_1990_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeslag,_1990-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>This argument implies that evolution can only occur if mutant mates cannot be avoided, as a result of a severe scarcity of potential mates. This is most likely to occur in <a href="/wiki/Small_population_size" title="Small population size">small, isolated communities</a>. These occur most commonly on small islands, in remote valleys, lakes, river systems, or caves,<sup id="cite_ref-ayala_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayala-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or during the aftermath of a <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">mass extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under these circumstances, not only is the choice of mates severely restricted but population bottlenecks, founder effects, genetic drift and inbreeding cause rapid, random changes in the isolated population's genetic composition.<sup id="cite_ref-ayala_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayala-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, hybridization with a related species trapped in the same isolate might introduce additional genetic changes. If an isolated population such as this <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory#Genetic_bottleneck_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">survives its genetic upheavals</a>, and subsequently expands into an unoccupied niche, or into a niche in which it has an advantage over its competitors, a new species, or subspecies, will have come into being. In geological terms, this will be an abrupt event. A resumption of avoiding mutant mates will thereafter result, once again, in evolutionary stagnation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould&Eldredge1977_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould&Eldredge1977-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EldredgeN_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EldredgeN-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In apparent confirmation of this punctuated equilibrium view of evolution, the <a href="/wiki/Fossil#Dating" title="Fossil">fossil record</a> of an evolutionary progression typically consists of species that suddenly appear, and ultimately disappear, hundreds of thousands or millions of years later, without any change in external appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould&Eldredge1977_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould&Eldredge1977-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graphically, these fossil species are represented by lines parallel with the time axis, whose lengths depict how long each of them existed. The fact that the lines remain parallel with the time axis illustrates the unchanging appearance of each of the fossil species depicted on the graph. During each species' existence new species appear at random intervals, each also lasting many hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing without a change in appearance. The exact relatedness of these concurrent species is generally impossible to determine. This is illustrated in the diagram depicting the <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium#Evidence_from_the_fossil_record" title="Punctuated equilibrium">distribution of hominin species through time</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">hominins</a> separated from the line that led to the evolution of their closest living primate relatives, the chimpanzees.<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For similar evolutionary time lines see, for instance, the paleontological list of <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_dinosaurs#Timeline" title="List of African dinosaurs">African dinosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_dinosaurs#Timeline" title="List of Asian dinosaurs">Asian dinosaurs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lampriformes#Timeline_of_genera" title="Lampriformes">Lampriformes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiiformes#Timeline_of_genera" title="Amiiformes">Amiiformes</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bateson%E2%80%93Dobzhansky%E2%80%93Muller_model" title="Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model">Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronospecies" title="Chronospecies">Chronospecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_jester_hypothesis" title="Court jester hypothesis">Court jester hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_(genetic_algorithm)" title="Selection (genetic algorithm)">Selection (genetic algorithm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Species problem">Species problem</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Berlocher98-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berlocher98_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlocher1998">Berlocher 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pLzY1-wyOKwC&pg=PA3">3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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(31 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34057">"Natural selection and speciation"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>97</b> (23): 12398–12399. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...9712398S">2000PNAS...9712398S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.240463297">10.1073/pnas.240463297</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34057">34057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11058173">11058173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Natural+selection+and+speciation&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=12398-12399&rft.date=2000-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11058173&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.240463297&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PNAS...9712398S&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayr1982">Mayr 1982</a>, p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OofS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OofS_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OofS_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OofS_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OofS_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin 1859</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSepkoski2012" class="citation book cs1">Sepkoski, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNfJyXKSDRcC&pg=PA9">"1. Darwin's Dilemma: Paleontology, the Fossil Record, and Evolutionary Theory"</a>. <i>Rereading the Fossil Record: The Growth of Paleobiology as an Evolutionary Discipline</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 9–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74858-0"><bdi>978-0-226-74858-0</bdi></a>. <q>One of his greatest anxieties was that the "incompleteness" of the fossil record would be used to criticize his theory: that the apparent "gaps" in fossil succession could be cited as negative evidence, at the very least, for his proposal that all organisms have descended by minute and gradual modifications from a common ancestor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Darwin%27s+Dilemma%3A+Paleontology%2C+the+Fossil+Record%2C+and+Evolutionary+Theory&rft.btitle=Rereading+the+Fossil+Record%3A+The+Growth+of+Paleobiology+as+an+Evolutionary+Discipline&rft.pages=9-50&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-74858-0&rft.aulast=Sepkoski&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNfJyXKSDRcC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStower2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stower, Hannah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg3614">"Resolving Darwin's Dilemma"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews Genetics</i>. <b>14</b> (747): 747. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg3614">10.1038/nrg3614</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45302603">45302603</a>. <q>The near-simultaneous appearance of most modern animal body plans in the Cambrian explosion suggests a brief interval of rapid phenotypic and genetic evolution, which Darwin believed were too fast to be explained by natural selection.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Genetics&rft.atitle=Resolving+Darwin%27s+Dilemma&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=747&rft.pages=747&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrg3614&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45302603%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stower&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnrg3614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein85-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein85_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein85_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein85_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein85_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinByerlyHopfMichod1985" class="citation journal cs1">Bernstein, Harris; Byerly, Henry C.; Hopf, Frederic A.; et al. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Articles/1994burying_the_vehicle.shtml">the original</a> on 2006-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Burying+the+Vehicle&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=616-617&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143378724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0140-525X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X00036207&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonyi.ox.ac.uk%2Fdawkins%2FWorldOfDawkins-archive%2FDawkins%2FWork%2FArticles%2F1994burying_the_vehicle.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span> "Remarks on an earlier article by <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Sober" title="Elliott Sober">[Elliot] Sober</a> [sic] and <a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a>, who made a more extended argument in their recent book <i>Unto Others : The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dennet-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dennet_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennett1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett, Daniel C.</a> (December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227065311/http://cogprints.org/281/0/wilsonso.htm">"E Pluribus Unum?"</a>. <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 617–618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X00036219">10.1017/S0140525X00036219</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146359497">146359497</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/281/0/wilsonso.htm">the original</a> on 2007-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=E+Pluribus+Unum%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=617-618&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X00036219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146359497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dennett&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F281%2F0%2Fwilsonso.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span> "Commentary on Wilson & Sober: Group Selection."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pinker-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pinker_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinker2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker, Steven</a> (June 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edge.org/conversation/the-false-allure-of-group-selection">"The False Allure of Group Selection"</a>. <i>edge.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edge_Foundation,_Inc." title="Edge Foundation, Inc.">Edge Foundation, Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edge.org&rft.atitle=The+False+Allure+of+Group+Selection&rft.date=2012-06-18&rft.aulast=Pinker&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedge.org%2Fconversation%2Fthe-false-allure-of-group-selection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1990">Campbell 1990</a>, pp. 450–451, 487–490, 499–501</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayala-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ayala_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayala_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyala1982">Ayala 1982</a>, pp. 73–83, 182–190, 198–215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCarthy-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthyRubidge2005">McCarthy & Rubidge 2005</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyala1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Ayala, Francisco J.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populationevolut00ayal"><i>Population and Evolutionary Genetics</i></a>. Benjamin/Cummings Series in the Life Sciences. Menlo Park, CA: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cummings" title="Benjamin Cummings">Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-0315-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-0315-5"><bdi>978-0-8053-0315-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/81021623">81021623</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8034790">8034790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+and+Evolutionary+Genetics&rft.place=Menlo+Park%2C+CA&rft.series=Benjamin%2FCummings+Series+in+the+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8034790&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F81021623&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-0315-5&rft.aulast=Ayala&rft.aufirst=Francisco+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopulationevolut00ayal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlocher1998" class="citation book cs1">Berlocher, Stewart H. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endlessformsspec0000unse">"Origins: A Brief History of Research on Speciation"</a></span>. In Howard, Daniel J.; Berlocher, Stewart H. (eds.). <i>Endless Forms: Species and Speciation</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510901-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510901-6"><bdi>978-0-19-510901-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97031461">97031461</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37545522">37545522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Research+on+Speciation&rft.btitle=Endless+Forms%3A+Species+and+Speciation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37545522&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97031461&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510901-6&rft.aulast=Berlocher&rft.aufirst=Stewart+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendlessformsspec0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinBernstein1991" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Carol; Bernstein, Harris (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agingsexdnarepai0000bern"><i>Aging, Sex, and DNA Repair</i></a></span>. San Diego, CA: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-092860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-092860-6"><bdi>978-0-12-092860-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/90014467">90014467</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22542921">22542921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aging%2C+Sex%2C+and+DNA+Repair&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22542921&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F90014467&rft.isbn=978-0-12-092860-6&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagingsexdnarepai0000bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Campbell_(scientist)" title="Neil Campbell (scientist)">Campbell, Neil A.</a> (1990). <i>Biology</i> (2nd ed.). Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-1800-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-1800-5"><bdi>978-0-8053-1800-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89017952">89017952</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20352649">20352649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.place=Redwood+City%2C+CA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20352649&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89017952&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-1800-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaphamTutinWarburg1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roy_Clapham" title="Arthur Roy Clapham">Clapham, Arthur Roy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tutin" title="Tom Tutin">Tutin, Thomas G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/E._F._Warburg" title="E. F. Warburg">Warburg, Edmund F.</a> (1952). <i>Flora of the British Isles</i>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/52008880">52008880</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1084058">1084058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+of+the+British+Isles&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1084058&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F52008880&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Roy&rft.au=Tutin%2C+Thomas+G.&rft.au=Warburg%2C+Edmund+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyneOrr2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Coyne, Jerry A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/H._Allen_Orr" title="H. Allen Orr">Orr, H. Allen</a> (2004). <i>Speciation</i>. Sunderlands, MA: <a href="/wiki/Sinauer_Associates" title="Sinauer Associates">Sinauer Associates</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-089-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-089-0"><bdi>978-0-87893-089-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004009505">2004009505</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55078441">55078441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speciation&rft.place=Sunderlands%2C+MA&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55078441&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004009505&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-089-0&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=Jerry+A.&rft.au=Orr%2C+H.+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1859). <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species"><i>On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</i></a> (1st ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/06017473">06017473</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741260650">741260650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Species+by+Means+of+Natural+Selection%2C+or+the+Preservation+of+Favoured+Races+in+the+Struggle+for+Life&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1859&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741260650&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F06017473&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span> The book is available from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">John van Wyhe, ed. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F373&viewtype=side"><i>The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Work+of+Charles+Darwin+Online&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fpageseq%3D1%26itemID%3DF373%26viewtype%3Dside&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (1995). <a href="/wiki/River_Out_of_Eden" title="River Out of Eden"><i>River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life</i></a>. Science Masters Series. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01606-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01606-8"><bdi>978-0-465-01606-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94037146">94037146</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31376584">31376584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+Out+of+Eden%3A+A+Darwinian+View+of+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Science+Masters+Series&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31376584&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94037146&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01606-8&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldredgeGould1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niles_Eldredge" title="Niles Eldredge">Eldredge, Niles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen Jay</a> (1972). "Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism". In Schopf, Thomas J. M. (ed.). <i>Models in Paleobiology</i>. San Francisco, CA: Freeman Cooper & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87735-325-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87735-325-6"><bdi>978-0-87735-325-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/72078387">72078387</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/572084">572084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punctuated+Equilibria%3A+An+Alternative+to+Phyletic+Gradualism&rft.btitle=Models+in+Paleobiology&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=Freeman+Cooper+%26+Co.&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F572084&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F72078387&rft.isbn=978-0-87735-325-6&rft.aulast=Eldredge&rft.aufirst=Niles&rft.au=Gould%2C+Stephen+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted in <a href="#CITEREFEldredge1985">Eldredge 1985</a>, pp. 193–223</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldredge1985" class="citation book cs1">Eldredge, Niles (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeframesrethin0000eldr"><i>Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-49555-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-49555-8"><bdi>978-0-671-49555-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/84023632">84023632</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11443805">11443805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Frames%3A+The+Rethinking+of+Darwinian+Evolution+and+the+Theory+of+Punctuated+Equilibria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11443805&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F84023632&rft.isbn=978-0-671-49555-8&rft.aulast=Eldredge&rft.aufirst=Niles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeframesrethin0000eldr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndler1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Endler" title="John Endler">Endler, John A.</a> (1977). <i>Geographic Variation, Speciation, and Clines</i>. Monographs in Population Biology. Vol. 10. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 1–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08187-8"><bdi>978-0-691-08187-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/76045896">76045896</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2645720">2645720</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/409931">409931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographic+Variation%2C+Speciation%2C+and+Clines&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.series=Monographs+in+Population+Biology&rft.pages=1-246&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2645720&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F409931&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F76045896&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08187-8&rft.aulast=Endler&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen Jay</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/The_Panda%27s_Thumb_(book)" title="The Panda's Thumb (book)"><i>The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01380-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01380-1"><bdi>978-0-393-01380-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80015952">80015952</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6331415">6331415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panda%27s+Thumb%3A+More+Reflections+in+Natural+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6331415&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F80015952&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01380-1&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pandasthumb000step">1982 edition</a> via Internet Archive.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1971" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Verne (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantspeciation0000gran"><i>Plant Speciation</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03208-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03208-7"><bdi>978-0-231-03208-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/75125620">75125620</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/139834">139834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Speciation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F139834&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F75125620&rft.isbn=978-0-231-03208-7&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Verne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplantspeciation0000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockeyDeanRyan2005" class="citation book cs1">Hockey, Phil A. R.; Dean, W. Richard J.; Ryan, Peter G., eds. (2005). <i>Roberts Birds of Southern Africa</i> (7th ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Trustees of the J. Voelcker Bird Book Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-620-34053-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-620-34053-3"><bdi>978-0-620-34053-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006376728">2006376728</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65978899">65978899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roberts+Birds+of+Southern+Africa&rft.place=Cape+Town%2C+South+Africa&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+J.+Voelcker+Bird+Book+Fund&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65978899&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006376728&rft.isbn=978-0-620-34053-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaws2010" class="citation book cs1">Laws, Bill (2010). <i>Fifty Plants that Changed the Course of History</i>. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-798-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-798-4"><bdi>978-1-55407-798-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011414731">2011414731</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/711609823">711609823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Plants+that+Changed+the+Course+of+History&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F711609823&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011414731&rft.isbn=978-1-55407-798-4&rft.aulast=Laws&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard_Smith1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">Maynard Smith, John</a> (1989). <i>Evolutionary Genetics</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854215-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854215-5"><bdi>978-0-19-854215-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/88017041">88017041</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18069049">18069049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Genetics&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18069049&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F88017041&rft.isbn=978-0-19-854215-5&rft.aulast=Maynard+Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Mayr, Ernst</a> (1954). "Change of Genetic Environment and Evolution". In <a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley, Julian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alister_Hardy" title="Alister Hardy">Hardy, Alister C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/E._B._Ford" title="E. B. Ford">Ford, Edmund B.</a> (eds.). <i>Evolution as a Process</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/54001781">54001781</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/974739">974739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Change+of+Genetic+Environment+and+Evolution&rft.btitle=Evolution+as+a+Process&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F974739&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F54001781&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr1982" class="citation book cs1">Mayr, Ernst (1982). <a href="/wiki/The_Growth_of_Biological_Thought" title="The Growth of Biological Thought"><i>The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Belknap Press of Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36445-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36445-5"><bdi>978-0-674-36445-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/81013204">81013204</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7875904">7875904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Biological+Thought%3A+Diversity%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Inheritance&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7875904&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F81013204&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36445-5&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr1988" class="citation book cs1">Mayr, Ernst (1988). <a href="/wiki/Toward_a_New_Philosophy_of_Biology" title="Toward a New Philosophy of Biology"><i>Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-89665-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-89665-9"><bdi>978-0-674-89665-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/87031892">87031892</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17108004">17108004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+New+Philosophy+of+Biology%3A+Observations+of+an+Evolutionist&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17108004&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F87031892&rft.isbn=978-0-674-89665-9&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr1992" class="citation book cs1">Mayr, Ernst (1992). "Speciational Evolution or Punctuated Equilibrium". In Somit, Albert; Peterson, Steven A. (eds.). <i>Dynamics of Evolution: The Punctuated Equilibrium Debate in the Natural and Social Sciences</i>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9763-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9763-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-9763-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91055569">91055569</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24374091">24374091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Speciational+Evolution+or+Punctuated+Equilibrium&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Evolution%3A+The+Punctuated+Equilibrium+Debate+in+the+Natural+and+Social+Sciences&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24374091&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91055569&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9763-6&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyRubidge2005" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Terence; Rubidge, Bruce (2005). <i>The Story of Earth & Life: A Southern African Perspective on a 4.6-Billion-Year Journey</i>. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-148-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-148-3"><bdi>978-1-77007-148-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006376206">2006376206</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62098231">62098231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Earth+%26+Life%3A+A+Southern+African+Perspective+on+a+4.6-Billion-Year+Journey&rft.place=Cape+Town%2C+South+Africa&rft.pub=Struik+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62098231&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006376206&rft.isbn=978-1-77007-148-3&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft.au=Rubidge%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichod1995" class="citation book cs1">Michod, Richard E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/erosevolutionnat0000mich"><i>Eros and Evolution: A Natural Philosophy of Sex</i></a>. Helix Books. Reading, MA: <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-40754-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-40754-9"><bdi>978-0-201-40754-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94013158">94013158</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30625193">30625193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eros+and+Evolution%3A+A+Natural+Philosophy+of+Sex&rft.place=Reading%2C+MA&rft.series=Helix+Books&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30625193&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94013158&rft.isbn=978-0-201-40754-9&rft.aulast=Michod&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ferosevolutionnat0000mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichod1999" class="citation book cs1">Michod, Richard E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darwiniandynamic00mich"><i>Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02699-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02699-2"><bdi>978-0-691-02699-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98004166">98004166</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38948118">38948118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwinian+Dynamics%3A+Evolutionary+Transitions+in+Fitness+and+Individuality&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38948118&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98004166&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02699-2&rft.aulast=Michod&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarwiniandynamic00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, William B. Jr. (2013). <i>The Microcosm Within: Evolution and Extinction in the Hologenome</i>. Boca Raton, FL: <a href="/wiki/Universal_Publishers_(United_States)" title="Universal Publishers (United States)">Universal-Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61233-277-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61233-277-2"><bdi>978-1-61233-277-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2013033832">2013033832</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859168474">859168474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Microcosm+Within%3A+Evolution+and+Extinction+in+the+Hologenome&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859168474&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2013033832&rft.isbn=978-1-61233-277-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William+B.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak1999" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa"><i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i></a></span> (6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-5789-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98023686">98023686</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39045218">39045218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39045218&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98023686&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalkersmammalsof0001nowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymons1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Symons" title="Donald Symons">Symons, Donald</a> (1979). <a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Human_Sexuality" title="The Evolution of Human Sexuality"><i>The Evolution of Human Sexuality</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502535-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502535-4"><bdi>978-0-19-502535-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/78023361">78023361</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4494283">4494283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Human+Sexuality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4494283&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F78023361&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502535-4&rft.aulast=Symons&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Williams_(biologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Williams (biologist)">Williams, George C.</a> (1974) [Originally published 1966]. <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_and_Natural_Selection" title="Adaptation and Natural Selection"><i>Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought</i></a>. Princeton Science Library. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02357-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02357-1"><bdi>978-0-691-02357-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65017164">65017164</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8500898">8500898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adaptation+and+Natural+Selection%3A+A+Critique+of+Some+Current+Evolutionary+Thought&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.series=Princeton+Science+Library&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8500898&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F65017164&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02357-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1992" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George C. (1992). <i>Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges</i>. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506933-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506933-4"><bdi>978-0-19-506933-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91038938">91038938</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/228136567">228136567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Selection%3A+Domains%2C+Levels%2C+and+Challenges&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Series+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F228136567&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91038938&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506933-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Gavrilets" title="Sergey Gavrilets">Gavrilets, S.</a> (2004). <i>Fitness Landscapes and the Origin of Species</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691119830" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691119830"><bdi>978-0691119830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fitness+Landscapes+and+the+Origin+of+Species&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0691119830&rft.aulast=Gavrilets&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Grant, Verne (1981). <i>Plant Speciation</i> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05112-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05112-5"><bdi>978-0-231-05112-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/81006159">81006159</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7552165">7552165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Speciation&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7552165&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F81006159&rft.isbn=978-0-231-05112-5&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Verne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Marko, Peter B. (2008). "Allopatry". In <a href="/wiki/Sven_Erik_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Sven Erik Jørgensen">Jørgensen, Sven Erik</a>; Fath, Brian (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Ecology</i>. Vol. 1, A–C (1st ed.). Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 131–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52033-3"><bdi>978-0-444-52033-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008923435">2008923435</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173240026">173240026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allopatry&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ecology&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=131-138&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173240026&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008923435&rft.isbn=978-0-444-52033-3&rft.aulast=Marko&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Mayr, Ernst</a> (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animalspeciesevo00mayr"><i>Animal Species and Evolution</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Belknap Press of Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03750-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03750-2"><bdi>978-0-674-03750-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/63009552">63009552</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/899044868">899044868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Species+and+Evolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F899044868&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F63009552&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03750-2&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimalspeciesevo00mayr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Menno_Schilthuizen" title="Menno Schilthuizen">Schilthuizen, Menno</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frogsfliesdandel00schi"><i>Frogs, Flies, and Dandelions: The Making of Species</i></a>. Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850393-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850393-4"><bdi>978-0-19-850393-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001270180">2001270180</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46729094">46729094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs%2C+Flies%2C+and+Dandelions%3A+The+Making+of+Species&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46729094&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001270180&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850393-4&rft.aulast=Schilthuizen&rft.aufirst=Menno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrogsfliesdandel00schi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, J. B.; Leducq, J-B.; <a href="/wiki/James_Mallet" title="James Mallet">Mallet, J.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4816541">"What is Speciation?"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>12</b> (3): e1005860. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1005860">10.1371/journal.pgen.1005860</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4816541">4816541</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27030977">27030977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=What+is+Speciation%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e1005860&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4816541%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27030977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1005860&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Leducq%2C+J-B.&rft.au=Mallet%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4816541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._D._White" title="Michael J. D. White">White, Michael J. D.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modesofspeciatio00whit"><i>Modes of Speciation</i></a>. A Series of Books in Biology. San Francisco, CA: <a href="/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company" title="W. H. Freeman and Company">W. H. Freeman and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0284-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0284-9"><bdi>978-0-7167-0284-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77010955">77010955</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3203453">3203453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modes+of+Speciation&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.series=A+Series+of+Books+in+Biology&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3203453&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77010955&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0284-9&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodesofspeciatio00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Speciation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Speciation">Speciation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxhorn1995" class="citation web cs1">Boxhorn, Joseph (September 1, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-speciation.html">"Observed Instances of Speciation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive" title="TalkOrigins Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a></i>. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.atitle=Observed+Instances+of+Speciation&rft.date=1995-09-01&rft.aulast=Boxhorn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq-speciation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawks2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawks" title="John D. Hawks">Hawks, John D.</a> (February 9, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnhawks.net/weblog/topics/phylogeny/speciation.html">"Speciation"</a>. <i>John Hawks Weblog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Hawks+Weblog&rft.atitle=Speciation&rft.date=2005-02-09&rft.aulast=Hawks&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohnhawks.net%2Fweblog%2Ftopics%2Fphylogeny%2Fspeciation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_40">"Speciation"</a>. University of California, Berkeley. 13 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speciation&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2021-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevolution.berkeley.edu%2Fevolibrary%2Farticle%2F0_0_0%2Fevo_40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeciation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speciation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speciation" title="Template:Speciation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speciation" title="Template talk:Speciation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speciation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speciation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speciation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Speciation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Introduction_to_speciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Introduction to speciation (page does not exist)">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_speciation" title="History of speciation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" title="Laboratory experiments of speciation">Laboratory experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_speciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of speciation">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a> (<a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" title="Reproductive isolation">Reproductive isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">Anagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cospeciation" title="Cospeciation">Cospeciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidence of evolution">Evidence of evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">Allopatric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">Peripatric</a> · <a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation#Quantum_and_budding_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">Quantum</a> · <a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation#Centrifugal_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">Centrifugal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">Founder effect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" title="Parapatric speciation">Parapatric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cline_(biology)" title="Cline (biology)">Clines</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ring_species" title="Ring species">Ring species</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">Sympatric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" title="Reproductive isolation">Isolating factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_speciation" title="Ecological speciation">Ecological speciation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parallel_speciation" title="Parallel speciation">Parallel speciation</a> · <a href="/wiki/Allochronic_speciation" title="Allochronic speciation">Allochrony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonecological_speciation" title="Nonecological speciation">Nonecological speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assortative_mating" title="Assortative mating">Assortative mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane%27s_rule" title="Haldane's rule">Haldane's rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">Hybrid speciation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polyploidy" title="Polyploidy">Polyploidy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Klepton" title="Klepton">Klepton</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recombinational_speciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recombinational speciation (page does not exist)">Recombination</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_(speciation)" title="Reinforcement (speciation)">Reinforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_speciation_by_reinforcement" title="Evidence for speciation by reinforcement">evidence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_contact" title="Secondary contact">Secondary contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_displacement" title="Character displacement">Character displacement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speciation in taxa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation_in_birds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speciation in birds (page does not exist)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation_in_fish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speciation in fish (page does not exist)">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation_in_insects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speciation in insects (page does not exist)">Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation_in_plants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speciation in plants (page does not exist)">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciation_in_the_fossil_record&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speciation in the fossil record (page does not exist)">Fossils</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paleopolyploidy" title="Paleopolyploidy">Paleopolyploidy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a> · <a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chronospecies" title="Chronospecies">Chronospecies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Speciation" title="Category:Speciation">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Speciation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Speciation">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Evolutionary_biology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Evolutionary biology">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolution" title="Template:Evolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolution" title="Template talk:Evolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">Evolutionary arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">Evolutionary pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">Homology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonadaptive_radiation" title="Nonadaptive radiation">Non-adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">Handicap principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Speciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene-centered view of evolution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population<br />genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Artificial selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness" title="Inclusive fitness">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_flowering_plants" title="Sexual selection in flowering plants">Flowering plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_fungi" title="Sexual selection in fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)" title="Canalisation (genetics)">Canalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_assimilation" title="Genetic assimilation">Genetic assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Inversion (evolutionary biology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">Modularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">Phenotypic plasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bacteria" title="Evolution of bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_brachiopods" title="Evolution of brachiopods">Brachiopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_molluscs" title="Evolution of molluscs">Molluscs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cephalopods" title="Evolution of cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur#Evolutionary_history" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_insects" title="Evolution of insects">Insects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_butterflies" title="Evolution of butterflies">butterflies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_gap" title="Cat gap">cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canidae#Evolution" title="Canidae">canids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf" title="Evolution of the wolf">wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyena#Evolution" title="Hyena">hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">dolphins and whales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Macropodidae" title="Evolution of Macropodidae">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_primates" title="Evolution of primates">primates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_lemurs" title="Evolution of lemurs">lemurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sirenians" title="Evolution of sirenians">sea cows</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator-mediated_selection" title="Pollinator-mediated selection">pollinator-mediated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles" title="Evolution of reptiles">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_spiders" title="Evolution of spiders">Spiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_evolution" title="Viral evolution">Viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cells" title="Evolution of cells">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_DNA_evolution" title="Models of DNA evolution">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_flagella" title="Evolution of flagella">Flagella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote#Origin_of_eukaryotes" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">symbiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome#Eukaryotes" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system#Evolution" title="Endomembrane system">endomembrane system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion#Origin_and_evolution" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus#Evolution" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid#Origin" title="Plastid">plastids</a></li></ul></li> <li>In animals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair#Evolution" title="Hair">hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles" title="Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles">auditory ossicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">brain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing" title="Evolution of ageing">Aging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death#Evolution_of_aging_and_mortality" title="Death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death#Evolutionary_origin_of_mitochondrial_apoptosis" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Avian flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_biological_complexity" title="Evolution of biological complexity">Biological complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Color vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">in primates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy#Evolution_across_species" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality" title="Evolution of eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system#Evolution_and_other_mechanisms" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism#Evolution" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_evolution" title="Mosaic evolution">Mosaic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism#Evolutionary_history" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy#Evolution" title="Anisogamy">Gamete differentiation/sexes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">Life cycles/nuclear phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">Mating types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_and_function_of_meiosis" title="Origin and function of meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system#Evolution" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_snake_venom" title="Evolution of snake venom">Snake venom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempo_and_Mode_in_Evolution" title="Tempo and Mode in Evolution">Tempo and modes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism" title="Phyletic gradualism">Gradualism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_mutation" title="Point mutation">Micromutation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutationism#Later_mutationist_theories" title="Mutationism">Macromutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Speciation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">Allopatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">Anagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catagenesis_(biology)" title="Catagenesis (biology)">Catagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cospeciation" title="Cospeciation">Cospeciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_speciation" title="Ecological speciation">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonecological_speciation" title="Nonecological speciation">Non-ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" title="Parapatric speciation">Parapatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">Peripatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_(speciation)" title="Reinforcement (speciation)">Reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">Sympatric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Transmutation of species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blending_inheritance" title="Blending inheritance">Blending inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">The eclipse of Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">History of molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Extended evolutionary synthesis">Extended evolutionary synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">Mutationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">Spandrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology in biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extinction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extinction" title="Template:Extinction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extinction" title="Template talk:Extinction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extinction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extinction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extinction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_extinction_rate" title="Background extinction rate">Background extinction rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">Ecological extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_extinction" title="Functional extinction">Functional extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_taxon" title="Lazarus taxon">Lazarus taxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">Local extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoextinction" title="Pseudoextinction">Pseudoextinction</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Golden_toad" title="Golden toad"><img alt="The species Bufo periglenes (Golden Toad) was last reported in 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/140px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/210px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/280px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="1986" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_vortex" title="Extinction vortex">Extinction vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muller%27s_ratchet" title="Muller's ratchet">Muller's ratchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutational_meltdown" title="Mutational meltdown">Mutational meltdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overabundant_species" title="Overabundant species">Overabundant species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_enrichment" title="Paradox of enrichment">Paradox of enrichment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories<br />and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_debt" title="Extinction debt">Extinction debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_threshold" title="Extinction threshold">Extinction threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_of_Bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Field of Bullets">Field of Bullets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_species" title="Hypothetical species">Hypothetical species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">Living fossil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction" title="Late Ordovician mass extinction">Ordovician–Silurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction" title="Late Devonian extinction">Late Devonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_extinctions_in_the_Holocene" title="Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-Ediacaran_extinction" title="End-Ediacaran extinction">End-Ediacaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-Botomian_mass_extinction" title="End-Botomian mass extinction">End-Botomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresbachian" title="Dresbachian">Dresbachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian%E2%80%93Ordovician_extinction_event" title="Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event">Cambrian–Ordovician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireviken_event" title="Ireviken event">Ireviken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulde_event" title="Mulde event">Mulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_event" title="Lau event">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_rainforest_collapse" title="Carboniferous rainforest collapse">Carboniferous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olson%27s_Extinction" title="Olson's Extinction">Olson's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeishan_Traps" title="Emeishan Traps">End-Capitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnian_pluvial_episode" title="Carnian pluvial episode">Carnian Pluvial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toarcian_turnover" class="mw-redirect" title="Toarcian turnover">Toarcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">End-Jurassic or Tithonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptian_extinction" title="Aptian extinction">Aptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenomanian-Turonian_boundary_event" title="Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event">Cenomanian-Turonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene%E2%80%93Oligocene_extinction_event" title="Eocene–Oligocene extinction event">Eocene–Oligocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene_disruption" title="Middle Miocene disruption">Middle Miocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene#Supernovae" title="Pliocene">Pliocene–Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_species" title="Category:Extinct species">Extinct species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_extinct_species" title="Lists of extinct species">Lists of extinct species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct species">IUCN Red List extinct species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Species_Survival_Commission" title="IUCN Species Survival Commission">IUCN Species Survival Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_symbol" title="Extinction symbol">Extinction symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History" title="The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History">The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Extinction" title="Category:Extinction">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extinction" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Extinction">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/21px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/42px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39350#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39350#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39350#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4135327-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Species"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85126387">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vznik druhů"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph426847&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sugas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000071191&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565726705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33954">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speciation&oldid=1254907317">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speciation&oldid=1254907317</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Speciation" title="Category:Speciation">Speciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecology" title="Category:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFDarwinA._R._Wallace1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennett1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodd1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolph_Schluter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolph_Schluter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEldredge1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEldredgeGould1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndler1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanElmerMeyer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederRoetheleFilchakNiedbalski2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederXianfa_XieRullVelez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavrilets2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGouldEldredge1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawks2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiendlederKaupeWassmuthJanke2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHockeyDeanRyan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopfHopf1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward_D._Rundle_and_Patrik_Nosil2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey_S._McKinnon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrickRavigné2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoeslag1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoeslag1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoukouPavlikakiKiliasWerren2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulmuniWestram2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangloisRoggman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaws2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson,_Lucinda_P.Bates,_John_M.Menegon,_MicheleLoader,_Simon_P.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebersKnijffHelbig2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachadoPollenHofmannRenn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartens1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaslyJonesMohamedLocke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMavarezSalazarBerminghamSalcedo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaynard_Smith1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaynard_Smith1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaynard_Smith1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayr1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayr1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayr1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayr1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthyRubidge2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMezzasalmaBrunelliOdiernaGuarino2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichod1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichod1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinkel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiemillerFitzpatrickMiller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOllerton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrr1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrr1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttoWhitton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanhuisButlinZukTregenza2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhadnisOrr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoelstraVijayBossuLantz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPresgraves2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamseySchemske1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiceHostert1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiceSalt1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRundellPrice2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSepkoski2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwood2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltisSoltis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStower2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulloway1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSymons1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSætre2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSémonWolfe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarkhnishviliMurtskhvaladzeGavashelishvili2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTokeshi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVia2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1992\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Evolution\"] = 1,\n [\"Evolutionary biology\"] = 1,\n [\"Extinction\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 29,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Speciation\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-bl2bm","timestamp":"20241122142013","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Speciation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speciation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q39350","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q39350","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-29T20:12:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T07:41:03Z","headline":"evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species"}</script> </body> </html>